diff --git a/.env.example b/.env.example
index 8b3b5f831..573c5fab4 100644
--- a/.env.example
+++ b/.env.example
@@ -325,3 +325,30 @@ GEMINI_CHAT_MODEL=gemini-3.5-flash-lite
 # Each reserves up to 40 stations within the existing 750-station directory.
 # Restart after changing. Leave blank for the existing global selection.
 # RADIO_PRIORITY_COUNTRIES=IN,PL
+
+# Optional: a news server for the News layer (its /api/news/hotspots, /feed
+# and /outline routes), such as https://news.example. The local server
+# forwards only the layer's own GET requests there, with a 15 s timeout. Set,
+# it wins over the settings below. SERVER-SIDE ONLY.
+# GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN=
+#
+# Without a news server Core reads the News layer itself. SERVER-SIDE ONLY.
+# Conflicts need no key: the last 24 h of GDELT events (its 15-minute export
+# files, about 100 KB each, about 10 MB a day; violence only, one report per
+# story at GDELT's place for it), titled from GDELT's GKG files (about 6 MB
+# each, about 23 MB an hour: the newest 3 h are read at start, then each new
+# one). Optional: Liveuamap's mapped reports beside them (paid API,
+# https://liveuamap.com/promo/api), read once every 5 minutes.
+# LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY=
+# Local: the day's news from the outlets of the country in view (free plan
+# of 50 points a day, https://worldnewsapi.com/console/), read once per
+# country every 30 minutes, about 1.5 points a read. Without it Local says
+# "key required". Each country's news is kept in memory for at most 1 hour.
+# World News API's terms (https://worldnewsapi.com/terms/) allow caching
+# only with its prior written permission: get that before setting the key.
+# The app's Data attribution popover credits World News API with a link.
+# WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY=
+# The most World News API reads a day (default 30, about 45 points, inside
+# the free plan). After that Local says the daily limit is reached.
+# Raise it on a paid plan.
+# WORLDNEWSAPI_DAILY_READS=30
diff --git a/.github/workflows/discord-merged-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/discord-merged-pr.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f927d893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/discord-merged-pr.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+name: Announce merged PRs in Discord
+
+on:
+  pull_request_target:
+    types: [closed]
+
+permissions: {}
+
+jobs:
+  announce:
+    if: github.repository == 'bilawalsidhu/gods-eye-view' && github.event.pull_request.merged == true
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 2
+    steps:
+      # This uses the trusted base workflow and never checks out or runs PR code.
+      - name: Post to Discord contributions
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          DISCORD_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.DISCORD_CONTRIBUTIONS_WEBHOOK_URL }}
+        run: |
+          if [[ ! "$DISCORD_WEBHOOK_URL" =~ ^https://discord\.com/api/webhooks/[0-9]+/[A-Za-z0-9_-]+$ ]]; then
+            echo '::error::Set DISCORD_CONTRIBUTIONS_WEBHOOK_URL to the Discord channel webhook URL.'
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          payload=$(jq -ce '
+            .pull_request | {
+              allowed_mentions: {parse: []},
+              embeds: [{
+                title: ("Merged #" + (.number | tostring) + ": " + (.title | .[0:115])),
+                url: .html_url,
+                footer: {text: ("By " + .user.login + " · into " + (.base.ref | .[0:100]))}
+              }]
+            }
+          ' "$GITHUB_EVENT_PATH")
+
+          curl --silent --show-error --fail --output /dev/null \
+            --connect-timeout 10 --max-time 20 --retry 3 --retry-max-time 50 \
+            --header 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-binary "$payload" \
+            --url "$DISCORD_WEBHOOK_URL?wait=true"
diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 03a37ee5a..9b8d0d6b6 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ How to read this:
 | **adsb.lol point API**                                                | Bounded live-flight fallback when OpenSky has no usable snapshot; GNSS Integrity layer (aircraft-reported NIC/NACp and GPS-loss integrity facts, via `/api/gnss-integrity`, 60 s server cache)                                                                    | ODbL 1.0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | adsb.lol contributors; `api.adsb.lol/v2/lat/{lat}/lon/{lon}/dist/{radius}`                                                                  |
 | **adsb.lol**                                                          | Military flights + aircraft traces                                                                                                  | ODbL 1.0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | "adsb.lol" (ODbL)                                                                                                                           |
 | **adsbdb** (`api.adsbdb.com`) | Aircraft type, model name and registration by ICAO hex for enriched flights; airline and origin/destination airports for the tracked flight's callsign | No licence or rate limit is published for the service. Its own credits: aircraft data from PlaneBase, ICAO-to-N-number conversion by Guillaume Michel, and flight route data that "is the work of David Taylor, Edinburgh and Jim Mason, Glasgow, and may not be copied, published, or incorporated into other databases without the explicit permission of David J Taylor, Edinburgh" | "adsbdb — api.adsbdb.com" (courtesy); route data credited to David Taylor, Edinburgh, and Jim Mason, Glasgow |
-| **Planespotters.net** (`api.planespotters.net/pub/photos/hex/{hex}`) | One thumbnail photo of the tracked aircraft, by ICAO hex, in the CONTEXT panel's CONTACTS view under the tracked flight's name | [Planespotters photo API terms](https://www.planespotters.net/photo/api); each photo remains the copyright of its photographer. Thumbnails may be hotlinked on the condition that the photographer is named next to the photo and the photo links to its Planespotters page with a followable link | "Photo © {photographer}" beside every photo, linked to its Planespotters page; "Planespotters.net" in Data attribution |
+| **Planespotters.net** (`api.planespotters.net/pub/photos/hex/{hex}`) | One thumbnail photo of the tracked aircraft, by ICAO hex, in the CONTEXT panel's CONTACTS view under the tracked flight's name | [Planespotters photo API terms](https://www.planespotters.net/photo/api); each photo remains the copyright of its photographer. Thumbnails may be hotlinked on the condition that the photographer is named next to the photo and the photo links to its Planespotters page with a followable link | "Photo © {photographer}" beside every photo that names one, linked to its Planespotters page; "Planespotters.net" in Data attribution |
 | **AISStream.io**                                                      | Live vessels (AIS)                                                                                                                  | Free, beta, no formal ToS; AIS is a public broadcast                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | "AISStream.io" (courtesy)                                                                                                                   |
 | **CelesTrak**                                                         | Satellite TLEs (SGP4) and SATCAT records (object type, operational status, owner) that file each satellite under a class                                                                                                            | US-government-origin data, no license; citation requested                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | "CelesTrak (celestrak.org), Dr. T.S. Kelso"                                                                                                 |
 | **The Space Devs — Launch Library 2 v2.3**                            | Recent launch, payload, stage, and recovery metadata for Space Missions (30d)                                                       | [The Space Devs terms of use](https://github.com/TheSpaceDevs/Tutorials/blob/main/faqs/faq_TSD.md#terms-of-use): data may be used and shared in any form; avoid forwarding it without added value; attribution is encouraged (not mandatory). [Official API limits](https://ll.thespacedevs.com/docs/): 15 unauthenticated calls/hour; optional token | "Launch Library 2 — The Space Devs" (courtesy attribution)                                                                                  |
@@ -40,6 +40,12 @@ How to read this:
 | **NASA GIBS** (WMTS tiles + Worldview Snapshots) and **NASA CMR** (granule catalog) | Recent Imagery layer: HLS S30/L30 (Sentinel-2, Landsat 8/9) and VIIRS true-colour tiles draped on the map, per-day thumbnails and PNG exports; the HLS granule catalog (dates, cloud, footprints) for a selected box | U.S. public domain (NASA data); keyless, browser-direct (CORS `*`); no bulk use — one 30-day catalog query per box, tiles bounded to the box, six tile requests in flight | "We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS)." — [gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov](https://gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov), [HLS](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/hlss30v002/) |
 | **NIFC WFIGS** (Wildland Fire Interagency Geospatial Services, ArcGIS feature service) | Fire Perimeters layer: current interagency wildfire incident perimeters, containment, and incident facts | U.S. public domain (interagency wildland-fire data published through the [NIFC Open Data portal](https://data-nifc.opendata.arcgis.com/)); fetched keyless through `/api/fire-perimeters` (5-minute server cache) with `exceededTransferLimit` paging | "Wildfire perimeters: National Interagency Fire Center (WFIGS)" |
 | **S2 Underground GhostMaps** (`github.com/s2underground/GhostMaps`) | S2 GhostMaps layer: the current edition of S2's KMZ intel products (Common Intelligence Picture, 30-day kinetic pull, Border Crisis Map, Iran and Yemen products, newest incident drop). Keyless. `/api/ghostmaps` reads the branch head from git's ref advertisement every 15 s (`GHOSTMAPS_POLL_SECONDS`, minimum 5 s), lists the tree through the GitHub REST API only when the head changes (optional `GITHUB_TOKEN`), downloads files by commit-pinned raw URLs into `.gev-cache/ghostmaps/` and pushes new catalogs to browsers over server-sent events | [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) (repository README: "S2 Underground © 2025 by S2A1"); non-commercial, attribution required; files are fetched at runtime, never stored in this repository | "S2 GhostMaps intel products: S2 Underground © by S2A1, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0" — shown in-app |
+| **News server** (`GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN`, optional; none by default) | News layer, both sections: the last 24 h of reports from many publishers. Set, the local server forwards the layer's `/api/news/hotspots`, `/feed` and `/outline` GET requests to it and Core reads none of the three sources below. Which providers stand behind its feed is the news server's to state | Each report stays its publisher's: headlines and summaries link to the original article, and pictures are hotlinked from the publisher's site (no referrer), never stored | Per report: publisher name and article link on every card; picture cards name the picture's publisher. The Data attribution popover states that places, categories, severity and English headlines are derived automatically and can be wrong |
+| **GDELT 2.0 events and GKG** (`data.gdeltproject.org/gdeltv2/`; no key; used only without a news server) | News layer, Conflicts: the last 24 h of GDELT's 15-minute event exports (`*.export.CSV.zip`, about 100 KB each), read server-side as they appear. Physical violence only (CAMEO roots 18–20); one report per story, copies of one agency story merged; placed at GDELT's location for it (a town the article's words name beats a bare country). Titled by the article's page title from the GKG export of the same quarter hour (`*.gkg.csv.zip`, about 6 MB each) for the newest 3 h, else by the words of the article's address. GDELT's actor coding is never shown. Categories, relevance and severity by bundled rules | [GDELT Terms of Use](https://www.gdeltproject.org/about.html#termsofuse): unrestricted academic, commercial and governmental use, with citation and a link to the GDELT Project. Coded events, page titles and article links only; linked articles keep their publishers' terms | "GDELT Project" with a link to gdeltproject.org in the Data attribution popover; "via GDELT Project", the publisher's domain and the article link on every card |
+| **Liveuamap** (`a.liveuamap.com/api`, `LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY`, optional, paid; used only without a news server) | News layer, Conflicts, beside GDELT: Liveuamap's worldwide mapped items of the last 24 h (`a=mpts`), read server-side every 5 minutes; categories and severity are read from the headline by bundled rules | Liveuamap API terms of the operator's own subscription. Headlines, places and links only; item pictures and clips are hotlinked from Liveuamap, never stored | "Liveuamap" with a link in the Data attribution popover once its items show; "Liveuamap" and the item's Liveuamap link on every card |
+| **World News API** (`api.worldnewsapi.com/search-news`, `WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY`, optional; used only without a news server) | News layer, Local: the last 24 h of news by the source country at the view centre (country from the bundled Natural Earth admin-0 pack; none in a disputed area), read server-side once per country every 30 minutes, about 1.5 points a read, kept in memory for at most 1 hour and then deleted (a read that fails is served from that copy only within the hour); at most `WORLDNEWSAPI_DAILY_READS` reads a day (default 30), after which Local says the daily limit is reached. Each story keeps World News API's own category (politics, business, else other) with no severity of its own; sport, entertainment, lifestyle and travel left out | [World News API terms](https://worldnewsapi.com/terms/) of the operator's own plan. The terms allow caching only with World News API's prior written permission, and then for at most 1 hour: getting that permission before setting the key is the operator's responsibility. Titles and links only; article text and summaries are not kept or shown; pictures are hotlinked from the publisher | The "World News API" link to worldnewsapi.com, always in the Data attribution popover (a credit; the terms require a backlink only of invited free plans); "via World News API", the publisher's domain and the article link on every card |
+| **EMODnet Human Activities — Ship wrecks** (`ows.emodnet-humanactivities.eu/wfs`, layer `emodnet:heritageshipwrecks`) | Shipwrecks layer: about 7,000 wrecks in European waters (name, sinking year and text, vessel type, least depth and its quality, position accuracy, period, cargo, protected status). Keyless WFS GeoJSON, fetched by `/api/shipwrecks` once a day; rows sourced from wrecksite.eu are skipped, and free text that refers to a person by a title or role is dropped by a keyword filter (a bare name can still pass) | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (EMODnet catalogue record `e965088b-a265-4517-84df-c49b156af8a7`; data originator AND-International, compiled from SHOM, National Monuments Service, Historic England and the Oxford Roman Economy Project); fetched at runtime, not stored in this repository | "Shipwrecks (Europe): EMODnet Human Activities (data originator AND-International, …), CC BY 4.0" — shown in-app |
+| **Wikidata — shipwrecks** (`query.wikidata.org/sparql`) | Shipwrecks layer: shipwreck items (Q852190) with a coordinate and at least one Wikipedia article, plus sinking events (Q906512, where the death toll lives): name, ship type, sinking date with its precision, deaths and survivors (counts only), description and article link. Keyless, fetched by `/api/shipwrecks` once a day | [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); fetched at runtime | "Shipwrecks (worldwide): Wikidata (CC0)" — shown in-app |
 | **InciWeb** (inciweb.wildfire.gov)                                    | Per-incident "InciWeb ↗" card links to official incident pages (narratives, evacuation/closure notices) | U.S. government public incident information. Links are matched best-effort by incident name and state, with incident page origin and update times checked on selection. Same-origin `/api/fire-perimeters/inciweb` routes cache the catalog for 1 hour and publication metadata for 30 minutes; linked pages remain InciWeb content | "Incident information: InciWeb (inciweb.wildfire.gov)" |
 | **FAA Special Use Airspace** (`services6.arcgis.com` FeatureServer `Special_Use_Airspace`) | Prohibited & Restricted Airspace layer: US prohibited (P) and restricted (R) special-use airspace polygons (not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions), altitude limits from the `*_VAL`/`*_UOM`/`*_CODE` fields, times of use, and controlling agency | U.S. public domain (FAA aeronautical data published through the [FAA AIS Open Data portal](https://adds-faa.opendata.arcgis.com/)); fetched keyless through `/api/drone-airspace` (1-hour server cache). Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools | "Prohibited & restricted airspace: FAA Special Use Airspace" |
 | **iNaturalist API** (`api.inaturalist.org/v2/observations`, `/v1/grid/{z}/{x}/{y}.grid.json`) | Wildlife Sightings layer: verifiable wildlife observed within the last 48 h (whales 7 d), by observation time, in the current view, with taxon, observation time, quality grade and eligible photo | Per-record licences; observations default CC BY-NC. Photos CC0/BY/BY-SA/BY-NC/BY-NC-SA shown; ND and all-rights-reserved photos link-only. Keyless via `/api/inaturalist/observations` (5-min cache; global sample 10 min; stale ≤ 1 h; 60 requests/min and 8,000/day upstream caps). **NonCommercial content:** commercial redistributors must filter to CC0/BY/BY-SA or remove the layer. No AI training on this content | "Wildlife sightings: iNaturalist contributors (licences per record; photos credited on each card)" |
@@ -202,7 +208,7 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 
 
 - **adsbdb enrichment.** `/api/adsbdb` resolves an ICAO hex to aircraft type, model name and registration, and the tracked flight's callsign to an airline and an origin/destination pair. Fan-out is deliberately small because adsbdb is a free community API that publishes no quota: at most 4 requests in flight, dispatches dripped to roughly 5/s, and each key asked for at most once per session (for the flights layer's enrichment, a lookup that failed temporarily, such as an outage, a timeout, a rate limit or an authorization refusal that may clear, may be asked again after a 60-second cool-down; an answer, found or not, and a permanent refusal such as a 404 are final; Local ADS-B lookups are asked once), with route lookups reserved for the tracked aircraft. The dev-server proxy caches each key for 24 hours in `.gev-cache/adsbdb.json`, negative answers included, so fresh entries survive server restarts. That gitignored cache remains local to the deployment and is not bundled with this repo. adsbdb publishes no general service license; its README says the route data may not be copied, published, or incorporated into other databases without the explicit permission of David J Taylor, Edinburgh. Deployers are responsible for obtaining any permission their use requires. Enrichment is best-effort and fail-silent — a flight that gets no answer keeps what the flight feed already gave it.
-- **Planespotters photos.** When you track an aircraft, the browser asks `https://api.planespotters.net/pub/photos/hex/{hex}` directly (the API answers cross-origin, so no key and no server proxy are involved) for that aircraft only, once per hex per session, through the same enrichment queue as adsbdb, with an 8-second timeout. A miss is remembered for the session; a request that failed temporarily (an outage, the timeout or a rate limit) may be asked again after a 60-second cool-down while the aircraft stays tracked, as for the flights layer's other enrichment. Either way no photo shows meanwhile. The first photo whose image is an `https://` URL on `*.plnspttrs.net`, whose page is an `https://www.planespotters.net` URL, and which names its photographer is shown in the CONTEXT panel's CONTACTS view, under the tracked flight's name (`src/ui/views/panels/AwarenessPanel.vue`), and nowhere else; a vessel, an installation, a military aircraft or a converted TR-3B has none, and a military aircraft or TR-3B is never looked up. Anything else is dropped, so the app never shows or links outside Planespotters (`src/data/planespottersPhoto.js`, also exported as `gods-eye-view/sources/planespotters` for servers that cache the lookup). The photo follows the attribution rules: the thumbnail is hotlinked from the URL the API gives (never copied or re-hosted), the photographer's name is visible text next to it ("Photo © {photographer}"), and the photo and credit are a plain link to the photo's Planespotters page with `target="_blank" rel="noopener"` and never `rel="nofollow"`. If the image fails to load, the photo and its credit are hidden.
+- **Planespotters photos.** When you track an aircraft, the browser asks `https://api.planespotters.net/pub/photos/hex/{hex}` directly (the API answers cross-origin, so no key and no server proxy are involved) for that aircraft only, once per hex per session, through the same enrichment queue as adsbdb, with an 8-second timeout. A miss is remembered for the session; a request that failed temporarily (an outage, the timeout or a rate limit) may be asked again after a 60-second cool-down while the aircraft stays tracked, as for the flights layer's other enrichment. Either way no photo shows meanwhile. The first photo whose image is an `https://` URL on `*.plnspttrs.net`, and whose page is an `https://www.planespotters.net` URL is shown in the CONTEXT panel's CONTACTS view, under the tracked flight's name (`src/ui/views/panels/AwarenessPanel.vue`), and nowhere else; a vessel, an installation, a military aircraft or a converted TR-3B has none, and a military aircraft or TR-3B is never looked up. Anything else is dropped, so the app never shows or links outside Planespotters (`src/data/planespottersPhoto.js`, also exported as `gods-eye-view/sources/planespotters` for servers that cache the lookup). The photo follows the attribution rules: the thumbnail is hotlinked from the URL the API gives (never copied or re-hosted), the photographer's name, when the answer gives one, is visible text next to it ("Photo © {photographer}"; a photo whose answer names no one shows no credit line), and the photo and credit are a plain link to the photo's Planespotters page with `target="_blank" rel="noopener"` and never `rel="nofollow"`. If the image fails to load, the photo and its credit are hidden.
 - **Launch Library 2.** `/api/launches` makes a server-side rolling-30-day query against the supported v2.3 detailed launch endpoint, caches successful responses for 15 minutes in memory and on disk, and serves the last successful response during a throttle or transient outage. Anonymous access is limited to 15 calls/hour; deployments can provide `LL2_API_TOKEN` for authenticated access. The Space Devs' published terms permit using and sharing the API data in any form, ask users not to forward it without adding value, disclaim complete accuracy, and encourage—but do not require—attribution. This app keeps a courtesy credit. Payload and stage/recovery records are shown only when supplied. Failed launches expose their source status and never receive fallback orbit geometry or a live/estimated marker. LL2 supplies launch context and event timing, not continuous ascent telemetry or live orbital state.
 - **TfL JamCams.** The camera list comes from the keyless `api.tfl.gov.uk` endpoint (an optional `TFL_APP_KEY` raises its rate limit); frames come from TfL's public S3 bucket. The "Powered by TfL Open Data" attribution is required by TfL's terms and is registered in the Data attribution popover.
 - **Ontario 511 CCTV.** The camera list comes from the `511on.ca/api/v2/get/cameras` endpoint, which now requires a free developer key (`ONTARIO_511_API_KEY`: sign up at 511on.ca/my511/register, then request it while logged in at 511on.ca/developers/doc; throttled to 10 calls a minute). Without the key the pack is skipped. Frames are server-registered still images under `511on.ca/map/Cctv/`. The source is live-fetched at runtime and attributed under the Open Government Licence - Ontario. Access is governed by Ontario 511's Developer's Access Agreement (511on.ca/developers/resources): the data stays under the Open Government Licence - Ontario unless otherwise specified; key requests are reviewed case by case and ask for the intended use and any third parties that will receive the data; attribution by link to 511on.ca is encouraged, and the Ontario 511 logo may not be altered or used to imply endorsement (this app links and shows no logo); and the data is provided "as is", a disclaimer distributors should pass on, which the credit does.
@@ -270,6 +276,7 @@ The [Bhote Koshi event pack](public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/README.md), under `p
 | **Natural Earth physical regions** (1,046 land + 292 marine named polygons) | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
 | **DataSF Analysis Neighborhoods** (41 SF neighborhood polygons)             | `neighborhoods/`                  | **PDDL 1.0** (public domain)                                                                              | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "City & County of San Francisco — DataSF" (courtesy — not legally required) |
 | **Natural Earth countries, states and provinces** (260 admin-0/map units + 4,587 admin-1 polygons)             | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
+| **Natural Earth disputed areas** (11 of the source's 99 features, hand-picked; [list](src/data/local_data/natural_earth/README.md#disputed-areas-disputed_areasjson)) | `natural_earth/` | **Public domain** | ✅ (no restrictions) | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required) |
 | **Natural Earth populated places** (7,342 points: name, position, rank)     | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
 | **US Census Bureau counties** (3,235 county polygons)                       | `us_census_counties/`             | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "U.S. Census Bureau" (courtesy — not legally required)                      |
 | **US Census Bureau places** (32,629 city, town and CDP polygons)            | `us_census_places/`               | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "U.S. Census Bureau" (courtesy — not legally required)                      |
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fa9749edf..f70bd2f81 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ Keep the `env`: bash treats `UID` as read-only, so a plain `UID=1026` in front o
 
 On SELinux hosts (Fedora, RHEL), compose mounts the checkout with `:z` so the container may read it; Docker may relabel the checkout for container access, which can take a moment on a large checkout. Without that, the start fails with `Cannot find module '/app/scripts/docker-start.mjs'`.
 
-Behind a reverse proxy, put your keys in `.env` or pass them as environment variables - Provider Settings refuses proxied requests on purpose - and add the hostname you serve it on, for example `GEV_ALLOWED_HOSTS=globe.example.lan` (see [Sharing an instance](#-sharing-an-instance)). The map routes compare the browser's `Origin` with the `Host` the server sees, so the proxy must pass the original `Host` and, when it terminates TLS, `X-Forwarded-Proto`. Caddy does both by default; for nginx add `proxy_set_header Host $http_host;`, `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;` and `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;`. On an install outside Docker, that forwarding header also rate-limits the proxy's users apart from your own browser. Under the default Docker bridge network every client on the host, your browser included, reaches the container from its gateway address and shares one Overpass bucket.
+Behind a reverse proxy, put your keys in `.env` or pass them as environment variables - Provider Settings and the News layer refuse proxied requests on purpose - and add the hostname you serve it on, for example `GEV_ALLOWED_HOSTS=globe.example.lan` (see [Sharing an instance](#-sharing-an-instance)). The map routes compare the browser's `Origin` with the `Host` the server sees, so the proxy must pass the original `Host` and, when it terminates TLS, `X-Forwarded-Proto`. Caddy does both by default; for nginx add `proxy_set_header Host $http_host;`, `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;` and `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;`. On an install outside Docker, that forwarding header also rate-limits the proxy's users apart from your own browser. Under the default Docker bridge network every client on the host, your browser included, reaches the container from its gateway address and shares one Overpass bucket.
 
 </details>
 
@@ -236,8 +236,8 @@ the container.
 
 ### Path 4 — GitHub Codespaces (cloud, no local install)
 
-Codespaces requires a GitHub account. Overpass queries and OpenAI voice token
-requests return HTTP 403 through its forwarded HTTPS URL, even with API keys
+Codespaces requires a GitHub account. Overpass queries, the News layer and OpenAI
+voice token requests return HTTP 403 through its forwarded HTTPS URL, even with API keys
 in `.env` and `GEV_ALLOWED_HOSTS` configured. Use a local setup for these features.
 
 The codespace runs the dev server in a cloud workspace, so Node and the dependencies
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ _Ask for radio near anywhere and the globe starts broadcasting — every station
 
 ## 🛰️ What's on the Globe
 
-Twenty-two layers and map sources. **Twenty have a keyless path.** Some offer additional capabilities with a provider key. (🟢 no key · 🟡 free key · 🔴 metered.)
+Twenty-three layers and map sources. **Twenty-one have a keyless path.** Some offer additional capabilities with a provider key. (🟢 no key · 🟡 free key · 🔴 metered.)
 
 | Layer                       | What you get                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | Source                                  | Auth                                                                                                |
 | --------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
@@ -438,6 +438,7 @@ Twenty-two layers and map sources. **Twenty have a keyless path.** Some offer ad
 | 🚢 **Live Vessels**         | Thousands of ships worldwide                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | AISStream                               | 🟡                                                                                                  |
 | 🛰️ **Satellites**           | About 1,300 objects in six classes (Stations, Imaging, Telecom, Starlink, Probes, Debris) with a toggle and a live count each; Starlink loads its whole shell                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | CelesTrak                               | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🌍 **Earthquakes**          | Global seismic activity, last 24h                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | USGS                                    | 🟢                                                                                                  |
+| 📰 **News**                 | The last 24 hours of news in the right-rail **NEWS** panel, narrowed to 12, 6, 3 or 1 hours, with picture cards and clips. **Conflicts**: physical violence worldwide from GDELT's event files, one report per story at GDELT's place for it, plus Liveuamap's mapped items with a key. **Local**: the news of the country at the view centre, its outline and name on the globe; a disputed area of the bundled list, or a territory without a country code, is named as itself. Places and categories are machine-coded and can be wrong | GDELT · Liveuamap · World News API, or your own news server | 🟢 Conflicts · 🟡 Local (World News API) · 🔴 Liveuamap items |
 | ◍ **Air quality**           | Live AQHI on the published 1–10+ health-risk scale, with a Weather-panel card showing the band legend and the highest readings in view. **Canada only** — ECCC is the first registered provider | ECCC MSC GeoMet                          | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🚗 **Traffic**              | Simulated vehicles on OSM roads. With TomTom, live flow speeds drive the simulation and congestion colors below ~8 km; individual vehicle positions are not live observations                                                                                                                                                                                                       | TomTom + OSM                            | 🟢 simulation · 🟡 live flow speeds                                                                 |
 | 📹 **CCTV Mesh**            | up to 7,350 camera locations (4,000 shared round-robin slots, plus room for 1,120 Québec and 2,230 World image cameras) projected _into_ the 3D space — Austin · Texas (TxDOT) · California (Caltrans) · London (TfL) · Ontario (511, free developer key) · Ottawa (City of Ottawa, free access certificate) · Finland (Fintraffic) · British Columbia (DriveBC) · Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) · Delaware (DelDOT live video) · New South Wales (Live Traffic NSW) · Calgary · Norway (Statens vegvesen) · Toronto · King County (WA) · Washington (WSDOT) · Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) · Iceland (Vegagerðin) · Hong Kong (Transport Department) · Taiwan (Freeway Bureau, MOTC) · Québec (MTQ locations with Québec 511 links, Montréal locations, regional webcams) · Oregon (TripCheck) · Japan (MLIT river cameras) · Italy (A22 Brennero motorway), plus opt-in New York City (NYC DOT TMC, needs your own NYC DOT agreement), opt-in Lithuania (Via Lietuva / Eismoinfo, photo licence unconfirmed), opt-in Québec 511 in-browser video (embedding terms unconfirmed), opt-in Florida (FL511, individual personal use only; other use needs FDOT's written consent) and opt-in Houston (TranStar, enable only with TxDOT's written permission per TranStar's Content Usage terms). Positions are published or attributed; poses are estimated priors **you calibrate by dragging a gizmo on the camera itself** | City APIs                               | 🟢                                                                                                  |
@@ -567,12 +568,14 @@ and configuration details.
 
 No key needed for Wind, Rain radar, Satellite clouds, Lightning density,
 Cyclone advisories, Mapped ALPR Cameras, Transit, Directions, Delaware live
-video, and coordinate or bundled-place search. A layer row waiting on a key
+video, the News layer's Conflicts section, and coordinate or bundled-place
+search. A layer row waiting on a key
 names it.
 
 ### Choose the capabilities you want
 
-Seven keys. Five have a free tier, and the two 🔴 ones are metered:
+Nine keys. Six have a free tier. Of the three 🔴 ones, Google Maps and OpenAI are
+metered and Liveuamap is a paid subscription:
 
 |     | Key             | Why                                                                                                                                                                                  | Get it                                                                                                                                                               |
 | --- | --------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
@@ -583,6 +586,8 @@ Seven keys. Five have a free tier, and the two 🔴 ones are metered:
 | 🟡  | **NASA FIRMS**  | 🔥 Live active fires                                                                                                                                                                 | [firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov](https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/api/map_key/) — free                                                                             |
 | 🟡  | **TomTom**      | 🚦 Live flow speeds and congestion colors for the simulated traffic layer                                                                                                            | [my.tomtom.com](https://my.tomtom.com/keys) — free tier available                                                                                                    |
 | 🟡  | **Mapillary**   | 📷 Street Level coverage and photos. A public client token by design (see SECURITY.md)                                                                                               | [mapillary.com/dashboard/developers](https://www.mapillary.com/dashboard/developers) — register an app, copy its Client Token                                        |
+| 🟡  | **World News API** | 📰 News layer, Local: the news of the country in view. The free plan allows 50 points a day; `WORLDNEWSAPI_DAILY_READS` (default 30) keeps Core inside it. Core keeps each country's news for up to 1 hour, and World News API's [terms](https://worldnewsapi.com/terms/) allow caching only with its prior written permission, which is yours to get. The Data attribution popover credits it with a link | [worldnewsapi.com/console](https://worldnewsapi.com/console/) — free plan |
+| 🔴  | **Liveuamap**   | 📰 News layer, Conflicts: Liveuamap's mapped items beside GDELT's reports (🟢 Conflicts works without) | [liveuamap.com/promo/api](https://liveuamap.com/promo/api) — paid API |
 
 ![Diving from city-scale live congestion straight into an intersection's public camera](docs/media/05-traffic-to-cctv.gif)
 
@@ -656,8 +661,8 @@ Honest numbers, roughly, as of mid-2026 — always check the provider pricing pa
 
 |                          | Cost reality                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
 | ------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| **🟢 Most layers**       | **$0, no signup.** OpenSky anon, USGS, CelesTrak, adsb.lol, city CCTV, Radio Browser, GBFS, Launch Library 2, transit feeds, OSRM routing, NOAA and ECMWF weather, OpenStreetMap ALPR mapping, bundled datasets.                                                                                                                                                            |
-| **🟡 The free-key tier** | **$0 with a signup.** AISStream, FIRMS, TomTom, OpenSky, plus Cesium ion for eligible personal/non-commercial use. Provider quotas and eligibility still apply.                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+| **🟢 Most layers**       | **$0, no signup.** OpenSky anon, USGS, CelesTrak, adsb.lol, city CCTV, Radio Browser, GBFS, Launch Library 2, transit feeds, OSRM routing, NOAA and ECMWF weather, OpenStreetMap ALPR mapping, GDELT news events, bundled datasets.                                                                                                                                                            |
+| **🟡 The free-key tier** | **$0 with a signup.** AISStream, FIRMS, TomTom, OpenSky, World News API, plus Cesium ion for eligible personal/non-commercial use. Provider quotas and eligibility still apply.                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
 | **🗺️ Google 3D tiles**   | **Free through an eligible Cesium ion Community account within its quota; metered through a direct Google key.** Use the direct route for Google place search or commercial deployment, verify current provider terms, and set budget alerts where billing is enabled.                                                                                                      |
 | **🔴 OpenAI voice**      | API-key sessions keep the live spend readout, STD/MINI model toggle, $2 warning, and **$5 hard cap**. ChatGPT OAuth is an explicit choice in Provider Settings. Its usage is tracked without an API-dollar estimate or spend cap. The voice context window stays deliberately short. |
 
diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md
index 6e3625f71..e12a77025 100644
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ The data proxies under `server/providers/` are written so the browser cannot tur
 - **Sanitized errors** — internal error details are not echoed back to clients.
 - **Coalesced OAuth refresh** and cached successful responses only (OpenSky).
 - **Redacted debug logging.** The voice debug log (`.gev-logs/`, gitignored) strips API keys, bearer tokens, client secrets, and image data URLs before writing.
-- **Cross-site gate on cost/log endpoints.** The cost-bearing (`/api/realtime/token`, `/api/openai/hud-summary`, `/api/google/nearby-places`, `/api/google/text-search`), quota-bearing (`/api/mapillary/*`, with a per-IP limit on tiles, and `/api/tomtom/*`, backed by its persistent daily tile budget) and log (`/api/realtime/debug-log`) endpoints refuse cross-site browser requests: a foreign or opaque `Origin`, a `Sec-Fetch-Site` other than `same-origin`/`none` (this is what blocks an `<img>`/navigation that carries no `Origin`), or any reverse-proxy/CDN forwarding header returns `403`. Non-browser loopback tools (the repo QA harnesses POST the token endpoint with no `Origin`) and the explicit `HOST=0.0.0.0` LAN opt-in keep working — the gate deliberately does not require a loopback remote address; that stricter requirement belongs only to the credential panel (`admitKeySetupRequest`). The Host check (`allowedHosts`, applied by `hostCheckPlugin` ahead of every route, since Vite's own check runs only after plugin middleware) rejects a rebinding `Host` before any handler runs, in every mode, and the gate is defense in depth behind it: the LAN opt-in keeps that check and accepts only IP addresses, `localhost` and names listed in `GEV_ALLOWED_HOSTS`. **Limit:** a name you list there is trusted like the app's own address, so list only names you control. The keyless map routes (`/api/terrain/heights`, `/api/drone-airspace`, `/api/inaturalist/observations`, `/api/acartia/sightings`, `/api/overpass` and voice place search's `/api/osm/features`, which spends the same operator Overpass) use the same cross-site checks, minus the forwarding-header refusal: they guard only per-client quotas and caches, not a key or a bill, and the map and voice need them to work behind a reverse proxy. `/api/overpass` also admits at most 300 POSTs a minute per peer (IPv6 peers keyed by /64) and 900 a minute across all remote peers before it reads a body. A direct loopback request — a loopback socket with none of the forwarding headers `hasProxySignals` checks (`Forwarded`, `Via`, `X-Forwarded-For`, `X-Forwarded-Host`, `X-Forwarded-Port`, `X-Forwarded-Proto`, `X-Real-IP`, `CF-Connecting-IP`, `CF-Ray`) — draws on its own per-peer admission window, so remote peers cannot exhaust the owner's admission. A reverse proxy on the same machine must add at least one of those headers (Caddy and Cloudflare do by default; nginx needs `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;`, plus `proxy_set_header Host $http_host;` and `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;` so the `Origin` check matches), or its traffic is indistinguishable from the owner's and shares the owner's window. With one, its requests are then counted as remote, in one bucket per proxy socket — the forwarded client address is never trusted as identity — so all users behind one proxy share 300/min. The isolation needs a loopback socket: under the default Docker bridge network every host-side client, the owner included, arrives from the container gateway and is one remote peer. **Limit:** this isolates admission only. The upstream budget (90 requests/min per client key, 300/min across all clients) is shared, so once remote traffic has used the global upstream budget, an owner request that misses the cache can still get `429`, or `503` when remote misses hold every upstream concurrency slot; cache hits are unaffected. The CCTV routes (`/api/cctv/*`) use the same keyless checks; their one key-bearing step, the Street View fallback, is skipped for any request with forwarding headers.
+- **Cross-site gate on cost/log endpoints.** The cost-bearing (`/api/realtime/token`, `/api/openai/hud-summary`, `/api/google/nearby-places`, `/api/google/text-search`), quota-bearing (`/api/mapillary/*`, with a per-IP limit on tiles, `/api/tomtom/*`, backed by its persistent daily tile budget, and `/api/news/*`, which spends the World News API daily reads, Liveuamap reads and GDELT downloads) and log (`/api/realtime/debug-log`) endpoints refuse cross-site browser requests: a foreign or opaque `Origin`, a `Sec-Fetch-Site` other than `same-origin`/`none` (this is what blocks an `<img>`/navigation that carries no `Origin`), or any reverse-proxy/CDN forwarding header returns `403`. Non-browser loopback tools (the repo QA harnesses POST the token endpoint with no `Origin`) and the explicit `HOST=0.0.0.0` LAN opt-in keep working — the gate deliberately does not require a loopback remote address; that stricter requirement belongs only to the credential panel (`admitKeySetupRequest`). The Host check (`allowedHosts`, applied by `hostCheckPlugin` ahead of every route, since Vite's own check runs only after plugin middleware) rejects a rebinding `Host` before any handler runs, in every mode, and the gate is defense in depth behind it: the LAN opt-in keeps that check and accepts only IP addresses, `localhost` and names listed in `GEV_ALLOWED_HOSTS`. **Limit:** a name you list there is trusted like the app's own address, so list only names you control. The keyless map routes (`/api/terrain/heights`, `/api/drone-airspace`, `/api/inaturalist/observations`, `/api/acartia/sightings`, `/api/overpass` and voice place search's `/api/osm/features`, which spends the same operator Overpass) use the same cross-site checks, minus the forwarding-header refusal: they guard only per-client quotas and caches, not a key or a bill, and the map and voice need them to work behind a reverse proxy. `/api/overpass` also admits at most 300 POSTs a minute per peer (IPv6 peers keyed by /64) and 900 a minute across all remote peers before it reads a body. A direct loopback request — a loopback socket with none of the forwarding headers `hasProxySignals` checks (`Forwarded`, `Via`, `X-Forwarded-For`, `X-Forwarded-Host`, `X-Forwarded-Port`, `X-Forwarded-Proto`, `X-Real-IP`, `CF-Connecting-IP`, `CF-Ray`) — draws on its own per-peer admission window, so remote peers cannot exhaust the owner's admission. A reverse proxy on the same machine must add at least one of those headers (Caddy and Cloudflare do by default; nginx needs `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;`, plus `proxy_set_header Host $http_host;` and `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;` so the `Origin` check matches), or its traffic is indistinguishable from the owner's and shares the owner's window. With one, its requests are then counted as remote, in one bucket per proxy socket — the forwarded client address is never trusted as identity — so all users behind one proxy share 300/min. The isolation needs a loopback socket: under the default Docker bridge network every host-side client, the owner included, arrives from the container gateway and is one remote peer. **Limit:** this isolates admission only. The upstream budget (90 requests/min per client key, 300/min across all clients) is shared, so once remote traffic has used the global upstream budget, an owner request that misses the cache can still get `429`, or `503` when remote misses hold every upstream concurrency slot; cache hits are unaffected. The CCTV routes (`/api/cctv/*`) use the same keyless checks; their one key-bearing step, the Street View fallback, is skipped for any request with forwarding headers.
 - **Full Content-Security-Policy.** The dev and preview servers send a real CSP (`script-src 'self' 'unsafe-eval' blob:` plus the YouTube, Facebook and X scripts the Nepal event's embedded media loads and the Maps JavaScript API that Street View runs on, with a matching `frame-src` for their players and posts: no inline script and no other script origin; `blob:` covers the object URLs Cesium's bundled workers bootstrap through in the built app), alongside the existing `X-Frame-Options: DENY` and `frame-ancestors 'none'`. `'unsafe-eval'` stays because Knockout, bundled inside Cesium's widgets package, resolves the global object with `eval` at load time and the globe does not initialize without it; styles permit `'unsafe-inline'` and Google Fonts because Vite's dev client injects `<style>` elements.
 
 Allowing `maps.googleapis.com` in `script-src` also trusts its JSONP endpoints, which can bypass the script allowlist if an HTML-injection bug exists; this is an accepted limitation of loading the Maps JavaScript API, alongside the existing `'unsafe-eval'` allowance.
diff --git a/changelog.d/1280-text-issue-fix.md b/changelog.d/1280-text-issue-fix.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e5474967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1280-text-issue-fix.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Keep outside text in voice and MCP tool results to one line of 180
+  characters: ALPR tags, station names and other display fields (asturksever,
+  #1280).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1574-transit-icon-heading.md b/changelog.d/1574-transit-icon-heading.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9639e8aa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1574-transit-icon-heading.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- Give transit vehicle icons a readable front: the bus, tram, metro and unknown
+  glyphs now carry a nose or cab in their outline, so the direction of travel
+  shows at fleet size and survives the sensor profiles. A vehicle with no known
+  course gets a symmetric outline instead of one that points north, and
+  switches to the pointed glyph once a course arrives (IMBrandao, #1574).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1583-shipwrecks.md b/changelog.d/1583-shipwrecks.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20bce77ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1583-shipwrecks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- New Shipwrecks layer (Events): about 8,000 wrecks from EMODnet (CC BY 4.0)
+  and Wikidata (CC0). Each has a card with deaths, date, vessel, cause, depth,
+  position quality and a source link. Markers grow with the death toll, and
+  a start and end year picker filters by period (IMBrandao, #1583).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1593-news-layer.md b/changelog.d/1593-news-layer.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06d6a3632
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1593-news-layer.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+- Add the News layer (Events ▸ News) and its right-rail NEWS panel: the last
+  24 hours of news, narrowed in the panel to the last 12, 6, 3 or 1 hours with
+  the hotspot counts read for that window. Markers are coloured by severity
+  only, with hotspot beacons, outlines with disputed areas, picture cards for
+  major events and a continuous feed whose cards fly the globe to the event.
+  An open card plays the post's clip on request. The panel has two sections.
+  Conflicts lists the hotspots' news. Local, below 3,000 km, lists every
+  report in the area at the view centre, newest first, names and outlines that area on the
+  globe, and shows those reports on the map instead while it is chosen; a
+  disputed area is named as itself and read from no country's outlets. Set
+  `GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN` to a news server and the local server forwards the
+  layer's three read routes there. Unset, Core answers them itself:
+  Conflicts from the last 24 hours of GDELT 2.0 event exports with no key
+  (physical violence only, one report per story at GDELT's place for it,
+  titled from GDELT's GKG files for the newest 3 hours), plus Liveuamap's
+  mapped items with `LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY`; Local from World News API with
+  `WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY`, at most `WORLDNEWSAPI_DAILY_READS` reads a day
+  (default 30), each country's news kept for at most 1 hour. The routes
+  refuse cross-site and proxied requests. A section says when its key is
+  required, refused or out of its daily allowance. The Data attribution popover credits the GDELT
+  Project, World News API and, once its items show, Liveuamap
+  (Denis Groshev, @ZloyS, #1593).
+- Cockpit Regional News holds its list to the last 24 hours, newest first, on
+  the server and in the client, and labels its four states apart: fresh
+  results with no banner and a `LAST 24 H` footer, earlier results kept after
+  a failed refresh near the same place as `CACHED · REFRESH FAILED`, `NO NEWS IN THE LAST 24 H`,
+  and `REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE`. The banner is now really hidden over a
+  populated list, and the footer no longer reverts to a static `RECENT` on a
+  page change (Denis Groshev, @ZloyS, #1593).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1594-hebrew.md b/changelog.d/1594-hebrew.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83b54c51e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1594-hebrew.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- Add Hebrew (he), the second right-to-left language: the title, rails, dock
+  and corner row mirror, numbers keep Western digits, and plurals use the
+  one/two/other Hebrew forms. Noto Sans Hebrew joins the font stacks and the
+  style, plural and glossary notes arrive in docs/translations/he.md
+  (Hebrew, @meirm, #1594).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1650-firms-window-label.md b/changelog.d/1650-firms-window-label.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47b1f8bdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1650-firms-window-label.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- A FIRMS snapshot that ends at a set time (`at`, epoch ms, from a source that
+  serves one) is no longer labelled live: the Active Fires row reads
+  `NASA FIRMS · 24 h to 10-21 15:00 UTC`, and `get_active_fires` says "in the
+  24 hours to" that time and reports it as `window_end` (samehkhamis, #1650).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1654-flight-trails-signal-lost.md b/changelog.d/1654-flight-trails-signal-lost.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..933708459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1654-flight-trails-signal-lost.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+- A tracked flight's trail splits at feed gaps, impossible jumps and reports
+  without altitude instead of joining a day of history into one line, keeps
+  every history point, and follows the path the aircraft was drawn along so it
+  no longer cuts across turns. A tracked aircraft that stops reporting shows
+  STALE, keeps flying on its last heading for five minutes, then stops dimmed
+  as SIGNAL LOST and is kept ten minutes after its last report; aircraft on or
+  near the ground hold instead (Sameh Khamis, @samehkhamis, #1654).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1655-long-route-corridor.md b/changelog.d/1655-long-route-corridor.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5bc1bd84b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1655-long-route-corridor.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- A long flight keeps its origin and destination when weather or airways take
+  it far off the great circle: the route check now allows 200 km or 15% of the
+  route's length, whichever is larger (623 km for JFK–SFO), while a short hop
+  still allows 200 km (Sameh Khamis, @samehkhamis, #1655).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1656-stalled-feed-dims-tracked.md b/changelog.d/1656-stalled-feed-dims-tracked.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcb595981
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1656-stalled-feed-dims-tracked.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- A tracked aircraft is dimmed as STALE while the whole flight feed is
+  stalled, as it is after a missed update, instead of staying at full
+  brightness (Sameh Khamis, @samehkhamis, #1656).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1657-photo-without-credit.md b/changelog.d/1657-photo-without-credit.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba5f6b84b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1657-photo-without-credit.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- A tracked aircraft's Planespotters photo is shown even when the answer names
+  no photographer, linked to its Planespotters page with no credit line,
+  instead of no photo at all (Sameh Khamis, @samehkhamis, #1657).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 291d365d2..8ca6cdb55 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -129,6 +129,22 @@ search keeps a successful geocode, with no search or view-based region recovery.
 
 Manager-owned periodic network updates pause while the document is hidden. Returning to a visible tab runs one overdue update per enabled layer without overlapping an active refresh and restarts that layer's polling schedule from the return, so the next poll follows one interval later whether or not the catch-up update succeeds; explicit refresh requests remain available. Transit also defers camera-driven feed admission while hidden and rechecks coverage on return. Visibility listeners are released with their polling intervals.
 
+Overpass reserves each normalized query before its disk-cache lookup. The
+initial disk lookup, upstream quota admission, fetching and memory publication
+are coalesced under that reservation. A caller that joined a reservation
+rejected by another client's quota retries admission with its own quota.
+Stale fallback runs per response after the reservation is released, and disk
+writes finish asynchronously. Settled and rejected reservations are removed
+only while they still own their map entry.
+
+External ALPR tags, surveillance-tool fields, voice context text and compact
+analyst strings become one line of at most 180 characters (scene labels: 120).
+Empty ALPR values stay null, and the cap never splits a surrogate pair.
+Canonical analyst identifiers such as `id` and `routeId` stay unchanged, because
+voice follow-ups match on them and bikeshare uses the raw station name as its
+ID. The text is still untrusted: normalization does not prevent prompt
+injection.
+
 Terrain height requests accept at most 64 points, matching the browser service's
 existing batch size and one bounded upstream chunk. Larger requests return HTTP
 413 before disk-cache loading or upstream work; malformed coordinates remain 400.
@@ -151,6 +167,49 @@ across the antimeridian, so they cannot use the strict ±180 check as-is, and
 `src/sources/adsbRecords.js` and `server/providers/common/geo.js` keep their own
 implementations.
 
+## Shipwrecks — EMODnet and Wikidata
+
+The Events group includes **Shipwrecks** (`shipwrecks`, share-link token `01`),
+off by default. `/api/shipwrecks` downloads EMODnet Human Activities'
+`emodnet:heritageshipwrecks` WFS layer (about 7,000 wrecks in European waters
+compiled from SHOM, Ireland's National Monuments Service, Historic England and
+the Oxford Roman Economy Project; CC BY 4.0) and a Wikidata SPARQL query for
+shipwreck items with a coordinate and at least one Wikipedia article (about
+1,450 worldwide; CC0). A source that answered well is asked again after 24 hours;
+one that failed is asked again after 15 minutes. Each source keeps its own last
+good records: a source that fails, answers with nothing usable, or answers with
+less than half of its last good set keeps serving its earlier records as stale
+for up to seven days, and never removes the other source's wrecks. When the
+page cannot refresh, the wrecks it shows are marked stale, and it removes them
+once even the newest source is past seven days, counted from the ages the
+proxy reported (so the page and server clocks are never compared; a wreck
+both sources list is one record, so nothing is removed per source). EMODnet rows the portal took from
+wrecksite.eu are skipped (that site is not openly licensed). A Wikidata wreck
+with the same name within 3 km of an EMODnet wreck is merged into one record
+that keeps the article link and takes EMODnet's year, sinking text, depth and
+position accuracy. Only ship columns are read: EMODnet's long histories
+(`ship_char`, `obj_desc`) are not. Sinking, cargo and description text that
+refers to a person by a title or role (Mr, captain, master, owner, crew,
+"reported by", …) is dropped whole by a keyword filter; a bare name with no
+such word can still pass. Deaths appear only as a Wikidata count.
+
+The globe draws a round marker with a hull and mast per wreck, all in one
+billboard collection, ground-clamped with the depth test off and the horizon
+cull GhostMaps uses, sized by deaths (a bigger toll draws on top) and coloured
+by era (a legend under the row): before 1900 (ancient wrecks dated only by
+period count here), 1900–1945, after 1945, and date unknown. A period filter
+under the row picks a start year and an end year side by side (two pickers
+over the years that have a wreck; a reversed pair is stored swapped); undated
+wrecks show only when every year is selected. The filter is session-only (not
+in the share link). Clicking a marker opens a `stateless` card: deaths and
+survivors first, then the sinking date or year (or the archaeological dating)
+and waters, vessel type, what happened, least depth and its quality, how well
+the position is known, period notes or the Wikidata description, cargo or
+finds, protected status and source.
+Clicking the card opens the Wikipedia article (else the Wikidata item), the
+wreck's own web page when EMODnet lists one, else EMODnet's portal. Voice does
+not toggle this layer yet (prompt budget, as for the airspace layer).
+
 ## Wildlife Sightings — iNaturalist and Acartia
 
 **Wildlife Sightings** (`wildlife-sightings`, share-link token `9`) is off by
@@ -751,7 +810,7 @@ Consult the linked official advisory for safety decisions.
 
 Voice and HUD snapshots reuse the existing feedState classifier. Analyst follow-ups retain their original data provenance; current-view results append provenance without replacing legacy fields. HUD context and deterministic telemetry include non-nominal feed state.
 
-Analyst records come on demand from each layer's `getAnalystRecords`: flights, military, local ADS-B, vessels, satellites, launches, earthquakes, FIRMS (VIIRS and MODIS, with a `sensor` field), fire perimeters, cyclones, transit, bikeshare, ALPR cameras, mapped installations, datacenters and dams. `analyst_query` counts the whole loaded set (up to 250,000 records per layer; past that `coverage.records` reports `returned`, `total` and `truncated: true` and the result carries `complete: false`). Ranking keeps a top-k and scans in 20,000-row slices that yield to the page and stop when superseded. It refuses unknown fields, operators, units that do not convert (`altitudeM(ft)` converts), wrong-typed values, invalid centres, unknown scope kinds and sort fields with `code` and `allowed`, refuses a follow-up with no previous answer (`NO_RESULT_CONTEXT`) or naming other layers than that answer (`FOLLOW_UP_MISMATCH`), and tells `LAYER_OFF`, `NOT_READY` and `FEED_UNAVAILABLE` apart from a real zero; when only some layers can answer the result is `partial` with `unanswered` ids. The Contacts-window path applies the same filters, ranking and item shape to one immutable panel snapshot. Each aircraft layer retains at most 20,000 rows; reaching that bound sets `complete: false` and the spoken/card count becomes “At least”, never an exact claim. A superseded query never replaces follow-up memory, while sibling analyst calls from one assistant response do not cancel one another. Items carry `lat`/`lon`; the feed window (earthquakes and FIRMS: last 24 h), the precise scope and any caveat sit in `display`, which is on-screen detail rather than something the model recites. "In view" is still a radius around the view centre, not the visible footprint. Satellite distance is ground distance.
+Analyst records come on demand from each layer's `getAnalystRecords`: flights, military, local ADS-B, vessels, satellites, launches, earthquakes, FIRMS (VIIRS and MODIS, with a `sensor` field), fire perimeters, cyclones, transit, bikeshare, ALPR cameras, mapped installations, datacenters and dams. `analyst_query` counts the whole loaded set (up to 250,000 records per layer; past that `coverage.records` reports `returned`, `total` and `truncated: true` and the result carries `complete: false`). Ranking keeps a top-k and scans in 20,000-row slices that yield to the page and stop when superseded. It refuses unknown fields, operators, units that do not convert (`altitudeM(ft)` converts), wrong-typed values, invalid centres, unknown scope kinds and sort fields with `code` and `allowed`, refuses a follow-up with no previous answer (`NO_RESULT_CONTEXT`) or naming other layers than that answer (`FOLLOW_UP_MISMATCH`), and tells `LAYER_OFF`, `NOT_READY` and `FEED_UNAVAILABLE` apart from a real zero; when only some layers can answer the result is `partial` with `unanswered` ids. The Contacts-window path applies the same filters, ranking and item shape to one immutable panel snapshot. Each aircraft layer retains at most 20,000 rows; reaching that bound sets `complete: false` and the spoken/card count becomes “At least”, never an exact claim. A superseded query never replaces follow-up memory, while sibling analyst calls from one assistant response do not cancel one another. Items carry `lat`/`lon`; the feed window (earthquakes and FIRMS: last 24 h, or for FIRMS the 24 hours to a snapshot's `at`), the precise scope and any caveat sit in `display`, which is on-screen detail rather than something the model recites. "In view" is still a radius around the view centre, not the visible footprint. Satellite distance is ground distance.
 
 Keyless terrain tiles retry when Re:Earth throttles them. The browser fetches
 `terrain.reearth.land/cesium-mesh/ellipsoid/{z}/{x}/{y}.terrain` directly; no
@@ -1428,6 +1487,52 @@ use the supplied asset resolver, including the preload path. Enrichment receives
 an abort signal and cannot update a later lifecycle after destruction. Existing
 camera, terrain floor, trail, selection and measured model-size policies remain.
 
+A tracked civil or military aircraft's trail (`src/data/trailContinuity.js`) lifts
+the pen, drawing nothing, between two points more than 48 minutes or over 1,500 kt
+apart (a parked aircraft within 0.1 nm keeps one line for up to three hours) and at a
+waypoint with no altitude; a ground waypoint is drawn on the ground. The head joins the
+aircraft only within 150 km. Each trail keeps up to 2,000 points, a full day of history
+at one fix per minute plus the live session; past that the oldest recorded points go
+first, and the oldest reports only once none are left. The renderer
+(`src/data/trailRenderer.js`) freezes every chunk of 128 points except the newest into
+static geometry, so a long trail costs about as much per frame as a short one;
+`scripts/qa-trail-freeze.mjs` checks that a freeze never shows a blank frame.
+While an aircraft is tracked, its trail between reports is the path its icon was
+drawn along: the displayed position is recorded about once a second or every 150 m
+(`recordTrailPoint`). Recorded points are thinned by shape: one stays only where
+dropping it would move the line more than 30 m across the track or in height from any
+position it stood for, or leave a straight piece longer than 10 km, so straight flight
+adds a vertex every 10 km at most and a turn keeps its curve. A recorded point that
+would turn the line back sharper than 120° over a short step is dropped. Reports stay
+in the trail as anchors, in time order. Recorded points never join two reports that are
+not one flight under the 48-minute and 1,500 kt rules; the points between them go and
+nothing is recorded across such a pair. A report for a time the display has already
+passed replaces what was drawn after it, and nothing is recorded until the icon has
+eased onto it, so the line reads arc, report, corrected path. History from before tracking started, and the backfill, run report to report.
+The trail never runs past the icon or through its 3D model, and the head runs from the
+newest kept point outside the model to the icon (to the model's tail when the model is
+the visual). A contact with no new report coasts along its reported track for 5 minutes
+past its last real report, at no more than 1,500 kt and never below known ground, then stops;
+one that
+went quiet on the ground, or within 150 m of a known ground floor, holds at its last
+report, records nothing and draws no head (with the ground unknown, a low barometric
+altitude alone does not hold it). The hold-or-coast choice is made once per report (`staleHoldsForFix`
+in `src/data/motionModel.js`), and the forward fix built when a repeated position carries
+new speed or course follows the same rules and is never a trail report. A live report
+with no altitude breaks the line and leaves no point at an invented height, and so does
+such a report seeded from position history when tracking starts.
+
+A contact that misses an update is stale from the first miss: it is drawn with the
+45%-alpha stale fade (`STALE_ALPHA`), the tracked billboard and 3D model included, and the
+tracked label reads STALE. For the tracked aircraft a poll that re-sends a fix no newer
+than the last one is a miss too. Once its coast has ended, or it holds at its last report
+after a miss, it stands still, dimmed, and the label reads SIGNAL LOST · <time since its
+last report>, in seconds under a minute and minutes after (`_trackedStaleCue` in each
+flight layer's `tracking.js`). The tracked aircraft is kept, so the follow camera keeps its
+target, until 10 minutes after its newest fix (`TRACKED_RETENTION_MS`): 5 minutes coasting,
+then 5 stopped as SIGNAL LOST. Untracked aircraft keep their missed-poll limits. A report
+that arrives later eases the aircraft onto it.
+
 The tracked-aircraft descriptor both flight layers hand to the cockpit carries
 `verticalRateMps` beside `velocityMps` and `track`. Civil records store the rate as
 `verticalRate` and military records as `verticalRateMps`; the query seam maps both to
@@ -1746,7 +1851,7 @@ time. TRACK ACQUIRED stays first. Then:
   left out (the satellites layer's bounded `getNearestPositions`, measured
   from the satellite itself), with their bearing from the top of the frame
   and distance. A row (`Ride …`) rides that satellite. While there is a
-  satellite ridden before this one, a RETURN · *name* row goes back to it; if
+  satellite ridden before this one, a RETURN · _name_ row goes back to it; if
   that satellite has left the catalogue it is dropped and RETURN offers the
   one before. Riding stays in orbit: the satellites layer tracks the new
   satellite (`trackById`), the Cockpit takes the camera back at once and
@@ -1958,6 +2063,7 @@ video; camera poses use the existing low-confidence heading prior.
 
 The CCTV catalog includes Taiwan national freeway cameras from the Freeway Bureau, MOTC. The app first reads the daily MOTC 2.0 CCTV.xml table with a keyless HTTPS request, a 15-second deadline, a 6 MiB response cap, and the shared 15-minute cache. If that catalog is unreachable and no last-good source list exists, the loader uses the Highway Bureau’s public provincial-road CCTV XML feed at https://cctv-maintain.thb.gov.tw/opendataCCTVs.xml. The fallback is capped by the same Taiwan source limit and hourly retry backoff; its MJPEG feeds are restricted to the eight cctv-ss01 through cctv-ss08.thb.gov.tw HTTPS servers. The frame proxy returns one bounded JPEG from each stream, not an unbounded video response. The Highway Bureau open-data page states XML downloads are free and asks users to attribute the source; the app credits Highway Bureau, MOTC. These are provincial-road cameras, not a replacement for the national freeway cameras. CCTV_TAIWAN_ENABLED=0 disables both feeds; CCTV_TAIWAN_MAX_SOURCES sets the shared cap (default 600, bounded to 1–2000), and CCTV_TAIWAN_URL overrides the Freeway Bureau table URL.
 Gate: src/data/cctvTaiwan.test.mjs and src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs.
+
 ## DriveBC CCTV source pack
 
 The CCTV catalog adds DriveBC highway cameras for British Columbia alongside the
@@ -2431,8 +2537,9 @@ Overpass query validation, geometry simplification, disk caching and upstream
 transport now have separate modules; military-installation search reuses that
 transport. Regional briefing combines separate place, news and weather sources,
 while weather effects uses only the weather source.
-GDELT compact dates that do not name a real calendar instant keep the article
-with an unknown publication time. Existing process-scoped
+GDELT compact dates that do not name a real calendar instant normalize to an
+unknown publication time, and the 24-hour regional-news window then drops the
+article. Existing process-scoped
 caches, rate limits, stale fallbacks and route ordering are preserved.
 
 Local voice has separate HUD-summary, debug-log and Realtime-token handlers,
@@ -2897,6 +3004,13 @@ reporting are unchanged.
 The FIRMS proxy requests VIIRS NOAA-20, VIIRS NOAA-21 and MODIS NRT (Terra and
 Aqua). It skips VIIRS Suomi NPP, which NASA stopped delivering on 2026-11-02.
 
+`/api/firms` answers the trailing 24 hours to now, and the Active Fires row
+reads `NASA FIRMS · LIVE · updated …`. A source may instead answer the 24 hours
+to a set time, naming its end as `at` (epoch ms): the row then reads
+`NASA FIRMS · 24 h to MM-DD HH:MM UTC`, `getStats()` reports `at`, and
+`get_active_fires` says "in the 24 hours to" that time and reports it as
+`window_end`. The dev proxy never sets `at`.
+
 The FIRMS CSV parser rejects impossible acquisition calendar dates before the proxy filters records to the trailing 24 hours, while retaining valid UTC acquisition times.
 The `get_active_fires` tool reports acquisition times as UTC ISO timestamps,
 including zero-padded hours and minutes; missing or invalid dates and times
@@ -4234,8 +4348,11 @@ down | auth-failed` (plus the unchanged `missing-key`/`unsupported`) with
 >   advances dead reckoning from the host frame.
 > - **Scheduled route plausibility:** Aircraft route labels and selected-route
 >   context reject the distant backwards, forwards and antipodal extensions of
->   an airport pair's great circle. The existing 130 km endpoint admission and
->   200 km cross-track tolerance remain; a projected fix outside the finite
+>   an airport pair's great circle. The existing 130 km endpoint admission
+>   remains; the cross-track tolerance is 200 km or 15% of the route's length,
+>   whichever is larger (JFK–SFO allows 623 km, as airways and winds take a
+>   coast-to-coast flight several hundred kilometres off the great circle); a
+>   projected fix outside the finite
 >   origin-to-destination minor arc also has a generous 200 km extension at
 >   either end. Missing coordinates and coincident or antipodal endpoint pairs
 >   retain their loose, unjudgeable behavior; vertical-trend checks are unchanged.
@@ -4624,7 +4741,9 @@ test:track` 43 tracking invariants · headless QA harnesses under
 
 ### Interface localization (October 2026)
 
-Shipped locales: **en** (source and fallback), **ar**, **de**, **es**, **fr**, **it**, **ja**, **pt** (Brazilian Portuguese), **ru**, **uk**, **zh-CN** and **zh-Hant**. The code lives in
+Shipped locales: **en** (source and fallback), **ar**, **de**, **es**, **fr**, **he**,
+**it**, **ja**, **pt** (Brazilian Portuguese), **ru**, **uk**, **zh-CN** and
+**zh-Hant**. The code lives in
 `src/i18n/`. How to mark UI text: [`docs/I18N.md`](./I18N.md); translator workflow:
 [`docs/TRANSLATORS.md`](./TRANSLATORS.md).
 
@@ -4638,19 +4757,21 @@ Shipped locales: **en** (source and fallback), **ar**, **de**, **es**, **fr**, *
   `navigator.languages` → English. Any `pt` tag (`pt-BR`, `pt-PT`) selects `pt`. Chinese tags default to `zh-CN`; Traditional Chinese tags
   select `zh-Hant`. Explicit `Hans` selects `zh-CN` regardless of region. `?lang=` is not stored, and share links drop
   it, so a recipient keeps their own language. The globe picker in the
-  bottom-right corner (bottom-left in Arabic) (`src/ui/localePicker.js`) stores the choice, drops
+  bottom-right corner (bottom-left in Arabic and Hebrew)
+  (`src/ui/localePicker.js`) stores the choice, drops
   `?lang=` (keeps it only when storage is blocked) and switches in place:
   views re-render, code that published translated text words it again through
   `onLocaleChange`, and `<html lang>`/`dir` and the page's `data-i18n` markup
   follow. Nothing is lost; a toast already on screen keeps its words.
-- **Right to left.** Arabic (`ar`) is in `RTL_LOCALES`, so `<html dir="rtl">`:
-  the title, style indicator, both panel stacks and their icon rails swap
-  sides through logical properties (`inset-inline-*`, `margin-inline-*`), the
-  dock and corner row reverse their order, and `src/ui/styles/rtl.css` holds
-  the rest: no letter-spacing on Arabic text, Noto Sans Arabic in the font
-  stacks, the intel HUD kept as a left-to-right instrument overlay, FM seek
-  and the radio dial kept left to right. Intl formatters get `ar-u-nu-latn`,
-  so numbers and dates keep Western digits.
+- **Right to left.** Arabic (`ar`) and Hebrew (`he`) are in `RTL_LOCALES`, so
+  `<html dir="rtl">`: the title, style indicator, both panel stacks and their
+  icon rails swap sides through logical properties (`inset-inline-*`,
+  `margin-inline-*`), the dock and corner row reverse their order, and
+  `src/ui/styles/rtl.css` holds the rest: no letter-spacing on Arabic and
+  Hebrew text, Noto Sans Arabic and Noto Sans Hebrew in the font stacks, the
+  intel HUD kept as a left-to-right instrument overlay, FM seek and the radio
+  dial kept left to right. Intl formatters get `ar-u-nu-latn`, so numbers and
+  dates keep Western digits.
 - **Gate.** `npm run i18n` (and `src/i18n/catalog.test.mjs` under `npm test`)
   extracts every message and fails on missing, empty, unused,
   placeholder-mismatched, still-English (plural forms included) or
@@ -4699,35 +4820,37 @@ nearby place—always use station selection. Unqualified “turn on/start the ra
 requests use Play; a qualified Play-shaped tool call is normalized to Select so
 its criteria cannot be silently ignored.
 
-| Layer                                | Source                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | File                                                                      | Proxy                                                                                                   | Update Interval                                                                                                             |
-| ------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| Live Flights ✈️                      | OpenSky Network; bounded adsb.lol regional fallback                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | `src/data/flights.js`                                                     | `/api/flights` (OAuth + fallback)                                                                       | 30s                                                                                                                         |
-| Military Flights 🎖️                  | adsb.lol /v2/mil                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | `src/data/militaryFlights.js`                                             | `/api/military`                                                                                         | 15s                                                                                                                         |
-| Live AIS Vessels 🚢                  | AISStream websocket                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | `src/data/aisLiveVessels.js`                                              | `/api/vessels`                                                                                          | 60s (+800ms visibility pass)                                                                                                |
-| Mapped Installations ⌖               | OpenFreeMap military areas; optional configured Overpass names and Google Places search                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | `src/data/militaryInstallations.js`                                       | OpenFreeMap tiles, `/api/military-installations`, `/api/google/text-search`                             | viewport-driven; transient errors back off, missing capability switches to tiles                                            |
-| Earthquakes                          | USGS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | `src/data/earthquakes.js`                                                 | —                                                                                                       | 60s                                                                                                                         |
-| Air quality                          | ECCC MSC GeoMet OGC API (AQHI, Canada only)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | `src/layers/airQuality/`                                                  | —                                                                                                       | 20 min readings, 12 h station catalog                                                                                       |
-| Satellites                           | CelesTrak TLE + SATCAT; bundled UCS pack (purpose)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | `src/data/satellites.js`                                                  | `/api/celestrak` + `/api/celestrak-satcat`                                                              | 120s                                                                                                                        |
-| Space Missions (30d)                 | Launch Library 2 + CelesTrak                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | `src/data/rocketLaunches.js`                                              | `/api/launches` + `/api/celestrak/active`                                                               | 5 min                                                                                                                       |
-| Traffic                              | Selectable TomTom / OpenStreetMap / Hybrid roads; optional TomTom flow (BYOK)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | `src/data/traffic.js`                                                     | browser-direct OpenFreeMap tiles; `/api/tomtom` for flow                                                | viewport-driven; capped tile cache                                                                                          |
-| CCTV                                 | Austin + Caltrans (CA) + TfL London + Ontario 511 + Fintraffic (FI) + DriveBC (BC) + TxDOT (TX) + Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) + Live Traffic NSW + Open Calgary Open Data + Statens vegvesen (NO, stills + live HLS, Kartverket ground heights) + King County (WA) Open Data + WSDOT (WA) Open Data + NYC DOT TMC (opt-in) + City of Toronto RESCU + Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) + Iceland (Vegagerðin / IRCA) + Hong Kong Transport Department + FL511 (FL, opt-in) + Freeway Bureau, MOTC (Taiwan) + Houston TranStar (opt-in) + Autostrada del Brennero (IT, A22 stills) + Street View fallback | `src/data/cctv.js`                                                        | `/api/cctv`                                                                                             | 10s (active)                                                                                                                |
-| Radio                                | Radio Browser (public-domain station directory)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | `src/data/radio.js`                                                       | `/api/radio/stations`, `/api/radio/click/:uuid`                                                         | 45 min directory refresh                                                                                                    |
-| Transit 🚌                           | Operator GTFS-Realtime VehiclePositions (7 keyless regions, `src/data/transitFeeds.js`)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | `src/layers/transit/` via `src/app/layers/transit.js`                     | `/api/transit`                                                                                          | 15s (poll + delayed playback)                                                                                               |
-| Bikeshare 🚲                         | GBFS (Lyft + BCycle + Social Bicycles + PBSC incl. Bike Share Toronto, Bike Itaú (Brazil), Bicing (Barcelona) and seven other Spanish cities + Urban Sharing, Entur, JCDecaux (Lillestrøm, Valencia, Seville) + nextbike (AMBici))                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | `src/data/bikeshare.js`                                                   | `/api/gbfs`                                                                                             | 60s                                                                                                                         |
-| Directions 🧭                        | OSRM on FOSSGIS servers (OpenStreetMap)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | `src/data/directions.js`                                                  | `/api/route` (`steps=1`)                                                                                | on placement / mode change                                                                                                  |
-| Datacenters ▣                        | OSM extract (bundled)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | `src/data/infrastructure.js`                                              | —                                                                                                       | static                                                                                                                      |
-| Dams ▰                               | OpenInfraMap/OSM extract (bundled)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | `src/data/infrastructure.js`                                              | —                                                                                                       | static                                                                                                                      |
-| Submarine Cables ◠                   | TeleGeography public map (bundled)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | `src/data/telegeographySubmarineCables.js`                                | —                                                                                                       | static                                                                                                                      |
-| FIRMS Active Fires ▲                 | NASA FIRMS live (VIIRS ×2 NRT + MODIS NRT, trailing 24h)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | `src/data/firmsHeatmap.js`                                                | `/api/firms` (`FIRMS_MAP_KEY`)                                                                          | 10 min (proxy TTL 30 min)                                                                                                   |
-| Street Level 📷                      | Mapillary street-level imagery (vector tiles, Graph API, MapillaryJS)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | `src/layers/streetLevel/` via `src/app/layers/streetLevel.js`             | `/api/mapillary/status`, `/api/mapillary/tiles/coverage/{z}/{x}/{y}` (`MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN`)         | camera-driven (320 ms debounce, ≤9 tiles, server memory cache 24 h)                                                         |
-| Wind 🌬                               | NOAA GFS 10 m wind (keyless, 0.25°→1° grid; animated particles)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | `src/data/wind.js`                                                        | `/api/wind`                                                                                             | 1 h (forecast cycle)                                                                                                        |
-| GNSS Integrity 📡 (`gnss-integrity`) | adsb.lol point snapshot, low navigation accuracy binned per 0.5° cell (GEV NIC/NACp threshold + gpsjam.org formula and bands, keyless, ODbL)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | `src/layers/gnss/` via `src/app/layers/gnss.js`                           | `/api/gnss-integrity`                                                                                   | camera-driven (600 ms debounce, minimum 2.5 s between reads) + 60s poll (server cache 60 s; 30 min rolling window)          |
-| S2 GhostMaps 👻 (`s2-ghostmaps`)     | S2 Underground's public GhostMaps repository on GitHub (KMZ intel products, keyless, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | `src/layers/ghostMaps/` via `src/app/layers/ghostMaps.js`                 | `/api/ghostmaps/catalog`, `/api/ghostmaps/events` (server-sent events), `/api/ghostmaps/file/{product}` | branch head checked every 15 s; new commits pushed to the page; 5 min catalog backstop                                      |
-| Sea Marks ⚓ (`sea-marks`)           | OpenSeaMap seamark raster tiles (keyless; CC BY-SA 2.0 tiles, OSM data ODbL)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | `src/data/osmOverlays.js`                                                 | — (browser-direct tiles)                                                                                | on view (Cesium tile requests; no polling)                                                                                  |
-| Ski Pistes ⛷ (`ski-pistes`)          | OpenSnowMap piste raster tiles (keyless; CC BY-SA tiles, OSM data ODbL; no bulk download)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | `src/data/osmOverlays.js`                                                 | — (browser-direct tiles)                                                                                | on view (Cesium tile requests; no polling)                                                                                  |
-| Fire Perimeters 🔥                   | NIFC WFIGS current interagency perimeters (keyless, paged past the 2000-record cap); InciWeb catalog + incident page origin and update time checks for verified incident-page links                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | `src/layers/perimeters/` via `src/app/layers/perimeters.js`               | `/api/fire-perimeters` + `/api/fire-perimeters/inciweb/*`                                               | 5 min (server caches: catalog 1 h; publication 30 min)                                                                      |
-| Prohibited & Restricted Airspace 🚫  | FAA Special Use Airspace prohibited (P) and restricted (R) zones (keyless FeatureServer, simplified geometry)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | `src/layers/droneAirspace/` via `src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js`         | `/api/drone-airspace`                                                                                   | 1 h (server cache 1 h; stale-on-error)                                                                                      |
-| Wildlife Sightings 🦉                | iNaturalist wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d), per view; Acartia Salish Sea marine mammal coverage (keyless)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | `src/layers/wildlifeSightings/` via `src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js` | `/api/inaturalist/observations`, `/api/inaturalist/grid`, `/api/acartia/sightings`                      | camera moveEnd (600 ms debounce; enable settles 300 ms) + 5 min (observations 5 / 10 min; tiles 15 min; stale ≤ 1 h / 24 h) |
+| Layer                                | Source                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | File                                                                                                                                                      | Proxy                                                                                                                        | Update Interval                                                                                                             |
+| ------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Live Flights ✈️                      | OpenSky Network; bounded adsb.lol regional fallback                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | `src/data/flights.js`                                                                                                                                     | `/api/flights` (OAuth + fallback)                                                                                            | 30s                                                                                                                         |
+| Military Flights 🎖️                  | adsb.lol /v2/mil                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | `src/data/militaryFlights.js`                                                                                                                             | `/api/military`                                                                                                              | 15s                                                                                                                         |
+| Live AIS Vessels 🚢                  | AISStream websocket                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | `src/data/aisLiveVessels.js`                                                                                                                              | `/api/vessels`                                                                                                               | 60s (+800ms visibility pass)                                                                                                |
+| Mapped Installations ⌖               | OpenFreeMap military areas; optional configured Overpass names and Google Places search                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | `src/data/militaryInstallations.js`                                                                                                                       | OpenFreeMap tiles, `/api/military-installations`, `/api/google/text-search`                                                  | viewport-driven; transient errors back off, missing capability switches to tiles                                            |
+| Earthquakes                          | USGS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | `src/data/earthquakes.js`                                                                                                                                 | —                                                                                                                            | 60s                                                                                                                         |
+| Air quality                          | ECCC MSC GeoMet OGC API (AQHI, Canada only)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | `src/layers/airQuality/`                                                                                                                                  | —                                                                                                                            | 20 min readings, 12 h station catalog                                                                                       |
+| Satellites                           | CelesTrak TLE + SATCAT; bundled UCS pack (purpose)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | `src/data/satellites.js`                                                                                                                                  | `/api/celestrak` + `/api/celestrak-satcat`                                                                                   | 120s                                                                                                                        |
+| Space Missions (30d)                 | Launch Library 2 + CelesTrak                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               | `src/data/rocketLaunches.js`                                                                                                                              | `/api/launches` + `/api/celestrak/active`                                                                                    | 5 min                                                                                                                       |
+| Traffic                              | Selectable TomTom / OpenStreetMap / Hybrid roads; optional TomTom flow (BYOK)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | `src/data/traffic.js`                                                                                                                                     | browser-direct OpenFreeMap tiles; `/api/tomtom` for flow                                                                     | viewport-driven; capped tile cache                                                                                          |
+| CCTV                                 | Austin + Caltrans (CA) + TfL London + Ontario 511 + Fintraffic (FI) + DriveBC (BC) + TxDOT (TX) + Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) + Live Traffic NSW + Open Calgary Open Data + Statens vegvesen (NO, stills + live HLS, Kartverket ground heights) + King County (WA) Open Data + WSDOT (WA) Open Data + NYC DOT TMC (opt-in) + City of Toronto RESCU + Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) + Iceland (Vegagerðin / IRCA) + Hong Kong Transport Department + FL511 (FL, opt-in) + Freeway Bureau, MOTC (Taiwan) + Houston TranStar (opt-in) + Autostrada del Brennero (IT, A22 stills) + Street View fallback | `src/data/cctv.js`                                                                                                                                        | `/api/cctv`                                                                                                                  | 10s (active)                                                                                                                |
+| Radio                                | Radio Browser (public-domain station directory)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | `src/data/radio.js`                                                                                                                                       | `/api/radio/stations`, `/api/radio/click/:uuid`                                                                              | 45 min directory refresh                                                                                                    |
+| Transit 🚌                           | Operator GTFS-Realtime VehiclePositions (7 keyless regions, `src/data/transitFeeds.js`)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | `src/layers/transit/` via `src/app/layers/transit.js`                                                                                                     | `/api/transit`                                                                                                               | 15s (poll + delayed playback)                                                                                               |
+| Bikeshare 🚲                         | GBFS (Lyft + BCycle + Social Bicycles + PBSC incl. Bike Share Toronto, Bike Itaú (Brazil), Bicing (Barcelona) and seven other Spanish cities + Urban Sharing, Entur, JCDecaux (Lillestrøm, Valencia, Seville) + nextbike (AMBici))                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | `src/data/bikeshare.js`                                                                                                                                   | `/api/gbfs`                                                                                                                  | 60s                                                                                                                         |
+| Directions 🧭                        | OSRM on FOSSGIS servers (OpenStreetMap)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | `src/data/directions.js`                                                                                                                                  | `/api/route` (`steps=1`)                                                                                                     | on placement / mode change                                                                                                  |
+| Datacenters ▣                        | OSM extract (bundled)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | `src/data/infrastructure.js`                                                                                                                              | —                                                                                                                            | static                                                                                                                      |
+| Dams ▰                               | OpenInfraMap/OSM extract (bundled)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | `src/data/infrastructure.js`                                                                                                                              | —                                                                                                                            | static                                                                                                                      |
+| Submarine Cables ◠                   | TeleGeography public map (bundled)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | `src/data/telegeographySubmarineCables.js`                                                                                                                | —                                                                                                                            | static                                                                                                                      |
+| FIRMS Active Fires ▲                 | NASA FIRMS live (VIIRS ×2 NRT + MODIS NRT, trailing 24h)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | `src/data/firmsHeatmap.js`                                                                                                                                | `/api/firms` (`FIRMS_MAP_KEY`)                                                                                               | 10 min (proxy TTL 30 min)                                                                                                   |
+| Street Level 📷                      | Mapillary street-level imagery (vector tiles, Graph API, MapillaryJS)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | `src/layers/streetLevel/` via `src/app/layers/streetLevel.js`                                                                                             | `/api/mapillary/status`, `/api/mapillary/tiles/coverage/{z}/{x}/{y}` (`MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN`)                              | camera-driven (320 ms debounce, ≤9 tiles, server memory cache 24 h)                                                         |
+| Wind 🌬                               | NOAA GFS 10 m wind (keyless, 0.25°→1° grid; animated particles)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | `src/data/wind.js`                                                                                                                                        | `/api/wind`                                                                                                                  | 1 h (forecast cycle)                                                                                                        |
+| GNSS Integrity 📡 (`gnss-integrity`) | adsb.lol point snapshot, low navigation accuracy binned per 0.5° cell (GEV NIC/NACp threshold + gpsjam.org formula and bands, keyless, ODbL)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               | `src/layers/gnss/` via `src/app/layers/gnss.js`                                                                                                           | `/api/gnss-integrity`                                                                                                        | camera-driven (600 ms debounce, minimum 2.5 s between reads) + 60s poll (server cache 60 s; 30 min rolling window)          |
+| S2 GhostMaps 👻 (`s2-ghostmaps`)     | S2 Underground's public GhostMaps repository on GitHub (KMZ intel products, keyless, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | `src/layers/ghostMaps/` via `src/app/layers/ghostMaps.js`                                                                                                 | `/api/ghostmaps/catalog`, `/api/ghostmaps/events` (server-sent events), `/api/ghostmaps/file/{product}`                      | branch head checked every 15 s; new commits pushed to the page; 5 min catalog backstop                                      |
+| Sea Marks ⚓ (`sea-marks`)           | OpenSeaMap seamark raster tiles (keyless; CC BY-SA 2.0 tiles, OSM data ODbL)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               | `src/data/osmOverlays.js`                                                                                                                                 | — (browser-direct tiles)                                                                                                     | on view (Cesium tile requests; no polling)                                                                                  |
+| Ski Pistes ⛷ (`ski-pistes`)          | OpenSnowMap piste raster tiles (keyless; CC BY-SA tiles, OSM data ODbL; no bulk download)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | `src/data/osmOverlays.js`                                                                                                                                 | — (browser-direct tiles)                                                                                                     | on view (Cesium tile requests; no polling)                                                                                  |
+| Fire Perimeters 🔥                   | NIFC WFIGS current interagency perimeters (keyless, paged past the 2000-record cap); InciWeb catalog + incident page origin and update time checks for verified incident-page links                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | `src/layers/perimeters/` via `src/app/layers/perimeters.js`                                                                                               | `/api/fire-perimeters` + `/api/fire-perimeters/inciweb/*`                                                                    | 5 min (server caches: catalog 1 h; publication 30 min)                                                                      |
+| Prohibited & Restricted Airspace 🚫  | FAA Special Use Airspace prohibited (P) and restricted (R) zones (keyless FeatureServer, simplified geometry)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | `src/layers/droneAirspace/` via `src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js`                                                                                         | `/api/drone-airspace`                                                                                                        | 1 h (server cache 1 h; stale-on-error)                                                                                      |
+| Shipwrecks ⚓ (`shipwrecks`)         | EMODnet Human Activities heritage shipwrecks (European waters, keyless WFS, CC BY 4.0) and Wikidata (notable wrecks worldwide, keyless, CC0)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               | `src/layers/shipwrecks/` via `src/app/layers/shipwrecks.js`                                                                                               | `/api/shipwrecks`                                                                                                            | 6 h page check; server refresh once a day (stale-on-error up to 7 days)                                                     |
+| News ◆ (`news`)                      | The last 24 h of reports in two sections, Conflicts and Local, with hotspots, outlines and disputed areas: from a news server (`GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN`), else Core's own reading of GDELT 2.0 events (no key), Liveuamap (`LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY`) and World News API (`WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY`)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | `src/layers/news/` via `src/app/layers/news.js`; panel `src/ui/newsPanel.js`, `src/ui/news/`; server `server/providers/news.js`, `server/providers/news/` | `/api/news/hotspots`, `/api/news/feed`, `/api/news/outline` (forwarded to `GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN` when set, else answered by Core) | 2 min map refresh; Local re-read when the camera settles 0.8 s in a new half-degree cell below 3,000 km                     |
+| Wildlife Sightings 🦉                | iNaturalist wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d), per view; Acartia Salish Sea marine mammal coverage (keyless)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | `src/layers/wildlifeSightings/` via `src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js`                                                                                 | `/api/inaturalist/observations`, `/api/inaturalist/grid`, `/api/acartia/sightings`                                           | camera moveEnd (600 ms debounce; enable settles 300 ms) + 5 min (observations 5 / 10 min; tiles 15 min; stale ≤ 1 h / 24 h) |
 
 GNSS Integrity samples a 250 nm circle around the Earth point under the screen
 centre. Camera reads debounce for 600 ms with a monotonic 2.5 s minimum gap;
@@ -5235,8 +5358,11 @@ visual inspection.
 **Appearance.** Normal fleet frames are 20 px, growing to 30 px on selection;
 CRT, NVG, thermal and noir frames are 26/39 px. Source rasters are 48/96 px before padding.
 External halos are 1/1.5 px in normal, 1.25/1.25 px in CRT and 2/2 px in sensors, calculated from the
-final unpadded display size. Six modes, two sizes and three profiles cap the
-raster cache at 36 variants. Normal mode colours are bus `#5EF08A`, tram
+final unpadded display size. Each mode has an outline with a front (a nose, a
+bow or a chamfered cab) for a vehicle with a known course and a symmetric
+outline for one without, which would otherwise sit at rotation 0 and point
+north; a vehicle switches to the pointed glyph when a course arrives. Six modes, two sizes, three
+profiles and the two outlines cap the raster cache at 72 variants. Normal mode colours are bus `#5EF08A`, tram
 `#FFC24A`, subway `#FF4538`, rail `#D9A6FF`, ferry `#5FD6FF`, and unknown
 `#D8DDE5`. Selection keeps the mode colour. Sensors reuse each normal silhouette's exact
 outer path, filled opaque white without interior panel lines, with an opaque
@@ -5713,7 +5839,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 
 ### Motion & Symbology Correctness (June 10, 2026)
 
-- **Flights (commercial + military)** render one poll interval behind real time (30s/15s) and interpolate between two known feed-stamped fixes (OpenSky `time_position`; adsb.lol `receipt − seen_pos`). The display latency is an intentional product decision — do not "fix" it away. The fleet dead-reckons at ~12Hz (1m² write gating); a contact already hidden behind the horizon whose last position still is re-reckons on a staggered one-in-13-ticks rotation (about once a second) instead, so the worldwide feed's ~13k contacts no longer cost a full pass when well under 1% are on screen. Anything that position puts in view, and any contact with a fleet model, takes the full pass immediately, and hidden-inclusive proximity queries read positions at most about a second old; aircraft get a 3-poll grace period (faded icon) before removal. When a position epoch pauses, both layers coast for at least 60 seconds of contact grace with an absolute five-minute ceiling. Source backoff marks each contact and the cockpit `STALE`; the cockpit then holds the exact layer position instead of continuing inertial flight. Repeated-position kinematic changes create a forward-only synthetic fix rather than mutating history, and grounded history is lifted only when no owned 3D model already controls its datum. A nominally successful worldwide OpenSky response whose own snapshot epoch is more than two minutes old prefers the existing 250-nm viewport-scoped adsb.lol fallback and labels the source/coverage accordingly when that upstream is available. If the fallback is also unavailable, the layer's freshness/error fields use the source epoch—never the cache receipt time—so the UI reports an old snapshot rather than “just now.”
+- **Flights (commercial + military)** render one poll interval behind real time (30s/15s) and interpolate between two known feed-stamped fixes (OpenSky `time_position`; adsb.lol `receipt − seen_pos`). The display latency is an intentional product decision — do not "fix" it away. The fleet dead-reckons at ~12Hz (1m² write gating); a contact already hidden behind the horizon whose last position still is re-reckons on a staggered one-in-13-ticks rotation (about once a second) instead, so the worldwide feed's ~13k contacts no longer cost a full pass when well under 1% are on screen. Anything that position puts in view, and any contact with a fleet model, takes the full pass immediately, and hidden-inclusive proximity queries read positions at most about a second old; aircraft get a 3-poll grace period (faded icon) before removal, except the tracked aircraft, which is kept until 10 minutes after its newest fix. When a position epoch pauses, both layers coast for five minutes on the last speed and heading (at most 1,500 kt), then stop dimmed as SIGNAL LOST; contacts on or near known ground hold instead. Source backoff marks each contact and the cockpit `STALE` and dims the tracked aircraft, as a missed update does; the cockpit then holds the exact layer position instead of continuing inertial flight. Repeated-position kinematic changes create a forward-only synthetic fix rather than mutating history, and grounded history is lifted only when no owned 3D model already controls its datum. A nominally successful worldwide OpenSky response whose own snapshot epoch is more than two minutes old prefers the existing 250-nm viewport-scoped adsb.lol fallback and labels the source/coverage accordingly when that upstream is available. If the fallback is also unavailable, the layer's freshness/error fields use the source epoch—never the cache receipt time—so the UI reports an old snapshot rather than “just now.”
 - **World-space headings at every angle** (`src/data/iconOrientation.js`): aircraft/vessel icon rotation uses the camera right/up basis per tick (alignedAxis always ZERO), which is exact at screen center and for orthographic/nadir views and remains stable through >180° tracked orbits. Perspective rays vary across the viewport, so off-center contacts at oblique pitch can diverge from an exact finite-difference window projection; a regression test pins that known regime, and field evidence decides whether to adopt exact projection with the basis method as fallback. Fleet rotations refresh on camera-pose change; tracked entities per frame. Billboards are horizon-culled via a shared EllipsoidalOccluder.
 - **Military/OpenSky reconciliation** (`src/data/militaryRegistry.js`): known-military ICAOs render amber in the flights layer (60s self-poll of the cached mil endpoint when the military layer is off) and are suppressed there while the military layer renders them.
 - **Satellites**: core catalog from CelesTrak's stations, visual, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, GEO, resource, weather, planet, SAR and science groups, tracking lands ~726km out via `viewFrom` (tracked entity owns a point graphic so the tracking camera engages), rings realign via primitive modelMatrix (no per-second rebuild flicker), optional `setParams({catalog:'dense'})` Starlink mode.
@@ -6380,6 +6506,15 @@ request viewbox and continues searching without that geographic preference.
 - Pure half: `src/annotations/drawMode.js` (session, minimum vertices, double-click de-dup at 0.5 m, vertex ceiling, degenerate-geometry refusal, ring closing, dateline-safe length/area/centroid, hint text). Regression surface: `src/annotations/drawMode.test.mjs` and `src/data/inputOwnership.test.mjs` (pure), `src/annotations/drawToolBehaviour.test.mjs` (the tool driven against DOM and viewer doubles — leases, borrowed input actions, teardown, the Enter key, preview heights), `src/annotations/drawTool.test.mjs` (structural: where files live, which ids the markup carries, what the docs may claim), and the rendered harness `scripts/qa-draw-tool.mjs`.
 - The annotation tree is a declared ownership group: `./annotations` → `src/annotations/index.js` in `package.json`, with its module graph listed in `scripts/package-boundaries.json`, so an annotation module reaching outside that graph is a gate failure rather than a surprise in a layer's bundle. `drawMode.js`, `drawTool.js` and their tests are in `scripts/format-scope.json`.
 
+### News (November 2026)
+
+- **What it shows.** Events ▸ **News**: the last 24 hours only, or the fewer hours a server names. Zoomed out, one beacon per hotspot with its count for the window and its trend, and a breathing beacon per developing situation (still under reduced motion). Below 2,500 km (7,500 km with a hotspot chosen), the hotspot outlines with disputed areas dotted and named, and every placed report as a ground-clamped marker: fill is severity (0 grey no physical event, 1 yellow minor, 2 orange significant, 3 red major), the icon is the category, the rim is attestation (solid confirmed, dashed claim, thin single), size grows with sources and the marker fades over the day. Colour never marks a side. Up to ten picture cards (physical events with two or more sources, major or pressing) stand over their markers without overlapping. A selected report's card reads "Source: host ↗" and opens the article.
+- **Panel.** The right-rail NEWS panel (`src/ui/newsPanel.js`, `src/ui/news/`) has a time window at the top (the server's 24 h, or 12, 6, 3 or 1 h; the hotspot counts are read for the chosen window) and two sections. **Conflicts**: hotspot chips with counts, a severity floor (significant and above by default), a category filter, the chosen event, and a continuous feed, newest first. **Local**, while the camera is below 3,000 km: every report in the area at the view centre, newest first, named at the top ("News from …") and outlined on the globe, which then shows those reports instead of the hotspots' news; at sea, reports within 500 km. A disputed area of the bundled list (11, see `src/data/local_data/natural_earth/README.md`), or a territory Natural Earth gives no country code (Somaliland, Northern Cyprus and others), is named as itself and read from no country's outlets; elsewhere Natural Earth's default country lines apply. Each card shows the publisher's picture when the event has one (hotlinked, no referrer, publisher credited), the headline (a model's English headline marked as such), a mono meta line (severity marker, category, place, sources, age), who reported it, attestation and media chips, and the service it came through ("via GDELT Project"). Open, a card plays the post's clip on request. A click flies the camera straight down from 150 km and selects the report.
+- **Notices.** A section whose key the server lacks says "{provider} key required" and names the variable; a refused key says "{provider} refused its key"; a spent daily allowance says "{provider} limit reached for today". The other section keeps working.
+- **Source.** `sources.news` (`createNewsSource`, export `./layers/news/source`) reads same-origin `/api/news/*` with a 15 s timeout, a 4 MiB cap and record-by-record validation; `newsQueryAllowed` lets a host admit exactly the client's requests. Core's local server (`server/providers/news.js`) forwards only those GET requests to `GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN` when it is set.
+- **Built-in backend.** With `GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN` unset, Core answers the same routes itself (`server/providers/news/keyed.js`). **Conflicts** needs no key: the last 24 h of GDELT 2.0 event exports (15-minute files on `data.gdeltproject.org`, about 100 KB each), physical violence only (CAMEO roots 18–20), one report per story with copies of one agency story merged, placed at GDELT's location for it (a town the article's words name beats a bare country). Titles are the article's page title from GDELT's GKG export of the same quarter hour (about 6 MB each) for the newest 3 h, else the words of the article's address; GDELT's actor coding is never shown. With `LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY`, Liveuamap's mapped items stand beside GDELT's. **Local** reads World News API (`WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY`) by the source country at the view centre, once per country every 30 minutes (about 1.5 points a read, at most `WORLDNEWSAPI_DAILY_READS` reads a day, default 30), plus the Conflicts reports placed inside the area. A country's own stories keep World News API's category (politics, business, else other) and no severity: the rules read fighting and crises, and everyday headlines mislead them. Areas come from the bundled Natural Earth countries and disputed areas (`server/providers/news/areas.js`). Conflicts' categories, relevance and severity are bundled rules (`categorize.js`); a news server may replace them. A read with nothing current to serve (GDELT's, Liveuamap's or a country's) is waited for at most 10 s, under the client's 15 s timeout, and goes on past that for the next refresh. Meanwhile GDELT serves the exports read so far and Conflicts serves GDELT without Liveuamap; Local in a country answers unavailable (502) until its outlets' read lands, and serves them without the Conflicts reports while those are missing. A section left with nothing answers unavailable, and a refused key stays refused. A country's World News API news is kept for at most 1 hour and then deleted; a request that never reached World News API is not counted against the day's reads. A story with neither a page title nor words in its address is minor (GDELT's code alone), so it is not listed under Conflicts, and the hotspot counts leave minor reports out. The routes sit behind the cross-site gate for key-spending routes (`sameSiteGated`), a request line that is no URL answers 400, and a news server's 503 key states (`no_key`, `key_rejected`, `key_quota`) and `news_not_configured` are relayed as they are.
+- **State.** Share/restore token `00`, enabled-only. Voice is off for this layer (`VOICE_OFF_LAYERS`).
+
 ### S2 GhostMaps (October 2026)
 
 - **What it shows.** Events ▸ **S2 GhostMaps** draws the current edition of S2 Underground's KMZ intel products from `github.com/s2underground/GhostMaps`. The products are the Common Intelligence Picture and the 30-day kinetic pull (both on by default), the Border Crisis Map, the Iran Common Intelligence Picture, Iran Kinetic Events, Yemen FLOT, and **Latest Drop**: the newest dated incident file outside those series, `0_Archive`, `Basedata` and `Reference Material`. Each product has a chip in the row. The chip choice is kept in `localStorage` (`gev.ghostmaps.products`) and falls back to the defaults when storage is blocked.
@@ -6637,11 +6772,11 @@ apply to `public/` assets or built-preview serving.
   The ship bridge and the orbital view have their own own-layer gates
   (`bridgeEntryAllowed`, `orbitEntryAllowed`; see
   [Ship bridge view](#ship-bridge-view) and [Orbital view](#orbital-view)).
-- **Aircraft cockpit view:** selecting a commercial or military aircraft reveals a `COCKPIT` action once that aircraft's own layer is on; Contacts is not required. The action shows in Contacts (`#cockpit-entry`) and under the Intel HUD's bottom-right readout (`#cockpit-entry-readout`, with the HUD on, in its Tactical and Cyber layouts), so entry needs no Contacts panel. Turning off the ridden aircraft's layer ends the view (the layer clears its tracking). When an air feed the surrounding picture uses is off, the Cockpit says so instead of blocking: Live Signals leads with `MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE` or `FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE`, and the Contact card shows that line in place of its inputs status, so a partial picture is never presented as complete. `control_cockpit` refuses entry with `entryBlockedReason` `contacts-starting` (a Context change in flight), `subject-layer-off` (the aircraft's layer, or with none tracked any aircraft layer, is off) or `no-tracked-aircraft`. Cockpit mode temporarily releases Cesium's orbit-follow transform and drives a first-person camera from the tracked aircraft's existing smoothed display position and course. Its concave helmet-visor HUD shows callsign, UTC time, coordinates, curved roll/pitch guides, and a seven-division heading tape. Ambient commercial and military AIR contacts use a Cockpit near/far band selected by the shared Display 3D mode: Proximity admits at 150 km and retains to 185 km; All admits at 400 km and retains to 450 km. The shared 3D toggle now applies in Cockpit: Off keeps in-range contacts as rotating 2D aircraft silhouettes, while On lets a ready admitted glTF take over without a drawing gap. The Cockpit model cap remains 60 and can only lower the map budget; in-range contacts that are capped or still loading remain 2D silhouettes instead of degrading to out-of-range dots. Contacts outside the selected band use small rotation-free cyan-white pips for civilian aircraft and amber pips for military. The pilot's own airframe is not drawn in first person, and exiting clears the Cockpit band and restores normal map silhouettes/models. The normal left accordion remains available for Layers and Authoring and keeps the same 26vh HUD-aligned anchor used in map mode, independent of whether the bottom-left Contact card is expanded or collapsed; the right-rail CCTV and Context chooser are hidden to avoid duplicating or overlapping the cockpit presentation. When the intelligence HUD is enabled, its classification, scene summary, collection/orbit metadata, coordinates, and imaging-status text remain visible as reduced peripheral cockpit telemetry; the optical center and flight instruments stay clear, and turning the HUD off still hides it. Ground speed, exact heading, and rendered altitude form one compact lower-center instrument cluster, keeping the horizon and peripheral view open. A second live altitude tape hugs the inside-right visor rim: its rail and nine moving ticks are derived from the same responsive keyhole radius, remain 20 px inside the circular edge even on wide displays, fade deeply at both vertical ends, and move continuously behind a fixed current-altitude pointer; its interval tightens automatically near the surface and it is suppressed on narrow screens. Cockpit mode also has a weather-backed transparent volumetric-cloud pass derived from the supplied FBM/domain-warped R&D shader. It renders at no more than 520×320, uses 24 ray steps/three FBM octaves at 12 FPS, is clipped to the visor, fails clear when Open-Meteo is unavailable, and stops its animation completely on cockpit exit. It does not restore the prior CPU weather canvases, precipitation, scene fog, or any map-mode effect. When Contacts is active for the tracked aircraft, the compact `CONTACT` rail adds the 250 km subject window, four cohort counts, nearest observed/mapped example with relative bearing and distance, freshness, explicit uncertainty, and Previous and Next controls plus its own collapse control. The mirrored right rail is a three-page **cockpit briefing carousel**: source-backed live signals, location-matched regional headlines, and physical-region/current-weather context from bundled Natural Earth polygons and Open-Meteo. It is manual-first: Previous, Next, and direct page controls are always available, and the visible `CYCLE OFF` / `CYCLE ON` control starts or stops the nine-second page cycle. The cycle pauses on hover or keyboard focus and stops while collapsed, hidden, or outside cockpit mode; live signal data continues refreshing either way. Empty news matches and unavailable news use compact text states rather than reserving an empty media frame; partial local data remains explicit. Article links open their original publisher, and no headline is treated as verified risk intelligence. On desktop both cockpit rails use the same width and share a bottom-aligned safe baseline in opposite corners above the peripheral MGRS/GSD/time telemetry, leaving both that text and the lower-center instrument cluster readable. They collapse independently to slim tabs without stopping live data updates. Narrow screens use separated top/bottom fallbacks. Empty-space globe clicks are inert while cockpit owns the camera; `Escape` or `EXIT COCKPIT` explicitly exits and restores the same tracked entity and standard follow camera. Unknown feeds remain unknown, selection loss still exits safely without inventing a replacement track, and the cockpit never presents the summary as threat scoring or an all-clear. This is a desktop first-person presentation, not a WebXR session.
+- **Aircraft cockpit view:** selecting a commercial or military aircraft reveals a `COCKPIT` action once that aircraft's own layer is on; Contacts is not required. The action shows in Contacts (`#cockpit-entry`) and under the Intel HUD's bottom-right readout (`#cockpit-entry-readout`, with the HUD on, in its Tactical and Cyber layouts), so entry needs no Contacts panel. Turning off the ridden aircraft's layer ends the view (the layer clears its tracking). When an air feed the surrounding picture uses is off, the Cockpit says so instead of blocking: Live Signals leads with `MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE` or `FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE`, and the Contact card shows that line in place of its inputs status, so a partial picture is never presented as complete. `control_cockpit` refuses entry with `entryBlockedReason` `contacts-starting` (a Context change in flight), `subject-layer-off` (the aircraft's layer, or with none tracked any aircraft layer, is off) or `no-tracked-aircraft`. Cockpit mode temporarily releases Cesium's orbit-follow transform and drives a first-person camera from the tracked aircraft's existing smoothed display position and course. Its concave helmet-visor HUD shows callsign, UTC time, coordinates, curved roll/pitch guides, and a seven-division heading tape. Ambient commercial and military AIR contacts use a Cockpit near/far band selected by the shared Display 3D mode: Proximity admits at 150 km and retains to 185 km; All admits at 400 km and retains to 450 km. The shared 3D toggle now applies in Cockpit: Off keeps in-range contacts as rotating 2D aircraft silhouettes, while On lets a ready admitted glTF take over without a drawing gap. The Cockpit model cap remains 60 and can only lower the map budget; in-range contacts that are capped or still loading remain 2D silhouettes instead of degrading to out-of-range dots. Contacts outside the selected band use small rotation-free cyan-white pips for civilian aircraft and amber pips for military. The pilot's own airframe is not drawn in first person, and exiting clears the Cockpit band and restores normal map silhouettes/models. The normal left accordion remains available for Layers and Authoring and keeps the same 26vh HUD-aligned anchor used in map mode, independent of whether the bottom-left Contact card is expanded or collapsed; the right-rail CCTV and Context chooser are hidden to avoid duplicating or overlapping the cockpit presentation. When the intelligence HUD is enabled, its classification, scene summary, collection/orbit metadata, coordinates, and imaging-status text remain visible as reduced peripheral cockpit telemetry; the optical center and flight instruments stay clear, and turning the HUD off still hides it. Ground speed, exact heading, and rendered altitude form one compact lower-center instrument cluster, keeping the horizon and peripheral view open. A second live altitude tape hugs the inside-right visor rim: its rail and nine moving ticks are derived from the same responsive keyhole radius, remain 20 px inside the circular edge even on wide displays, fade deeply at both vertical ends, and move continuously behind a fixed current-altitude pointer; its interval tightens automatically near the surface and it is suppressed on narrow screens. Cockpit mode also has a weather-backed transparent volumetric-cloud pass derived from the supplied FBM/domain-warped R&D shader. It renders at no more than 520×320, uses 24 ray steps/three FBM octaves at 12 FPS, is clipped to the visor, fails clear when Open-Meteo is unavailable, and stops its animation completely on cockpit exit. It does not restore the prior CPU weather canvases, precipitation, scene fog, or any map-mode effect. When Contacts is active for the tracked aircraft, the compact `CONTACT` rail adds the 250 km subject window, four cohort counts, nearest observed/mapped example with relative bearing and distance, freshness, explicit uncertainty, and Previous and Next controls plus its own collapse control. The mirrored right rail is a three-page **cockpit briefing carousel**: source-backed live signals, location-matched regional headlines, and physical-region/current-weather context from bundled Natural Earth polygons and Open-Meteo. It is manual-first: Previous, Next, and direct page controls are always available, and the visible `CYCLE OFF` / `CYCLE ON` control starts or stops the nine-second page cycle. The cycle pauses on hover or keyboard focus and stops while collapsed, hidden, or outside cockpit mode; live signal data continues refreshing either way. Regional News holds its list to the last 24 hours (`newsWindowHours` in the brief; the client drops anything older or undated even if a server sends it) and shows four distinct states: fresh results with no banner and a `{SOURCE} · LAST 24 H` footer; earlier results kept after a failed refresh under `CACHED · REFRESH FAILED` with the cached age in the footer; `NO NEWS IN THE LAST 24 H` when a source answered with nothing recent; and `REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE` when there is no place or no source answered, which clears the list only when there was nothing to keep. The footer follows that state across page changes. These are compact text states rather than an empty media frame; partial local data remains explicit. Article links open their original publisher, and no headline is treated as verified risk intelligence. On desktop both cockpit rails use the same width and share a bottom-aligned safe baseline in opposite corners above the peripheral MGRS/GSD/time telemetry, leaving both that text and the lower-center instrument cluster readable. They collapse independently to slim tabs without stopping live data updates. Narrow screens use separated top/bottom fallbacks. Empty-space globe clicks are inert while cockpit owns the camera; `Escape` or `EXIT COCKPIT` explicitly exits and restores the same tracked entity and standard follow camera. Unknown feeds remain unknown, selection loss still exits safely without inventing a replacement track, and the cockpit never presents the summary as threat scoring or an all-clear. This is a desktop first-person presentation, not a WebXR session.
 - **Cockpit left-panel clearance:** the Cockpit Contact card and peripheral HUD participate in the adaptive left accordion's live obstacle measurements, including live viewport-height changes. Expanding Layers or Authoring keeps the active panel in the available upper-left corridor with internal scrolling; it does not cover the Contact card, lower Cockpit controls, or Cesium credit line. Outside Cockpit the hidden card does not alter the normal corridor.
 - **Cockpit Context scope:** the 250 km radius applies to the air/sea proximity cohorts. Installation counts come only from the currently loaded viewport and are labeled `CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY` in the cockpit as well as the normal Context panel; neither surface presents them as a complete 250 km installation survey.
 - **Cockpit camera anchor:** first-person mode does not write feed-boundary corrections directly into the camera. A cockpit-only inertial anchor advances from the selected aircraft's displayed course and speed, then converges toward the authoritative delayed track with correction capped below forward motion. The displayed kinematics are derived from the same consecutive fix segment as the rendered position, with raw feed speed/course used only as fallback; a transient zero/missing feed speed therefore cannot freeze a visibly moving aircraft after layer enable or a map/cockpit handoff. Rendered altitude continues to come from that interpolated track position. Late ADS-B fixes and short render stalls can remove drift without accelerating or reversing the view. Camera placement runs before scene update/culling at a bounded 20 Hz so a moving cockpit does not force Photoreal 3D Tiles to retraverse on every display frame; textual instruments update at 10 Hz and context/layout work at 4 Hz. Every far Cockpit contact pip shares one stable Cesium texture-atlas entry and skips unused screen-projected course calculations, while only in-range 2D aircraft silhouettes pay the screen-projected rotation cost; ambient glTF collections are hidden/retained rather than synchronously destroyed at cockpit entry, and context rails lay out only on explicit content/state changes and viewport resize. The deliberate 15/30-second layer interpolation delays and per-Cesium-frame position caches remain unchanged.
-- **Cockpit route, vision, and view controls:** visible on-screen `COCKPIT`, `RESET`, and `EXIT COCKPIT` controls are the way in and out; Cockpit claims no `C` shortcut, so `C` keeps toggling CCTV, also inside a first-person view. RESET uses the same canonical globe route as the map and voice actions, exits Cockpit, and releases its camera ownership rather than exposing the hidden map-style top action. When the tracked commercial flight has a plausible ADSBDB route, the top of the right briefing rail shows a compact `FROM → TO` airport strip and the visor shows a centered estimated-destination chevron with its relative bearing; its destination label rounds to whole degrees in 000–359, wrapping rounded north to 000° while the chevron continues to use the relative bearing independently of label rounding; absent or implausible route data hides the strip and cue rather than guessing. The cockpit-local vision control is an interactive `PREV / CURRENT / NEXT` carousel over `NORMAL`, `CRT`, `NVG`, `FLIR`, `ANIME`, and `NOIR`; its previous/next actions wrap, and activating the current value advances to the next style. Cockpit enters on the active map preset, so a Cyber FLIR map opens Cockpit on FLIR while Normal remains a distinct option instead of producing a second FLIR entry. Cockpit choices temporarily activate the existing Cesium post-process stages, while exiting Cockpit through either EXIT or RESET restores the pre-entry map style. The regional-news page uses a free Google News RSS locality query first, with the existing GDELT query retained only as a fail-soft fallback; linked headlines remain reporting, not verified incidents or risk intelligence.
+- **Cockpit route, vision, and view controls:** visible on-screen `COCKPIT`, `RESET`, and `EXIT COCKPIT` controls are the way in and out; Cockpit claims no `C` shortcut, so `C` keeps toggling CCTV, also inside a first-person view. RESET uses the same canonical globe route as the map and voice actions, exits Cockpit, and releases its camera ownership rather than exposing the hidden map-style top action. When the tracked commercial flight has a plausible ADSBDB route, the top of the right briefing rail shows a compact `FROM → TO` airport strip and the visor shows a centered estimated-destination chevron with its relative bearing; its destination label rounds to whole degrees in 000–359, wrapping rounded north to 000° while the chevron continues to use the relative bearing independently of label rounding; absent or implausible route data hides the strip and cue rather than guessing. The cockpit-local vision control is an interactive `PREV / CURRENT / NEXT` carousel over `NORMAL`, `CRT`, `NVG`, `FLIR`, `ANIME`, and `NOIR`; its previous/next actions wrap, and activating the current value advances to the next style. Cockpit enters on the active map preset, so a Cyber FLIR map opens Cockpit on FLIR while Normal remains a distinct option instead of producing a second FLIR entry. Cockpit choices temporarily activate the existing Cesium post-process stages, while exiting Cockpit through either EXIT or RESET restores the pre-entry map style. The regional-news page uses a free Google News RSS locality query for the last day (`when:1d`) first, with the existing GDELT query (24 h timespan) retained only as a fail-soft fallback; both keep only articles published in the last 24 hours, newest first; linked headlines remain reporting, not verified incidents or risk intelligence.
 - Cockpit wind-direction labels wrap after rounding to whole degrees, so a direction of 359.5° displays as `N · 0°` rather than `N · 360°`.
 - The transit, ALPR, vessel, CCTV, Local ADS-B, flight and military context, awareness, Cockpit and Street Level heading readouts, and the query tools' vessel `course_deg` and `heading_deg`, aircraft `course_deg`, transit `bearing_deg`, camera `heading_deg` and satellite `rise_azimuth_deg` and `azimuth_deg`, round through `roundHeadingDegrees` in `src/data/headingDegrees.js` (whole degrees 0–359, `null` when not finite, so each caller keeps its own placeholder); `normalizeHeading` lives there too and `cockpitMath.js` re-exports it. The Cockpit's `TRACK ACQUIRED` signal uses `formatHeadingReadout`, so a 359.6° track reads `COURSE 000°`.
 - **Cockpit missing observations:** missing local weather observations remain unknown rather than being converted to zero or clear skies, in the briefing and in the cloud effects; a missing temperature drops the whole local weather record, including its wind and condition.
diff --git a/docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md b/docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md
index 3fdcbe67b..5b246a73e 100644
--- a/docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md
+++ b/docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # KNOWN ISSUES
 
-Updated: September 22, 2026
+Updated: November 5, 2026
 
 This file tracks active runtime issues only.
 
@@ -145,6 +145,49 @@ Status: Open (limits)
 
 ---
 
+### News layer without a news server
+Status: Open (limits)
+
+- GDELT's places and categories are machine-coded and approximate. A report can
+  be placed in the wrong town of the same name, or at a country an article only
+  names as a nationality ("Syrian refugees" placed in Syria).
+- Copies of one agency story are merged, but the same event under different
+  wording stays as separate reports.
+- Only the 11 disputed areas in the bundled list
+  (`src/data/local_data/natural_earth/README.md`) and the territories Natural
+  Earth gives no country code (Somaliland, Northern Cyprus, Siachen Glacier,
+  the Spratly Islands and a few more) are named as themselves; everywhere else
+  Natural Earth's default country lines apply, so a place in Western Sahara,
+  for example, is named with the country those lines put it in. GDELT places a whole city at one point: Jerusalem's falls
+  inside East Jerusalem, so it is named "Jerusalem" alone.
+- A country's own stories in Local keep World News API's category (politics as
+  political, business as economy, else other) and carry no severity; fighting
+  there shows through the Conflicts reports placed in the area.
+- When World News API takes 10 to 20 s to answer a country's first read, Local
+  reads unavailable until it is asked again (the next refresh, every 2 minutes
+  while the tab is shown, or the camera settling in another half-degree cell,
+  or a section switch), which is served from that read. A read over 20 s fails
+  and is tried again with the first ask a minute or more later.
+- Local needs a World News API key. Its free plan allows 50 points a day; Core
+  stops at `WORLDNEWSAPI_DAILY_READS` reads (default 30) and Local then says the
+  daily limit is reached. A request that never reached World News API (offline)
+  is not counted; any answer from it is, a failing one too, and so is a
+  request that timed out.
+- A country's news is kept for at most 1 hour (World News API's terms, which
+  also ask the operator for its written permission to cache at all). While
+  World News API cannot be read, Local in that country therefore reads
+  unavailable from an hour after its last good read.
+- A story GDELT codes as violence whose address has no words, and whose page
+  title is not in yet (titles are read for the newest 3 hours only), is not
+  listed under Conflicts or counted in its hotspot: GDELT's coding alone is
+  wrong too often. It still shows in Local for its area, as "… reported in
+  <place>".
+- `/api/news/*` refuses cross-site browser requests and requests carrying
+  reverse-proxy forwarding headers, like the other key-spending routes
+  (SECURITY.md): behind a reverse proxy the News layer reads unavailable.
+
+---
+
 ## Closed / Intentional (for clarity)
 
 ### Proxy SSRF and error-surface hardening gaps
diff --git a/docs/TRANSLATORS.md b/docs/TRANSLATORS.md
index f83316c7a..ed94fbcbe 100644
--- a/docs/TRANSLATORS.md
+++ b/docs/TRANSLATORS.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Translating God's Eye View
 
-Shipped languages: **English** (source and fallback), **Arabic** (`ar`), **German** (`de`), **Spanish** (`es`), **French** (`fr`), **Italian** (`it`), **Japanese** (`ja`), **Brazilian Portuguese** (`pt`), **Russian** (`ru`), **Ukrainian** (`uk`), **Simplified Chinese** (`zh-CN`) and **Traditional Chinese** (`zh-Hant`).
+Shipped languages: **English** (source and fallback), **Arabic** (`ar`), **German** (`de`), **Spanish** (`es`), **French** (`fr`), **Hebrew** (`he`), **Italian** (`it`), **Japanese** (`ja`), **Brazilian Portuguese** (`pt`), **Russian** (`ru`), **Ukrainian** (`uk`), **Simplified Chinese** (`zh-CN`) and **Traditional Chinese** (`zh-Hant`).
 
 ## How it works
 
@@ -45,9 +45,10 @@ Edit `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json` and run `npm run i18n`. To see your change,
 1. Create `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json`, fill it from `npm run i18n -- --missing <code>` (start from `{}`), and translate every entry.
 2. Import it in `src/i18n/index.js` and add it to `CATALOGS`.
 3. Add the code to `LOCALES` and its own-language name to `LOCALE_NAMES` in `src/i18n/locale.js`. Right-to-left languages also go in `RTL_LOCALES`; the chrome mirrors through logical CSS properties (`inset-inline-*`, `margin-inline-*`), and `src/ui/styles/rtl.css` holds what those cannot express (see the Arabic notes). If the language should keep Western digits, map it in `INTL_TAGS` in `locale.js`.
-4. Add `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json` next to `ru.json` in `scripts/package-boundaries.json`.
+4. Add `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json` next to `ru.json` in `scripts/package-boundaries.json` and in `scripts/format-scope.json`.
 5. Write `docs/translations/<code>.md`: glossary, plural forms, units and style (copy the structure of `ru.md`).
-6. Run `npm run i18n` and `npm test`, then check the panels in the app at narrow widths.
+6. If the language is not written in Latin letters, also add it to `NON_LATIN_LOCALES` in `src/hudSummaryResponse.js` — that guard falls back to the translated text when a summary provider answers in English.
+7. Run `npm run i18n` and `npm test`, then check the panels in the app at narrow widths.
 
 ## Rules
 
@@ -63,4 +64,4 @@ These are contracts, not copy: layer ids and registry keys, status enums and oth
 
 ## Language notes
 
-Each language keeps its glossary, plural forms, units and style in its own file, `docs/translations/<code>.md`: [Arabic](./translations/ar.md), [German](./translations/de.md), [Spanish](./translations/es.md), [French](./translations/fr.md), [Italian](./translations/it.md), [Japanese](./translations/ja.md), [Brazilian Portuguese](./translations/pt.md), [Russian](./translations/ru.md), [Ukrainian](./translations/uk.md), [Simplified Chinese](./translations/zh-CN.md), [Traditional Chinese](./translations/zh-Hant.md). Read it before translating, and add a term there when you settle on one.
+Each language keeps its glossary, plural forms, units and style in its own file, `docs/translations/<code>.md`: [Arabic](./translations/ar.md), [German](./translations/de.md), [Spanish](./translations/es.md), [French](./translations/fr.md), [Hebrew](./translations/he.md), [Italian](./translations/it.md), [Japanese](./translations/ja.md), [Brazilian Portuguese](./translations/pt.md), [Russian](./translations/ru.md), [Ukrainian](./translations/uk.md), [Simplified Chinese](./translations/zh-CN.md), [Traditional Chinese](./translations/zh-Hant.md). Read it before translating, and add a term there when you settle on one.
diff --git a/docs/translations/he.md b/docs/translations/he.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6a7d1b14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/translations/he.md
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Hebrew (`he`)
+
+Catalog: `src/i18n/locales/he.json`. General rules: [TRANSLATORS.md](../TRANSLATORS.md).
+
+## Style
+
+- Address the user with a masculine imperative, Google style: הסתר, הצג, נסה שוב, התקרב. Menu items and tooltips take the noun form: הסרת {name}, הרחבת {name}, שינוי הצבע של {name}.
+- Sentence case: Hebrew has no case forms, so UPPERCASE English is normal sentence style here; short HUD labels stay short, favor an abbreviation over a wrapped line.
+- Units follow the catalog: ק"מ, מ׳, קמ"ש, שנ׳, דק׳, שע׳; an abbreviation always ends in the geresh (׳). Instrument readouts and formatted shared-unit labels keep the Latin units (km, NM, FT, KTS, MW, KM/S); catalog prose outside those readouts keeps ק"מ/מ׳. Codes like HDG, FOV, CAL, SRC, REC stay exactly as in English — see `same-as-english.json`.
+
+## Digits and direction
+
+- Western digits 0–9 only, like every catalog: "5 מטוסים", "26.08.2026". Dates in scene labels use dd.mm.yyyy.
+- `{direction}` values are adverbs (שמאלה, ימינה, ישר); maneuver templates are written to place them after the verb: פנה {direction} אל {road}.
+- Values inserted by t() are isolated (U+2068…U+2069); do not add manual RTL marks — write the sentence as natural Hebrew and let isolation do the rest.
+
+## Plurals
+
+A `tn()` entry needs three forms under `Intl.PluralRules('he')`:
+
+| Form    | Counts                       | Example        |
+| ------- | ---------------------------- | -------------- |
+| `one`   | 1 and fractions below 1      | 1 מצלמה · 0.5  |
+| `two`   | 2                            | 2 מצלמות       |
+| `other` | 0, 3, 10, 100, integers…     | 5 מצלמות       |
+
+With {count} shown as a digit, `two` and `other` share the plural noun (2 מצלמות, 5 מצלמות); `one` takes the singular (1 מצלמה). For constructs that resist agreement with a noun (אין, הכול, זמין), phrase around the number: "{count} תחנות מדווחות" is fine, but prefer "ממתין: {count}" over a mismatched genitive chain.
+
+## Glossary
+
+| English                                        | עברית                                                 |
+| ---------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- |
+| layer / data layer                             | שכבה / שכבת נתונים                                    |
+| feed                                           | פיד                                                   |
+| source / data source / Provider Settings       | מקור / מקור נתונים / הגדרות הספקים                    |
+| LIVE / live data / LIVE TRACK                  | חי / נתונים חיים / מעקב חי                            |
+| SIMULATED                                      | מדומה                                                 |
+| stale / degraded / unavailable                 | מיושן / מופחת / לא זמין                               |
+| key (API key) / POWER UP                       | מפתח / שדרוג                                          |
+| globe / map / map source / basemap             | גלובוס / מפה / מקור מפה / מפת בסיס                    |
+| aircraft / flight / military flight            | מטוס (כלי טיס in class lists) / טיסה / טיסה צבאית     |
+| vessel / ship / ships                          | אונייה / אוניות                                       |
+| satellite                                      | לוויין                                                |
+| launch (rocket) / space mission                | שיגור / משימת חלל                                     |
+| contact / tracking                             | מגע / עקיבה                                           |
+| installation / site                            | מתקן / אתר                                            |
+| camera / CCTV camera / ALPR camera             | מצלמה / מצלמת CCTV / מצלמת ALPR                       |
+| earthquake / active fire / cyclone             | רעידת אדמה / שריפה פעילה / ציקלון                     |
+| scene / shot                                   | סצנה / שוט                                            |
+| briefing / panel / dock                        | תדריך / פאנל / עגינה                                  |
+| visual preset / style                          | ערכת ראייה / סגנון                                   |
+| Scope (circular viewport mask) / keyhole       | סקופ / חור המנעול                                    |
+| heading (compass °) / course                   | כיוון / מהלך                                         |
+| HDG / BRG / CRS / FOV / DEST / SPD / RANGE     | בלי שינוי — קודי מכשיר                               |
+| advisory (NHC/CPHC cyclone)                    | עדכון; Advisory center — מרכז הסערה לפי העדכון        |
+| Street View (Google)                           | Street View, בלי תרגום                                |
+| Street Level / Street Level layer              | Street Level, בלי תרגום (שם שכבה)                    |
+| WHOT/BHOT, Ironbow, CRT, NVG, FLIR             | בלי שינוי — קודים ושמות מצבים                        |
+| PREV / NEXT                                    | הקודם / הבא                                           |
+| anchor / data pack / asset bundle (scene)      | עוגן / חבילת נתונים / חבילת נכסים                   |
+| forecast (weather)                             | תחזית                                                 |
+| witness / geolocated source                    | עד ראייה / מקור מאוכן                                 |
+| contained (wildland fire) / FRP                | הכלה / FRP, בלי שינוי                                 |
+
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 291b99708..5cfee67ea 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
   <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css" />
   <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com" />
   <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin />
-  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@300;400;500;600;700&family=Inter:wght@300;400;500;600&family=Noto+Sans+Arabic:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" />
+  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@300;400;500;600;700&family=Inter:wght@300;400;500;600&family=Noto+Sans+Arabic:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Noto+Sans+Hebrew:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" />
   <!-- Icon font subset to the glyphs this app renders. Keep `icon_names` in sync
        with the sources: src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs fails when a source
        names a glyph this list is missing, because a missing glyph does not draw
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 84b34d528..3dd51ae2e 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -138,6 +138,9 @@
     "./server/providers/regional": {
       "node": "./server/providers/regional.js"
     },
+    "./server/providers/news": {
+      "node": "./server/providers/news.js"
+    },
     "./server/providers/openai": {
       "node": "./server/providers/openai.js"
     },
@@ -261,6 +264,7 @@
     "./layers/gnss/source": "./src/layers/gnss/source.js",
     "./layers/ghostmaps/source": "./src/layers/ghostMaps/source.js",
     "./layers/drone-airspace/source": "./src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js",
+    "./layers/news/source": "./src/layers/news/source.js",
     "./layers/firms/source": "./src/layers/firms/source.js",
     "./layers/installations/source": "./src/layers/installations/source.js",
     "./layers/launches/source": "./src/layers/launches/source.js",
diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index de20e6645..dc268ade1 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -1231,6 +1231,7 @@
   "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
   "src/data/firmsIntensity.test.mjs",
   "src/ui/layerPanel/RowSwitch.vue",
+  "src/ui/layerPanel/RowRange.vue",
   "src/ui/layerPanel/RowSlider.vue",
   "src/sources/phaseTiming.test.mjs",
   "scripts/build-census-places.mjs",
@@ -1285,6 +1286,13 @@
   "src/voice/panelLayout.js",
   "src/voice/textChat.js",
   "src/voice/textProtocol.js",
+  "src/layers/shipwrecks/records.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/shipwrecks/cards.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/shipwrecks/eras.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/shipwrecks/period.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/shipwrecks/index.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/shipwrecks/source.test.mjs",
+  "src/data/shipwrecksProxy.test.mjs",
   "src/app/sourceComposition.js",
   "src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs",
   "src/data/dataCredits.js",
@@ -1295,6 +1303,7 @@
   "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
   "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
   "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+  "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
   "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
   "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
   "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 85ca44bdd..220269c82 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitSignalList.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitUtilityControls.vue",
       "src/ui/cockpitBriefPages.js",
+      "src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitContextState.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitInstrumentState.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitRollingValue.js",
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -507,6 +509,7 @@
       "server/providers/regional/weather-effects.js",
       "server/providers/regional/weather.js",
       "src/data/regionalModel.js",
+      "src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/nominatimGeocode.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
@@ -529,6 +532,32 @@
     ],
     "external": []
   },
+  "news-provider": {
+    "runtime": "node",
+    "exports": ["./server/providers/news"],
+    "modules": [
+      "server/providers/news.js",
+      "server/providers/news/keyed.js",
+      "server/providers/news/categorize.js",
+      "server/providers/news/areas.js",
+      "server/providers/news/gdeltEvents.js",
+      "server/providers/news/upstream.js",
+      "server/providers/common/http.js",
+      "server/providers/common/same-site.js",
+      "src/data/adminBoundaries.js",
+      "src/data/bundledJson.js",
+      "src/data/retryableLoad.js",
+      "src/data/local_data/natural_earth/countries.json",
+      "src/data/local_data/natural_earth/disputed_areas.json",
+      "src/layers/news/source.js",
+      "src/layers/news/records.js",
+      "src/localRequestGate.mjs",
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/sources/capability.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js"
+    ],
+    "external": []
+  },
   "openai-provider": {
     "runtime": "node",
     "exports": ["./server/providers/openai"],
@@ -607,6 +636,7 @@
       "src/search/nominatim.js",
       "src/nominatimGeocode.js",
       "src/data/regionalModel.js",
+      "src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/naturalEarthRegions.js",
       "src/data/bundledJson.js",
@@ -656,6 +686,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -704,6 +735,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -730,6 +762,7 @@
       "src/ui/rail/focusSafeChildren.js",
       "src/ui/layerPanel/RowText.vue",
       "src/ui/layerPanel/RowSwitch.vue",
+      "src/ui/layerPanel/RowRange.vue",
       "src/ui/layerPanel/RowSlider.vue",
       "src/ui/railTimeline.js",
       "src/ui/clearLayersControl.js",
@@ -745,6 +778,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -765,6 +799,11 @@
       "src/ui/rail/RailTimeline.vue",
       "src/ui/rail/rangeValue.js",
       "src/ui/weather/WeatherReadout.vue",
+      "src/ui/newsPanel.js",
+      "src/ui/news/NewsFeed.vue",
+      "src/ui/news/NewsCard.vue",
+      "src/ui/kit/UiEmpty.vue",
+      "src/ui/kit/UiSelect.js",
       "src/ui/kit/UiButton.vue",
       "src/ui/kit/UiBadge.vue",
       "src/ui/rail/fieldValue.js",
@@ -788,6 +827,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -815,6 +855,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -845,6 +886,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -882,6 +924,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -906,6 +949,7 @@
       "src/ui/cockpit.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitBriefPages.js",
+      "src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitContextState.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitInstrumentState.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitRollingValue.js",
@@ -951,6 +995,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -978,6 +1023,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1065,6 +1111,7 @@
       "src/ui/cockpit.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitBriefPages.js",
+      "src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitContextState.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitInstrumentState.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitRollingValue.js",
@@ -1116,6 +1163,7 @@
       "src/ui/rail/focusSafeChildren.js",
       "src/ui/layerPanel/RowText.vue",
       "src/ui/layerPanel/RowSwitch.vue",
+      "src/ui/layerPanel/RowRange.vue",
       "src/ui/layerPanel/RowSlider.vue",
       "src/ui/railTimeline.js",
       "src/ui/layers.js",
@@ -1180,6 +1228,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1213,6 +1262,11 @@
       "src/ui/rail/RailTimeline.vue",
       "src/ui/rail/rangeValue.js",
       "src/ui/weather/WeatherReadout.vue",
+      "src/ui/newsPanel.js",
+      "src/ui/news/NewsFeed.vue",
+      "src/ui/news/NewsCard.vue",
+      "src/ui/kit/UiEmpty.vue",
+      "src/ui/kit/UiSelect.js",
       "src/ui/stores/streetLevel.js",
       "src/ui/stores/cctv.js",
       "src/ui/stores/radio.js",
@@ -1283,6 +1337,7 @@
       "src/ui/styles/first-run.css",
       "src/ui/styles/provider-settings.css",
       "src/ui/styles/weather.css",
+      "src/ui/styles/news.css",
       "src/ui/styles/recent-imagery.css"
     ],
     "external": []
@@ -1372,6 +1427,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1447,6 +1503,7 @@
       "src/layers/flights/state.js",
       "src/layers/flights/testing.js",
       "src/layers/flights/tracking.js",
+      "src/data/trailContinuity.js",
       "src/layers/flights/records.js",
       "src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.js",
       "src/layers/flights/snapshotRenderer.js",
@@ -1459,6 +1516,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1510,6 +1568,7 @@
       "src/layers/military/state.js",
       "src/layers/military/testing.js",
       "src/layers/military/tracking.js",
+      "src/data/trailContinuity.js",
       "src/layers/military/records.js",
       "src/layers/military/recordPolicy.js",
       "src/layers/military/snapshotRenderer.js",
@@ -1521,6 +1580,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1528,6 +1588,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
       "src/time/worldClock.js",
       "src/time/julian.js"
     ],
@@ -1598,6 +1659,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1635,6 +1697,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1676,6 +1739,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1716,6 +1780,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1764,6 +1829,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1816,6 +1882,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1863,6 +1930,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1926,6 +1994,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -1963,6 +2032,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -2020,6 +2090,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -2091,6 +2162,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -2115,6 +2187,7 @@
       "src/layers/alpr/overlay.js",
       "src/layers/alpr/source.js",
       "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
+      "src/data/displayText.js",
       "src/layers/alpr/records.js",
       "src/data/tomtomTiles.js",
       "src/data/tileBudget.js",
@@ -2131,6 +2204,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -2181,6 +2255,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -2211,6 +2286,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -2275,6 +2351,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -2353,6 +2430,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -2601,6 +2679,7 @@
       "src/data/trafficPresetStyle.js",
       "src/data/trafficQueue.js",
       "src/data/trailRenderer.js",
+      "src/data/trailContinuity.js",
       "src/data/vesselLabels.js",
       "src/data/vesselTypes.js",
       "src/firstRunExperience.js",
@@ -2920,6 +2999,7 @@
       "src/ui/cockpit.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitBriefPages.js",
+      "src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitContextState.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitInstrumentState.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitRollingValue.js",
@@ -2966,6 +3046,7 @@
       "src/ui/rail/focusSafeChildren.js",
       "src/ui/layerPanel/RowText.vue",
       "src/ui/layerPanel/RowSwitch.vue",
+      "src/ui/layerPanel/RowRange.vue",
       "src/ui/layerPanel/RowSlider.vue",
       "src/ui/railTimeline.js",
       "src/ui/layers.js",
@@ -3023,6 +3104,7 @@
       "src/voice/chatPreferences.js",
       "src/voice/panelLayout.js",
       "src/voice/voiceMiniPreview.js",
+      "src/data/displayText.js",
       "src/voice/gevActions.js",
       "src/agent/worldPacket.js",
       "src/voice/speech.js",
@@ -3094,11 +3176,25 @@
       "src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js",
       "src/layers/ghostMaps/kml.js",
       "src/layers/ghostMaps/source.js",
+      "src/app/layers/shipwrecks.js",
+      "src/layers/shipwrecks/index.js",
+      "src/layers/shipwrecks/source.js",
+      "src/layers/shipwrecks/records.js",
+      "src/layers/shipwrecks/cards.js",
+      "src/layers/shipwrecks/eras.js",
+      "src/layers/shipwrecks/period.js",
       "src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js",
       "src/layers/droneAirspace/index.js",
       "src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js",
       "src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js",
       "src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.js",
+      "src/app/layers/news.js",
+      "src/layers/news/index.js",
+      "src/layers/news/model.js",
+      "src/layers/news/records.js",
+      "src/layers/news/source.js",
+      "src/layers/news/sprites.js",
+      "src/layers/news/cards.js",
       "src/layers/cctv/sourcePolicy.js",
       "src/sources/reference.js",
       "src/search/nominatim.js",
@@ -3302,6 +3398,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -3351,6 +3448,10 @@
       "src/ui/rail/RailTimeline.vue",
       "src/ui/rail/rangeValue.js",
       "src/ui/weather/WeatherReadout.vue",
+      "src/ui/newsPanel.js",
+      "src/ui/news/NewsFeed.vue",
+      "src/ui/news/NewsCard.vue",
+      "src/ui/kit/UiSelect.js",
       "src/ui/recentImagery/RecentImageryCard.vue",
       "src/ui/recentImagery/RecentImageryReadout.vue",
       "src/ui/stores/streetLevel.js",
@@ -3598,6 +3699,7 @@
       "src/data/trafficPresetStyle.js",
       "src/data/trafficQueue.js",
       "src/data/trailRenderer.js",
+      "src/data/trailContinuity.js",
       "src/data/vesselLabels.js",
       "src/data/vesselTypes.js",
       "src/keylessGeocoder.js",
@@ -3871,6 +3973,7 @@
       "src/search/coordinateParser.js",
       "src/search/presetGeocoder.js",
       "src/app/localGeojsonServices.js",
+      "src/data/displayText.js",
       "src/layers/alpr/records.js",
       "src/layers/earthquakes/records.js",
       "src/app/layers/perimeters.js",
@@ -3889,15 +3992,30 @@
       "src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js",
       "src/layers/ghostMaps/kml.js",
       "src/layers/ghostMaps/source.js",
+      "src/app/layers/shipwrecks.js",
+      "src/layers/shipwrecks/index.js",
+      "src/layers/shipwrecks/source.js",
+      "src/layers/shipwrecks/records.js",
+      "src/layers/shipwrecks/cards.js",
+      "src/layers/shipwrecks/eras.js",
+      "src/layers/shipwrecks/period.js",
       "src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js",
       "src/layers/droneAirspace/index.js",
       "src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js",
       "src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js",
       "src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.js",
+      "src/app/layers/news.js",
+      "src/layers/news/index.js",
+      "src/layers/news/model.js",
+      "src/layers/news/records.js",
+      "src/layers/news/source.js",
+      "src/layers/news/sprites.js",
+      "src/layers/news/cards.js",
       "src/layers/cctv/sourcePolicy.js",
       "src/search/nominatim.js",
       "src/nominatimGeocode.js",
       "src/data/regionalModel.js",
+      "src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
       "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/nominatim.js",
@@ -4039,6 +4157,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -4171,6 +4290,7 @@
       "src/search/nominatim.js",
       "src/nominatimGeocode.js",
       "src/data/regionalModel.js",
+      "src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
       "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/nominatim.js",
@@ -4223,6 +4343,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -4256,6 +4377,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -4310,6 +4432,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -4348,6 +4471,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -4454,6 +4578,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -4477,7 +4602,11 @@
   },
   "regional-source": {
     "exports": ["./sources/regional"],
-    "modules": ["src/data/regionalModel.js", "src/geoDistance.js"],
+    "modules": [
+      "src/data/regionalModel.js",
+      "src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js"
+    ],
     "external": []
   },
   "voice-action-schemas": {
@@ -4527,6 +4656,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -4547,6 +4677,7 @@
     "exports": ["./layers/alpr/source"],
     "modules": [
       "src/layers/alpr/policy.js",
+      "src/data/displayText.js",
       "src/layers/alpr/records.js",
       "src/layers/alpr/source.js",
       "src/data/tomtomTiles.js",
@@ -4685,6 +4816,7 @@
       "src/search/google.js",
       "src/search/geospatial.js",
       "src/data/regionalModel.js",
+      "src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
       "src/i18n/marker.js",
@@ -4709,6 +4841,7 @@
       "src/nominatimGeocode.js",
       "src/search/geospatial.js",
       "src/data/regionalModel.js",
+      "src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
       "src/i18n/marker.js"
@@ -4818,6 +4951,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -4873,6 +5007,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -4936,6 +5071,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -4960,6 +5096,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -5030,6 +5167,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -5054,6 +5192,17 @@
     ],
     "external": []
   },
+  "news-source": {
+    "exports": ["./layers/news/source"],
+    "modules": [
+      "src/layers/news/source.js",
+      "src/layers/news/records.js",
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/sources/capability.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js"
+    ],
+    "external": []
+  },
   "perimeters-source": {
     "exports": ["./layers/perimeters/source"],
     "modules": [
@@ -5079,6 +5228,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -5246,6 +5396,7 @@
       "src/layers/submarineCables/bundledSource.js",
       "src/layers/alpr/source.js",
       "src/layers/alpr/policy.js",
+      "src/data/displayText.js",
       "src/layers/alpr/records.js",
       "src/layers/alpr/tileRecords.js",
       "src/sources/infrastructureData.js",
@@ -5285,6 +5436,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
@@ -5331,6 +5483,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/he.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
diff --git a/scripts/qa-trail-freeze.mjs b/scripts/qa-trail-freeze.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..77d7cbf6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/qa-trail-freeze.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+/**
+ * Trail freeze gate: freezing a trail chunk never shows a blank frame.
+ *
+ * A tracked aircraft's trail is cut into chunks; every chunk but the newest
+ * is frozen into static geometry, which Cesium builds asynchronously. Until
+ * that geometry is in the scene, the chunk keeps being drawn dynamically.
+ *
+ * This gate drives the real app and a real Cesium scene: it draws a trail of
+ * CHUNK_POINTS points (all dynamic), then adds one point so the first chunk
+ * freezes, and on every rendered frame after that it checks two things:
+ *  1. every frozen chunk is either still drawn by a dynamic polyline or its
+ *     static geometry is in the scene (DataSourceDisplay reports DONE);
+ *  2. the number of trail-coloured pixels never drops below 90% of the
+ *     count measured just before the freeze.
+ * It also checks that clearing the trail releases every chunk entity.
+ *
+ * The camera is held still while the gate runs.
+ *
+ * Needs a running dev server:
+ *   node scripts/qa-trail-freeze.mjs [--url http://localhost:4173]
+ */
+import puppeteer from 'puppeteer';
+import { chromeExecutablePath } from './qa-chrome.mjs';
+
+const urlFlag = process.argv.indexOf('--url');
+const APP_URL =
+  urlFlag > 0 ? process.argv[urlFlag + 1] : 'http://localhost:4173';
+
+const browser = await puppeteer.launch({
+  headless: 'new',
+  protocolTimeout: 300_000,
+  executablePath: chromeExecutablePath(),
+  args: [
+    '--no-sandbox',
+    '--disable-setuid-sandbox',
+    '--use-gl=angle',
+    '--use-angle=swiftshader',
+    '--disable-dev-shm-usage',
+    '--disable-background-timer-throttling',
+    '--disable-renderer-backgrounding',
+    '--window-size=960,640',
+  ],
+});
+
+let failed = false;
+const report = (name, ok, detail) => {
+  if (!ok) failed = true;
+  console.log(
+    `  [${ok ? 'PASS' : 'FAIL'}] ${name}${detail ? `  — ${detail}` : ''}`,
+  );
+};
+
+try {
+  const page = await browser.newPage();
+  await page.setViewport({ width: 960, height: 640 });
+  await page.goto(APP_URL, { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded', timeout: 120_000 });
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    () =>
+      window.__godsEyeView?.viewer &&
+      document.getElementById('loading-screen')?.classList.contains('hidden'),
+    { timeout: 180_000 },
+  );
+
+  const result = await page.evaluate(async () => {
+    // The exact Cesium module the renderer uses, so classes are shared.
+    const source = await (await fetch('/src/data/trailRenderer.js')).text();
+    const cesiumUrl = source.match(/from\s+["']([^"']*cesium[^"']*)["']/)[1];
+    const Cesium = await import(cesiumUrl);
+    const { createTrail, CHUNK_POINTS } =
+      await import('/src/data/trailRenderer.js');
+    const viewer = window.__godsEyeView.viewer;
+    const scene = viewer.scene;
+    const nextFrame = () =>
+      new Promise((resolve) => {
+        const remove = scene.postRender.addEventListener(() => {
+          remove();
+          resolve();
+        });
+        scene.requestRender();
+      });
+
+    // A line across the middle of the current view, in mid-air in front of
+    // the camera, so terrain and buildings never hide it.
+    viewer.camera.cancelFlight?.();
+    const camera = viewer.camera;
+    const ahead = Cesium.Cartesian3.add(
+      camera.positionWC,
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
+        camera.directionWC,
+        3_000,
+        new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      ),
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    );
+    const points = Array.from({ length: CHUNK_POINTS + 1 }, (_, i) =>
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.add(
+        ahead,
+        Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
+          camera.rightWC,
+          -1_200 + (2_400 * i) / CHUNK_POINTS,
+          new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+        ),
+        new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      ),
+    );
+    const added = [];
+    const removed = [];
+    const add = viewer.entities.add.bind(viewer.entities);
+    const remove = viewer.entities.remove.bind(viewer.entities);
+    viewer.entities.add = (definition) => {
+      const entity = add(definition);
+      if (String(entity.id).startsWith('gev-trail:')) added.push(entity);
+      return entity;
+    };
+    viewer.entities.remove = (entity) => {
+      if (String(entity?.id).startsWith('gev-trail:')) removed.push(entity);
+      return remove(entity);
+    };
+
+    const gl = scene.context._gl;
+    const width = gl.drawingBufferWidth;
+    const height = gl.drawingBufferHeight;
+    const pixels = new Uint8Array(width * height * 4);
+    // Magenta trail: count pixels that are clearly magenta.
+    const countTrailPixels = () => {
+      gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, null);
+      gl.readPixels(0, 0, width, height, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
+      let count = 0;
+      for (let p = 0; p < pixels.length; p += 4) {
+        const r = pixels[p];
+        const g = pixels[p + 1];
+        const b = pixels[p + 2];
+        if (r > 150 && b > 150 && g < 110) count++;
+      }
+      return count;
+    };
+
+    const trail = createTrail(viewer, { color: '#ff00ff', width: 8 });
+    trail.setPositions(points.slice(0, CHUNK_POINTS));
+    for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) await nextFrame();
+    const before = trail._chunksForTest();
+    gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, null);
+    gl.readPixels(0, 0, width, height, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
+    let lit = 0;
+    for (let p = 0; p < pixels.length; p += 4)
+      if (pixels[p] || pixels[p + 1] || pixels[p + 2]) lit++;
+    const cam = viewer.camera.positionCartographic;
+    const diagnostics = {
+      lit,
+      size: [width, height],
+      camera: [
+        Cesium.Math.toDegrees(cam.longitude),
+        Cesium.Math.toDegrees(cam.latitude),
+        cam.height,
+      ],
+      preserveDrawingBuffer: gl.getContextAttributes().preserveDrawingBuffer,
+    };
+    let baseline = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+      await nextFrame();
+      baseline = Math.max(baseline, countTrailPixels());
+    }
+
+    trail.setPositions(points);
+    const frames = [];
+    const sphere = new Cesium.BoundingSphere();
+    let resolvedAt = null;
+    for (let i = 0; i < 400; i++) {
+      await nextFrame();
+      const state = trail._chunksForTest();
+      const covered = state.frozen.every(
+        (chunk) =>
+          chunk.standIn ||
+          viewer.dataSourceDisplay.getBoundingSphere(
+            chunk.entity,
+            false,
+            sphere,
+          ) === Cesium.BoundingSphereState.DONE,
+      );
+      frames.push({ covered, pixels: countTrailPixels() });
+      if (resolvedAt == null && state.frozen.every((c) => !c.standIn))
+        resolvedAt = i;
+      if (resolvedAt != null && i > resolvedAt + 30) break;
+    }
+
+    trail.clear();
+    for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) await nextFrame();
+    const frozenAfterClear = trail._chunksForTest().frozen.length;
+    trail.destroy();
+    const leaked = added.filter((entity) => !removed.includes(entity)).length;
+    viewer.entities.add = add;
+    viewer.entities.remove = remove;
+    return {
+      chunkPoints: CHUNK_POINTS,
+      diagnostics,
+      frozenBefore: before.frozen.length,
+      baseline,
+      frames,
+      resolvedAt,
+      frozenAfterClear,
+      entities: added.length,
+      leaked,
+    };
+  });
+
+  if (process.env.GEV_TEST_VERBOSE)
+    console.log(JSON.stringify(result.diagnostics));
+  const minPixels = Math.min(...result.frames.map((frame) => frame.pixels));
+  report(
+    'the trail draws before the freeze',
+    result.baseline > 200 && result.frozenBefore === 0,
+    `baseline=${result.baseline} trail pixels, frozen chunks=${result.frozenBefore}`,
+  );
+  report(
+    'the frozen chunk reaches the scene as static geometry',
+    result.resolvedAt != null,
+    `stand-in dropped after ${result.resolvedAt} frames`,
+  );
+  report(
+    'every frame after the freeze draws the frozen chunk (dynamic copy or static geometry)',
+    result.frames.every((frame) => frame.covered),
+    `${result.frames.length} frames checked`,
+  );
+  report(
+    'no blank frame: trail pixels never drop below 90% of the pre-freeze count',
+    minPixels >= 0.9 * result.baseline,
+    `min=${minPixels} baseline=${result.baseline}`,
+  );
+  report(
+    'clearing and destroying release every trail entity',
+    result.frozenAfterClear === 0 && result.leaked === 0,
+    `entities created=${result.entities} leaked=${result.leaked}`,
+  );
+} catch (error) {
+  report('gate ran', false, error.message);
+} finally {
+  await browser.close();
+}
+console.log(failed ? 'RESULT: FAIL' : 'RESULT: PASS');
+process.exit(failed ? 1 : 0);
diff --git a/scripts/qa-transit.mjs b/scripts/qa-transit.mjs
index 49a25fd18..32bfb596a 100644
--- a/scripts/qa-transit.mjs
+++ b/scripts/qa-transit.mjs
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ try {
           );
         check(
           `${preset.name}: the icon raster cache stays bounded`,
-          styling.iconCacheSize <= 6 * 2 * 3,
+          styling.iconCacheSize <= 6 * 2 * 3 * 2,
           `${styling.iconCacheSize} rasters`,
         );
       }
diff --git a/scripts/track-regression.mjs b/scripts/track-regression.mjs
index d2e04609b..f87250430 100644
--- a/scripts/track-regression.mjs
+++ b/scripts/track-regression.mjs
@@ -42,8 +42,9 @@
  *                           and a real mouse click on the tracked plane is a
  *                           NO-OP (no deselect, no camera spike).
  *   M3. AGE-OUT RELEASE   — when the tracked plane's fixes stop arriving
- *                           (3 missed polls via the shim), tracking clears and
- *                           the camera is RELEASED IN PLACE: viewer.trackedEntity
+ *                           it stays tracked (STALE, then SIGNAL LOST) until
+ *                           10 min after its newest fix; then tracking clears
+ *                           and the camera is RELEASED IN PLACE: viewer.trackedEntity
  *                           undefined, NO jump (owner decision 2026-07-02 —
  *                           the old ~80 km overview flyTo is gone).
  *
@@ -362,7 +363,12 @@ async function main() {
             'Synthetica',      // 2 origin_country
             Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000), // 3 time_position
             Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000), // 4 last_contact
-            f.lon,             // 5 longitude
+            // A plane given `moveFromMs` flies east at its reported speed
+            // (the trail-head check needs a moving icon); others hold still.
+            Number.isFinite(f.moveFromMs)
+              ? f.lon + (f.vel * (Date.now() - f.moveFromMs)) / 1000
+                / (111320 * Math.cos((f.lat * Math.PI) / 180))
+              : f.lon,         // 5 longitude
             f.lat,             // 6 latitude
             f.alt,             // 7 baro_altitude (m)
             f.onGround === true, // 8 on_ground (ground-traffic phase flips this live)
@@ -1498,6 +1504,110 @@ async function main() {
         `max=${maxDelta.toFixed(3)} m over ${samples.length} frames (tol ${JITTER_TOL_M} m, mode=${modelUp ? 'model-matrix' : 'display-contract'})`);
     }
 
+    // ============================================================
+    // TRAIL HEAD ENDS AT THE DRAWN ICON, every rendered frame.
+    //   The head's last vertex is where the tracked plane is drawn (the
+    //   display position, or the model's tail anchor while the model is the
+    //   visual). getTrackedInfo reports the dead-reckoned position without
+    //   the brief post-report easing; its gap is logged, not asserted.
+    // ============================================================
+    console.log('\nTrail head — ends at the drawn icon on every frame');
+    // The fixture planes repeat one position, so the icon holds and draws no
+    // head. Fly the tracked one east for this check; the display runs 30 s
+    // behind, so give it time to reach the moving reports.
+    await evalPage((icao) => {
+      const f = window.__SYNTH.flights.find((p) => p.icao === icao);
+      f.moveFromMs = Date.now();
+    }, trackedIcao);
+    await sleep(55_000);
+    const headSamples = await sampleFrames(page, 40, (icao) => {
+      const viewer = window.__godsEyeView.viewer;
+      const fl = window.__godsEyeView.dataManager.layers.get('flights').module;
+      const ent = viewer.trackedEntity;
+      const time = viewer.clock.currentTime;
+      const head = viewer.entities.values.find((e) => String(e.id).startsWith('gev-trail:fl-head-'));
+      const line = head?.polyline?.positions?.getValue(time);
+      const drawn = ent?.position?.getValue(time);
+      if (!line?.length || !drawn) return null;
+      const end = line[line.length - 1];
+      const dist = (a, b) => Math.hypot(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y, a.z - b.z);
+      const ti = fl.getTrackedInfo();
+      let infoGap = null;
+      if (ti && ti.icao24 === icao) {
+        // WGS84 lat/lon → ECEF on the ellipsoid; the angle at the centre to
+        // the drawn position, times the mean radius, is the ground gap.
+        const a = 6378137, e2 = 6.69437999014e-3;
+        const lat = (ti.latitude * Math.PI) / 180, lon = (ti.longitude * Math.PI) / 180;
+        const n = a / Math.sqrt(1 - e2 * Math.sin(lat) ** 2);
+        const p = {
+          x: n * Math.cos(lat) * Math.cos(lon),
+          y: n * Math.cos(lat) * Math.sin(lon),
+          z: n * (1 - e2) * Math.sin(lat),
+        };
+        const dot = p.x * drawn.x + p.y * drawn.y + p.z * drawn.z;
+        const cos = dot / (Math.hypot(p.x, p.y, p.z) * Math.hypot(drawn.x, drawn.y, drawn.z));
+        infoGap = 6371008.8 * Math.acos(Math.min(1, cos));
+      }
+      // While the 3D model is the visual the head ends at the model's tail
+      // anchor, which sits on the drawn (pixel-size-enlarged) model.
+      const model = window.__findTrackedModel ? window.__findTrackedModel() : null;
+      const sphere = model && model.ready && model.show ? model.boundingSphere : null;
+      // boundingSphere leaves out the minimum-pixel-size enlargement that
+      // computedScale carries; the drawn model is that much larger.
+      const enlarge = sphere && Number.isFinite(model.computedScale) && model.scale > 0
+        ? Math.max(1, model.computedScale / model.scale)
+        : 1;
+      const radius = sphere ? sphere.radius * enlarge : null;
+      return {
+        end: dist(end, drawn),
+        onModel: sphere ? dist(end, sphere.center) <= radius + 50 : false,
+        modelRadius: radius,
+        infoGap,
+        vertices: line.length,
+      };
+    }, trackedIcao);
+    // The same reading between frames, the way a page script polls it: the
+    // head holds the last rendered frame while getTrackedInfo dead-reckons
+    // the current instant. Logged only, to tell the two apart.
+    const betweenFrames = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+      await sleep(600);
+      betweenFrames.push(await evalPage((icao) => {
+        const viewer = window.__godsEyeView.viewer;
+        const head = viewer.entities.values.find((e) => String(e.id).startsWith('gev-trail:fl-head-'));
+        const line = head?.polyline?.positions?.getValue(viewer.clock.currentTime);
+        const drawn = viewer.trackedEntity?.position?.getValue(viewer.clock.currentTime);
+        if (!line?.length || !drawn) return null;
+        const end = line[line.length - 1];
+        return Math.hypot(end.x - drawn.x, end.y - drawn.y, end.z - drawn.z);
+      }, trackedIcao));
+    }
+    console.log(`  (between frames: head end vs entity position, m: ${
+      betweenFrames.map((v) => (v == null ? '-' : v.toFixed(1))).join(' ')})`);
+    // Freeze the plane where it got to, so later checks see a still contact.
+    await evalPage((icao) => {
+      const f = window.__SYNTH.flights.find((p) => p.icao === icao);
+      f.lon += (f.vel * (Date.now() - f.moveFromMs)) / 1000
+        / (111320 * Math.cos((f.lat * Math.PI) / 180));
+      delete f.moveFromMs;
+    }, trackedIcao);
+    const headUsable = headSamples.values.filter((v) => v != null);
+    if (headUsable.length < 10) {
+      skip('trail head: ends at the drawn icon on every frame',
+        `only ${headUsable.length} frames with a drawn head (timedOut=${headSamples.timedOut})`);
+    } else {
+      const worst = Math.max(...headUsable.map((v) => v.end));
+      const off = headUsable.filter((v) => !(v.end <= 50 || v.onModel));
+      const onModel = headUsable.filter((v) => v.end > 50 && v.onModel).length;
+      const radii = headUsable.map((v) => v.modelRadius).filter((v) => v != null);
+      const gaps = headUsable.map((v) => v.infoGap).filter((v) => v != null);
+      record('trail head: last vertex on the drawn icon (within 50 m, or on the drawn 3D model) on every frame',
+        off.length === 0,
+        `${off.length} of ${headUsable.length} frames off; max end-to-centre=${worst.toFixed(1)} m, ${onModel} frames ending on the model's tail (model radius ${
+          radii.length ? Math.max(...radii).toFixed(0) : 'n/a'} m); getTrackedInfo vs drawn icon max=${
+          gaps.length ? Math.max(...gaps).toFixed(1) : 'n/a'} m (logged only)`);
+    }
+
     // ============================================================
     // INVARIANT 2: NO PULL-OUT on a track switch
     //   tracking B while tracking A must not fly to ~80 km overview.
@@ -1744,7 +1854,8 @@ async function main() {
 
     // ============================================================
     // REGRESSION M3 (rewritten 2026-07-02 — deliberate behavior change):
-    // when the TRACKED plane ages out (3 missed polls), tracking must clear
+    // when the TRACKED plane ages out (10 min after its newest fix, past the
+    // 3 missed polls that remove an untracked plane), tracking must clear
     // and the camera must be RELEASED IN PLACE — viewer.trackedEntity
     // undefined and NO jump (the old contract flew an ~80 km overview; the
     // owner field-ruled that wrong: "it randomly zooms way up and loses my
@@ -1765,27 +1876,48 @@ async function main() {
       const beforeTracking = !!fl.getTrackedInfo();
       // Simulate the age-out via the shim: the plane stops arriving.
       window.__SYNTH.flights = window.__SYNTH.flights.filter((f) => f.icao !== icao);
-      // MISSING_POLL_LIMIT = 3 consecutive absent polls → removal + clear.
-      // Capture the camera pose right BEFORE the removing poll — the follow
-      // camera drifts with the coasting plane until the instant of release,
-      // so this is the "where the user was looking" reference.
+      // The tracked plane outlives MISSING_POLL_LIMIT (3 absent polls): it is
+      // kept until 10 min after its newest fix, so the camera keeps its target.
       await fl.update(v);
       await fl.update(v);
-      const c0 = v.camera.positionCartographic;
-      const atAgeOut = {
-        lonDeg: (c0.longitude * 180) / Math.PI,
-        latDeg: (c0.latitude * 180) / Math.PI,
-        height: c0.height,
-      };
-      await fl.update(v); // third miss → removal + clear + in-place release
-      return {
-        beforeTracking,
-        atAgeOut,
-        stillTrackedAfter: !!fl.getTrackedInfo(),
-        viewerStillTracking: !!v.trackedEntity,
-      };
+      await fl.update(v);
+      const trackedThroughMisses = !!fl.getTrackedInfo();
+      // Jump the page clock past the 10 min retention instead of waiting.
+      const realNow = Date.now;
+      Date.now = () => realNow() + 11 * 60 * 1000;
+      try {
+        // Let the follow camera settle on the stopped plane, then capture the
+        // pose right BEFORE the removing poll: the "where the user was
+        // looking" reference.
+        await new Promise((res) => {
+          const stop = v.scene.postRender.addEventListener(() => {
+            stop();
+            res();
+          });
+          v.scene.requestRender();
+        });
+        const c0 = v.camera.positionCartographic;
+        const atAgeOut = {
+          lonDeg: (c0.longitude * 180) / Math.PI,
+          latDeg: (c0.latitude * 180) / Math.PI,
+          height: c0.height,
+        };
+        await fl.update(v); // past retention → removal + clear + in-place release
+        return {
+          beforeTracking,
+          trackedThroughMisses,
+          atAgeOut,
+          stillTrackedAfter: !!fl.getTrackedInfo(),
+          viewerStillTracking: !!v.trackedEntity,
+        };
+      } finally {
+        Date.now = realNow;
+      }
     }, m3Icao);
 
+    record('M3: the tracked plane stays tracked through 3 missed polls (kept 10 min after its newest fix)',
+      m3.trackedThroughMisses,
+      `trackedThroughMisses=${m3.trackedThroughMisses}`);
     record('M3: tracking cleared after the tracked plane ages out (getTrackedInfo null)',
       m3.beforeTracking && !m3.stillTrackedAfter,
       `before=${m3.beforeTracking} trackedAfter=${m3.stillTrackedAfter}`);
diff --git a/server/providers/firms.js b/server/providers/firms.js
index d21dc296e..2b0e00944 100644
--- a/server/providers/firms.js
+++ b/server/providers/firms.js
@@ -150,6 +150,11 @@ export async function fetchFirms(
  * Keyless (no FIRMS_MAP_KEY): /api/firms → 503 {error:'no_key'}; status →
  * {hasKey:false}. Upstream is never touched without a key.
  *
+ * /api/firms answers the trailing 24 hours to now. A source may instead
+ * answer the 24 hours to a set time, naming its end as `at` (epoch ms); the
+ * layer's row then shows that time rather than LIVE. This proxy never sets
+ * `at`.
+ *
  * @returns {import('vite').Plugin}
  */
 export function firmsProxy() {
diff --git a/server/providers/local.js b/server/providers/local.js
index 41b0fd3a5..f343e549e 100644
--- a/server/providers/local.js
+++ b/server/providers/local.js
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ import { weatherProxy } from './weather.js';
 import { firePerimetersProxy } from './firePerimeters.js';
 import { gnssIntegrityProxy } from './gnssIntegrity.js';
 import { ghostMapsProxy } from './ghostMaps.js';
+import { shipwrecksProxy } from './shipwrecks.js';
 import { droneAirspaceProxy } from './droneAirspace.js';
+import { newsProxy } from './news.js';
 import { inaturalistProxy } from './inaturalist/observations.js';
 import { acartiaProxy } from './acartia.js';
 import { cycloneProxy } from './cyclones.js';
@@ -82,7 +84,9 @@ function localProviderPlugins({
     firePerimetersProxy(),
     gnssIntegrityProxy(),
     ghostMapsProxy(),
+    shipwrecksProxy(),
     droneAirspaceProxy(),
+    newsProxy(),
     inaturalistProxy(),
     acartiaProxy(),
     keySetupEndpoint(),
diff --git a/server/providers/news.js b/server/providers/news.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30f7aa31f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/news.js
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+import { newsQueryAllowed } from '../../src/layers/news/source.js';
+import { readResponseTextCapped } from './common/http.js';
+import { sameSiteGated } from './common/same-site.js';
+import { createKeyedNews } from './news/keyed.js';
+
+// News (/api/news/*). With GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN set (a news server such as
+// https://news.example), this forwards exactly the GET requests the news
+// layer sends there and relays the JSON. Without it (or with a value that
+// is no plain origin, warned of once), Core answers the same routes itself
+// (news/keyed.js): Conflicts from GDELT's event exports with no key, and
+// Liveuamap's items beside them with LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY; Local from World
+// News API, "key required" while WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY is unset. A host that
+// serves news only from its own server mounts it with `builtIn: false`.
+
+const TIMEOUT_MS = 15_000;
+const MAX_BYTES = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+/**
+ * The configured news server's origin, or null: http(s) only, no
+ * credentials, query or fragment; a path is ignored.
+ * @param {string|undefined} raw
+ */
+export function newsOrigin(raw = process.env.GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN) {
+  const text = String(raw ?? '').trim();
+  if (!text) return null;
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(text);
+    if (
+      !['http:', 'https:'].includes(url.protocol) ||
+      url.username ||
+      url.password ||
+      url.search ||
+      url.hash
+    )
+      return null;
+    return url.origin;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/** Text for the log: no address (a key may ride in one), one short line. */
+const logText = (error) =>
+  `${error?.name || 'Error'}: ${String(error?.message ?? '')}`
+    .replace(/[a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*:\/\/\S*/gi, '<url>')
+    .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
+    .slice(0, 200);
+
+/** GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN as newsOrigin reads it; a value it refuses is warned of once. */
+function configuredOrigin(env, log) {
+  let warned = null;
+  return () => {
+    const raw = String(env().GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN ?? '').trim();
+    const base = newsOrigin(raw);
+    if (!base && raw && warned !== raw) {
+      warned = raw;
+      // Not the value: it may carry credentials.
+      log(
+        '[news] GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN is not a plain http(s) origin; answering with the built-in news backend',
+      );
+    }
+    return base;
+  };
+}
+
+/** A 503's known key or configuration state, rebuilt from its fields; else null. */
+async function upstreamState(upstream) {
+  let body = null;
+  try {
+    body = JSON.parse(await readResponseTextCapped(upstream, 16 * 1024));
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+  if (body?.error === 'news_not_configured')
+    return { error: body.error, unavailable: true, retryable: false };
+  if (
+    ['no_key', 'key_rejected', 'key_quota'].includes(body?.error) &&
+    typeof body.key === 'string' &&
+    /^[a-z][a-z0-9-]{0,31}$/.test(body.key)
+  )
+    return { error: body.error, key: body.key };
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A thin, validated GET proxy for the news layer's three read routes, or
+ * their keyed answers without a news server. A host that serves news only
+ * from its own server passes `builtIn: false`: without GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN the
+ * routes then answer "not configured" and Core reads nothing itself.
+ * @param {{env?: () => object, log?: (message: string) => void, origin?: () => string|null, fetchImpl?: typeof fetch, timeoutMs?: number, builtIn?: boolean, keyed?: {answer: (path: string, params: URLSearchParams) => Promise<{status: number, body: object}>}|null}} [options]
+ */
+export function newsProxy({
+  env = () => process.env,
+  log = (message) => console.warn(message),
+  origin = configuredOrigin(env, log),
+  fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
+  timeoutMs = TIMEOUT_MS,
+  builtIn = true,
+  keyed = builtIn ? createKeyedNews({ env, fetchImpl, log }) : null,
+} = {}) {
+  const json = (res, status, value) => {
+    if (res.destroyed) return;
+    res.writeHead(status, {
+      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+      'Cache-Control': 'no-store',
+      ...(status === 405 ? { Allow: 'GET' } : {}),
+    });
+    res.end(typeof value === 'string' ? value : JSON.stringify(value));
+  };
+
+  async function handler(req, res) {
+    if (req.method !== 'GET')
+      return json(res, 405, { error: 'method_not_allowed' });
+    let local, target;
+    try {
+      // `//[` and the like are no URL: a 400, not an unhandled rejection.
+      local = new URL(req.url || '/', 'http://local');
+      target = new URL(
+        `/api/news${local.pathname}${local.search}`,
+        'http://local',
+      );
+    } catch {
+      return json(res, 400, { error: 'invalid_news_request' });
+    }
+    if (!newsQueryAllowed(target))
+      return json(res, 400, { error: 'invalid_news_request' });
+    const base = origin();
+    if (!base) {
+      if (!keyed)
+        return json(res, 503, {
+          error: 'news_not_configured',
+          unavailable: true,
+          retryable: false,
+        });
+      try {
+        const { status, body } = await keyed.answer(
+          local.pathname,
+          target.searchParams,
+        );
+        return json(res, status, body);
+      } catch (error) {
+        log(`[news] built-in news answer failed: ${logText(error)}`);
+        return json(res, 502, { error: 'news_unavailable' });
+      }
+    }
+    try {
+      const upstream = await fetchImpl(
+        new URL(`${target.pathname}${target.search}`, base),
+        {
+          headers: { Accept: 'application/json' },
+          redirect: 'error',
+          signal: AbortSignal.timeout(timeoutMs),
+        },
+      );
+      if (upstream.status === 503) {
+        // The news server's own key and configuration states reach the
+        // panel as they are, so it can say which key is missing.
+        const state = await upstreamState(upstream);
+        if (state) return json(res, 503, state);
+      }
+      if (!upstream.ok) {
+        await upstream.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
+        return json(res, 502, {
+          error: 'news_upstream_error',
+          status: upstream.status,
+        });
+      }
+      const text = await readResponseTextCapped(upstream, MAX_BYTES);
+      // Relayed only as JSON; the browser validates every record.
+      JSON.parse(text);
+      return json(res, 200, text);
+    } catch (error) {
+      return json(res, error?.name === 'TimeoutError' ? 504 : 502, {
+        error: 'news_unavailable',
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The routes spend keys and upstream reads: no other site's page, and no
+  // proxied request, may drive them (SECURITY.md, cross-site gate).
+  const gated = sameSiteGated(handler);
+  return {
+    name: 'news',
+    configureServer({ middlewares }) {
+      middlewares.use('/api/news', gated);
+    },
+    configurePreviewServer({ middlewares }) {
+      middlewares.use('/api/news', gated);
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/news.test.mjs b/server/providers/news.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aeaa6c597
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/news.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { newsOrigin, newsProxy } from './news.js';
+import { createKeyedNews } from './news/keyed.js';
+
+/** Mount the proxy on a fake middleware stack and call it like Connect does. */
+function mount(options) {
+  let handler = null;
+  newsProxy(options).configureServer({
+    middlewares: {
+      use(prefix, fn) {
+        assert.equal(prefix, '/api/news');
+        handler = fn;
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  return async (url, method = 'GET', headers = {}) => {
+    const res = {
+      destroyed: false,
+      status: 0,
+      headers: {},
+      body: '',
+      writeHead(status, headers) {
+        this.status = status;
+        this.headers = headers;
+      },
+      setHeader(name, value) {
+        this.headers[name] = value;
+      },
+      end(body) {
+        if (this.statusCode) this.status = this.statusCode;
+        this.body = body;
+      },
+    };
+    await handler({ url, method, headers }, res);
+    return { ...res, json: res.body ? JSON.parse(res.body) : null };
+  };
+}
+
+test('the origin must be a plain http(s) origin', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    newsOrigin('http://news.example:8080'),
+    'http://news.example:8080',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    newsOrigin('https://news.example/base/'),
+    'https://news.example',
+  );
+  for (const bad of [
+    undefined,
+    '',
+    '  ',
+    'ftp://x',
+    'http://u:p@x',
+    'http://x/?a=1',
+    'http://x/#f',
+    'not a url',
+  ])
+    assert.equal(newsOrigin(bad), null, String(bad));
+});
+
+test('without GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN Core answers itself: Conflicts from GDELT, Local saying it needs its key', async () => {
+  const hosts = [];
+  const fetchImpl = async (url) => {
+    hosts.push(new URL(String(url)).host);
+    throw new Error('offline');
+  };
+  const call = mount({
+    origin: () => null,
+    fetchImpl,
+    keyed: createKeyedNews({ env: () => ({}), fetchImpl, log: () => {} }),
+  });
+  // GDELT's exports need no key; offline, the read fails like any upstream.
+  const hotspots = await call('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(hotspots.status, 502);
+  assert.deepEqual(hotspots.json, { error: 'news_upstream_error' });
+  const local = await call('/feed?hotspot=all&at=31.95,35.93');
+  assert.equal(local.status, 503);
+  assert.deepEqual(local.json, { error: 'no_key', key: 'worldnewsapi' });
+  // The area is read from the bundled countries, with no key.
+  const area = await call('/outline?at=31.95,35.93&v=4');
+  assert.equal(area.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(area.json.area.name, 'Jordan');
+  // The client's allowlist still holds.
+  assert.equal((await call('/feed?side=UA')).status, 400);
+  assert.ok(hosts.length > 0);
+  assert.ok(hosts.every((host) => host === 'data.gdeltproject.org'));
+});
+
+test('forwards only the client routes, by GET, and relays the JSON', async () => {
+  const calls = [];
+  const call = mount({
+    origin: () => 'https://news.example',
+    fetchImpl: async (url, init) => {
+      calls.push({ url: String(url), init });
+      return new Response('{"reports":[],"nextBefore":null}', { status: 200 });
+    },
+  });
+  const ok = await call('/feed?hotspot=all&limit=60&today=1&events=1');
+  assert.equal(ok.status, 200);
+  assert.deepEqual(ok.json, { reports: [], nextBefore: null });
+  assert.equal(ok.headers['Cache-Control'], 'no-store');
+  assert.equal(
+    calls[0].url,
+    'https://news.example/api/news/feed?hotspot=all&limit=60&today=1&events=1',
+  );
+  assert.equal(calls[0].init.redirect, 'error');
+  assert.ok(calls[0].init.signal instanceof AbortSignal);
+
+  for (const url of [
+    '/air-alerts',
+    '/feed?side=UA',
+    '/feed?limit=9999',
+    '/../admin',
+    '/hotspots?x=1',
+  ]) {
+    const refused = await call(url);
+    assert.equal(refused.status, 400, url);
+  }
+  const post = await call('/hotspots', 'POST');
+  assert.equal(post.status, 405);
+  assert.equal(post.headers.Allow, 'GET');
+  assert.equal(calls.length, 1);
+});
+
+test('upstream failures, bad JSON and timeouts become bounded errors', async () => {
+  const failing = mount({
+    origin: () => 'https://news.example',
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response('down', { status: 500 }),
+  });
+  const down = await failing('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(down.status, 502);
+  assert.deepEqual(down.json, { error: 'news_upstream_error', status: 500 });
+
+  const garbled = mount({
+    origin: () => 'https://news.example',
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response('<html>', { status: 200 }),
+  });
+  assert.equal((await garbled('/hotspots')).status, 502);
+
+  const slow = mount({
+    origin: () => 'https://news.example',
+    timeoutMs: 10,
+    // AbortSignal.timeout does not hold the event loop open: the hanging
+    // fetch does, until its signal aborts, so the run cannot end before it.
+    fetchImpl: (_url, { signal }) =>
+      new Promise((_, reject) => {
+        const alive = setTimeout(() => {}, 60_000);
+        signal.addEventListener('abort', () => {
+          clearTimeout(alive);
+          reject(signal.reason);
+        });
+      }),
+  });
+  const timedOut = await slow('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(timedOut.status, 504);
+  assert.deepEqual(timedOut.json, { error: 'news_unavailable' });
+});
+
+test('a GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN that is no plain origin is warned of once, and Core answers itself', async () => {
+  const logs = [];
+  const asked = [];
+  const call = mount({
+    env: () => ({ GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN: 'https://user:secret@news.example' }),
+    log: (line) => logs.push(line),
+    fetchImpl: async () => assert.fail('nothing is forwarded'),
+    keyed: {
+      answer: async (path) => {
+        asked.push(path);
+        return { status: 200, body: { reports: [], nextBefore: null } };
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal((await call('/feed?hotspot=all')).status, 200);
+  assert.equal((await call('/feed?hotspot=all')).status, 200);
+  assert.deepEqual(asked, ['/feed', '/feed']);
+  assert.equal(logs.length, 1);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(logs[0], /secret|news\.example/);
+});
+
+test('a built-in answer that throws is a 502, logged in one line without addresses', async () => {
+  const logs = [];
+  const call = mount({
+    env: () => ({}),
+    log: (line) => logs.push(line),
+    keyed: {
+      answer: async () => {
+        throw new TypeError('bad https://api.example/?key=abc\nmore');
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const failed = await call('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(failed.status, 502);
+  assert.deepEqual(failed.json, { error: 'news_unavailable' });
+  assert.equal(logs.length, 1);
+  assert.match(logs[0], /TypeError/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(logs[0], /key=abc|\n/);
+});
+
+test('a host that serves news only from its own server turns the built-in backend off', async () => {
+  let fetches = 0;
+  const call = mount({
+    origin: () => null,
+    builtIn: false,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      fetches++;
+      throw new Error('unexpected');
+    },
+  });
+  for (const url of [
+    '/hotspots',
+    '/feed?hotspot=all',
+    '/outline?at=31.95,35.93&v=4',
+  ]) {
+    const answer = await call(url);
+    assert.equal(answer.status, 503, url);
+    assert.deepEqual(answer.json, {
+      error: 'news_not_configured',
+      unavailable: true,
+      retryable: false,
+    });
+  }
+  assert.equal(fetches, 0);
+});
+
+test('a request line that is no URL is a 400, not a crash', async () => {
+  const call = mount({
+    origin: () => null,
+    keyed: { answer: async () => assert.fail('nothing is answered') },
+  });
+  // `GET /api/news//[`: Connect strips the mount prefix and leaves `//[`.
+  const bad = await call('//[');
+  assert.equal(bad.status, 400);
+  assert.deepEqual(bad.json, { error: 'invalid_news_request' });
+});
+
+test('cross-site and proxied requests are refused before anything is read', async () => {
+  let answered = 0;
+  const call = mount({
+    origin: () => null,
+    keyed: {
+      answer: async () => {
+        answered++;
+        return { status: 200, body: { reports: [], nextBefore: null } };
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const host = 'localhost:5173';
+  for (const headers of [
+    { host, origin: 'https://evil.example' },
+    { host, origin: 'null' },
+    { host, 'sec-fetch-site': 'cross-site' },
+    { host, 'x-forwarded-for': '203.0.113.9' },
+  ]) {
+    const refused = await call('/feed?hotspot=all', 'GET', headers);
+    assert.equal(refused.status, 403, JSON.stringify(headers));
+  }
+  assert.equal(answered, 0);
+  for (const headers of [
+    { host },
+    { host, origin: `http://${host}`, 'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin' },
+  ]) {
+    const passed = await call('/feed?hotspot=all', 'GET', headers);
+    assert.equal(passed.status, 200, JSON.stringify(headers));
+  }
+  assert.equal(answered, 2);
+});
+
+test("a news server's key and configuration states are relayed as they are", async () => {
+  for (const body of [
+    { error: 'no_key', key: 'worldnewsapi' },
+    { error: 'key_rejected', key: 'worldnewsapi' },
+    { error: 'key_quota', key: 'worldnewsapi' },
+    { error: 'news_not_configured', unavailable: true, retryable: false },
+  ]) {
+    const call = mount({
+      origin: () => 'https://news.example',
+      fetchImpl: async () =>
+        new Response(JSON.stringify(body), { status: 503 }),
+    });
+    const relayed = await call('/feed?hotspot=all&at=31.95,35.93');
+    assert.equal(relayed.status, 503, body.error);
+    assert.deepEqual(relayed.json, body);
+  }
+  // Any other 503 stays a bounded upstream error.
+  const other = mount({
+    origin: () => 'https://news.example',
+    fetchImpl: async () =>
+      new Response('{"error":"maintenance","detail":"x"}', { status: 503 }),
+  });
+  const down = await other('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(down.status, 502);
+  assert.deepEqual(down.json, { error: 'news_upstream_error', status: 503 });
+});
diff --git a/server/providers/news/areas.js b/server/providers/news/areas.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..429e42bec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/news/areas.js
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+// Areas for the News layer, from the bundled Natural Earth packs (public
+// domain): the disputed area or else the country at a point, its outline in
+// the /api/news/outline form, and a point inside a country to pin its
+// national news at. A disputed area is checked first and named as itself,
+// so no one country's name stands for it; so is a territory the countries
+// pack gives no code (Somaliland), rather than read as sea. Read once, on
+// first use.
+
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+
+import {
+  containsAnchor,
+  geometryOf,
+  pointInRing,
+} from '../../../src/data/adminBoundaries.js';
+
+const PACKS = '../../../src/data/local_data/natural_earth/';
+const PACK = new URL(`${PACKS}countries.json`, import.meta.url);
+const DISPUTED = new URL(`${PACKS}disputed_areas.json`, import.meta.url);
+const ISO2 = /^[A-Z]{2}$/;
+
+let countries = null;
+let territories = [];
+
+/**
+ * One entry per ISO code: its name and every Country part's geometry. The
+ * Country features without a code ("-99": Somaliland, Northern Cyprus,
+ * sovereign base areas, no man's lands) are kept apart as territories.
+ */
+function loadCountries(read = () => JSON.parse(readFileSync(PACK, 'utf8'))) {
+  if (countries) return countries;
+  const pack = read();
+  const decimals = pack.meta?.decimals ?? 3;
+  const byCode = new Map();
+  const codeless = [];
+  for (const feature of pack.features || []) {
+    // The constituent countries of the United Kingdom repeat its part.
+    if (feature.type !== 'Country') continue;
+    if (!ISO2.test(feature.iso2 || '')) {
+      if (feature.name)
+        codeless.push({ name: feature.name, feature, decimals });
+      continue;
+    }
+    const entry = byCode.get(feature.iso2) || {
+      code: feature.iso2,
+      name: null,
+      size: 0,
+      parts: [],
+    };
+    entry.parts.push({ feature, decimals });
+    // Named after its largest feature: Kazakhstan, not the Baikonur lease.
+    const size = JSON.stringify(feature.polygons).length;
+    if (size > entry.size) {
+      entry.name = feature.name;
+      entry.size = size;
+    }
+    byCode.set(feature.iso2, entry);
+  }
+  countries = byCode;
+  territories = codeless;
+  return countries;
+}
+
+/** Test seam: read another pack (or the bundled one again). */
+export function resetCountries(read) {
+  countries = null;
+  if (read) loadCountries(read);
+}
+
+const geometries = (entry) => entry.parts.map((part) => geometryOf(part));
+
+let disputed = null;
+const slug = (name) =>
+  name
+    .toLowerCase()
+    .replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, '-')
+    .replace(/^-|-$/g, '');
+
+/** The disputed areas: `{key, name, kind, heldBy, claimedBy, rings}`. */
+function loadDisputed() {
+  if (disputed) return disputed;
+  const pack = JSON.parse(readFileSync(DISPUTED, 'utf8'));
+  disputed = (pack.areas || []).map((area) => ({
+    key: `disputed-${slug(area.name)}`,
+    name: area.name,
+    kind: area.kind,
+    heldBy: area.heldBy ?? null,
+    claimedBy: area.claimedBy ?? null,
+    rings: area.rings,
+  }));
+  return disputed;
+}
+
+/** The disputed area at a point, or null. */
+export function disputedAt(lat, lon) {
+  return (
+    loadDisputed().find((area) =>
+      area.rings.some((ring) => pointInRing(ring, lat, lon)),
+    ) || null
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The area a point is in, as the News layer names it: a disputed area, or
+ * a territory without a code, as itself (`kind: 'disputed'`, `code` null),
+ * else its country (`kind: 'country'`, with `country` the countryAt
+ * entry); null at sea.
+ */
+export function areaAt(lat, lon) {
+  const area = disputedAt(lat, lon);
+  if (area)
+    return {
+      ...area,
+      kind: 'disputed',
+      held: area.kind,
+      code: null,
+      polygons: area.rings.map((outer) => ({ outer, holes: [] })),
+    };
+  const country = countryAt(lat, lon);
+  if (country)
+    return {
+      key: country.code,
+      name: country.name,
+      kind: 'country',
+      code: country.code,
+      country,
+    };
+  const territory = territoryAt(lat, lon);
+  return territory
+    ? {
+        key: `disputed-${slug(territory.name)}`,
+        name: territory.name,
+        kind: 'disputed',
+        held: null,
+        code: null,
+        polygons: geometryOf(territory).polygons.map(([outer, ...holes]) => ({
+          outer,
+          holes,
+        })),
+      }
+    : null;
+}
+
+/** Whether a point lies in a geometry (geometryOf), across the antimeridian. */
+function inGeometry(geometry, lat, lon) {
+  const [west, south, east, north] = geometry.bbox;
+  const x = lon - 360 * Math.round((lon - (west + east) / 2) / 360);
+  if (x < west || x > east || lat < south || lat > north) return false;
+  return containsAnchor(geometry.polygons, lat, lon);
+}
+
+/** The country at a point, or null at sea or in a territory without a code. */
+export function countryAt(lat, lon) {
+  for (const entry of loadCountries().values())
+    for (const geometry of geometries(entry))
+      if (inGeometry(geometry, lat, lon)) return entry;
+  return null;
+}
+
+/** The territory without a code at a point (Somaliland), or null. */
+function territoryAt(lat, lon) {
+  loadCountries();
+  return (
+    territories.find((part) => inGeometry(geometryOf(part), lat, lon)) || null
+  );
+}
+
+/** A country by its ISO code, or null. */
+export const countryByCode = (code) => loadCountries().get(code) || null;
+
+/**
+ * A country's outline as /api/news/outline answers it (`{outer, holes}`),
+ * the disputed areas inside it left out as holes (Russia's without Crimea).
+ */
+export function countryPolygons(entry) {
+  const areas = loadDisputed();
+  return geometries(entry).flatMap((geometry) =>
+    geometry.polygons.map(([outer, ...holes]) => ({
+      outer,
+      holes: [
+        ...holes,
+        ...areas
+          .flatMap((area) => area.rings)
+          // By a point inside it: its corners lie on the neighbours' borders.
+          .filter((ring) => {
+            const inside = ringInterior(ring);
+            return inside && pointInRing(outer, inside.lat, inside.lon);
+          }),
+      ],
+    })),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * A point inside the country's largest part, for news placed in the country
+ * alone: its label point when that lies inside, else the middle of the
+ * widest span across the part at its middle latitude.
+ */
+export function countryAnchor(entry) {
+  const largest = geometries(entry).sort((a, b) => b.areaKm2 - a.areaKm2)[0];
+  const { label, polygons, bbox } = largest;
+  if (containsAnchor(polygons, label.lat, label.lon)) return label;
+  const [outer] = polygons.reduce((a, b) =>
+    b[0].length > a[0].length ? b : a,
+  );
+  return ringInterior(outer, (bbox[1] + bbox[3]) / 2) || label;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A point inside a ring: the middle of its widest span at `lat` (its middle
+ * latitude by default); null when the ring is not crossed there.
+ */
+function ringInterior(outer, lat = middleLat(outer)) {
+  const crossings = [];
+  for (let i = 0, j = outer.length - 1; i < outer.length; j = i++) {
+    const [x1, y1] = outer[j];
+    const [x2, y2] = outer[i];
+    if (y1 > lat !== y2 > lat)
+      crossings.push(x1 + ((lat - y1) * (x2 - x1)) / (y2 - y1));
+  }
+  crossings.sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  let best = null;
+  for (let i = 0; i + 1 < crossings.length; i += 2)
+    if (!best || crossings[i + 1] - crossings[i] > best[1] - best[0])
+      best = [crossings[i], crossings[i + 1]];
+  return best ? { lat, lon: (best[0] + best[1]) / 2 } : null;
+}
+
+const middleLat = (ring) => {
+  const lats = ring.map(([, y]) => y);
+  return (Math.min(...lats) + Math.max(...lats)) / 2;
+};
diff --git a/server/providers/news/categorize.js b/server/providers/news/categorize.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5619e9d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/news/categorize.js
@@ -0,0 +1,872 @@
+// Rule-based report categories, relevance and severity: the News layer's
+// base reading, shared by every news server. Multilingual stems (en, uk, ru,
+// ar, he and more) matched at a word start on normalised text; a trailing `$`
+// makes a stem whole-word. A title hit counts double. Ties go to the earlier
+// category in CATEGORY_ORDER, which runs from most to least specific.
+//
+// A news server may replace these readings with its own; the rules stay
+// as the fallback.
+
+/** Text as the rules match it: folded case, one apostrophe, no vowel marks. */
+function normaliseForMatch(text) {
+  return String(text || '')
+    .normalize('NFKC')
+    .toLowerCase()
+    .replace(/ё/g, 'е')
+    .replace(/[’ʼ`´]/g, "'")
+    .replace(/[ً-ٰٟ֑-ׇ]/g, '')
+    .replace(/[أإآ]/g, 'ا');
+}
+
+export const CATEGORY_ORDER = Object.freeze([
+  'strike',
+  'alert',
+  'air-defence',
+  'ground',
+  'casualties',
+  'humanitarian',
+  'infrastructure',
+  'disaster',
+  'protest',
+  'political',
+  // Business and trade: the rules' reading, or World News API's business.
+  'economy',
+]);
+
+// [stem, weight]; weight defaults to 1.
+const RULES = {
+  strike: [
+    'strike',
+    'airstrike',
+    'air strike',
+    'missile',
+    'rocket',
+    'drone',
+    'shelling',
+    'shelled',
+    'bomb',
+    'explosion',
+    'blast',
+    'artillery',
+    'shahed',
+    ['attack', 0.5],
+    'удар',
+    'ракет',
+    'дрон',
+    'бпла',
+    'обстріл',
+    'обстрел',
+    'вибух',
+    'взрыв',
+    'шахед',
+    'бомб',
+    ['атак', 0.5],
+    'غارة',
+    'غارات',
+    'قصف',
+    'صاروخ',
+    'صواريخ',
+    'مسيرة',
+    'انفجار',
+    ['استهداف', 0.7],
+    ['هجوم', 0.5],
+    'תקיפה',
+    'טיל',
+    'רקט',
+    'כטב"מ',
+    'פיצוץ',
+    'הפצצ',
+  ],
+  'air-defence': [
+    'air defen',
+    'intercept',
+    'shot down',
+    'downed',
+    'air raid',
+    'ппо',
+    'збит',
+    'сбит',
+    'перехоп',
+    'перехват',
+    'повітряна тривога',
+    'воздушная тревога',
+    'الدفاع الجوي',
+    'اعتراض',
+    'יירוט',
+    'יורט',
+    'כיפת ברזל',
+    'אזעק',
+  ],
+  ground: [
+    'advance$',
+    'advances$',
+    'advancing',
+    'offensive',
+    'captur',
+    'liberat',
+    'assault',
+    'clash',
+    'fighting',
+    'counteroffensive',
+    'frontline',
+    'front line',
+    'battle',
+    'encircl',
+    ['troops', 0.5],
+    'наступ',
+    'штурм',
+    'звільн',
+    'освобо',
+    'бої$',
+    'бои$',
+    'контрнаступ',
+    'захоп',
+    'захват',
+    'оточ',
+    'окруж',
+    'продвиж',
+    'просуван',
+    'اشتباك',
+    'معارك',
+    'تقدم',
+    'سيطر',
+    'اقتحام',
+    'توغل',
+    'לחימה',
+    'קרב',
+    'פשיט',
+    'תמרון',
+  ],
+  casualties: [
+    'killed',
+    'dead$',
+    'deaths',
+    'wounded',
+    'injured',
+    'casualt',
+    'death toll',
+    'загин',
+    'поранен',
+    'жертв',
+    'вбит',
+    'погиб',
+    'ранен',
+    'убит',
+    'قتلى',
+    'شهداء',
+    'شهيد',
+    'جرحى',
+    'مقتل',
+    'اصاب',
+    'הרוג',
+    'נהרג',
+    'פצוע',
+    'נפצע',
+  ],
+  humanitarian: [
+    'evacuat',
+    'aid$',
+    'refugee',
+    'displac',
+    'humanitarian',
+    'famine',
+    'hunger',
+    'convoy',
+    'shelter',
+    'евакуац',
+    'эвакуац',
+    'гуманітар',
+    'гуманитар',
+    'біженц',
+    'беженц',
+    'انسانية',
+    'نازح',
+    'نزوح',
+    'مساعدات',
+    'اجلاء',
+    'مجاعة',
+    'הומניטרי',
+    'פינוי',
+    'סיוע',
+  ],
+  infrastructure: [
+    'power outage',
+    'blackout',
+    'electricity',
+    'energy',
+    'grid$',
+    'substation',
+    'water supply',
+    'bridge',
+    'railway',
+    'refinery',
+    'port$',
+    'dam$',
+    'power plant',
+    'енерг',
+    'энерг',
+    'знеструм',
+    'обесточ',
+    'підстанц',
+    'подстанц',
+    'залізниц',
+    'железн',
+    'нпз',
+    'الكهرباء',
+    'محطة',
+    'مياه',
+    'جسر',
+    'חשמל',
+    'תשתית',
+  ],
+  disaster: [
+    'earthquake',
+    'flood',
+    'wildfire',
+    'landslide',
+    'cyclone',
+    'hurricane',
+    'typhoon',
+    'tsunami',
+    'eruption',
+    'glof$',
+    'glacial lake',
+    'storm$',
+    'lightning',
+    'землетрус',
+    'землетрясен',
+    'повін',
+    'паводк',
+    'наводнен',
+    'زلزال',
+    'فيضان',
+    'سيول',
+    'רעידת אדמה',
+    'שיטפון',
+  ],
+  protest: [
+    'protest',
+    'demonstrat',
+    'rally$',
+    'rallies',
+    'riot',
+    // Not a bare "протест": "протестировал" is "tested".
+    'протест$',
+    'протеста',
+    'протесту',
+    'протестом',
+    'протесте$',
+    'протесты',
+    'протестов',
+    'протестн',
+    'протестую',
+    'протестова',
+    'мітинг',
+    'митинг',
+    'احتجاج',
+    'مظاهر',
+    'تظاهر',
+    'הפגנ',
+    'מחאה',
+  ],
+  political: [
+    'talks$',
+    'negotiat',
+    'sanction',
+    'summit',
+    'ceasefire',
+    'truce',
+    'peace',
+    'election',
+    'parliament',
+    ['president', 0.5],
+    ['minister', 0.5],
+    ['statement', 0.5],
+    // A state visit ("Emir of Qatar arrives in Amman").
+    ['visit', 0.5],
+    ['delegation', 0.5],
+    ['agreement', 0.5],
+    'memorandum',
+    'diplomat',
+    'bilateral',
+    'ambassador',
+    ['визит', 0.5],
+    ['делегац', 0.5],
+    'дипломат',
+    'переговор',
+    'санкц',
+    'перемир',
+    'вибори',
+    'выборы',
+    ['президент', 0.5],
+    ['міністр', 0.5],
+    ['министр', 0.5],
+    'مفاوضات',
+    'عقوبات',
+    'هدنة',
+    'وقف اطلاق النار',
+    ['وزير', 0.5],
+    ['رئيس', 0.5],
+    'משא ומתן',
+    'הפסקת אש',
+    'סנקצי',
+    ['ראש הממשלה', 0.5],
+  ],
+  // Elections and party politics ("How Gina Hinojosa Captured Texas" is a
+  // governor's race, not a battle). They count toward political only when
+  // nothing physical happened (categorizeText): a strike in an election week
+  // is still a strike.
+  election: [
+    'midterm',
+    'electoral',
+    'elect$',
+    'ballot',
+    'voter',
+    'vote$',
+    'votes$',
+    'voting',
+    'polls$',
+    'candidate',
+    'senate race',
+    'referendum',
+    'inaugurat',
+    // Plurals only: "Democratic Republic of Congo", "Republican Guard".
+    'democrats$',
+    'republicans$',
+    'gop$',
+    'избира',
+    'голосован',
+    'виборц',
+    'голосуван',
+    'انتخاب',
+    'בחירות',
+  ],
+};
+
+// Business, trade, industry and energy, counted only when nothing physical
+// happened (categorizeText): an oil depot struck is a strike. English,
+// Russian, Ukrainian, Turkish and the European stems.
+RULES.economy = [
+  'econom',
+  'gdp$',
+  'inflation',
+  'investment',
+  'investor',
+  'export',
+  'imports$',
+  'import$',
+  'tariff',
+  'trade deal',
+  'trade turnover',
+  'central bank',
+  'stock market',
+  'budget',
+  'oil and gas',
+  'oilfield',
+  'oil field',
+  'gas field',
+  'exploration',
+  'drilling',
+  'mining',
+  'industr',
+  'manufactur',
+  'business',
+  'company',
+  'companies',
+  'revenue',
+  'profit',
+  'merger',
+  'tourism',
+  'agricultur',
+  'harvest',
+  'экономи',
+  'инвест',
+  'экспорт',
+  'импорт',
+  'инфляц',
+  'ввп$',
+  'бюджет',
+  'промышлен',
+  'бизнес',
+  'компани',
+  'товарооборот',
+  'економі',
+  'інвест',
+  'експорт',
+  'промисло',
+  'ekonomi',
+  'yatırım',
+  'ihracat',
+  'ithalat',
+  'enflasyon',
+  'sanayi',
+  'şirket',
+  'wirtschaft',
+  'konjunktur',
+  'unternehm',
+  'inversi',
+  'investiss',
+  'investiment',
+  'empresa',
+  'entreprise',
+  'impresa',
+];
+
+// Attack words beyond PHYSICAL's harm, which keep a report off economy.
+const ATTACK = new RegExp(
+  String.raw`(?<![\p{L}])(?:attack|assault|target|hit(?![\p{L}])|fire|plot|war(?![\p{L}])|wartime|атак|удар|пораж|пожар|обстр|війн|войн|هجوم|استهداف|حرب|מתקפ|ataque|attaque|attacco|angriff|saldır)`,
+  'u',
+);
+
+function escapeRegex(text) {
+  return text.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
+}
+
+// Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian and German stems, for outlets that
+// report in their own language (a train crash in Spain, in Spanish).
+const EUROPEAN = {
+  strike: [
+    'bombarde',
+    'misil',
+    'míssil',
+    'dron$',
+    'explosión',
+    'explosão',
+    'esplosi',
+    'ataque',
+    'attaque',
+    'attacco',
+    'angriff',
+    'rakete',
+    'luftangriff',
+  ],
+  'air-defence': ['antiaére', 'défense aérienne', 'flugabwehr', 'abatid'],
+  ground: [
+    'combate',
+    'combats',
+    'enfrentamiento',
+    'affrontement',
+    'scontri',
+    'gefecht',
+  ],
+  casualties: [
+    'muert',
+    'fallecid',
+    'herid',
+    'morts$',
+    'tué',
+    'blessé',
+    'morti',
+    'ferit',
+    'mortos',
+    'ferido',
+    'muere',
+    'mueren',
+    'fallece',
+    'meurt',
+    'morre',
+    'tote$',
+    'verletzt',
+    'víctimas',
+    'victimes',
+    'vittime',
+  ],
+  humanitarian: [
+    'evacua',
+    'évacu',
+    'refugiad',
+    'réfugi',
+    'flüchtling',
+    'desplazad',
+  ],
+  infrastructure: [
+    'apagón',
+    'panne',
+    'blackout',
+    'descarril',
+    'déraill',
+    'deragliament',
+    'entgleis',
+    'accidente',
+    'accident',
+    'incidente',
+    'choque',
+    'collision',
+    'collisione',
+    'zusammenstoß',
+    'incendio',
+    'incendie',
+  ],
+  disaster: [
+    'terremoto',
+    'séisme',
+    'tremblement',
+    'erdbeben',
+    'inundaci',
+    'inondation',
+    'alluvion',
+    'überschwemm',
+    'huracán',
+    'ouragan',
+    'uragano',
+    'tormenta',
+    'tempête',
+    'tempesta',
+    'sturm',
+    'cicl',
+    'erupci',
+    'éruption',
+    'eruzione',
+  ],
+  protest: [
+    'protesta',
+    'manifesta',
+    'disturbio',
+    'émeute',
+    'huelga',
+    'grève',
+    'sciopero',
+    'streik',
+    'demonstration',
+  ],
+};
+for (const [category, stems] of Object.entries(EUROPEAN))
+  RULES[category] = [...(RULES[category] || []), ...stems];
+
+const COMPILED = Object.entries(RULES).map(([category, stems]) => ({
+  category,
+  rules: stems.map((entry) => {
+    const [stem, weight = 1] = Array.isArray(entry) ? entry : [entry];
+    const whole = stem.endsWith('$');
+    const body = escapeRegex(
+      normaliseForMatch(whole ? stem.slice(0, -1) : stem),
+    ).replace(/\s+/g, '\\s+');
+    const arabic = /\p{Script=Arabic}/u.test(stem) ? '(?:[وفبلك]?(?:ال)?)' : '';
+    const hebrew = /\p{Script=Hebrew}/u.test(stem) ? '(?:[ובלמהשכ]{0,2})' : '';
+    return {
+      weight,
+      regex: new RegExp(
+        `(?<![\\p{L}\\p{N}])${arabic}${hebrew}${body}${whole ? '(?![\\p{L}\\p{N}])' : ''}`,
+        'u',
+      ),
+    };
+  }),
+}));
+
+const EVENT_CATEGORIES = new Set([
+  'strike',
+  'air-defence',
+  'ground',
+  'casualties',
+  'disaster',
+]);
+// Words that tie a report to armed conflict or crisis, whatever its category
+// (en, fr, ru, uk, ar, he, es).
+const CONFLICT_TERMS = new RegExp(
+  [
+    'war',
+    'army',
+    'military',
+    'militar',
+    'troops',
+    'soldier',
+    'militant',
+    'jihad',
+    'terror',
+    'insurg',
+    'rebel',
+    'ceasefire',
+    'truce',
+    'hostage',
+    'sanction',
+    'shell',
+    'drone',
+    'missile',
+    'airstrike',
+    'frappe',
+    'armée',
+    'soldat',
+    'djihad',
+    'fama',
+    'jnim',
+    'houthi',
+    'hezbollah',
+    'hamas',
+    'irgc',
+    'rsf',
+    'wagner',
+    'africa corps',
+    'войн',
+    'війн',
+    'армі',
+    'арми',
+    'всу',
+    'зсу',
+    'бпла',
+    'обстр',
+    'фронт',
+    'حرب',
+    'الجيش',
+    'هجوم',
+    'قصف',
+    'الحوثي',
+    'مسلح',
+    'מלחמה',
+    'צה"ל',
+    'guerra',
+    'ejército',
+    // Violence, coercion and their aftermath.
+    'massacre',
+    'atrocit',
+    'genocide',
+    'arms',
+    'weapon',
+    'detain',
+    'abduct',
+    'kidnap',
+    'air raid',
+    'alert',
+    'jamming',
+    'тривог',
+    'тревог',
+    'відбій',
+    'отбой',
+    'occupied',
+    'occupation',
+    'territor',
+    'convoy',
+    'demining',
+    'forces',
+    'raid',
+    'conflict',
+    'putin',
+    'zelensk',
+    'окуп',
+    'оккуп',
+    // Diplomacy and strategic stakes of the conflict.
+    'ambassador',
+    'mediat',
+    'election',
+    'talks',
+    'negotiat',
+    'envoy',
+    'diplomat',
+    'foreign minister',
+    'condemn',
+    'nuclear',
+    'hormuz',
+    'blockade',
+    'négociation',
+    'переговор',
+    'перемир',
+    'مفاوضات',
+    'هدنة',
+  ]
+    // Short words are whole words ("war" is not "warning" or "Warsaw").
+    .map((w) => `(?<![\\p{L}])${w}${w.length < 5 ? '(?![\\p{L}])' : ''}`)
+    .join('|'),
+  'iu',
+);
+
+/**
+ * How much a report matters to its hotspot, by rule: `core` for a physical conflict or crisis event, `related` for
+ * news tied to the conflict (by wording, or because the source covers
+ * nothing else), `minor` for the rest of what a broad outlet publishes
+ * (prices, sport, health, culture).
+ */
+const termPatterns = new Map();
+/** A word-start pattern for a hotspot term ("pow" must not match "power"). */
+function termPattern(term) {
+  if (!termPatterns.has(term))
+    termPatterns.set(
+      term,
+      new RegExp(
+        // Short terms are whole words ("pow" is not "power"); longer ones are
+        // stems ("mobiliz" → mobilized, mobilization).
+        `(?<![\\p{L}])${normaliseForMatch(term).replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')}${term.length < 5 ? '(?![\\p{L}])' : ''}`,
+        'u',
+      ),
+    );
+  return termPatterns.get(term);
+}
+
+export function relevanceOf({
+  category,
+  tags = [],
+  title = '',
+  summary = '',
+  dedicated = false,
+  relatedTerms = [],
+  floor = 'minor',
+}) {
+  const text = normaliseForMatch(`${title} ${summary}`);
+  // A hotspot's own vocabulary counts as conflict wording there (Iran:
+  // "Qalibaf", "IAEA"; Israel: "settler"; Ukraine: "prisoner exchange").
+  const conflict =
+    CONFLICT_TERMS.test(text) ||
+    relatedTerms.some((term) => termPattern(term).test(text));
+  // Any event reading counts, even when another category wins the title
+  // ("the accident toll rises to 74": infrastructure first, casualties too).
+  if (
+    EVENT_CATEGORIES.has(category) ||
+    tags.some((tag) => EVENT_CATEGORIES.has(tag))
+  )
+    return 'core';
+  if (conflict && ['humanitarian', 'infrastructure'].includes(category))
+    return 'core';
+  if (conflict || dedicated || category === 'humanitarian') return 'related';
+  return floor;
+}
+
+// Alerts: air-raid alerts and reports of drones or missiles on their way
+// ("Реактивний БпЛА курсом на Полтаву", "КАБи на Донеччину", "drone heading
+// for Kyiv", "➡️"). Something is in the air; nothing has hit yet. Most of an
+// air force's channel is these, and as "strikes" they would merge into real
+// strike events and inflate them.
+// A direction counts only after a weapon ("БпЛА … з півдня"), so a convoy
+// leaving "in the direction of Oleshky" is not an alert.
+const WEAPON =
+  '(?:бпла|дрон|шахед|герань|ракет|каб|балістик|крилат|боєприпас|боеприпас|uav|drone|missile|shahed|ballistic|cruise|munition)';
+const DIRECTION =
+  '(?:курсом на|у напрямку|в напрямку|в направлении|у бік|в сторону|повз |з (?:північ|півден|схід|сход|захід|заход)|с (?:север|юг|восток|запад)|на |над |heading |on course|toward)';
+const ALERT = new RegExp(
+  `${WEAPON}[^.!?]{0,40}${DIRECTION}|^[^\\p{L}]*курсом на|тривог|тревог|загроза застосування|угроза применения|air[- ]raid|threat of (?:missile|drone|ballistic|uav)|[➡⬅⬆⬇↗↘↙↖]`,
+  'u',
+);
+// Wording that something did hit: then it is a strike (or air defence), not an alert.
+const IMPACT =
+  /влуч|вибух|уражен|пошкодж|загин|поранен|зруйн|пожеж|атак|удар по|збит|знищ|попадан|взрыв|поражен|поврежд|погиб|ранен|разруш|сбит|уничтож|\bhit\b|\bhits\b|struck|explosion|blast|killed|injur|wounded|damage|destroy|fire\b|shot down|intercept|attack/u;
+
+/** Whether a report's title is an alert: a threat on its way, nothing hit yet. */
+function isAlertText(title = '', summary = '') {
+  const t = normaliseForMatch(`${title} ${summary}`.slice(0, 400));
+  return ALERT.test(t) && !IMPACT.test(t);
+}
+
+// "Hit" or "struck" says nothing on its own: what hit decides (a missile is a
+// strike, a flood or lightning a disaster), and those words score by
+// themselves. A few phrases use a category's word for another thing.
+const PHRASES = [
+  [/storm shadow/gu, 'missile'],
+  [/lightning strikes?/gu, 'lightning'],
+  [
+    /(?:general|hunger|labou?r|workers?|nationwide|national|transport|rail|teachers?|doctors?|nurses?) strikes?|on strike|strike action/gu,
+    'protest',
+  ],
+];
+const rephrase = (text) =>
+  PHRASES.reduce((out, [re, word]) => out.replace(re, word), text);
+
+// An election story borrows the words of war and disaster ("‘An Earthquake’:
+// A Democratic Rout", "captured Texas", "a bloodbath for Republicans"). With
+// election wording and nothing physical (no weapon, no one hurt, no quake's
+// magnitude), the event categories give way to political.
+const ELECTION =
+  /(?<![\p{L}])(?:election|midterm|electoral|ballot|voters?(?![\p{L}])|votes?(?![\p{L}])|voting|polls(?![\p{L}])|senate race|referendum|democrats|republicans|gop(?![\p{L}])|[\p{L}]+-elect(?![\p{L}])|выбор|избира|вибор|голосув|голосов|انتخاب|בחירות)/u;
+const PHYSICAL =
+  /(?<![\p{L}])(?:kill|dead(?![\p{L}])|fighting|clash|air ?strike|strikes?(?![\p{L}])|struck|destroy|downed|ablaze|on fire|catch(?:es)? fire|caught fire|naval mine|landmine|shot down|sunk|sank|deaths?|injur|wounded|casualt|troops|soldier|missile|drone|rocket|shell(?:ing|ed)|artiller|explosi|blast|bomb|gunfire|shot(?![\p{L}])|shooting|magnitude|richter|tremor|evacuat|flood(?:ed|ing|waters)|убит|погиб|ранен|ракет|дрон|обстрел|загин|поранен|обстріл|قتل|جرح|صاروخ|הרג|פצוע|טיל)/u;
+/** The categories of a physical event (an alert is a threat, not yet one). */
+const EVENT_KINDS = new Set([
+  'strike',
+  'air-defence',
+  'ground',
+  'casualties',
+  'disaster',
+  'infrastructure',
+]);
+
+/**
+ * Categorise a report from its title and summary.
+ * @returns {{category: string, tags: string[]}}
+ */
+export function categorizeText({ title = '', summary = '' } = {}) {
+  if (isAlertText(title)) return { category: 'alert', tags: ['alert'] };
+  const t = rephrase(normaliseForMatch(title));
+  const s = rephrase(normaliseForMatch(summary));
+  const scores = new Map();
+  for (const { category, rules } of COMPILED) {
+    let score = 0;
+    for (const { regex, weight } of rules) {
+      if (regex.test(t)) score += 2 * weight;
+      else if (regex.test(s)) score += weight;
+    }
+    if (score > 0) scores.set(category, score);
+  }
+  const all = `${t} ${s}`;
+  const election = scores.get('election') || 0;
+  scores.delete('election');
+  const physical = PHYSICAL.test(all);
+  // Business words and no harm or attack: "advance exploration" is no
+  // front-line advance; "attack an industrial facility" stays a strike.
+  if (physical || ATTACK.test(all)) scores.delete('economy');
+  else if (scores.has('economy'))
+    for (const kind of EVENT_KINDS) scores.delete(kind);
+  if (!physical) {
+    if (election)
+      scores.set('political', (scores.get('political') || 0) + election);
+    if (ELECTION.test(all)) {
+      for (const kind of EVENT_KINDS) scores.delete(kind);
+      scores.set('political', Math.max(scores.get('political') || 0, 1));
+    }
+  }
+  if (!scores.size) return { category: 'other', tags: [] };
+  const ranked = CATEGORY_ORDER.filter((c) => scores.has(c)).sort(
+    (a, b) => scores.get(b) - scores.get(a),
+  );
+  return { category: ranked[0], tags: ranked };
+}
+
+// Severity by rule, for reports without a severity of their own (0 none,
+// 1 minor incident, 2 significant: deaths, injuries or real damage, 3 major:
+// mass casualties). Wording in en, uk, ru, ar, he, es, fr, de.
+const SEVERITY_EVENTS = new Set([...EVENT_CATEGORIES, 'infrastructure']);
+const MAJOR_HARM =
+  /mass casualt|massacre|dozens (?:of \p{L}+ )?(?:killed|dead)|hundreds (?:of \p{L}+ )?(?:killed|dead)|масов\p{L}* (?:жертв|загибел|гибел)|десятки (?:загибл|погибш|убит|вбит|людей загин|человек погиб)|مجزرة|عشرات (?:القتلى|الشهداء)|טבח/u;
+const HARM_WORDS =
+  'kill|dead|died|death|injur|wound|casualt|загин|загибл|погиб|убит|вбит|поранен|ранен|постражд|пострадал|травм|قتل|قتيل|شهيد|شهداء|جرح|جريح|إصاب|اصاب|נהרג|הרוג|פצוע|muert|herid|tué|mort|bless|getötet|tote|verletz';
+const HARM = new RegExp(String.raw`(?<![\p{L}])(?:${HARM_WORDS})`, 'u');
+// "No casualties", "без жертв": the harm word is there, the harm is not.
+const NO_HARM =
+  /(?:no|without|zero) (?:casualt|injur|deaths|victims|one (?:was )?(?:hurt|injured))|без (?:жертв|постраждал|пострадавш|загибл|погибш)|не постраждал|не пострадал|لا (?:إصابات|اصابات)|אין נפגעים|sin (?:víctimas|heridos)|sans (?:victime|blessé)/u;
+const DAMAGE =
+  /destroy|damag|ablaze|on fire|fire broke|explosion|collapse|зруйн|разруш|пошкодж|поврежд|пожеж|пожар|вибух|взрыв|دمار|تدمير|انفجار|حريق|הרס|פיצוץ|שריפה|destru|incendi|explos|zerstör/u;
+// An age ("a 71-year-old woman", "71-річна", "71-летний") is not a count.
+const NUMBER = String.raw`(\d{1,3}(?:[,.\s]\d{3})+|\d{1,5})(?![\d,.]*[-\s]*(?:year|yr|річн|рок|летн|год))`;
+const COUNTS = [
+  // "14 killed", "three people dead" is left to the words; "14 civilians dead".
+  new RegExp(String.raw`${NUMBER}\s+(?:\p{L}+\s+){0,2}(?:${HARM_WORDS})`, 'gu'),
+  // "killing 14", "death toll rises to 74", "kills at least 20".
+  new RegExp(
+    String.raw`(?:kill\p{L}*|toll\p{L}*(?:\s+\p{L}+){0,3}|загинул\p{L}*|погибл\p{L}*|жертв\p{L}*)\s+(?:at least\s+|не менее\s+|щонайменше\s+|до\s+|to\s+)?${NUMBER}`,
+    'gu',
+  ),
+];
+
+function largestCount(text) {
+  let most = 0;
+  for (const pattern of COUNTS)
+    for (const match of text.matchAll(pattern)) {
+      const n = Number(match[1].replace(/[,.\s]/g, ''));
+      // A year ("since 2022 killed…") is not a toll.
+      if (n < 1900 || n > 2100) most = Math.max(most, n);
+    }
+  return most;
+}
+
+/** A report's severity by rule, 0–3. */
+export function severityByRules({
+  category,
+  tags = [],
+  title = '',
+  summary = '',
+}) {
+  const text = normaliseForMatch(`${title} ${summary}`);
+  const harmed = HARM.test(text) && !NO_HARM.test(text);
+  if (MAJOR_HARM.test(text) || (harmed && largestCount(text) >= 10)) return 3;
+  const event =
+    SEVERITY_EVENTS.has(category) ||
+    tags.some((tag) => SEVERITY_EVENTS.has(tag));
+  if (harmed && (event || category === 'humanitarian')) return 2;
+  if (event && DAMAGE.test(text)) return 2;
+  return event ? 1 : 0;
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/news/gdeltEvents.js b/server/providers/news/gdeltEvents.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7afe5ed6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/news/gdeltEvents.js
@@ -0,0 +1,546 @@
+// GDELT 2.0 events for the Conflicts section, from the 15-minute export
+// files (data.gdeltproject.org, plain downloads; no key, and not the
+// rate-limited search API). Each export is one zipped tab-separated table of
+// machine-coded events, each placed by GDELT with a point and a place type.
+//
+// A story counts when GDELT coded physical violence in it (CAMEO roots 18
+// assault, 19 fight, 20 mass violence); its place is read from all its
+// placed events (choosePlace). GDELT's actor fields are machine-coded and
+// often wrong, so no report says who did what: a report is the story (its
+// article, and the copies other outlets ran under the same address words).
+// The events carry no headline: a story's title is its page title from the
+// GKG export of the same quarter hour (read for the newest hours only, it
+// runs to 6 MB), else the words of its address. All of it is rules over
+// GDELT's own fields; nothing reads the articles.
+
+import { promisify } from 'node:util';
+import { inflateRaw } from 'node:zlib';
+
+import { readResponseBytesCapped } from '../common/http.js';
+import { categorizeText, relevanceOf, severityByRules } from './categorize.js';
+import { UpstreamError, unescapeHtml, webLink } from './upstream.js';
+
+const EXPORTS_URL = 'https://data.gdeltproject.org/gdeltv2/';
+const STEP_MS = 15 * 60_000;
+// An events export runs to about 100 KB zipped and 500 KB unzipped; a GKG
+// export to about 6 MB and 18 MB. Unzipped off the main thread.
+const MAX_ZIP_BYTES = 8 * 1024 * 1024;
+const MAX_TABLE_BYTES = 8 * 1024 * 1024;
+const MAX_GKG_ZIP_BYTES = 32 * 1024 * 1024;
+const MAX_GKG_TABLE_BYTES = 32 * 1024 * 1024;
+const inflate = promisify(inflateRaw);
+// The most words an address's words make a title of.
+const MAX_ADDRESS_WORDS = 24;
+const TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
+const MAX_PLACES = 3;
+
+// Columns of the 2.0 events table (61).
+const COL = {
+  id: 0,
+  eventCode: 26,
+  rootCode: 28,
+  quadClass: 29,
+  mentions: 31,
+  geoType: 51,
+  place: 52,
+  lat: 56,
+  lon: 57,
+  added: 59,
+  url: 60,
+};
+
+// CAMEO event codes as the News layer's categories, and as words for an
+// article whose address carries none of its own.
+const EVENTS = [
+  // Aerial weapons, artillery and tanks, bombings.
+  [/^19[45]|^183/, 'strike', 'Strike reported'],
+  [/^186|^185/, 'casualties', 'Killing reported'],
+  [/^181/, 'humanitarian', 'Abduction reported'],
+  [/^20/, 'casualties', 'Mass violence reported'],
+  [/^19/, 'ground', 'Fighting reported'],
+  [/^18/, 'other', 'Violence reported'],
+];
+const eventKind = (code) =>
+  EVENTS.find(([pattern]) => pattern.test(code)) || EVENTS.at(-1);
+
+// GDELT's place types: 1 country, 2 US state, 3 US city, 4 world city,
+// 5 world state.
+const PRECISION = {
+  1: 'country',
+  2: 'region',
+  3: 'city',
+  4: 'city',
+  5: 'region',
+};
+
+/** The export holding the events GDELT added in the 15 minutes before `ms`. */
+export function exportUrl(ms) {
+  const at = new Date(Math.floor(ms / STEP_MS) * STEP_MS);
+  const stamp = at.toISOString().replace(/[-:T]/g, '').slice(0, 14);
+  return `${EXPORTS_URL}${stamp}.export.CSV.zip`;
+}
+
+/** An events export's quarter hour (ms), from its name, or NaN. */
+export function exportAt(url) {
+  const match = /(\d{4})(\d\d)(\d\d)(\d\d)(\d\d)00\.export\.CSV\.zip$/.exec(
+    url,
+  );
+  return match
+    ? Date.UTC(match[1], match[2] - 1, match[3], match[4], match[5])
+    : NaN;
+}
+
+const LASTUPDATE_URL = `${EXPORTS_URL}lastupdate.txt`;
+
+/**
+ * The time of the newest events export GDELT lists as published, in ms, or
+ * null when its list cannot be read. Asking for one not listed yet would
+ * be answered 404, and GDELT's CDN keeps that 404 for an hour.
+ */
+export async function fetchLatestExport({ fetchImpl, signal } = {}) {
+  try {
+    const response = await fetchImpl(LASTUPDATE_URL, {
+      redirect: 'error',
+      signal: signal
+        ? AbortSignal.any([signal, AbortSignal.timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)])
+        : AbortSignal.timeout(TIMEOUT_MS),
+    });
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      await response.body?.cancel?.().catch?.(() => {});
+      return null;
+    }
+    const text = new TextDecoder().decode(
+      await readResponseBytesCapped(response, 16 * 1024, signal),
+    );
+    const at = exportAt(
+      /\S+\.export\.CSV\.zip/.exec(text)?.[0].replace(/^http:/, 'https:') || '',
+    );
+    return Number.isFinite(at) ? at : null;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/** The GKG export of the same quarter hour as an events export. */
+export const gkgUrl = (eventsUrl) =>
+  eventsUrl.replace(/\.export\.CSV\.zip$/, '.gkg.csv.zip');
+
+/** The day's exports up to `now`, newest first. */
+export function exportsOfDay(now, hours = 24) {
+  const urls = [];
+  const last = Math.floor(now / STEP_MS) * STEP_MS;
+  for (let ms = last; ms > now - hours * 3_600_000; ms -= STEP_MS)
+    urls.push(exportUrl(ms));
+  return urls;
+}
+
+/** The one table inside an export's zip, as text, up to `maxBytes`. */
+export async function unzipExport(bytes, maxBytes = MAX_TABLE_BYTES) {
+  const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);
+  const fail = () => {
+    throw new UpstreamError('GDELT export unreadable', { unreadable: true });
+  };
+  if (bytes.length < 30 || view.getUint32(0, true) !== 0x04034b50) fail();
+  // The central directory has the sizes; a local header may leave them 0.
+  let eocd = -1;
+  for (let i = bytes.length - 22; i >= Math.max(0, bytes.length - 0x10015); i--)
+    if (view.getUint32(i, true) === 0x06054b50) {
+      eocd = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  if (eocd < 0) fail();
+  const dir = view.getUint32(eocd + 16, true);
+  if (dir + 46 > bytes.length || view.getUint32(dir, true) !== 0x02014b50)
+    fail();
+  const method = view.getUint16(dir + 10, true);
+  const compressed = view.getUint32(dir + 20, true);
+  const local = view.getUint32(dir + 42, true);
+  if (local + 30 > bytes.length || view.getUint32(local, true) !== 0x04034b50)
+    fail();
+  const start =
+    local +
+    30 +
+    view.getUint16(local + 26, true) +
+    view.getUint16(local + 28, true);
+  if (start + compressed > bytes.length) fail();
+  const data = bytes.subarray(start, start + compressed);
+  try {
+    if (method === 0 && data.length > maxBytes) fail();
+    const table =
+      method === 0
+        ? data
+        : method === 8
+          ? await inflate(data, { maxOutputLength: maxBytes })
+          : fail();
+    return new TextDecoder().decode(table);
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof UpstreamError) throw error;
+    return fail();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * An article's address as the reports carry it: https, an http one
+ * upgraded (GDELT keeps the address as it found it), else null.
+ */
+export const articleLink = (value) =>
+  webLink(value) || webLink(String(value ?? '').replace(/^http:/, 'https:'));
+
+/**
+ * The placed events of an export's table, of the stories with physical
+ * violence in them: those events, and every other placed event of the same
+ * stories (they help place it).
+ */
+export function parseEvents(table) {
+  const all = [];
+  for (const line of table.split('\n')) {
+    const f = line.split('\t');
+    if (f.length < 61) continue;
+    const violent =
+      f[COL.quadClass] === '4' && ['18', '19', '20'].includes(f[COL.rootCode]);
+    const precision = PRECISION[f[COL.geoType]];
+    const lat = Number(f[COL.lat]);
+    const lon = Number(f[COL.lon]);
+    const url = articleLink(f[COL.url]);
+    const added = /^(\d{4})(\d\d)(\d\d)(\d\d)(\d\d)(\d\d)$/.exec(f[COL.added]);
+    if (
+      !precision ||
+      !f[COL.lat] ||
+      !f[COL.lon] ||
+      !Number.isFinite(lat) ||
+      !Number.isFinite(lon) ||
+      Math.abs(lat) > 90 ||
+      Math.abs(lon) > 180 ||
+      (lat === 0 && lon === 0) ||
+      !url ||
+      !added
+    )
+      continue;
+    all.push({
+      id: f[COL.id],
+      code: f[COL.eventCode],
+      violent,
+      lat,
+      lon,
+      place: f[COL.place].trim() || null,
+      precision,
+      mentions: Math.max(1, Number(f[COL.mentions]) || 1),
+      addedAt: `${added[1]}-${added[2]}-${added[3]}T${added[4]}:${added[5]}:${added[6]}.000Z`,
+      url,
+    });
+  }
+  const stories = new Set(all.filter((e) => e.violent).map(storyKey));
+  return all.filter((e) => stories.has(storyKey(e)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * The words of an article's address, when it is written in them
+ * ("three-children-die-in-peshawar-cylinder-exp"), as a sentence; else null.
+ */
+export function addressWords(url) {
+  let path;
+  try {
+    path = decodeURIComponent(new URL(url).pathname);
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const segment = path
+    .split('/')
+    .map((part) => part.replace(/\.(?:s?html?|php|aspx?)$/i, ''))
+    .filter((part) => /[-_]/.test(part))
+    .sort((a, b) => b.length - a.length)[0];
+  if (!segment) return null;
+  const words = segment.split(/[-_]+/).filter(Boolean);
+  const lettered = words.filter((word) => /^\p{L}+$/u.test(word));
+  if (lettered.length < 4 || lettered.length < 0.7 * words.length) return null;
+  // Numbers stay ("killed nearly 500"); an id does not: a word of letters
+  // and digits, five digits or more, or four or more at either end.
+  const kept = words.filter(
+    (word, i) =>
+      /^\p{L}+$/u.test(word) ||
+      (/^\d{1,4}$/.test(word) &&
+        !(word.length === 4 && (i === 0 || i === words.length - 1))),
+  );
+  const text = kept.slice(0, MAX_ADDRESS_WORDS).join(' ').toLowerCase();
+  return text.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + text.slice(1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address words with the places the story is at written as names
+ * ("killed in amman" → "killed in Amman"), and "u s" as "US".
+ */
+export function withNames(words, places) {
+  let text = words.replace(/(?<![\p{L}])u s(?![\p{L}])/gu, 'US');
+  const names = new Set(
+    places.flatMap((place) =>
+      String(place.place ?? '')
+        .split(',')
+        .map((part) => part.replace(/\(.*?\)/g, '').trim())
+        .filter((part) => part.length > 2 && !/\(general\)/.test(part)),
+    ),
+  );
+  for (const name of names) {
+    const pattern = new RegExp(
+      `(?<![\\p{L}])${name.toLowerCase().replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')}(?![\\p{L}])`,
+      'gu',
+    );
+    text = text.replace(pattern, name);
+  }
+  return text.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + text.slice(1);
+}
+
+// A page title's site part: " | The Daily Example", " - Wire Service".
+const SITE_PART = /\s+[|–—-]\s+([^|–—-]{2,60})$/u;
+
+/**
+ * A page title as a headline: entities decoded, the site's name after a
+ * bar or dash taken off (when the headline before it is still one), or
+ * null when it is too short to be one.
+ */
+export function cleanTitle(raw) {
+  // An agency's tag set on with a bare hyphen ("…attack-Newswire", "…-X").
+  let title = unescapeHtml(raw).replace(
+    // After a word in lower case: "Jean-Pierre" keeps its name.
+    /(?<=(?:^|\s)\p{Ll}\p{L}*|[\p{N}'")])-\p{Lu}\p{L}{0,15}$/u,
+    '',
+  );
+  for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+    const match = SITE_PART.exec(title);
+    if (!match) break;
+    const rest = title.slice(0, match.index);
+    if (rest.split(/\s+/).length < 4 || match[1].split(/\s+/).length > 6) break;
+    title = rest;
+  }
+  title = title.trim().slice(0, 300);
+  return title.length >= 12 && title.split(/\s+/).length >= 3 ? title : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * GKG page titles by article address (as articleLink writes it), for the
+ * addresses in `wanted`.
+ */
+export function parseTitles(table, wanted) {
+  const titles = new Map();
+  for (const line of table.split('\n')) {
+    const f = line.split('\t');
+    const url = f[4] && articleLink(f[4]);
+    if (!url || !wanted.has(url)) continue;
+    const match = /<PAGE_TITLE>(.*?)<\/PAGE_TITLE>/s.exec(f.at(-1) || '');
+    const title = match && cleanTitle(match[1]);
+    if (title) titles.set(url, title);
+  }
+  return titles;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The story an event belongs to: its article's address words, which the
+ * copies other outlets run share (an agency story), else its address.
+ */
+export function storyKey(event) {
+  return addressWords(event.url)?.toLowerCase() || event.url;
+}
+
+const PLACE_WORD = (name) =>
+  new RegExp(
+    `(?<![\\p{L}])${name.toLowerCase().replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')}s?(?![\\p{L}])`,
+    'u',
+  );
+/** Whether the words name a place's town or its country ("jordans" too). */
+function namedIn(words, place) {
+  if (!words || !place) return false;
+  const parts = place
+    .split(',')
+    .map((part) => part.replace(/\(.*?\)/g, '').trim())
+    .filter((part) => part.length > 2);
+  return [parts[0], parts.at(-1)].some(
+    (part) => part && PLACE_WORD(part).test(words.toLowerCase()),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * A story's places, best first, from all its placed events. GDELT places
+ * an event at a bare country when the text only names a nationality ("a
+ * Sri Lankan embassy", an Australian outlet's own country), so a town or
+ * region wins over a country; of those, the ones the article's own words
+ * name; then the most mentioned.
+ */
+export function choosePlaces(events, words) {
+  const byPlace = new Map();
+  for (const event of events) {
+    const key = `${event.lat},${event.lon}`;
+    const place = byPlace.get(key) || { ...event, mentions: 0 };
+    place.mentions += event.mentions;
+    byPlace.set(key, place);
+  }
+  let places = [...byPlace.values()];
+  const specific = places.filter((p) => p.precision !== 'country');
+  if (specific.length) places = specific;
+  const named = places.filter((p) => namedIn(words, p.place));
+  if (named.length) places = named;
+  return places.sort((a, b) => b.mentions - a.mentions).slice(0, MAX_PLACES);
+}
+
+// The earlier of two events: by the time GDELT added it, then by its id.
+const earlier = (a, b) =>
+  b.addedAt < a.addedAt ||
+  (b.addedAt === a.addedAt && Number(b.id) < Number(a.id))
+    ? b
+    : a;
+
+/**
+ * One report per story (storyKey), its address and id the first copy's (an
+ * export adding a more-mentioned event keeps both), placed by choosePlaces,
+ * titled by a copy's page title (`titleOf`), else its address words, else
+ * its violent event.
+ */
+export function eventReports(events, { titleOf = () => null } = {}) {
+  const stories = new Map();
+  for (const event of events) {
+    const key = storyKey(event);
+    const list = stories.get(key) || [];
+    list.push(event);
+    stories.set(key, list);
+  }
+  const reports = [];
+  for (const list of stories.values()) {
+    const violent = list
+      .filter((e) => e.violent !== false)
+      .sort(
+        (a, b) => b.mentions - a.mentions || a.addedAt.localeCompare(b.addedAt),
+      );
+    if (!violent.length) continue;
+    const [lead] = violent;
+    const first = list.reduce(earlier);
+    const { url } = first;
+    const address = addressWords(url);
+    const places = choosePlaces(list, address);
+    const [, eventCategory, words] = eventKind(lead.code);
+    const page = [url, ...list.map((e) => e.url)]
+      .map((copy) => titleOf(copy))
+      .find(Boolean);
+    const own = page || (address ? withNames(address, places) : null);
+    const title = own || eventTitle(words, places[0].place);
+    // The article's words decide whether it is conflict, as any headline's
+    // would: GDELT codes an election story as "fighting" too. GDELT's code
+    // names the kind only where the words read as conflict without naming
+    // one. A story with no words at all has GDELT's code alone to go by,
+    // which is not enough to list it under Conflicts: it is minor (kept
+    // for Local) until a page title comes in.
+    const read = own ? categorizeText({ title: own }) : null;
+    const tags = read?.tags || [];
+    const relevance = read
+      ? relevanceOf({ category: read.category, tags, title: own })
+      : 'minor';
+    const category = !read
+      ? eventCategory
+      : read.category !== 'other'
+        ? read.category
+        : relevance === 'minor'
+          ? 'other'
+          : eventCategory;
+    const publisher = new URL(url).hostname.replace(/^www\./, '');
+    const geo = ({ lat, lon, place, precision }) => ({
+      lat,
+      lon,
+      place,
+      precision,
+      confidence: precision === 'city' ? 0.6 : 0.3,
+      mappable: true,
+      method: 'source',
+    });
+    reports.push({
+      id: `gdelt-${first.id}`,
+      title,
+      url,
+      publisher,
+      source: { name: publisher, attribution: 'GDELT Project' },
+      kind: 'gdelt',
+      side: 'unknown',
+      category,
+      relevance,
+      severity: Math.max(
+        1,
+        severityByRules({ category, tags, title: own || '' }),
+      ),
+      severityBy: 'rules',
+      publishedAt: first.addedAt,
+      geo: geo(places[0]),
+      locations: places.slice(1).map(geo),
+      media: [],
+      mentions: list.reduce((sum, e) => sum + e.mentions, 0),
+      copies: new Set(list.map((e) => e.url)).size,
+      // A title of the event's words and its place, when the address had
+      // none: a renamed place renames it (eventTitle).
+      ...(own ? {} : { eventWords: words }),
+      titled: page ? 'page' : own ? 'address' : 'event',
+    });
+  }
+  return reports;
+}
+
+/** The title of a report without address words, at its (renamed) place. */
+export const eventTitle = (words, place) =>
+  place ? `${words} in ${place}` : words;
+
+/**
+ * One export's table, or null while GDELT has not published it (GDELT
+ * lists the newest in lastupdate.txt; see fetchLatestExport).
+ */
+async function fetchTable(url, { fetchImpl, signal, maxBytes, tableBytes }) {
+  let response;
+  try {
+    response = await fetchImpl(url, {
+      redirect: 'error',
+      signal: signal
+        ? AbortSignal.any([signal, AbortSignal.timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)])
+        : AbortSignal.timeout(TIMEOUT_MS),
+    });
+  } catch {
+    throw new UpstreamError('GDELT exports unreachable');
+  }
+  if (response.status === 404) {
+    await response.body?.cancel?.().catch?.(() => {});
+    return null;
+  }
+  if (!response.ok) {
+    await response.body?.cancel?.().catch?.(() => {});
+    throw new UpstreamError(`GDELT exports answered ${response.status}`, {
+      status: response.status,
+    });
+  }
+  let bytes;
+  try {
+    bytes = await readResponseBytesCapped(response, maxBytes, signal);
+  } catch (error) {
+    // Over the cap stays over it; a read cut short may succeed again.
+    throw new UpstreamError('GDELT export unreadable', {
+      unreadable: error?.code === 'RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE',
+    });
+  }
+  return unzipExport(bytes, tableBytes);
+}
+
+/** One events export's events, or null while it is not published yet. */
+export async function fetchExport(url, { fetchImpl, signal } = {}) {
+  const table = await fetchTable(url, {
+    fetchImpl,
+    signal,
+    maxBytes: MAX_ZIP_BYTES,
+    tableBytes: MAX_TABLE_BYTES,
+  });
+  return table === null ? null : parseEvents(table);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The page titles a GKG export holds for the addresses in `wanted`, or null
+ * while it is not published yet.
+ */
+export async function fetchTitles(url, wanted, { fetchImpl, signal } = {}) {
+  const table = await fetchTable(url, {
+    fetchImpl,
+    signal,
+    maxBytes: MAX_GKG_ZIP_BYTES,
+    tableBytes: MAX_GKG_TABLE_BYTES,
+  });
+  return table === null ? null : parseTitles(table, wanted);
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/news/gdeltEvents.test.mjs b/server/providers/news/gdeltEvents.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc986fce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/news/gdeltEvents.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+
+import {
+  addressWords,
+  cleanTitle,
+  gkgUrl,
+  parseTitles,
+  withNames,
+  eventReports,
+  exportsOfDay,
+  exportUrl,
+  fetchExport,
+  parseEvents,
+  unzipExport,
+} from './gdeltEvents.js';
+import { eventRow, gkgRow, zipTable } from './gdeltFixtures.mjs';
+
+const ARTICLE =
+  'https://www.wire.example/rubric-ato/3912-russian-drones-attack-kharkiv-overnight-three-killed.html';
+
+test('the day is 96 exports, one each quarter hour, newest first', () => {
+  const now = Date.parse('2026-11-05T15:07:30Z');
+  assert.equal(
+    exportUrl(now),
+    'https://data.gdeltproject.org/gdeltv2/20261105150000.export.CSV.zip',
+  );
+  const day = exportsOfDay(now);
+  assert.equal(day.length, 96);
+  assert.equal(
+    day[1],
+    'https://data.gdeltproject.org/gdeltv2/20261105144500.export.CSV.zip',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    day.at(-1),
+    'https://data.gdeltproject.org/gdeltv2/20261104151500.export.CSV.zip',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a story with physical violence is kept with all its placed events', () => {
+  const rows = [
+    eventRow({ id: 1, code: '195', url: ARTICLE }),
+    eventRow({ id: 2, code: '183', url: ARTICLE }),
+    eventRow({ id: 3, code: '2001', url: ARTICLE }),
+    // Not physical, but of the same story: kept to place it by.
+    eventRow({ id: 4, code: '150', url: ARTICLE }),
+    eventRow({ id: 7, code: '190', quad: '3', url: ARTICLE }),
+    // A story with no violence in it is left out.
+    eventRow({
+      id: 5,
+      code: '163',
+      url: 'https://x.example/talks-resume-in-geneva-today-officials',
+    }),
+    eventRow({
+      id: 6,
+      code: '173',
+      url: 'https://x.example/talks-resume-in-geneva-today-officials',
+    }),
+    // Unplaced, at 0,0, or without a link.
+    eventRow({ id: 8, geoType: '0', url: ARTICLE }),
+    eventRow({ id: 9, lat: 0, lon: 0, url: ARTICLE }),
+    eventRow({ id: 10, url: 'javascript:alert(1)' }),
+    'short\trow',
+  ];
+  const events = parseEvents(rows.join('\n'));
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    events.map((e) => [e.id, e.violent]),
+    [
+      ['1', true],
+      ['2', true],
+      ['3', true],
+      ['4', false],
+      ['7', false],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.equal(events[0].precision, 'city');
+  assert.equal(events[0].addedAt, '2026-11-05T11:45:00.000Z');
+});
+
+test("an article is one report, at its most-mentioned event, in its address's words", () => {
+  const events = parseEvents(
+    [
+      eventRow({ id: 11, code: '195', mentions: 2, url: ARTICLE }),
+      eventRow({
+        id: 12,
+        code: '190',
+        mentions: 9,
+        url: ARTICLE,
+        place: "Kupiansk, Kharkivs'ka Oblast', Ukraine",
+        lat: 49.71,
+        lon: 37.61,
+      }),
+      eventRow({
+        id: 13,
+        code: '190',
+        geoType: '1',
+        place: 'Ukraine',
+        lat: 49,
+        lon: 32,
+        url: 'https://example.com/a/b/12345',
+      }),
+    ].join('\n'),
+  );
+  const [drones, bare] = eventReports(events);
+  // The story's first event (by time, then id) names it.
+  assert.equal(drones.id, 'gdelt-11');
+  // Its address words, with the place it is at written as a name.
+  assert.equal(
+    drones.title,
+    'Russian drones attack Kharkiv overnight three killed',
+  );
+  // Kupiansk has more mentions; the article's own words name Kharkiv.
+  assert.equal(drones.geo.place, "Kharkiv, Kharkivs'ka Oblast', Ukraine");
+  assert.equal(drones.geo.precision, 'city');
+  assert.equal(drones.locations.length, 0, 'Kupiansk is not named');
+  assert.equal(drones.category, 'strike');
+  assert.equal(drones.relevance, 'core');
+  assert.equal(drones.severity, 2);
+  assert.equal(drones.publisher, 'wire.example');
+  assert.equal(drones.source.attribution, 'GDELT Project');
+  assert.equal(drones.side, 'unknown', 'no actor is said');
+  // No words in the address: GDELT's coding alone, so minor (not listed
+  // under Conflicts), at least severity 1.
+  assert.equal(bare.title, 'Fighting reported in Ukraine');
+  assert.equal(bare.category, 'ground');
+  assert.equal(bare.relevance, 'minor');
+  assert.equal(bare.severity, 1);
+  assert.equal(bare.geo.precision, 'country');
+});
+
+test('an article GDELT codes as fighting whose words say otherwise stays out of Conflicts', () => {
+  const [report] = eventReports(
+    parseEvents(
+      eventRow({
+        url: 'https://news.example.com/2026/11/05/city-council-approves-new-budget-for-schools',
+        id: 20,
+      }),
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.equal(report.relevance, 'minor');
+});
+
+test('address words need four lettered words, most of the address', () => {
+  assert.equal(addressWords('https://x.example/news/1234567'), null);
+  assert.equal(addressWords('https://x.example/a/lueop1pzfi'), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    addressWords('https://x.example/2026/11/05/a-b-1-2-3-4-5'),
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    addressWords(
+      'https://x.example/story/2638789/three-children-die-in-peshawar.html',
+    ),
+    'Three children die in peshawar',
+  );
+});
+
+test('an export is unzipped and read; one not published yet is null', async () => {
+  const zip = zipTable(eventRow({ id: 30, code: '193', url: ARTICLE }));
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    parseEvents(await unzipExport(zip)).map((e) => e.id),
+    ['30'],
+  );
+  const served = await fetchExport('https://data.gdeltproject.org/x.zip', {
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response(zip, { status: 200 }),
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    served.map((e) => e.id),
+    ['30'],
+  );
+  const later = await fetchExport('https://data.gdeltproject.org/y.zip', {
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response('not found', { status: 404 }),
+  });
+  assert.equal(later, null);
+  await assert.rejects(
+    fetchExport('https://data.gdeltproject.org/z.zip', {
+      fetchImpl: async () => new Response('busy', { status: 503 }),
+    }),
+    { name: 'UpstreamError' },
+  );
+  await assert.rejects(unzipExport(new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3])), {
+    name: 'UpstreamError',
+  });
+});
+
+test("a nationality is no place: a town the article's words name wins over a bare country", () => {
+  const url =
+    'https://www.sun.example/world/2026/11/05/security-officer-attacked-and-killed-near-sri-lankan-embassy-in-jordans-capital';
+  const amman = { place: 'Amman, (JO11), Jordan', lat: 31.95, lon: 35.9333 };
+  const cairo = { place: 'Cairo, Al Qahirah, Egypt', lat: 30.05, lon: 31.25 };
+  const [report] = eventReports(
+    parseEvents(
+      [
+        // "Sri Lankan embassy": GDELT's most-mentioned place, a bare country.
+        eventRow({
+          id: 1,
+          mentions: 12,
+          geoType: '1',
+          place: 'Sri Lanka',
+          lat: 7,
+          lon: 81,
+          url,
+        }),
+        eventRow({ id: 2, mentions: 6, ...cairo, url }),
+        eventRow({ id: 3, mentions: 4, ...amman, url }),
+        eventRow({ id: 4, mentions: 2, ...amman, url }),
+      ].join('\n'),
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.equal(report.geo.place, 'Amman, (JO11), Jordan');
+  assert.equal(report.geo.precision, 'city');
+});
+
+test('an agency story run by several outlets is one report, placed by all their events', () => {
+  const words = 'jordan-security-officer-killed-near-sri-lanka-embassy';
+  const times = `https://www.times.example/story/9386807/${words}/`;
+  const chronicle = `https://www.chronicle.example/story/9386807/${words}/`;
+  const reports = eventReports(
+    parseEvents(
+      [
+        // The outlet's own country, at country level, on its violent events.
+        eventRow({
+          id: 1,
+          mentions: 6,
+          geoType: '1',
+          place: 'Australia',
+          lat: -25,
+          lon: 135,
+          url: times,
+          added: '20261105141500',
+        }),
+        // Its other events are placed in Jordan.
+        eventRow({
+          id: 2,
+          code: '120',
+          quad: '3',
+          mentions: 8,
+          place: 'Karak, Jordan (general), Jordan',
+          lat: 31.18,
+          lon: 35.7,
+          url: times,
+          added: '20261105141500',
+        }),
+        eventRow({
+          id: 3,
+          mentions: 4,
+          geoType: '1',
+          place: 'Syria',
+          lat: 35,
+          lon: 38,
+          url: chronicle,
+          added: '20261105151500',
+        }),
+      ].join('\n'),
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.equal(reports.length, 1);
+  const [story] = reports;
+  assert.equal(story.copies, 2);
+  assert.equal(story.url, times, 'the first copy');
+  assert.equal(story.publishedAt, '2026-11-05T14:15:00.000Z');
+  assert.equal(story.geo.place, 'Karak, Jordan (general), Jordan');
+});
+
+test("a story's title is a copy's page title from the GKG export", () => {
+  const titles = parseTitles(
+    [
+      gkgRow(
+        ARTICLE,
+        'Russian drones attack Kharkiv overnight, three killed | Wire',
+      ),
+      gkgRow('https://elsewhere.example/a', 'Not one of ours, not kept here'),
+    ].join('\n'),
+    new Set([ARTICLE]),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...titles],
+    [[ARTICLE, 'Russian drones attack Kharkiv overnight, three killed']],
+  );
+  const [report] = eventReports(
+    parseEvents(eventRow({ id: 1, url: ARTICLE })),
+    {
+      titleOf: (url) => titles.get(url) || null,
+    },
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    report.title,
+    'Russian drones attack Kharkiv overnight, three killed',
+  );
+  assert.equal(report.titled, 'page');
+  assert.equal(
+    gkgUrl(
+      'https://data.gdeltproject.org/gdeltv2/20261105141500.export.CSV.zip',
+    ),
+    'https://data.gdeltproject.org/gdeltv2/20261105141500.gkg.csv.zip',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a page title loses its site name, keeps its words, and must be a headline', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    cleanTitle(
+      'Yemen&#039;s president sacks ministers | Yemen | The Daily Example',
+    ),
+    "Yemen's president sacks ministers",
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    cleanTitle('Strike in Kharkiv - live updates - Wire Service'),
+    'Strike in Kharkiv - live updates',
+  );
+  // Too little before the dash: the dash is part of the headline.
+  assert.equal(cleanTitle('Iran - Wire Service'), 'Iran - Wire Service');
+  assert.equal(cleanTitle('Home'), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    cleanTitle('Jordanian security officer killed in stabbing attack-Newswire'),
+    'Jordanian security officer killed in stabbing attack',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    cleanTitle('Five killed in Gaza, sources say-X'),
+    'Five killed in Gaza, sources say',
+  );
+  // A hyphenated name is no tag.
+  assert.equal(
+    cleanTitle('Talks resume with Jean-Pierre'),
+    'Talks resume with Jean-Pierre',
+  );
+});
+
+test('address words keep their numbers and name the places the story is at', () => {
+  const words = addressWords(
+    'https://x.example/2026/11/05/jordan-says-u-s-envoy-met-officials-in-amman-after-500-killed',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    words,
+    'Jordan says u s envoy met officials in amman after 500 killed',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    withNames(words, [{ place: 'Amman, (JO11), Jordan' }]),
+    'Jordan says US envoy met officials in Amman after 500 killed',
+  );
+});
+
+test("a story's id is its first event's: a later, more-mentioned event keeps it", () => {
+  const first = eventRow({ id: 40, mentions: 1, url: ARTICLE });
+  const [before] = eventReports(parseEvents(first));
+  const [after] = eventReports(
+    parseEvents(
+      [
+        first,
+        eventRow({
+          id: 41,
+          code: '195',
+          mentions: 30,
+          url: ARTICLE,
+          added: '20261105120000',
+        }),
+      ].join('\n'),
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.equal(before.id, 'gdelt-40');
+  assert.equal(after.id, 'gdelt-40');
+  assert.equal(after.mentions, 31);
+});
+
+test('words that read as no conflict leave GDELT no kind to name', () => {
+  const [report] = eventReports(
+    parseEvents(
+      eventRow({
+        id: 42,
+        code: '195',
+        url: 'https://x.example/2026/11/05/local-bakery-celebrates-fifty-years-of-baking',
+      }),
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.equal(report.relevance, 'minor');
+  assert.equal(report.category, 'other');
+});
+
+test('a GKG address written with http is the https one the events carry', () => {
+  const plain = ARTICLE.replace('https:', 'http:');
+  const [event] = parseEvents(eventRow({ id: 43, url: plain }));
+  assert.equal(event.url, ARTICLE);
+  const titles = parseTitles(
+    gkgRow(plain, 'Russian drones attack Kharkiv overnight, three killed'),
+    new Set([event.url]),
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    titles.get(ARTICLE),
+    'Russian drones attack Kharkiv overnight, three killed',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a corrupt or oversized export is an UpstreamError, never a RangeError', async () => {
+  const zip = zipTable(eventRow({ id: 44, url: ARTICLE }));
+  const view = new DataView(zip.buffer);
+  // The central directory's local header offset, pointing past the end.
+  const dir = view.getUint32(zip.length - 22 + 16, true);
+  const far = zip.slice();
+  new DataView(far.buffer).setUint32(dir + 42, zip.length - 10, true);
+  await assert.rejects(unzipExport(far), { name: 'UpstreamError' });
+  // The end record cut short.
+  await assert.rejects(unzipExport(zip.subarray(0, zip.length - 30)), {
+    name: 'UpstreamError',
+  });
+  // Unzipped past the table's cap.
+  await assert.rejects(unzipExport(zip, 16), { name: 'UpstreamError' });
+  assert.equal((await unzipExport(zip)).length > 16, true);
+});
diff --git a/server/providers/news/gdeltFixtures.mjs b/server/providers/news/gdeltFixtures.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08b947525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/news/gdeltFixtures.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Test fixtures: GDELT 2.0 export rows and their zip, as the export files
+// carry them (61 tab-separated columns, one zipped table).
+import { deflateRawSync } from 'node:zlib';
+
+/** One events row; only the columns the reader looks at are filled. */
+export function eventRow({
+  id,
+  code = '190',
+  quad = '4',
+  mentions = 1,
+  geoType = '4',
+  place = "Kharkiv, Kharkivs'ka Oblast', Ukraine",
+  lat = 49.9935,
+  lon = 36.2304,
+  added = '20261105114500',
+  url,
+}) {
+  const f = new Array(61).fill('');
+  f[0] = String(id);
+  f[26] = code;
+  f[28] = code.slice(0, 2);
+  f[29] = quad;
+  f[31] = String(mentions);
+  f[51] = geoType;
+  f[52] = place;
+  f[56] = String(lat);
+  f[57] = String(lon);
+  f[59] = added;
+  f[60] = url;
+  return f.join('\t');
+}
+
+/** One GKG 2.1 row: an article's address and its page title (27 columns). */
+export function gkgRow(url, title) {
+  const f = new Array(27).fill('');
+  f[4] = url;
+  f[26] = `<PAGE_PRECISEPUBTIMESTAMP>20261105114500</PAGE_PRECISEPUBTIMESTAMP><PAGE_TITLE>${title}</PAGE_TITLE>`;
+  return f.join('\t');
+}
+
+/** A single-entry zip of `text`, deflated, sizes in the central directory. */
+export function zipTable(text, name = 'table.export.CSV') {
+  const data = Buffer.from(text, 'utf8');
+  const packed = deflateRawSync(data);
+  const nameBytes = Buffer.from(name);
+  const local = Buffer.alloc(30);
+  local.writeUInt32LE(0x04034b50, 0);
+  local.writeUInt16LE(20, 4);
+  local.writeUInt16LE(0x08, 6); // sizes follow the data (left 0 here)
+  local.writeUInt16LE(8, 8);
+  local.writeUInt16LE(nameBytes.length, 26);
+  const dir = Buffer.alloc(46);
+  dir.writeUInt32LE(0x02014b50, 0);
+  dir.writeUInt16LE(20, 4);
+  dir.writeUInt16LE(20, 6);
+  dir.writeUInt16LE(0x08, 8);
+  dir.writeUInt16LE(8, 10);
+  dir.writeUInt32LE(packed.length, 20);
+  dir.writeUInt32LE(data.length, 24);
+  dir.writeUInt16LE(nameBytes.length, 28);
+  dir.writeUInt32LE(0, 42);
+  const dirAt = local.length + nameBytes.length + packed.length;
+  const end = Buffer.alloc(22);
+  end.writeUInt32LE(0x06054b50, 0);
+  end.writeUInt16LE(1, 8);
+  end.writeUInt16LE(1, 10);
+  end.writeUInt32LE(dir.length + nameBytes.length, 12);
+  end.writeUInt32LE(dirAt, 16);
+  return new Uint8Array(
+    Buffer.concat([local, nameBytes, packed, dir, nameBytes, end]),
+  );
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/news/keyed.js b/server/providers/news/keyed.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7bd5ca464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/news/keyed.js
@@ -0,0 +1,909 @@
+// The News layer's routes answered by Core itself, when no news server is
+// configured (GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN). Conflicts: the day's GDELT events (no key;
+// gdeltEvents.js), one report per article at GDELT's place for it, and with
+// LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY Liveuamap's mapped items too. Local: World News API
+// (WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY) by the country at the view centre; without its key the
+// section answers 503 {error: 'no_key', key} and reads nothing, and past
+// its day's reads (WORLDNEWSAPI_DAILY_READS) 503 {error: 'key_quota', key}.
+// Conflicts' categories, relevance and severity are the shared rules
+// (categorize.js); a country's own news keeps World News API's category.
+// A news server may replace these readings with its own.
+//
+// A read that has something to serve is not waited for: what was read is
+// served while it is read again. A section that cannot be read answers 502,
+// never an empty list.
+//
+// The answers are the same /api/news contract a news server serves
+// (src/layers/news/records.js reads both).
+
+import {
+  CATEGORY_ORDER,
+  categorizeText,
+  relevanceOf,
+  severityByRules,
+} from './categorize.js';
+import {
+  areaAt,
+  countryAnchor,
+  countryByCode,
+  countryPolygons,
+} from './areas.js';
+import {
+  eventReports,
+  fetchLatestExport,
+  eventTitle,
+  exportAt,
+  exportsOfDay,
+  fetchExport,
+  fetchTitles,
+  gkgUrl,
+  storyKey,
+} from './gdeltEvents.js';
+import { fetchLiveuamap, fetchWorldNews, UpstreamError } from './upstream.js';
+
+/** The keys each section reads with, by the key registry's id. */
+export const NEWS_KEYS = Object.freeze({
+  liveuamap: 'LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY',
+  worldnewsapi: 'WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY',
+});
+
+/** The one hotspot: the world, its reports drawn as markers at every zoom. */
+export const WORLDWIDE_HOTSPOT = 'worldwide';
+const HOUR_MS = 3_600_000;
+const DAY_MS = 24 * HOUR_MS;
+// GDELT publishes an export every 15 minutes and lists the newest in
+// lastupdate.txt: the day's missing ones up to it are read every 5 minutes,
+// newest first, a dozen a read (the first day's 96 fill in over the next
+// reads, a few seconds apart, while each reads something new). One listed
+// but missing (404) an hour and a half after its time is taken as never
+// published; one that fails GDELT_EXPORT_TRIES times (a try a round), or
+// cannot be read at all, is given up on, so one bad file never holds the
+// rest back. Only while GDELT itself answers is a file given up on. The first
+// answer waits at most FIRST_ANSWER_MS for the first exports.
+const GDELT_FRESH_MS = 5 * 60_000;
+const GDELT_EXPORTS_PER_READ = 12;
+const GDELT_PARALLEL = 4;
+const GDELT_NEXT_MS = 2_000;
+const GDELT_GONE_MS = 90 * 60_000;
+const GDELT_EXPORT_TRIES = 3;
+const MAX_GDELT_REPORTS = 5000;
+// Events kept of one story, to place it by.
+const MAX_STORY_EVENTS = 200;
+// Page titles are read from the GKG exports of the newest three hours: one
+// runs to 6 MB, so the day's 96 are not fetched. A file that fails is tried
+// with the next reads, a few times.
+const GDELT_TITLED_EXPORTS = 12;
+const GKG_TRIES = 3;
+const LIVE_FRESH_MS = 5 * 60_000;
+const COUNTRY_FRESH_MS = 30 * 60_000;
+// A failed read is not tried again for a minute; what was read before is
+// served meanwhile, up to these ages (GDELT's: since an export last came in).
+const RETRY_MS = 60_000;
+// A read with nothing to serve yet is waited for at most this long, well under
+// the browser's own 15 s: it goes on, and the next ask is served from it.
+const FIRST_ANSWER_MS = 10_000;
+const GDELT_STALE_MS = 2 * HOUR_MS;
+const LIVE_STALE_MS = HOUR_MS;
+// World News API's terms allow a cache of at most an hour, deleted after:
+// a country's news is kept no longer, served or not (dropExpiredCountries).
+const COUNTRY_STALE_MS = HOUR_MS;
+const MAX_COUNTRIES = 64;
+// World News API reads a UTC day, across all countries: each is about 1.5
+// of the free plan's 50 daily points.
+const DEFAULT_DAILY_READS = 30;
+const DEFAULT_LIMIT = 50;
+const EMPTY_OUTLINE = Object.freeze({
+  polygons: [],
+  borders: [],
+  disputed: [],
+  area: null,
+});
+// A country's own news keeps World News API's category: the rules read
+// fighting and crises, and in everyday news their words mislead ("advances
+// in the rankings" is no ground fighting). Fighting in the country reaches
+// Local as the Conflicts reports placed there.
+const WORLD_NEWS_CATEGORY = { politics: 'political', business: 'economy' };
+
+const list = (value) =>
+  value ? new Set(value.split(',').filter(Boolean)) : null;
+
+/** The rules' reading of a Conflicts headline: category, relevance, severity. */
+function readTitle(title) {
+  const read = categorizeText({ title });
+  const { category } = read;
+  return {
+    category,
+    relevance: relevanceOf({
+      category,
+      tags: read.tags,
+      title,
+      dedicated: true,
+    }),
+    severity: severityByRules({ category, tags: read.tags, title }),
+  };
+}
+
+/** A one-report event carrying the report's picture, for its card. */
+function pictureEvent(id, report, image, video, publisher) {
+  return {
+    id,
+    status: 'single',
+    size: 1,
+    reports: 1,
+    severity: report.severity,
+    firstAt: report.publishedAt,
+    lastAt: report.publishedAt,
+    sides: [],
+    image: { url: image, publisher, ...(video ? { video } : {}) },
+  };
+}
+
+const media = ({ image, video }) =>
+  video ? ['video'] : image ? ['photo'] : [];
+
+/** A Liveuamap item as a report of the Conflicts section. */
+export function liveuamapReport(item) {
+  const id = `lum-${item.id}`;
+  const report = {
+    id,
+    hotspotId: WORLDWIDE_HOTSPOT,
+    hotspotIds: [WORLDWIDE_HOTSPOT],
+    title: item.title,
+    url: item.url,
+    publisher: 'Liveuamap',
+    source: { name: 'Liveuamap' },
+    kind: 'liveuamap',
+    side: 'unknown',
+    // A conflict map: everything it posts is at least related.
+    ...readTitle(item.title),
+    severityBy: 'rules',
+    publishedAt: item.publishedAt,
+    geo: {
+      lat: item.lat,
+      lon: item.lon,
+      place: item.place,
+      precision: 'city',
+      confidence: 1,
+      mappable: true,
+      method: 'source',
+    },
+    media: media(item),
+  };
+  if (item.image)
+    report.event = pictureEvent(
+      id,
+      report,
+      item.image,
+      item.video,
+      'Liveuamap',
+    );
+  return report;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A GDELT place named by its town and the area Natural Earth has there (a
+ * disputed area as itself, else the country): GDELT's own names follow old
+ * FIPS regions ("Bureij, Yerushalayim, Israel" for a camp in Gaza, "Abuja,
+ * …, Niger" for Nigeria's capital). Its point stays. A town a disputed
+ * area is named after ("Jerusalem" in East Jerusalem) lies on both sides
+ * of its line: GDELT puts the whole city at one point, so it is named as
+ * the town alone.
+ */
+export function gdeltPlace(geo) {
+  const area = areaAt(geo.lat, geo.lon);
+  const town = String(geo.place ?? '')
+    .split(',')[0]
+    .trim();
+  const straddles =
+    area?.kind === 'disputed' &&
+    town &&
+    area.name.toLowerCase().includes(town.toLowerCase());
+  const place =
+    geo.precision === 'country' && area?.kind === 'country'
+      ? area.name
+      : straddles
+        ? town
+        : [town, area?.name].filter(Boolean).join(', ');
+  return { ...geo, place: place || null };
+}
+
+/**
+ * A World News API article as a report of the Local section: placed in its
+ * publisher's country alone, at a point inside it.
+ */
+export function worldNewsReport(article, country) {
+  const id = `wna-${article.id}`;
+  const anchor = countryAnchor(country);
+  const report = {
+    id,
+    hotspotId: null,
+    hotspotIds: [],
+    title: article.title,
+    url: article.url,
+    publisher: article.publisher,
+    // World News API's free plan asks to be credited where its news shows.
+    source: { name: article.publisher, attribution: 'World News API' },
+    kind: 'worldnewsapi',
+    side: 'unknown',
+    category: WORLD_NEWS_CATEGORY[article.category] || 'other',
+    // Local news: what the country's own outlets publish, with no severity
+    // of its own.
+    relevance: 'minor',
+    publishedAt: article.publishedAt,
+    geo: {
+      lat: anchor.lat,
+      lon: anchor.lon,
+      place: country.name,
+      precision: 'country',
+      confidence: 1,
+      mappable: true,
+      method: 'source',
+    },
+    media: media(article),
+  };
+  if (article.image)
+    report.event = pictureEvent(
+      id,
+      report,
+      article.image,
+      article.video,
+      article.publisher,
+    );
+  return report;
+}
+
+const AT = /^(-?\d{1,2}(?:\.\d{1,2})?),(-?\d{1,3}(?:\.\d{1,2})?)$/;
+function point(value) {
+  const match = AT.exec(String(value ?? ''));
+  if (!match) return null;
+  const [lat, lon] = [Number(match[1]), Number(match[2])];
+  return Math.abs(lat) <= 90 && Math.abs(lon) <= 180 ? { lat, lon } : null;
+}
+
+const noKey = (key) => ({ status: 503, body: { error: 'no_key', key } });
+const rejectedKey = (key) => ({
+  status: 503,
+  body: { error: 'key_rejected', key },
+});
+const spentKey = (key) => ({ status: 503, body: { error: 'key_quota', key } });
+
+/**
+ * The keyed news routes. `answer(path, params)` resolves to `{status, body}`
+ * for `/hotspots`, `/feed` and `/outline`, whose queries the proxy has
+ * already checked against the client's allowlist. `later(run, ms)` runs
+ * the next GDELT read of a day still filling in (an unref'd timer).
+ * `firstAnswerMs` bounds the wait for a read with nothing to serve yet.
+ * @param {{env?: () => object, fetchImpl?: typeof fetch, now?: () => number, log?: (message: string) => void, later?: (run: () => void, ms: number) => void, firstAnswerMs?: number}} [options]
+ */
+export function createKeyedNews({
+  env = () => process.env,
+  fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+  log = (message) => console.warn(message),
+  later = (run, ms) => setTimeout(run, ms).unref(),
+  firstAnswerMs = FIRST_ANSWER_MS,
+} = {}) {
+  const keyOf = (id) => String(env()[NEWS_KEYS[id]] ?? '').trim();
+  const inFlight = new Map();
+  // GDELT's stories of the last day (their events and report, by
+  // storyKey), and the exports read.
+  const gdelt = {
+    stories: new Map(),
+    reports: new Map(),
+    // Page titles by article address, of the stories kept.
+    titles: new Map(),
+    read: new Set(),
+    // Exports still missing well after their time: not looked for again.
+    gone: new Set(),
+    // Failed reads of each export not read yet: `{tries, at}`.
+    failures: new Map(),
+    // Exports read among the newest whose GKG titles are not in yet, with
+    // the tries made: `{tries, triedAt}`.
+    untitled: new Map(),
+    titling: null,
+    // When a read last brought an export in.
+    readAt: null,
+    checkedAt: null,
+    failedAt: null,
+  };
+  const live = new Map();
+  const countries = new Map();
+  // The keys refused so far, by section: logged once each.
+  const refused = new Set();
+  // World News API reads of the UTC day; `spent` once it answered 402.
+  const budget = { day: null, reads: 0, spent: false, logged: false };
+  // The areas (disputed area or country) of a placed Conflicts report's
+  // pins, its first and the others, looked up once.
+  const reportAreas = new WeakMap();
+  const areasOf = (report) => {
+    if (!reportAreas.has(report))
+      reportAreas.set(
+        report,
+        new Set(
+          [report.geo, ...(report.locations || [])]
+            .filter(Boolean)
+            .map((pin) => areaAt(pin.lat, pin.lon)?.key),
+        ),
+      );
+    return reportAreas.get(report);
+  };
+
+  /** A failed read in the log: a refused key once, never the key itself. */
+  function logFailure(section, what, key, error) {
+    // The day's reads spent: said once, by spendRead.
+    if (error.quota && error.status === null) return;
+    if (error.rejected) {
+      const id = `${section}\0${key}`;
+      if (refused.has(id)) return;
+      refused.add(id);
+      log(
+        `[news] ${NEWS_KEYS[section]} was refused (${error.status})${section === 'liveuamap' ? "; Conflicts are GDELT's alone" : ''}`,
+      );
+      return;
+    }
+    log(`[news] ${what} read failed: ${error.message}`);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A cached read (`{key, value, readAt, failedAt, error}`, kept in `store`
+   * under `id`): served as it is within `freshMs`; past that read again,
+   * and served meanwhile up to `staleMs`, so only a read with nothing to
+   * serve is waited for. One read at a time per key; a failed read is tried
+   * again after RETRY_MS. A new key drops what the old one read.
+   */
+  async function cached(
+    store,
+    id,
+    { section, key, freshMs, staleMs, read, what },
+  ) {
+    const at = now();
+    const stored = store.get(id);
+    const prior = stored?.key === key ? stored : { key };
+    if (prior.value && at - prior.readAt < freshMs) return prior;
+    if (prior.failedAt && at - prior.failedAt < RETRY_MS) return prior;
+    const flight = `${id}\0${key}`;
+    if (!inFlight.has(flight))
+      inFlight.set(
+        flight,
+        read(key)
+          .then(
+            (value) => ({ key, value, readAt: now() }),
+            (error) => {
+              logFailure(section, what, key, error);
+              // What is held now: news deleted meanwhile stays deleted.
+              const held = store.get(id);
+              return {
+                ...(held?.key === key ? held : { key }),
+                failedAt: now(),
+                error,
+              };
+            },
+          )
+          .then((entry) => {
+            // A read with a key replaced meanwhile is dropped.
+            if (keyOf(section) === key) keep(store, id, entry);
+            return entry;
+          })
+          .finally(() => inFlight.delete(flight)),
+      );
+    if (prior.value && at - prior.readAt < staleMs) return prior;
+    // Meanwhile a refused key stays refused; an older failure is not this one.
+    return firstAnswer(inFlight.get(flight), {
+      ...prior,
+      error: prior.error?.rejected ? prior.error : null,
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** An entry stored as the most recently used (the countries are capped). */
+  function keep(store, id, entry) {
+    store.delete(id);
+    store.set(id, entry);
+    while (store.size > MAX_COUNTRIES) store.delete(store.keys().next().value);
+  }
+
+  /** `read`, waited for at most firstAnswerMs; then `fallback`, as it goes on. */
+  async function firstAnswer(read, fallback) {
+    let timer;
+    try {
+      return await Promise.race([
+        read,
+        new Promise((resolve) => {
+          timer = setTimeout(() => resolve(fallback), firstAnswerMs);
+          timer.unref?.();
+        }),
+      ]);
+    } finally {
+      clearTimeout(timer);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** An entry's reports while they may be served, else why there are none. */
+  function served(entry, staleMs, id) {
+    if (entry.value && now() - entry.readAt < staleMs)
+      return { reports: entry.value, readAt: entry.readAt };
+    if (entry.error?.rejected) return { rejected: id };
+    if (entry.error?.quota) return { quota: id };
+    return { failed: true };
+  }
+
+  async function liveuamapReports() {
+    const key = keyOf('liveuamap');
+    if (!key) return { missing: 'liveuamap' };
+    const entry = await cached(live, 'liveuamap', {
+      section: 'liveuamap',
+      key,
+      freshMs: LIVE_FRESH_MS,
+      staleMs: LIVE_STALE_MS,
+      what: 'liveuamap',
+      read: async (k) =>
+        (await fetchLiveuamap({ key: k, fetchImpl, now: now() }))
+          .map(liveuamapReport)
+          .sort((a, b) => b.publishedAt.localeCompare(a.publishedAt)),
+    });
+    return served(entry, LIVE_STALE_MS, 'liveuamap');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A story placed (again) from all its events and the titles in: an
+   * agency story run by several outlets is one report.
+   */
+  function placeStory(key) {
+    const [report] = eventReports(gdelt.stories.get(key), {
+      titleOf: (url) => gdelt.titles.get(url) || null,
+    });
+    if (!report) return;
+    const { eventWords, ...rest } = report;
+    const geo = gdeltPlace(report.geo);
+    gdelt.reports.set(key, {
+      ...rest,
+      ...(eventWords ? { title: eventTitle(eventWords, geo.place) } : {}),
+      hotspotId: WORLDWIDE_HOTSPOT,
+      hotspotIds: [WORLDWIDE_HOTSPOT],
+      geo,
+      locations: report.locations.map(gdeltPlace),
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** An export's events into their stories, each placed again. */
+  function addEvents(events) {
+    const changed = new Set();
+    for (const event of events) {
+      const key = storyKey(event);
+      const list = gdelt.stories.get(key) || [];
+      if (list.length < MAX_STORY_EVENTS) list.push(event);
+      gdelt.stories.set(key, list);
+      changed.add(key);
+    }
+    for (const key of changed) placeStory(key);
+  }
+
+  /** The stories a GKG export titled, re-titled. */
+  function addTitles(titles) {
+    for (const [key, list] of gdelt.stories) {
+      const titled = list.filter((event) => titles.has(event.url));
+      if (!titled.length) continue;
+      for (const { url } of titled) gdelt.titles.set(url, titles.get(url));
+      placeStory(key);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The page titles of the newest exports read, from their GKG exports one
+   * at a time (each runs to 18 MB unzipped), in the background: no answer
+   * waits for them, and a story is re-titled as its title comes in. A file
+   * that fails or is not up yet only leaves address words: it is tried
+   * again with a later read while among the newest, up to GKG_TRIES times.
+   */
+  function readTitles() {
+    gdelt.titling ??= (async () => {
+      let failed = null;
+      for (const [url, tried] of [...gdelt.untitled]) {
+        if (!gdelt.untitled.has(url)) continue;
+        if (tried.triedAt !== null && now() - tried.triedAt < GDELT_FRESH_MS)
+          continue;
+        tried.tries += 1;
+        tried.triedAt = now();
+        const wanted = new Set();
+        for (const list of gdelt.stories.values())
+          for (const event of list) wanted.add(event.url);
+        let titles = null;
+        try {
+          titles = await fetchTitles(gkgUrl(url), wanted, { fetchImpl });
+        } catch (error) {
+          failed ??= error;
+        }
+        if (titles || tried.tries >= GKG_TRIES) gdelt.untitled.delete(url);
+        if (titles?.size) addTitles(titles);
+      }
+      if (failed) log(`[news] gdelt titles read failed: ${failed.message}`);
+    })()
+      .catch((error) => log(`[news] gdelt titles failed: ${error.message}`))
+      .finally(() => {
+        gdelt.titling = null;
+      });
+    return gdelt.titling;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Up to a dozen of the day's exports not read yet, newest first; whether
+   * to carry on at once (the round brought one in, and more are missing).
+   * One not up yet is looked for again; one still missing GDELT_GONE_MS
+   * after its time is not.
+   */
+  async function readExports() {
+    const at = now();
+    const day = exportsOfDay(at);
+    // Up to the newest GDELT lists; all of the day when its list fails.
+    const latest = await fetchLatestExport({ fetchImpl });
+    const listed = (url) => latest === null || exportAt(url) <= latest;
+    const newest = new Set(day.slice(0, GDELT_TITLED_EXPORTS));
+    const wanted = (url) =>
+      listed(url) && !gdelt.read.has(url) && !gdelt.gone.has(url);
+    const missing = day.filter(wanted).slice(0, GDELT_EXPORTS_PER_READ);
+    let failed = null;
+    let added = 0;
+    const failing = [];
+    const unreadable = [];
+    const unpublished = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < missing.length; i += GDELT_PARALLEL)
+      await Promise.all(
+        missing.slice(i, i + GDELT_PARALLEL).map(async (url) => {
+          let events;
+          try {
+            events = await fetchExport(url, { fetchImpl });
+          } catch (error) {
+            failed = error;
+            (error.unreadable ? unreadable : failing).push(url);
+            return;
+          }
+          if (!events) {
+            if (at - exportAt(url) >= GDELT_GONE_MS) unpublished.push(url);
+            return;
+          }
+          // The events count now; the titles follow (readTitles).
+          gdelt.read.add(url);
+          gdelt.failures.delete(url);
+          added += 1;
+          gdelt.readAt = now();
+          addEvents(events);
+          if (newest.has(url))
+            gdelt.untitled.set(url, { tries: 0, triedAt: null });
+        }),
+      );
+    if (failed) log(`[news] gdelt read failed: ${failed.message}`);
+    // A file is blamed only while GDELT itself answers (its list read, or
+    // another export of the round read): then a 404 long after its time is
+    // never published, an unreadable file stays so, and a failing one gets a
+    // few tries, one a GDELT_FRESH_MS. With GDELT down, no file is blamed.
+    const answering = added > 0 || latest !== null;
+    if (answering)
+      for (const url of [...unpublished, ...unreadable]) gdelt.gone.add(url);
+    if (added)
+      for (const url of failing) {
+        const prior = gdelt.failures.get(url);
+        if (prior && now() - prior.at < GDELT_FRESH_MS) continue;
+        const tries = (prior?.tries || 0) + 1;
+        gdelt.failures.set(url, { tries, at: now() });
+        if (tries >= GDELT_EXPORT_TRIES) gdelt.gone.add(url);
+      }
+    // Nothing read and a failure: tried again after RETRY_MS, not after
+    // GDELT_FRESH_MS. Something read: the round counts.
+    if (failed && !added) gdelt.failedAt = now();
+    else {
+      gdelt.checkedAt = now();
+      gdelt.failedAt = null;
+    }
+    // Only the day is kept, and titled while among the newest.
+    const kept = new Set(day);
+    for (const set of [gdelt.read, gdelt.gone])
+      for (const url of set) if (!kept.has(url)) set.delete(url);
+    for (const url of gdelt.failures.keys())
+      if (!kept.has(url)) gdelt.failures.delete(url);
+    for (const url of gdelt.untitled.keys())
+      if (!newest.has(url)) gdelt.untitled.delete(url);
+    return (
+      added > 0 && missing.length === GDELT_EXPORTS_PER_READ && day.some(wanted)
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** GDELT's reports of the last day, newest first, or `{failed}`. */
+  async function gdeltReports() {
+    const at = now();
+    const fresh = gdelt.checkedAt && at - gdelt.checkedAt < GDELT_FRESH_MS;
+    const resting = gdelt.failedAt && at - gdelt.failedAt < RETRY_MS;
+    if (!fresh && !resting && !inFlight.has('gdelt')) {
+      const round = readExports()
+        .then(
+          (more) => {
+            // More of the day to fill in: carry on shortly, without holding
+            // the answer.
+            if (!more) return;
+            gdelt.checkedAt = null;
+            later(() => void gdeltReports(), GDELT_NEXT_MS);
+          },
+          (error) => {
+            log(`[news] gdelt read failed: ${error.message}`);
+            gdelt.failedAt = now();
+          },
+        )
+        .finally(() => {
+          inFlight.delete('gdelt');
+          void readTitles();
+        });
+      inFlight.set('gdelt', round);
+    }
+    // Only a read with nothing (recent) to serve is waited for: the
+    // newest exports' events, not their titles.
+    const current = () =>
+      gdelt.readAt !== null && now() - gdelt.readAt < GDELT_STALE_MS;
+    // A slow GDELT must not outlast the browser's own timeout: what has come
+    // in by then is served.
+    if (!current() && inFlight.has('gdelt'))
+      await firstAnswer(inFlight.get('gdelt'));
+    if (!current()) return { failed: true };
+    const dayAgo = new Date(now() - DAY_MS).toISOString();
+    const reports = [...gdelt.reports.values()]
+      .filter((r) => r.publishedAt >= dayAgo)
+      .sort((a, b) => b.publishedAt.localeCompare(a.publishedAt))
+      .slice(0, MAX_GDELT_REPORTS);
+    if (reports.length !== gdelt.reports.size) {
+      const kept = new Set(reports);
+      for (const [key, report] of gdelt.reports)
+        if (!kept.has(report)) {
+          for (const event of gdelt.stories.get(key) || [])
+            gdelt.titles.delete(event.url);
+          gdelt.reports.delete(key);
+          gdelt.stories.delete(key);
+        }
+    }
+    return { reports, readAt: gdelt.readAt };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The Conflicts section's reports: GDELT's, with Liveuamap's when its key
+   * is set. Liveuamap failing (or refusing its key) leaves GDELT's.
+   */
+  async function conflictReports() {
+    const [articles, items] = await Promise.all([
+      gdeltReports(),
+      keyOf('liveuamap') ? liveuamapReports() : {},
+    ]);
+    if (!articles.reports && !items.reports) return { failed: true };
+    return {
+      reports: [...(articles.reports || []), ...(items.reports || [])].sort(
+        (a, b) => b.publishedAt.localeCompare(a.publishedAt),
+      ),
+      readAt: Math.max(articles.readAt || 0, items.readAt || 0),
+    };
+  }
+
+  const dailyReads = () => {
+    const raw = String(env().WORLDNEWSAPI_DAILY_READS ?? '').trim();
+    const reads = raw ? Number(raw) : NaN;
+    return Number.isInteger(reads) && reads >= 0 ? reads : DEFAULT_DAILY_READS;
+  };
+
+  /** Whether a World News API read is left today (UTC); counts it if so. */
+  function spendRead() {
+    const day = new Date(now()).toISOString().slice(0, 10);
+    if (budget.day !== day)
+      Object.assign(budget, { day, reads: 0, spent: false, logged: false });
+    if (!budget.spent && budget.reads < dailyReads()) {
+      budget.reads += 1;
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (!budget.logged)
+      log(
+        "[news] World News API's reads for today are spent; Local reads again after 00:00 UTC",
+      );
+    budget.logged = true;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /** World News API's news an hour old is deleted, as its terms ask. */
+  function dropExpiredCountries() {
+    for (const [code, entry] of countries)
+      if (entry.value && now() - entry.readAt >= COUNTRY_STALE_MS) {
+        const { value, readAt, ...rest } = entry;
+        countries.set(code, rest);
+      }
+  }
+
+  async function countryReports(country) {
+    const key = keyOf('worldnewsapi');
+    if (!key) return { missing: 'worldnewsapi' };
+    const stored = countries.get(country.code);
+    if (stored) keep(countries, country.code, stored);
+    const entry = await cached(countries, country.code, {
+      section: 'worldnewsapi',
+      key,
+      freshMs: COUNTRY_FRESH_MS,
+      staleMs: COUNTRY_STALE_MS,
+      what: `worldnewsapi:${country.code}`,
+      read: async (k) => {
+        // Not asked: no status, unlike an answer.
+        if (!spendRead())
+          throw new UpstreamError("World News API's reads for today spent", {
+            quota: true,
+          });
+        const { day } = budget;
+        try {
+          const reports = (
+            await fetchWorldNews({
+              key: k,
+              country: country.code,
+              fetchImpl,
+              now: now(),
+            })
+          ).map((article) => worldNewsReport(article, country));
+          // Deleted an hour on, whether or not anything is asked then.
+          setTimeout(dropExpiredCountries, COUNTRY_STALE_MS + 1000).unref?.();
+          return reports;
+        } catch (error) {
+          // Out of points: nothing more is asked today.
+          if (error.status === 402) budget.spent = true;
+          // Never reached (offline): no read of the day it was counted in.
+          if (error.unreached && budget.day === day && budget.reads > 0)
+            budget.reads -= 1;
+          throw error;
+        }
+      },
+    });
+    return served(entry, COUNTRY_STALE_MS, 'worldnewsapi');
+  }
+
+  const refusal = (read) =>
+    read.missing
+      ? noKey(read.missing)
+      : read.rejected
+        ? rejectedKey(read.rejected)
+        : read.quota
+          ? spentKey(read.quota)
+          : read.failed
+            ? { status: 502, body: { error: 'news_upstream_error' } }
+            : null;
+
+  async function hotspots(params) {
+    const read = await conflictReports();
+    const refused = refusal(read);
+    if (refused) return refused;
+    const hours = Number(params.get('hours')) || 24;
+    const since = new Date(now() - hours * HOUR_MS).toISOString();
+    // The reports Conflicts lists: a minor one is in no count.
+    const shown = read.reports.filter(
+      (r) => r.publishedAt >= since && r.relevance !== 'minor',
+    );
+    return {
+      status: 200,
+      body: {
+        hotspots: [
+          {
+            id: WORLDWIDE_HOTSPOT,
+            name: 'Worldwide',
+            kind: 'conflict',
+            catchAll: true,
+            bbox: [-180, -90, 180, 90],
+            parties: [],
+            developing: [],
+            counts: {
+              last24h: shown.length,
+              mapped24h: shown.filter((r) => r.geo).length,
+              prev24h: null,
+            },
+            latestAt: shown[0]?.publishedAt ?? null,
+          },
+        ],
+        categories: CATEGORY_ORDER,
+        ingest: { lastRunAt: new Date(read.readAt).toISOString() },
+        windowHours: hours,
+        maxWindowHours: 24,
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
+  /** Reports filtered, newest first, and paged by `before`. */
+  function page(reports, params) {
+    const since = params.get('since');
+    const before = params.get('before');
+    const dayAgo = new Date(now() - DAY_MS).toISOString();
+    const categories = list(params.get('category'));
+    const relevance = list(params.get('relevance'));
+    const hotspot = params.get('hotspot');
+    const limit = Number(params.get('limit')) || DEFAULT_LIMIT;
+    const kept = reports.filter(
+      (r) =>
+        (!hotspot || hotspot === 'all' || r.hotspotIds.includes(hotspot)) &&
+        (!since || r.publishedAt >= since) &&
+        (!before || r.publishedAt < before) &&
+        (!params.has('today') || r.publishedAt >= dayAgo) &&
+        (!params.has('geo') || r.geo) &&
+        (!categories || categories.has(r.category)) &&
+        (!relevance || relevance.has(r.relevance)),
+    );
+    const shown = kept.slice(0, limit);
+    // A page ends between two times: the next asks for those `before` the
+    // last, and a GDELT export's reports all share its quarter hour.
+    while (
+      shown.length < kept.length &&
+      kept[shown.length].publishedAt === shown.at(-1).publishedAt
+    )
+      shown.push(kept[shown.length]);
+    const events = params.has('events');
+    return {
+      reports: events ? shown : shown.map(({ event, ...report }) => report),
+      nextBefore: kept.length > shown.length ? shown.at(-1).publishedAt : null,
+    };
+  }
+
+  async function feed(params) {
+    const at = params.has('at') ? point(params.get('at')) : null;
+    const area = at ? areaAt(at.lat, at.lon) : null;
+    if (!area) {
+      // Conflicts, or Local at sea (by distance, in the browser).
+      const read = await conflictReports();
+      return refusal(read) || { status: 200, body: page(read.reports, params) };
+    }
+    // Local in a country: its own outlets, with the Conflicts reports
+    // placed inside it (those failing leave the outlets'). In a disputed
+    // area no country's outlets speak for it: the Conflicts reports there
+    // alone, so their failing is the answer's.
+    const country = area.kind === 'country';
+    const [national, conflicts] = await Promise.all([
+      country ? countryReports(area.country) : { reports: [] },
+      conflictReports(),
+    ]);
+    const refused = refusal(national) || (!country && refusal(conflicts));
+    if (refused) return refused;
+    const inside = (conflicts.reports || []).filter((r) =>
+      areasOf(r).has(area.key),
+    );
+    const reports = [...national.reports, ...inside].sort((a, b) =>
+      b.publishedAt.localeCompare(a.publishedAt),
+    );
+    return { status: 200, body: page(reports, params) };
+  }
+
+  function outline(params) {
+    if (params.has('at')) {
+      const at = point(params.get('at'));
+      const area = at ? areaAt(at.lat, at.lon) : null;
+      if (!area) return { status: 200, body: EMPTY_OUTLINE };
+      return {
+        status: 200,
+        body: {
+          ...EMPTY_OUTLINE,
+          polygons:
+            area.kind === 'country'
+              ? countryPolygons(area.country)
+              : area.polygons,
+          area: {
+            key: area.key,
+            name: area.name,
+            kind: area.kind,
+            country: area.code,
+          },
+        },
+      };
+    }
+    // A developing situation's country; the world has no outline.
+    const country = countryByCode(
+      String(params.get('country') ?? '').slice(0, 2),
+    );
+    return {
+      status: 200,
+      body: country
+        ? { ...EMPTY_OUTLINE, polygons: countryPolygons(country) }
+        : EMPTY_OUTLINE,
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    async answer(path, params) {
+      dropExpiredCountries();
+      if (path === '/hotspots') return hotspots(params);
+      if (path === '/feed') return feed(params);
+      if (path === '/outline') return outline(params);
+      return { status: 404, body: { error: 'not_found' } };
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/news/keyed.test.mjs b/server/providers/news/keyed.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b836f4a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/news/keyed.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,1301 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+
+import {
+  createKeyedNews,
+  gdeltPlace,
+  NEWS_KEYS,
+  WORLDWIDE_HOTSPOT,
+} from './keyed.js';
+import { KEY_SETUP_KEYS } from '../../../src/keySetupCore.mjs';
+import {
+  normalizeFeedPayload,
+  normalizeHotspotsPayload,
+  normalizeOutlinePayload,
+} from '../../../src/layers/news/records.js';
+import { inPolygons } from '../../../src/layers/news/model.js';
+import { areaAt, countryPolygons } from './areas.js';
+import { exportsOfDay } from './gdeltEvents.js';
+import { eventRow, gkgRow, zipTable } from './gdeltFixtures.mjs';
+
+const NOW = Date.parse('2026-11-05T12:00:00Z');
+const seconds = (iso) => Date.parse(iso) / 1000;
+
+// Liveuamap's `a=mpts` answer, cut down: strings where it writes strings.
+const LIVEUAMAP = {
+  success: true,
+  key: 'redacted',
+  venues: [
+    {
+      id: 101,
+      name: 'Russian drone strike on Kharkiv kills 3, injures 12',
+      lat: '49.99350',
+      lng: '36.23040',
+      location: 'Kharkiv',
+      timestamp: seconds('2026-11-05T11:00:00Z'),
+      link: 'https://liveuamap.com/en/2026/5-november-kharkiv',
+      img_share: 'https://a.liveuamap.com/pics/101.jpg',
+      video: 'https://a.liveuamap.com/clips/101.mp4',
+    },
+    {
+      id: 102,
+      name: 'Floods kill dozens in Amman',
+      lat: '31.95390',
+      lng: '35.91060',
+      location: 'Amman',
+      timestamp: seconds('2026-11-05T10:00:00Z'),
+      link: 'https://mideast.liveuamap.com/en/2026/5-november-amman',
+      img_share: '',
+      video: '',
+    },
+    {
+      id: 103,
+      name: 'Officials in &quot;Kherson&quot; report shelling',
+      lat: '46.63540',
+      lng: '32.61690',
+      timestamp: seconds('2026-11-05T09:00:00Z'),
+      link: 'https://liveuamap.com/en/2026/5-november-kherson',
+    },
+    // Without a point, a page or a headline: left out.
+    { id: 104, name: 'No point', timestamp: seconds('2026-11-05T09:00:00Z') },
+    {
+      id: 105,
+      name: 'No page',
+      lat: '1',
+      lng: '1',
+      timestamp: seconds('2026-11-05T09:00:00Z'),
+      link: 'javascript:alert(1)',
+    },
+    {
+      id: 106,
+      name: '',
+      lat: '1',
+      lng: '1',
+      timestamp: seconds('2026-11-05T09:00:00Z'),
+      link: 'https://liveuamap.com/x',
+    },
+  ],
+};
+
+// World News API's search-news answer, cut down.
+const WORLD_NEWS = {
+  offset: 0,
+  number: 100,
+  available: 3,
+  news: [
+    {
+      id: 9001,
+      title: 'Visiting minister arrives in Amman for talks',
+      url: 'https://www.daily.example/en/minister-amman-talks',
+      image: 'https://www.daily.example/pics/visit.jpg',
+      publish_date: '2026-11-05 08:30:00',
+      language: 'en',
+      category: 'politics',
+      text: 'The whole article, never kept.',
+    },
+    {
+      id: 9002,
+      title: 'Two oil firms advance subsalt exploration',
+      url: 'https://markets.example/economic/oil-firms-exploration',
+      publish_date: '2026-11-05 07:00:00',
+      language: 'ru',
+      category: 'business',
+    },
+    // Sport is left out.
+    {
+      id: 9004,
+      title: 'Al-Faisaly win the cup final',
+      url: 'https://sport.example/cup',
+      publish_date: '2026-11-05 09:00:00',
+      category: 'sports',
+    },
+    // The same story from another outlet is one.
+    {
+      id: 9003,
+      title: 'TWO OIL FIRMS ADVANCE SUBSALT EXPLORATION',
+      url: 'https://portal.test/oil-firms',
+      publish_date: '2026-11-05 06:00:00',
+    },
+  ],
+};
+
+// GDELT's exports around NOW: the newest not published yet, two with
+// events, the rest of the day empty.
+const KHARKIV =
+  'https://www.wire.example/rubric-ato/3912-russian-drones-attack-kharkiv-overnight-three-killed.html';
+const RED_SEA =
+  'https://news.example.com/2026/11/05/houthis-claim-missile-attack-on-tanker-in-red-sea';
+const COUNCIL =
+  'https://news.example.com/2026/11/05/city-council-approves-new-budget-for-schools';
+const BARE = 'https://news.example.com/a/b/123456';
+const exportName = (stamp) =>
+  `https://data.gdeltproject.org/gdeltv2/${stamp}.export.CSV.zip`;
+const EXPORTS = {
+  [exportName('20261105120000')]: 404,
+  [exportName('20261105114500')]: [
+    eventRow({
+      id: 1,
+      code: '195',
+      mentions: 3,
+      url: KHARKIV,
+      added: '20261105114500',
+    }),
+    eventRow({
+      id: 2,
+      code: '195',
+      mentions: 8,
+      geoType: '1',
+      place: 'Yemen',
+      lat: 15.5,
+      lon: 47.5,
+      url: RED_SEA,
+      added: '20261105114500',
+    }),
+    eventRow({ id: 3, url: COUNCIL, added: '20261105114500' }),
+  ],
+  [exportName('20261105113000')]: [
+    eventRow({
+      id: 4,
+      geoType: '1',
+      place: 'Ukraine',
+      lat: 49,
+      lon: 32,
+      url: BARE,
+      added: '20261105113000',
+    }),
+    // An article already read is not a second report.
+    eventRow({ id: 5, code: '190', url: KHARKIV, added: '20261105113000' }),
+  ],
+};
+const EMPTY = zipTable('');
+// The page titles of the newest export's quarter hour.
+const GKG = {
+  [exportName('20261105114500').replace('.export.CSV.zip', '.gkg.csv.zip')]: [
+    gkgRow(
+      KHARKIV,
+      'Russian drones attack Kharkiv overnight, three killed - Wire',
+    ),
+  ],
+};
+
+const host = (call) => call.url.host;
+
+/**
+ * A fake upstream: answers by host, counts calls, records URLs and headers.
+ * An answer is a payload, a status, or a function giving a Response (one
+ * held open). `unlisted` is the status of an export not in `exports` (an
+ * empty table by default); `gkg` a status for every GKG export.
+ */
+function upstream(answers = {}) {
+  const calls = [];
+  const fetchImpl = async (url, init) => {
+    const href = String(url);
+    calls.push({ url: new URL(href), headers: init?.headers || {} });
+    if (href.includes('gdeltproject.org')) {
+      if (typeof answers.gdelt === 'number')
+        return new Response('busy', { status: answers.gdelt });
+      if (href.endsWith('/lastupdate.txt') && answers.lastupdate)
+        return new Response(
+          `95141 9197 http://data.gdeltproject.org/gdeltv2/${answers.lastupdate}.export.CSV.zip
+`,
+          { status: 200 },
+        );
+      if (answers.corrupt?.includes(href))
+        return new Response('not a zip at all', { status: 200 });
+      if (answers.failing?.includes(href))
+        return new Response('busy', { status: 503 });
+      const gkg = href.endsWith('.gkg.csv.zip');
+      const listed = answers.exports ?? EXPORTS;
+      const answer = gkg
+        ? (answers.gkg ?? GKG[href])
+        : Object.hasOwn(listed, href)
+          ? listed[href]
+          : answers.unlisted;
+      if (typeof answer === 'number')
+        return new Response('', { status: answer });
+      return new Response(answer ? zipTable(answer.join('\n')) : EMPTY, {
+        status: 200,
+      });
+    }
+    const answer = href.includes('liveuamap.com')
+      ? (answers.liveuamap ?? LIVEUAMAP)
+      : (answers.worldnews ?? WORLD_NEWS);
+    if (typeof answer === 'function') return answer();
+    if (typeof answer === 'number')
+      return new Response('{"message":"bad key ABC"}', { status: answer });
+    return new Response(JSON.stringify(answer), { status: 200 });
+  };
+  return { calls, fetchImpl };
+}
+
+function keyed({ env, answers, clock = { now: NOW }, logs = [] } = {}) {
+  const fake = upstream(answers);
+  // The next GDELT reads, run by settle rather than on a timer.
+  const timers = [];
+  const news = createKeyedNews({
+    env: () =>
+      env ?? { LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY: 'live-key', WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY: 'wna-key' },
+    fetchImpl: fake.fetchImpl,
+    now: () => clock.now,
+    log: (line) => logs.push(line),
+    later: (run) => timers.push(run),
+  });
+  const ask = (path, query = '') =>
+    news.answer(path, new URLSearchParams(query));
+  /**
+   * Let the background reads finish (the rest of the day, the titles):
+   * until nothing is asked for a while, or a bounded number of turns.
+   */
+  async function settle() {
+    let quiet = 0;
+    for (let turn = 0; turn < 200 && quiet < 5; turn++) {
+      const before = fake.calls.length;
+      for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) await new Promise((r) => setImmediate(r));
+      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 1));
+      for (const run of timers.splice(0)) run();
+      quiet = fake.calls.length === before ? quiet + 1 : 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return { ...fake, ask, clock, logs, settle, timers };
+}
+
+const CONFLICTS =
+  'hotspot=all&geo=1&today=1&events=1&relevance=core,related&limit=50';
+const gdeltCalls = (calls) =>
+  calls.filter(
+    (c) =>
+      host(c) === 'data.gdeltproject.org' &&
+      c.url.pathname.endsWith('.export.CSV.zip'),
+  );
+const gkgCalls = (calls) =>
+  calls.filter((c) => c.url.pathname.endsWith('.gkg.csv.zip'));
+
+test('without any key Conflicts are the day of GDELT events, one worldwide hotspot', async () => {
+  const { ask, calls, settle } = keyed({ env: {} });
+  const answer = await ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(answer.status, 200);
+  const payload = normalizeHotspotsPayload(answer.body);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    payload.hotspots.map((h) => [h.id, h.catchAll]),
+    [[WORLDWIDE_HOTSPOT, true]],
+  );
+  assert.equal(payload.hotspots[0].last24h, 2);
+  assert.equal(payload.hotspots[0].mapped24h, 2);
+  assert.equal(payload.maxWindowHours, 24);
+  // The newest dozen first; the rest of the day after, in the background.
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    gdeltCalls(calls)
+      .slice(0, 12)
+      .map((c) => String(c.url)),
+    exportsOfDay(NOW).slice(0, 12),
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    String(gdeltCalls(calls)[0].url),
+    'https://data.gdeltproject.org/gdeltv2/20261105120000.export.CSV.zip',
+  );
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(gdeltCalls(calls).length >= 96);
+  assert.ok(calls.every((c) => host(c) === 'data.gdeltproject.org'));
+  // Page titles only for the newest three hours (a GKG export is 6 MB).
+  assert.ok(gkgCalls(calls).length > 0 && gkgCalls(calls).length <= 12);
+});
+
+test('a GDELT article is a report at its place, in its words, credited to GDELT', async () => {
+  const { ask, settle } = keyed({ env: {} });
+  // The first answer has the events in, titled by their address words; the
+  // page titles follow in the background.
+  const first = normalizeFeedPayload((await ask('/feed', CONFLICTS)).body);
+  assert.equal(
+    first.reports.find((r) => r.id === 'gdelt-5').title,
+    'Russian drones attack Kharkiv overnight three killed',
+  );
+  await settle();
+  const { reports } = normalizeFeedPayload(
+    (await ask('/feed', CONFLICTS)).body,
+  );
+  // Kharkiv's story was first seen in the earlier export: its first event
+  // names it.
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    reports.map((r) => r.id),
+    ['gdelt-2', 'gdelt-5'],
+  );
+  const [redSea, kharkiv] = reports;
+  // Its page title, from the GKG export.
+  assert.equal(
+    kharkiv.title,
+    'Russian drones attack Kharkiv overnight, three killed',
+  );
+  assert.equal(kharkiv.category, 'strike');
+  assert.equal(kharkiv.relevance, 'core');
+  assert.equal(kharkiv.severity, 2);
+  assert.equal(kharkiv.publisher, 'wire.example');
+  assert.equal(kharkiv.attribution, 'GDELT Project');
+  assert.equal(kharkiv.kind, 'gdelt');
+  assert.equal(kharkiv.side, 'unknown');
+  assert.equal(kharkiv.geo.precision, 'city');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    kharkiv.pins.map(({ lat, lon }) => [lat, lon]),
+    [[49.9935, 36.2304]],
+  );
+  assert.equal(redSea.geo.place, 'Yemen');
+  assert.equal(redSea.geo.precision, 'country');
+  // An address without words has GDELT's coding alone: minor, so not in
+  // Conflicts, until a page title says what it is.
+  const bare = (await ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&today=1')).body.reports.find(
+    (r) => r.id === 'gdelt-4',
+  );
+  assert.equal(bare.title, 'Fighting reported in Ukraine');
+  assert.equal(bare.relevance, 'minor');
+  // The council story GDELT coded as fighting is minor: not in Conflicts.
+  assert.ok(!reports.some((r) => r.url.includes('city-council')));
+});
+
+test('with a Liveuamap key its mapped items join GDELT in the one hotspot', async () => {
+  const { ask, calls, settle } = keyed();
+  const answer = await ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(answer.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 5);
+  const live = calls.find((c) => host(c) === 'a.liveuamap.com').url;
+  assert.equal(live.searchParams.get('a'), 'mpts');
+  assert.equal(live.searchParams.get('key'), 'live-key');
+  assert.equal(
+    Number(live.searchParams.get('time')),
+    (NOW - 86_400_000) / 1000,
+  );
+  const { reports } = normalizeFeedPayload(
+    (await ask('/feed', CONFLICTS)).body,
+  );
+  const kharkiv = reports.find((r) => r.id === 'lum-101');
+  assert.equal(kharkiv.category, 'strike');
+  assert.equal(kharkiv.severity, 2);
+  assert.equal(kharkiv.publisher, 'Liveuamap');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    kharkiv.pins.map(({ lat, lon }) => [lat, lon]),
+    [[49.9935, 36.2304]],
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    kharkiv.event.image.video,
+    'https://a.liveuamap.com/clips/101.mp4',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(kharkiv.media, ['video']);
+  assert.equal(
+    reports.find((r) => r.id === 'lum-103').title,
+    'Officials in "Kherson" report shelling',
+  );
+  // Counts over a shorter window.
+  const short = await ask('/hotspots', 'hours=2');
+  assert.equal(short.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 4);
+  await settle();
+});
+
+test('the Conflicts feed pages by time and filters by category and hotspot', async () => {
+  const { ask, settle } = keyed({ env: {} });
+  // Every report of the day, the minor ones too.
+  const all = 'hotspot=all&today=1&events=1';
+  // A page ends between two times: both of 11:45 come together, though
+  // the page asked for one.
+  const first = await ask('/feed', `${all}&limit=1`);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    first.body.reports.map((r) => r.id),
+    ['gdelt-2', 'gdelt-3'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(first.body.nextBefore, '2026-11-05T11:45:00.000Z');
+  const next = await ask(
+    '/feed',
+    `${all}&limit=1&before=${first.body.nextBefore}`,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    next.body.reports.map((r) => r.id),
+    ['gdelt-5', 'gdelt-4'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(next.body.nextBefore, null);
+  const strikes = await ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&category=strike');
+  assert.equal(strikes.body.reports.length, 2);
+  const elsewhere = await ask('/feed', 'hotspot=ua-ru-war');
+  assert.deepEqual(elsewhere.body.reports, []);
+  await settle();
+});
+
+test('an export not published yet is looked for again, and the day is kept a day', async () => {
+  const exports = { ...EXPORTS };
+  const { ask, calls, clock, settle } = keyed({
+    env: {},
+    answers: { exports },
+  });
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  await settle();
+  const read = gdeltCalls(calls).length;
+  // Within five minutes nothing is asked again.
+  clock.now += 2 * 60_000;
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(gdeltCalls(calls).length, read);
+  // The late export is published now, with a new article.
+  exports[exportName('20261105120000')] = [
+    eventRow({
+      id: 6,
+      code: '183',
+      url: 'https://news.example.com/2026/11/05/car-bomb-kills-five-in-mogadishu-market',
+      place: 'Mogadishu, Banaadir, Somalia',
+      lat: 2.04,
+      lon: 45.34,
+      added: '20261105120000',
+    }),
+  ];
+  clock.now += 4 * 60_000;
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  await settle();
+  const later = await ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(later.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 3, 'added, not replaced');
+  assert.equal(
+    gdeltCalls(calls)
+      .slice(read)
+      .filter((c) => String(c.url).includes('20261105120000')).length,
+    1,
+  );
+  // A day on, the old ones have aged out.
+  clock.now += 24 * 3_600_000;
+  const dayOn = await ask('/hotspots');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(dayOn.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 0);
+});
+
+test('Local names the country at the point and outlines it, with no key', async () => {
+  const { ask, calls } = keyed({ env: {} });
+  const answer = await ask('/outline', 'at=31.95,35.93&v=4');
+  const outline = normalizeOutlinePayload(answer.body);
+  assert.deepEqual(outline.area, {
+    key: 'JO',
+    name: 'Jordan',
+    kind: 'country',
+    country: 'JO',
+  });
+  assert.ok(outline.polygons.length > 0);
+  const sea = await ask('/outline', 'at=0,-30&v=4');
+  assert.equal(normalizeOutlinePayload(sea.body).area, null);
+  const developing = await ask('/outline', 'country=UA&v=4');
+  assert.ok(developing.body.polygons.length > 0);
+  assert.equal(calls.length, 0);
+});
+
+test("Local in a country is its outlets' everyday news, pinned inside it, plus the Conflicts reports there", async () => {
+  const { ask, calls } = keyed();
+  const answer = await ask(
+    '/feed',
+    'hotspot=all&geo=1&today=1&events=1&limit=40&at=31.95,35.93',
+  );
+  assert.equal(answer.status, 200);
+  const search = calls.find((c) => host(c) === 'api.worldnewsapi.com');
+  assert.equal(search.url.pathname, '/search-news');
+  assert.equal(search.url.searchParams.get('source-country'), 'jo');
+  assert.equal(search.url.searchParams.has('categories'), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    search.url.searchParams.get('earliest-publish-date'),
+    '2026-11-04 12:00:00',
+  );
+  assert.equal(search.url.searchParams.has('api-key'), false);
+  assert.equal(search.headers['x-api-key'], 'wna-key');
+
+  const { reports } = normalizeFeedPayload(answer.body);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    reports.map((r) => r.id),
+    ['lum-102', 'wna-9001', 'wna-9002'],
+  );
+  const [, visit, exploration] = reports;
+  assert.equal(visit.category, 'political');
+  assert.equal(visit.relevance, 'minor');
+  assert.equal(visit.publisher, 'daily.example');
+  assert.equal(visit.snippet, null, 'titles and links only');
+  assert.equal(visit.geo.precision, 'country');
+  assert.equal(visit.geo.place, 'Jordan');
+  assert.equal(visit.event.image.publisher, 'daily.example');
+  assert.equal(exploration.category, 'economy');
+
+  // The point each is pinned at lies in the area Local outlines.
+  const outline = normalizeOutlinePayload(
+    (await ask('/outline', 'at=31.95,35.93&v=4')).body,
+  );
+  const { inPolygons } = await import('../../../src/layers/news/model.js');
+  for (const report of reports)
+    assert.ok(inPolygons(outline.polygons, report.pins[0]), report.id);
+});
+
+test('a disputed area is named as itself: outlined alone, left out of the country around it, read from no country', async () => {
+  const { ask, calls, settle } = keyed();
+  const crimea = normalizeOutlinePayload(
+    (await ask('/outline', 'at=44.95,34.1&v=4')).body,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(crimea.area, {
+    key: 'disputed-crimea',
+    name: 'Crimea',
+    kind: 'disputed',
+    country: null,
+  });
+  const { inPolygons } = await import('../../../src/layers/news/model.js');
+  const russia = normalizeOutlinePayload(
+    (await ask('/outline', 'at=55.75,37.6&v=4')).body,
+  );
+  assert.equal(russia.area.name, 'Russia');
+  assert.equal(inPolygons(russia.polygons, { lat: 44.95, lon: 34.1 }), false);
+  assert.equal(inPolygons(russia.polygons, { lat: 55.75, lon: 37.6 }), true);
+  // Local in Crimea: no national outlets asked, the Conflicts reports there.
+  const local = await ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&at=44.95,34.1');
+  assert.equal(local.status, 200);
+  assert.ok(calls.every((c) => host(c) !== 'api.worldnewsapi.com'));
+  await settle();
+});
+
+test("GDELT's places are named by their town and the area there, not its old regions", () => {
+  const named = (lat, lon, place, precision = 'city') =>
+    gdeltPlace({ lat, lon, place, precision }).place;
+  assert.equal(
+    named(31.43, 34.39, 'Bureij, Yerushalayim, Israel'),
+    'Bureij, Palestine',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    named(9.07, 7.48, 'Abuja, Abuja Federal Capital Territory, Niger'),
+    'Abuja, Nigeria',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    named(44.95, 34.1, 'Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine'),
+    'Simferopol, Crimea',
+  );
+  assert.equal(named(48.4, 31.2, 'Ukraine', 'country'), 'Ukraine');
+});
+
+test("a country's news is read once per half hour and Liveuamap's feed once per five minutes", async () => {
+  const { ask, calls, clock } = keyed();
+  const local = 'hotspot=all&at=31.95,35.93';
+  await ask('/feed', local);
+  await ask('/feed', local);
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  const count = (name) => calls.filter((c) => host(c) === name).length;
+  assert.equal(count('api.worldnewsapi.com'), 1);
+  assert.equal(count('a.liveuamap.com'), 1);
+  clock.now += 6 * 60_000;
+  await ask('/feed', local);
+  assert.equal(count('api.worldnewsapi.com'), 1);
+  assert.equal(count('a.liveuamap.com'), 2);
+  clock.now += 25 * 60_000;
+  await ask('/feed', local);
+  assert.equal(count('api.worldnewsapi.com'), 2);
+});
+
+test('Local without its key says which key it needs and reads nothing', async () => {
+  const noLocal = keyed({ env: { LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY: 'live-key' } });
+  assert.deepEqual(await noLocal.ask('/feed', 'at=31.95,35.93'), {
+    status: 503,
+    body: { error: 'no_key', key: 'worldnewsapi' },
+  });
+  assert.ok(noLocal.calls.every((c) => host(c) !== 'api.worldnewsapi.com'));
+  // At sea Local is the Conflicts reports by distance, keyless.
+  const sea = await keyed({ env: {} }).ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&at=0,-30');
+  assert.equal(sea.status, 200);
+});
+
+test('a refused Liveuamap key leaves GDELT; World News API refusing names its key', async () => {
+  const logs = [];
+  const refused = keyed({ answers: { liveuamap: 401, worldnews: 403 }, logs });
+  const conflicts = await refused.ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(conflicts.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(conflicts.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 2);
+  assert.deepEqual(await refused.ask('/feed', 'at=31.95,35.93'), {
+    status: 503,
+    body: { error: 'key_rejected', key: 'worldnewsapi' },
+  });
+  // A refused key is logged once, however often it is tried.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+    refused.clock.now += 61_000;
+    assert.equal((await refused.ask('/hotspots')).status, 200);
+  }
+  assert.equal(
+    logs.filter((line) => line.includes('LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY was refused'))
+      .length,
+    1,
+  );
+  assert.ok(gdeltCalls(refused.calls).length > 0);
+  assert.ok(
+    refused.calls.filter((c) => host(c) === 'a.liveuamap.com').length > 1,
+  );
+  // Neither key nor answer body reaches the log.
+  assert.ok(logs.length > 0);
+  for (const line of logs) assert.doesNotMatch(line, /live-key|wna-key|ABC/);
+  await refused.settle();
+});
+
+test('a failing GDELT is tried again after a minute, and what it read is kept', async () => {
+  const answers = { gdelt: 503 };
+  const flaky = keyed({ env: {}, answers });
+  assert.deepEqual(await flaky.ask('/hotspots'), {
+    status: 502,
+    body: { error: 'news_upstream_error' },
+  });
+  const tried = gdeltCalls(flaky.calls).length;
+  await flaky.ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(gdeltCalls(flaky.calls).length, tried, 'not within a minute');
+  flaky.clock.now += 61_000;
+  delete answers.gdelt;
+  assert.equal((await flaky.ask('/hotspots')).status, 200);
+  await flaky.settle();
+  answers.gdelt = 500;
+  flaky.clock.now += 6 * 60_000;
+  const kept = await flaky.ask('/hotspots');
+  await flaky.settle();
+  assert.equal(kept.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(kept.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 2);
+});
+
+test('a new key drops what the old one read', async () => {
+  const env = { LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY: 'old', WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY: 'wna-key' };
+  const { ask, calls } = keyed({ env });
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  env.LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY = 'new';
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    calls
+      .filter((c) => host(c) === 'a.liveuamap.com')
+      .map((c) => c.url.searchParams.get('key')),
+    ['old', 'new'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('each key is one the key registry names', () => {
+  for (const [id, envVar] of Object.entries(NEWS_KEYS))
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      KEY_SETUP_KEYS.find((entry) => entry.id === id)?.envVars,
+      [envVar],
+      id,
+    );
+});
+
+const MINUTE = 60_000;
+const count = (calls, name) => calls.filter((c) => host(c) === name).length;
+const UPSTREAM_ERROR = { status: 502, body: { error: 'news_upstream_error' } };
+const KEY_QUOTA = {
+  status: 503,
+  body: { error: 'key_quota', key: 'worldnewsapi' },
+};
+
+test('exports never published are given up on, not looked for back to back', async () => {
+  // One export of the day has events; GDELT answers 404 for every other.
+  const quarter = exportName('20261105114500');
+  const { ask, calls, clock, settle } = keyed({
+    env: {},
+    // GDELT's list names the newest; every other export it answers 404.
+    answers: {
+      exports: { [quarter]: EXPORTS[quarter] },
+      unlisted: 404,
+      lastupdate: '20261105120000',
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal((await ask('/hotspots')).body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 2);
+  await settle();
+  // A round that brings nothing in is the last until the next five minutes.
+  let seen = gdeltCalls(calls).length;
+  assert.ok(seen <= 2 * 12, `${seen} at first`);
+  const steps = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
+    clock.now += 5 * MINUTE;
+    assert.equal((await ask('/hotspots')).status, 200);
+    await settle();
+    steps.push(gdeltCalls(calls).length - seen);
+    seen = gdeltCalls(calls).length;
+  }
+  // One round each five minutes, until the day has been looked through
+  // once; then only the exports of the last hour and a half (GDELT's CDN
+  // keeps a 404 for an hour, so a late one may still come).
+  assert.ok(
+    steps.every((n) => n <= 12),
+    steps.join(),
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    steps.slice(-3).every((n) => n <= 7),
+    steps.join(),
+  );
+  assert.ok(seen <= 2 * 12 + 20 * 12, String(seen));
+});
+
+test('GDELT with no export read at all is a 502, not an empty Conflicts', async () => {
+  const { ask } = keyed({ env: {}, answers: { exports: {}, unlisted: 404 } });
+  assert.deepEqual(await ask('/hotspots'), UPSTREAM_ERROR);
+  assert.deepEqual(await ask('/feed', CONFLICTS), UPSTREAM_ERROR);
+});
+
+test('GDELT failing for two hours answers 502; until then what it read is served', async () => {
+  const answers = {};
+  const { ask, clock, settle } = keyed({ env: {}, answers });
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  await settle();
+  answers.gdelt = 503;
+  clock.now += 60 * MINUTE;
+  const hour = await ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(hour.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(hour.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 2);
+  clock.now += 61 * MINUTE;
+  assert.deepEqual(await ask('/hotspots'), UPSTREAM_ERROR);
+  assert.deepEqual(await ask('/feed', CONFLICTS), UPSTREAM_ERROR);
+  await settle();
+});
+
+test('a failed GKG read keeps the events, titled by their words, and is tried again', async () => {
+  const answers = { gkg: 500 };
+  const { ask, calls, clock, logs, settle } = keyed({ env: {}, answers });
+  const kharkiv = (answer) =>
+    normalizeFeedPayload(answer.body).reports.find((r) => r.id === 'gdelt-5');
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  await settle();
+  const read = await ask('/feed', CONFLICTS);
+  assert.equal(read.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(read.body.reports.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(
+    kharkiv(read).title,
+    'Russian drones attack Kharkiv overnight three killed',
+  );
+  assert.ok(logs.some((line) => line.includes('titles read failed')));
+  // Each GKG export once, not with every read of the day.
+  assert.equal(gkgCalls(calls).length, 11);
+  delete answers.gkg;
+  clock.now += 5 * MINUTE;
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    kharkiv(await ask('/feed', CONFLICTS)).title,
+    'Russian drones attack Kharkiv overnight, three killed',
+  );
+});
+
+test('Local where only Conflicts reports speak answers 502 when they fail; in a country the outlets stay', async () => {
+  const { ask, calls } = keyed({ answers: { gdelt: 503, liveuamap: 500 } });
+  // Crimea, and Somaliland (a territory without a code).
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    await ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&at=44.95,34.1'),
+    UPSTREAM_ERROR,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    await ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&at=9.56,44.06'),
+    UPSTREAM_ERROR,
+  );
+  assert.equal(count(calls, 'api.worldnewsapi.com'), 0);
+  const jordan = await ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&at=31.95,35.93');
+  assert.equal(jordan.status, 200);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    jordan.body.reports.map((r) => r.id),
+    ['wna-9001', 'wna-9002'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('a territory without a code is named as itself, not read as sea', async () => {
+  const { ask, calls, settle } = keyed();
+  for (const [at, key, name] of [
+    ['9.56,44.06', 'disputed-somaliland', 'Somaliland'],
+    ['35.12,33.94', 'disputed-northern-cyprus', 'Northern Cyprus'],
+  ]) {
+    const outline = normalizeOutlinePayload(
+      (await ask('/outline', `at=${at}&v=4`)).body,
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(outline.area, {
+      key,
+      name,
+      kind: 'disputed',
+      country: null,
+    });
+    assert.ok(outline.polygons.length > 0);
+  }
+  assert.equal(
+    gdeltPlace({
+      lat: 9.56,
+      lon: 44.06,
+      place: 'Hargeysa, Somalia',
+      precision: 'city',
+    }).place,
+    'Hargeysa, Somaliland',
+  );
+  const local = await ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&at=9.56,44.06');
+  assert.equal(local.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(count(calls, 'api.worldnewsapi.com'), 0);
+  await settle();
+});
+
+test('a stale Liveuamap or World News API read is served while it is read again', async () => {
+  const answers = {};
+  const { ask, calls, clock, settle } = keyed({ answers });
+  const local = 'hotspot=all&at=31.95,35.93';
+  const ids = (answer) => answer.body.reports.map((r) => r.id);
+  assert.deepEqual(ids(await ask('/feed', local)), [
+    'lum-102',
+    'wna-9001',
+    'wna-9002',
+  ]);
+  // Both read again, and held open: the answer does not wait for them.
+  let release;
+  const held = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    release = resolve;
+  });
+  const later = (payload) => () =>
+    held.then(() => new Response(JSON.stringify(payload), { status: 200 }));
+  answers.liveuamap = later({ venues: [] });
+  answers.worldnews = later({ news: [] });
+  clock.now += 31 * MINUTE;
+  const served = await ask('/feed', local);
+  assert.equal(served.status, 200);
+  assert.deepEqual(ids(served), ['lum-102', 'wna-9001', 'wna-9002']);
+  assert.equal(count(calls, 'a.liveuamap.com'), 2);
+  assert.equal(count(calls, 'api.worldnewsapi.com'), 2);
+  // Once read, the new answers are served.
+  release();
+  await settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(ids(await ask('/feed', local)), []);
+  // A country not read before is waited for.
+  answers.worldnews = WORLD_NEWS;
+  assert.equal(
+    (await ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&at=48.85,2.35')).body.reports.length,
+    2,
+  );
+});
+
+test('a read in flight with a replaced key is not the answer for the new one', async () => {
+  let release;
+  const held = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    release = resolve;
+  });
+  const env = { LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY: 'old' };
+  const answers = {
+    liveuamap: () =>
+      held.then(() => new Response(JSON.stringify({ venues: [] }))),
+  };
+  const { ask, calls, settle } = keyed({ env, answers });
+  const before = ask('/hotspots');
+  env.LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY = 'new';
+  delete answers.liveuamap;
+  const after = await ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(after.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 5);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    calls
+      .filter((c) => host(c) === 'a.liveuamap.com')
+      .map((c) => c.url.searchParams.get('key')),
+    ['old', 'new'],
+  );
+  release();
+  await before;
+  // The old key's late answer does not replace the new one's.
+  assert.equal((await ask('/hotspots')).body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 5);
+  await settle();
+});
+
+test("World News API's reads are a daily budget: spent, Local says key_quota and serves what it read", async () => {
+  const { ask, calls, clock, logs, settle } = keyed({
+    env: { WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY: 'wna-key', WORLDNEWSAPI_DAILY_READS: '2' },
+  });
+  const at = (point) => ask('/feed', `hotspot=all&at=${point}`);
+  assert.equal((await at('31.95,35.93')).status, 200);
+  assert.equal((await at('48.85,2.35')).status, 200);
+  // Germany would be the third read today.
+  assert.deepEqual(await at('52.52,13.4'), KEY_QUOTA);
+  assert.equal(count(calls, 'api.worldnewsapi.com'), 2);
+  // Jordan, read earlier, is served from what was read.
+  clock.now += 31 * MINUTE;
+  const kept = await at('31.95,35.93');
+  assert.equal(kept.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(kept.body.reports.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(count(calls, 'api.worldnewsapi.com'), 2);
+  assert.equal(
+    logs.filter((line) => line.includes('reads for today are spent')).length,
+    1,
+  );
+  // A new UTC day has its own reads.
+  clock.now = Date.parse('2026-11-06T00:30:00Z');
+  assert.equal((await at('52.52,13.4')).status, 200);
+  assert.equal(count(calls, 'api.worldnewsapi.com'), 3);
+  await settle();
+});
+
+test('World News API answering 402 is key_quota, and nothing more is asked today; a 429 is no quota', async () => {
+  const paid = keyed({ answers: { worldnews: 402 } });
+  assert.deepEqual(await paid.ask('/feed', 'at=31.95,35.93'), KEY_QUOTA);
+  paid.clock.now += 2 * MINUTE;
+  assert.deepEqual(await paid.ask('/feed', 'at=48.85,2.35'), KEY_QUOTA);
+  assert.equal(count(paid.calls, 'api.worldnewsapi.com'), 1);
+  // A 429 is its per-second limit: an ordinary failure, tried again soon.
+  const busy = keyed({ answers: { worldnews: 429 } });
+  assert.deepEqual(await busy.ask('/feed', 'at=31.95,35.93'), UPSTREAM_ERROR);
+  await paid.settle();
+  await busy.settle();
+});
+
+test('one unreadable export is given up on and never holds the rest back', async () => {
+  const bad = exportName('20261105114500');
+  const { ask, calls, clock, settle } = keyed({
+    env: {},
+    answers: { corrupt: [bad] },
+  });
+  // The other export's stories are served, from the first answer on (its
+  // copy of the Kharkiv story among them).
+  const first = await ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(first.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(first.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 1);
+  await settle();
+  clock.now += 6 * MINUTE;
+  assert.equal((await ask('/hotspots')).status, 200);
+  await settle();
+  const asked = gdeltCalls(calls).filter((c) => String(c.url) === bad).length;
+  assert.equal(asked, 1, 'an unreadable file is not fetched again');
+});
+
+test('no export later than the newest GDELT lists is asked for (its CDN keeps a 404 an hour)', async () => {
+  const { ask, calls, settle } = keyed({
+    env: {},
+    answers: { lastupdate: '20261105114500' },
+  });
+  assert.equal((await ask('/hotspots')).status, 200);
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(
+    !gdeltCalls(calls).some(
+      (c) => String(c.url) === exportName('20261105120000'),
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    gdeltCalls(calls).some(
+      (c) => String(c.url) === exportName('20261105114500'),
+    ),
+  );
+});
+
+test('a town a disputed area is named after is named as the town alone', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    gdeltPlace({
+      lat: 31.7667,
+      lon: 35.2333,
+      place: 'Jerusalem, Israel (general), Israel',
+      precision: 'city',
+    }).place,
+    'Jerusalem',
+  );
+});
+
+test('World News API is credited on each of its reports', async () => {
+  const { ask, settle } = keyed();
+  const { reports } = normalizeFeedPayload(
+    (await ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&at=31.95,35.93')).body,
+  );
+  const national = reports.filter((r) => r.kind === 'worldnewsapi');
+  assert.ok(national.length > 0);
+  for (const r of national) assert.equal(r.attribution, 'World News API');
+  await settle();
+});
+
+test('GDELT down for a few minutes gives up on no export: they are all read once it is back', async () => {
+  const answers = { gdelt: 503 };
+  const { ask, calls, clock, settle } = keyed({ env: {}, answers });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    await ask('/hotspots');
+    await settle();
+    clock.now += 61_000;
+  }
+  delete answers.gdelt;
+  clock.now += 5 * MINUTE;
+  const back = await ask('/hotspots');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(back.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(back.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 2);
+  assert.ok(
+    gdeltCalls(calls).some(
+      (c) => String(c.url) === exportName('20261105114500'),
+    ),
+  );
+});
+
+test('a GDELT outage answering 404, its list down too, gives up on no export', async () => {
+  const answers = { exports: {}, unlisted: 404 };
+  const { ask, clock, settle } = keyed({ env: {}, answers });
+  // Long enough for the stories' exports to be 90 minutes old.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
+    await ask('/hotspots');
+    await settle();
+    clock.now += 5 * MINUTE;
+  }
+  delete answers.exports;
+  delete answers.unlisted;
+  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+    clock.now += 5 * MINUTE;
+    await ask('/hotspots');
+    await settle();
+  }
+  const back = await ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(back.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(back.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 2);
+});
+
+test('a host answering junk for every file gives up on none of them', async () => {
+  const answers = {
+    corrupt: [exportName('20261105114500'), exportName('20261105113000')],
+    exports: {},
+    unlisted: 404,
+  };
+  const { ask, clock, settle } = keyed({ env: {}, answers });
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  await settle();
+  answers.corrupt = [];
+  delete answers.exports;
+  delete answers.unlisted;
+  clock.now += 6 * MINUTE;
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  await settle();
+  const back = await ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(back.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 2);
+});
+
+test('a failing file gets one strike a round, not three within seconds', async () => {
+  const flaky = exportName('20261105114500');
+  const answers = { failing: [flaky] };
+  const { ask, calls, clock, settle } = keyed({ env: {}, answers });
+  // The startup fill runs several rounds a few seconds apart.
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  await settle();
+  // GDELT answers again for it before three rounds five minutes apart.
+  answers.failing = [];
+  clock.now += 6 * MINUTE;
+  await ask('/hotspots');
+  await settle();
+  const back = await ask('/hotspots');
+  assert.equal(back.body.hotspots[0].counts.last24h, 2);
+  assert.ok(
+    gdeltCalls(calls).filter((c) => String(c.url) === flaky).length >= 2,
+  );
+});
+
+test("a country's own news keeps World News API's category and no severity, whatever its words", async () => {
+  const { worldNewsReport } = await import('./keyed.js');
+  const { countryByCode } = await import('./areas.js');
+  const country = countryByCode('JO');
+  const read = (title, category) =>
+    worldNewsReport(
+      {
+        id: 1,
+        title,
+        url: 'https://times.example/x',
+        publisher: 'times.example',
+        publishedAt: '2026-11-05T08:00:00.000Z',
+        category,
+      },
+      country,
+    );
+  const rankings = read(
+    'Jordan Advances in Global Digital Rankings as AI Infrastructure Expands',
+    'technology',
+  );
+  assert.equal(rankings.category, 'other');
+  assert.equal(rankings.severity, undefined);
+  assert.equal(
+    read('Startup advances to the next funding round', 'business').category,
+    'economy',
+  );
+  assert.equal(read('King visits Amman', 'politics').category, 'political');
+  assert.equal(read('Parliament session opens', null).category, 'other');
+});
+
+test(
+  'a first read slower than the browser waits answers unavailable, and the next ask is served from it',
+  { timeout: 5_000 },
+  async () => {
+    const fake = upstream();
+    let release;
+    const held = new Promise((resolve) => {
+      release = resolve;
+    });
+    const news = createKeyedNews({
+      env: () => ({ WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY: 'wna-key' }),
+      fetchImpl: async (url, init) => {
+        if (new URL(url).host === 'api.worldnewsapi.com') await held;
+        return fake.fetchImpl(url, init);
+      },
+      now: () => NOW,
+      log: () => {},
+      later: () => {},
+      firstAnswerMs: 20,
+    });
+    const local = () =>
+      news.answer('/feed', new URLSearchParams('hotspot=all&at=31.95,35.93'));
+    assert.deepEqual(await local(), UPSTREAM_ERROR);
+    // The read went on, and is not asked again.
+    release();
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 5));
+    const served = await local();
+    assert.equal(served.status, 200);
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      served.body.reports.map((r) => r.id),
+      ['wna-9001', 'wna-9002'],
+    );
+    assert.equal(count(fake.calls, 'api.worldnewsapi.com'), 1);
+  },
+);
+
+test(
+  'a first GDELT read slower than the browser waits answers unavailable, and the next is served from it',
+  { timeout: 5_000 },
+  async () => {
+    const fake = upstream();
+    let release;
+    const held = new Promise((resolve) => {
+      release = resolve;
+    });
+    const news = createKeyedNews({
+      env: () => ({}),
+      fetchImpl: async (url, init) => {
+        if (new URL(url).host === 'data.gdeltproject.org') await held;
+        return fake.fetchImpl(url, init);
+      },
+      now: () => NOW,
+      log: () => {},
+      later: () => {},
+      firstAnswerMs: 20,
+    });
+    const hotspots = () => news.answer('/hotspots', new URLSearchParams());
+    assert.deepEqual(await hotspots(), UPSTREAM_ERROR);
+    release();
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 20));
+    assert.equal((await hotspots()).status, 200);
+  },
+);
+
+test(
+  'a refused key stays refused while its next read is slow',
+  { timeout: 5_000 },
+  async () => {
+    let release;
+    const held = new Promise((resolve) => {
+      release = resolve;
+    });
+    let reads = 0;
+    const clock = { now: NOW };
+    const fake = upstream({
+      worldnews: async () => {
+        reads++;
+        if (reads > 1) await held;
+        return new Response('{"message":"bad key"}', { status: 401 });
+      },
+    });
+    const news = createKeyedNews({
+      env: () => ({ WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY: 'wna-key' }),
+      fetchImpl: fake.fetchImpl,
+      now: () => clock.now,
+      log: () => {},
+      later: () => {},
+      firstAnswerMs: 20,
+    });
+    const local = () =>
+      news.answer('/feed', new URLSearchParams('hotspot=all&at=31.95,35.93'));
+    const refused = {
+      status: 503,
+      body: { error: 'key_rejected', key: 'worldnewsapi' },
+    };
+    assert.deepEqual(await local(), refused);
+    // Past the retry wait it is read again, slowly: still refused meanwhile.
+    clock.now += 61_000;
+    assert.deepEqual(await local(), refused);
+    assert.equal(reads, 2);
+    release();
+  },
+);
+
+test("World News API's news is kept an hour at most, also while it cannot be read again", async () => {
+  const answers = {};
+  const { ask, clock, settle } = keyed({ answers });
+  const local = 'hotspot=all&at=31.95,35.93';
+  const own = (answer) =>
+    answer.body.reports.filter((r) => r.id.startsWith('wna-')).length;
+  assert.equal(own(await ask('/feed', local)), 2);
+  // Its terms: a cache of at most an hour, then deleted.
+  answers.worldnews = 500;
+  clock.now += 59 * MINUTE;
+  assert.equal(own(await ask('/feed', local)), 2);
+  clock.now += 2 * MINUTE;
+  assert.deepEqual(await ask('/feed', local), UPSTREAM_ERROR);
+  await settle();
+});
+
+test('a World News API read that never reached it is not counted against the day', async () => {
+  const answers = {
+    worldnews: () => {
+      throw new TypeError('fetch failed');
+    },
+  };
+  const { ask, clock, settle } = keyed({
+    env: { WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY: 'wna-key', WORLDNEWSAPI_DAILY_READS: '2' },
+    answers,
+  });
+  const paris = () => ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&at=48.85,2.35');
+  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+    assert.deepEqual(await paris(), UPSTREAM_ERROR);
+    clock.now += 2 * MINUTE;
+  }
+  // Back online: the day's reads are all still there.
+  answers.worldnews = WORLD_NEWS;
+  assert.equal((await paris()).status, 200);
+  // An answer, even a failing one, is a read, and so is a request that
+  // timed out, which it may have read: two of them spend the day.
+  answers.worldnews = () => {
+    throw new DOMException('timed out', 'TimeoutError');
+  };
+  const berlin = () => ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&at=52.52,13.4');
+  assert.deepEqual(await berlin(), UPSTREAM_ERROR);
+  clock.now += 2 * MINUTE;
+  assert.deepEqual(await berlin(), KEY_QUOTA);
+  await settle();
+});
+
+test('Local lists a Conflicts report by any of its pins, not its first alone', async () => {
+  const url =
+    'https://news.example.com/2026/11/05/drones-hit-kharkiv-and-belgorod-overnight';
+  const exports = {
+    [exportName('20261105114500')]: [
+      eventRow({ id: 1, code: '195', mentions: 9, url }),
+      eventRow({
+        id: 2,
+        code: '195',
+        mentions: 2,
+        place: "Belgorod, Belgorodskaya Oblast', Russia",
+        lat: 50.6,
+        lon: 36.6,
+        url,
+      }),
+    ],
+  };
+  const { ask, settle } = keyed({
+    env: { WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY: 'wna-key' },
+    answers: { exports, worldnews: { news: [] } },
+  });
+  const urls = async (at) =>
+    (await ask('/feed', `hotspot=all&at=${at}`)).body.reports.map((r) => r.url);
+  assert.deepEqual(await urls('49.99,36.23'), [url]);
+  assert.deepEqual(await urls('50.6,36.6'), [url]);
+  await settle();
+});
+
+test('the hotspot counts the reports Conflicts lists: no minor ones', async () => {
+  const { ask, settle } = keyed({ env: {} });
+  const listed = (
+    await ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&today=1&relevance=core,related&limit=60')
+  ).body.reports;
+  const { counts } = (await ask('/hotspots')).body.hotspots[0];
+  assert.equal(counts.last24h, listed.length);
+  assert.equal(counts.mapped24h, listed.filter((r) => r.geo).length);
+  // The council story is among the day's reports, and minor.
+  const all = (await ask('/feed', 'hotspot=all&today=1&limit=60')).body.reports;
+  assert.ok(all.length > listed.length);
+  await settle();
+});
+
+test('a disputed area is cut out of the country it lies in, not of the neighbour its first corner touches', () => {
+  const outline = (lat, lon) => countryPolygons(areaAt(lat, lon).country);
+  for (const [country, at, name, inside] of [
+    ['Israel', [32.08, 34.78], 'Golan Heights', [33.0, 35.75]],
+    ['Moldova', [47.0, 28.85], 'Transnistria', [47.2, 29.5]],
+    ['Egypt', [30.0, 31.2], 'Halayib', [22.5, 35.5]],
+  ]) {
+    const [lat, lon] = inside;
+    assert.equal(areaAt(lat, lon).kind, 'disputed', name);
+    assert.equal(
+      inPolygons(outline(...at), { lat, lon }),
+      false,
+      `${country} without ${name}`,
+    );
+  }
+});
diff --git a/server/providers/news/upstream.js b/server/providers/news/upstream.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f82b4611f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/news/upstream.js
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+// The keyed news APIs Core reads itself when no news server is configured:
+// Liveuamap's worldwide feed (`a=mpts`) beside GDELT's events in the
+// Conflicts section (gdeltEvents.js), World News API's search by source
+// country for Local. Each key stays on the server: Liveuamap's rides in the query, so
+// neither a URL nor an error body is ever logged or relayed.
+
+import { readResponseTextCapped } from '../common/http.js';
+
+const LIVEUAMAP_URL = 'https://a.liveuamap.com/api';
+const WORLD_NEWS_URL = 'https://api.worldnewsapi.com/search-news';
+// 100 Liveuamap items run to about 500 KB.
+const LIVEUAMAP_COUNT = 500;
+const LIVEUAMAP_MAX_BYTES = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
+// One search per country: a point, and a hundredth of one per article, so
+// about 1.5 points a read (the free plan has 50 points a day).
+const WORLD_NEWS_ARTICLES = 50;
+const WORLD_NEWS_MAX_BYTES = 8 * 1024 * 1024;
+// World News API's categories that are not the news of the day. Its
+// `categories` filter is not asked for: it classifies few articles outside
+// English, so it would drop most of a country's own outlets; an article it
+// left unclassified is kept.
+export const WORLD_NEWS_LEFT_OUT = Object.freeze(
+  new Set(['sports', 'entertainment', 'lifestyle', 'travel']),
+);
+const DAY_MS = 86_400_000;
+const TIMEOUT_MS = 20_000;
+
+const ENTITIES = {
+  amp: '&',
+  quot: '"',
+  apos: "'",
+  lt: '<',
+  gt: '>',
+  nbsp: ' ',
+};
+
+/** Text with HTML entities decoded and whitespace collapsed, or ''. */
+export function unescapeHtml(value) {
+  return String(value ?? '')
+    .replace(
+      /&(?:#(\d{1,7})|#x([0-9a-f]{1,6})|([a-z]{2,6}));/gi,
+      (all, dec, hex, name) => {
+        if (name) return ENTITIES[name.toLowerCase()] ?? all;
+        const code = dec ? Number(dec) : parseInt(hex, 16);
+        return code > 0 && code <= 0x10ffff ? String.fromCodePoint(code) : all;
+      },
+    )
+    .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
+    .trim();
+}
+
+/** An https URL without credentials, or null. */
+export function webLink(value) {
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(String(value ?? '').trim());
+    return url.protocol === 'https:' && !url.username && !url.password
+      ? url.href
+      : null;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/** A clip a browser plays itself (an https MP4 or WebM file), or null. */
+export function playableVideo(value) {
+  const url = webLink(value);
+  return url && /\.(?:mp4|m4v|webm)$/i.test(new URL(url).pathname) ? url : null;
+}
+
+const finiteNumber = (value) => {
+  const number = typeof value === 'string' ? Number(value.trim()) : value;
+  return typeof number === 'number' && Number.isFinite(number) ? number : null;
+};
+
+/** Why an upstream could not be read; never carries its URL or body. */
+export class UpstreamError extends Error {
+  constructor(
+    message,
+    {
+      status = null,
+      rejected = false,
+      quota = false,
+      unreadable = false,
+      unreached = false,
+    } = {},
+  ) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'UpstreamError';
+    this.status = status;
+    // The key was refused (401 or 403): the operator's to fix.
+    this.rejected = rejected;
+    // The key's allowance is spent (402, or the day's reads): it answers
+    // again later. A 429 is a per-second limit, not this.
+    this.quota = quota;
+    // The answer itself cannot be read (corrupt, or over a size cap): asking
+    // again gets the same.
+    this.unreadable = unreadable;
+    // The request got no answer at all (offline, timed out).
+    this.unreached = unreached;
+  }
+}
+
+async function getText(
+  fetchImpl,
+  url,
+  { headers = {}, maxBytes, signal, what },
+) {
+  let response;
+  try {
+    response = await fetchImpl(url, {
+      headers: { Accept: 'application/json', ...headers },
+      redirect: 'error',
+      signal: signal
+        ? AbortSignal.any([signal, AbortSignal.timeout(TIMEOUT_MS)])
+        : AbortSignal.timeout(TIMEOUT_MS),
+    });
+  } catch (cause) {
+    // A request that timed out may have been read; one refused was not.
+    const timedOut = cause?.name === 'TimeoutError';
+    throw new UpstreamError(
+      timedOut ? `${what} timed out` : `${what} unreachable`,
+      { unreached: !timedOut },
+    );
+  }
+  if (!response.ok) {
+    await response.body?.cancel?.().catch?.(() => {});
+    throw new UpstreamError(`${what} answered ${response.status}`, {
+      status: response.status,
+      rejected: response.status === 401 || response.status === 403,
+      quota: response.status === 402,
+    });
+  }
+  try {
+    return await readResponseTextCapped(response, maxBytes, signal);
+  } catch {
+    throw new UpstreamError(`${what} answer unreadable`);
+  }
+}
+
+function parseJson(text, what) {
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(text);
+  } catch {
+    // Not the parser's message: an error answer may echo the request.
+    throw new UpstreamError(`${what} answer unreadable`);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Liveuamap's items with a headline, a point and a page:
+ * `{id, title, lat, lon, place, publishedAt, url, image, video}`.
+ */
+export function parseLiveuamap(payload) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(payload?.venues))
+    throw new UpstreamError('Liveuamap answer unreadable');
+  const items = [];
+  for (const venue of payload.venues) {
+    const id = finiteNumber(venue?.id);
+    const title = unescapeHtml(venue?.name);
+    const lat = finiteNumber(venue?.lat);
+    const lon = finiteNumber(venue?.lng);
+    const seconds = finiteNumber(venue?.timestamp);
+    const url = webLink(venue?.link);
+    if (
+      id === null ||
+      !title ||
+      lat === null ||
+      lon === null ||
+      Math.abs(lat) > 90 ||
+      Math.abs(lon) > 180 ||
+      (lat === 0 && lon === 0) ||
+      seconds === null ||
+      !url
+    )
+      continue;
+    items.push({
+      id: Math.trunc(id),
+      title,
+      lat,
+      lon,
+      place: unescapeHtml(venue.location) || null,
+      publishedAt: new Date(seconds * 1000).toISOString(),
+      url,
+      image: webLink(venue.img_share),
+      video: playableVideo(venue.video),
+    });
+  }
+  return items;
+}
+
+/** The worldwide feed of the last day, as of `now`. */
+export async function fetchLiveuamap({ key, fetchImpl, now, signal }) {
+  const url = new URL(LIVEUAMAP_URL);
+  url.search = new URLSearchParams({
+    a: 'mpts',
+    resid: '1',
+    time: String(Math.floor((now - DAY_MS) / 1000)),
+    count: String(LIVEUAMAP_COUNT),
+    key,
+  }).toString();
+  const text = await getText(fetchImpl, url, {
+    maxBytes: LIVEUAMAP_MAX_BYTES,
+    signal,
+    what: 'Liveuamap',
+  });
+  return parseLiveuamap(parseJson(text, 'Liveuamap'));
+}
+
+// World News API writes times as "2026-10-30 01:31:00", in UTC.
+const worldNewsTime = (ms) =>
+  new Date(ms).toISOString().slice(0, 19).replace('T', ' ');
+function worldNewsDate(value) {
+  const match = /^(\d{4}-\d\d-\d\d) (\d\d:\d\d:\d\d)$/.exec(
+    String(value ?? ''),
+  );
+  const ms = match ? Date.parse(`${match[1]}T${match[2]}Z`) : NaN;
+  return Number.isFinite(ms) ? new Date(ms).toISOString() : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A search's articles with a title, a link and a time, one per title (the
+ * same story from several outlets is one), sport and entertainment left
+ * out, newest first:
+ * `{id, title, url, publisher, language, category, publishedAt, image, video}`.
+ */
+export function parseWorldNews(payload) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(payload?.news))
+    throw new UpstreamError('World News API answer unreadable');
+  const seen = new Set();
+  const articles = [];
+  for (const article of payload.news) {
+    const id = finiteNumber(article?.id);
+    const title = unescapeHtml(article?.title);
+    const url = webLink(article?.url);
+    const publishedAt = worldNewsDate(article?.publish_date);
+    const category =
+      typeof article?.category === 'string'
+        ? article.category.toLowerCase()
+        : null;
+    if (id === null || !title || !url || !publishedAt) continue;
+    if (WORLD_NEWS_LEFT_OUT.has(category)) continue;
+    const same = title.toLowerCase();
+    if (seen.has(same)) continue;
+    seen.add(same);
+    articles.push({
+      id: Math.trunc(id),
+      title,
+      url,
+      publisher: new URL(url).hostname.replace(/^www\./, ''),
+      language:
+        typeof article.language === 'string' &&
+        /^[a-z]{2}$/i.test(article.language)
+          ? article.language.toLowerCase()
+          : null,
+      category,
+      publishedAt,
+      image: webLink(article.image),
+      video: playableVideo(article.video),
+    });
+  }
+  return articles.sort((a, b) => b.publishedAt.localeCompare(a.publishedAt));
+}
+
+/** A country's everyday news of the last day, as of `now`. */
+export async function fetchWorldNews({ key, country, fetchImpl, now, signal }) {
+  const url = new URL(WORLD_NEWS_URL);
+  url.search = new URLSearchParams({
+    'source-country': country.toLowerCase(),
+    // Both ends: sorted by time with neither, a search is cut to 31 days.
+    'earliest-publish-date': worldNewsTime(now - DAY_MS),
+    'latest-publish-date': worldNewsTime(now),
+    sort: 'publish-time',
+    'sort-direction': 'DESC',
+    number: String(WORLD_NEWS_ARTICLES),
+  }).toString();
+  const text = await getText(fetchImpl, url, {
+    headers: { 'x-api-key': key },
+    maxBytes: WORLD_NEWS_MAX_BYTES,
+    signal,
+    what: 'World News API',
+  });
+  return parseWorldNews(parseJson(text, 'World News API'));
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/regional/briefing.js b/server/providers/regional/briefing.js
index c5b17a12b..f56c7013c 100644
--- a/server/providers/regional/briefing.js
+++ b/server/providers/regional/briefing.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { fetchRegionalPlace } from './place.js';
 import { fetchRegionalWeather } from './weather.js';
 import { fetchRegionalNews } from './news.js';
 import { validRegionalPoint } from './query.js';
+import { REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS } from '../../../src/data/regionalModel.js';
 import { coalesceProxyRequest } from '../common/http.js';
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -50,10 +51,11 @@ function regionalBriefProxy({ placeProvider = fetchRegionalPlace } = {}) {
     if (!regionalBriefHasAnySource({ place, weather, news })) {
       throw new Error('All regional briefing sources unavailable');
     }
+    const retrievedAt = new Date().toISOString();
     const payload = {
       status:
         place && weather && news.status !== 'unavailable' ? 'ready' : 'partial',
-      retrievedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+      retrievedAt,
       coordinates: point,
       place,
       placeStatus: place ? 'ready' : 'unavailable',
@@ -62,6 +64,9 @@ function regionalBriefProxy({ placeProvider = fetchRegionalPlace } = {}) {
       newsStatus: news.status,
       newsQuery: news.query,
       newsSource: news.source,
+      newsWindowHours: REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS,
+      // A cached or stale answer keeps this, so the client can show its age.
+      newsFetchedAt: retrievedAt,
       articles: news.articles,
     };
     _regionalBriefCache.set(key, { payload, cachedAt: Date.now() });
diff --git a/server/providers/regional/news.js b/server/providers/regional/news.js
index 155dfa908..085a6ba72 100644
--- a/server/providers/regional/news.js
+++ b/server/providers/regional/news.js
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 import { fetchRegionalText, fetchRegionalJson } from './http.js';
-import { normalizeRegionalArticles } from '../../../src/data/regionalModel.js';
+import {
+  REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS,
+  googleNewsWindowOperator,
+  normalizeRegionalArticles,
+  recentRegionalArticles,
+} from '../../../src/data/regionalModel.js';
 
 function decodeRssText(value) {
   return String(value || '')
@@ -22,7 +27,10 @@ function rssTag(block, tag) {
   );
 }
 
-function normalizeRssArticles(xml, limit = 5) {
+// Feed items read before the window filter; Google returns about 100.
+const RSS_ITEM_CAP = 100;
+
+function normalizeRssArticles(xml, limit = RSS_ITEM_CAP) {
   const seen = new Set();
   const articles = [];
   for (const match of String(xml || '').matchAll(
@@ -57,12 +65,27 @@ function normalizeRssArticles(xml, limit = 5) {
   return articles;
 }
 
-async function fetchRegionalNews(place) {
+/**
+ * Headlines for a place from the last REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS, newest
+ * first: Google News RSS, then GDELT when RSS fails or has nothing recent.
+ * `empty` means a source answered with nothing in the window; `unavailable`
+ * means there was no place or no source answered.
+ * @param {{locality?: string, region?: string, country?: string}|null} place
+ * @param {{now?: () => number}} [options]
+ */
+async function fetchRegionalNews(place, { now = Date.now } = {}) {
   const query = place?.locality || place?.region || place?.country;
   if (!query)
     return { status: 'unavailable', query: null, articles: [], source: null };
+  const recent = (articles) =>
+    recentRegionalArticles(articles, {
+      now: now(),
+      windowHours: REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS,
+      limit: 5,
+    });
+  let answered = false;
   const rssParams = new URLSearchParams({
-    q: String(query).replace(/["\\]/g, ' ').trim(),
+    q: `${String(query).replace(/["\\]/g, ' ').trim()} ${googleNewsWindowOperator()}`,
     hl: 'en-US',
     gl: 'US',
     ceid: 'US:en',
@@ -75,7 +98,8 @@ async function fetchRegionalNews(place) {
         timeoutMs: 12_000,
       },
     );
-    const articles = normalizeRssArticles(xml, 5);
+    answered = true;
+    const articles = recent(normalizeRssArticles(xml));
     if (articles.length)
       return { status: 'ready', query, articles, source: 'Google News RSS' };
   } catch {
@@ -87,7 +111,7 @@ async function fetchRegionalNews(place) {
     format: 'json',
     maxrecords: '5',
     sort: 'datedesc',
-    timespan: '48h',
+    timespan: `${REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS}h`,
   });
   try {
     const payload = await fetchRegionalJson(
@@ -97,7 +121,7 @@ async function fetchRegionalNews(place) {
         timeoutMs: 12_000,
       },
     );
-    const articles = normalizeRegionalArticles(payload, 5);
+    const articles = recent(normalizeRegionalArticles(payload, 5));
     return {
       status: articles.length ? 'ready' : 'empty',
       query,
@@ -105,7 +129,10 @@ async function fetchRegionalNews(place) {
       source: 'GDELT fallback',
     };
   } catch {
-    return { status: 'unavailable', query, articles: [], source: null };
+    // An RSS answer with nothing recent is still a true empty result.
+    return answered
+      ? { status: 'empty', query, articles: [], source: 'Google News RSS' }
+      : { status: 'unavailable', query, articles: [], source: null };
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/server/providers/shipwrecks.js b/server/providers/shipwrecks.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d38b6c96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/shipwrecks.js
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+import {
+  EMODNET_WFS_URL,
+  WIKIDATA_QUERY,
+  mergeShipwreckRecords,
+  normalizeEmodnetFeatures,
+  normalizeWikidataResults,
+} from '../../src/layers/shipwrecks/records.js';
+import { coalesceProxyRequest, readResponseJsonCapped } from './common/http.js';
+import { clientKey, makeRateLimiter } from './common/rate-limit.js';
+
+const MIB = 1024 * 1024;
+/** EMODnet republishes the wreck layer about once a year; Wikidata daily at most. */
+const REFRESH_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+/** A source's last good records keep being served this long, marked stale. */
+const STALE_MAX_MS = 7 * REFRESH_MS;
+/** After a source fails, it is not asked again for this long. */
+const RETRY_MS = 15 * 60 * 1000;
+/** A refresh with fewer than this share of the last good records is refused. */
+const MIN_KEEP_RATIO = 0.5;
+// Only the columns the card uses; ship_char/obj_desc histories can name people
+// and are not read beyond a short vessel type.
+const EMODNET_PROPERTIES = [
+  'source_id',
+  'country',
+  'name',
+  'least_depth',
+  'depth_prec',
+  'loc_prec',
+  'sink_context',
+  'sink_yr',
+  'dating',
+  'period',
+  'statutory',
+  'ship_char',
+  'obj_type',
+  'artefacts',
+  'source_inf',
+  'website1',
+  'point_info',
+  'the_geom',
+].join(',');
+const EMODNET_URL = `${EMODNET_WFS_URL}&propertyName=${EMODNET_PROPERTIES}`;
+const WIKIDATA_URL =
+  'https://query.wikidata.org/sparql?format=json&query=' +
+  encodeURIComponent(WIKIDATA_QUERY);
+// Wikimedia asks automated clients to name themselves.
+const USER_AGENT =
+  "God's Eye View shipwrecks layer (https://github.com/bilawalsidhu/gods-eye-view)";
+
+/** Fixed-origin, cached EMODnet + Wikidata shipwreck snapshot for dev and preview. */
+export function shipwrecksProxy({
+  fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+} = {}) {
+  // Each source keeps its last good records on its own, so one failing (or
+  // answering with nothing usable) never removes the other's wrecks or its
+  // own earlier ones. `retryAt` holds a failed source back for RETRY_MS.
+  const sources = {
+    emodnet: { load: fetchEmodnet, good: null, retryAt: 0 },
+    wikidata: { load: fetchWikidata, good: null, retryAt: 0 },
+  };
+  let snapshot = null;
+  const inFlight = new Map();
+  const allow = makeRateLimiter({ windowMs: 60_000, max: 30, globalMax: 600 });
+
+  async function upstreamJson(url, maxBytes) {
+    const signal = AbortSignal.timeout(90_000);
+    const response = await fetchImpl(url, {
+      signal,
+      redirect: 'error',
+      headers: { 'User-Agent': USER_AGENT, Accept: 'application/json' },
+    });
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      await response.body?.cancel();
+      throw new Error('upstream_unavailable');
+    }
+    return readResponseJsonCapped(response, maxBytes, signal);
+  }
+
+  async function fetchEmodnet() {
+    const records = normalizeEmodnetFeatures(
+      await upstreamJson(EMODNET_URL, 32 * MIB),
+    );
+    if (!records.length) throw new Error('invalid_emodnet_layer');
+    return records;
+  }
+
+  async function fetchWikidata() {
+    const payload = await upstreamJson(WIKIDATA_URL, 16 * MIB);
+    if (!Array.isArray(payload?.results?.bindings))
+      throw new Error('invalid_wikidata_results');
+    const records = normalizeWikidataResults(payload);
+    // Wikidata lists over a thousand wrecks; none at all is a broken answer.
+    if (!records.length) throw new Error('invalid_wikidata_results');
+    return records;
+  }
+
+  const fresh = (state, at) =>
+    state.good !== null && at - state.good.fetchedAt < REFRESH_MS;
+  const usable = (state, at) =>
+    state.good !== null && at - state.good.fetchedAt <= STALE_MAX_MS;
+  const due = (state, at) => !fresh(state, at) && at >= state.retryAt;
+
+  /** Refresh the sources that are due; failures keep their last good records. */
+  async function refresh() {
+    const at = now();
+    const names = Object.keys(sources).filter((name) => due(sources[name], at));
+    const results = await Promise.allSettled(
+      names.map((name) => sources[name].load()),
+    );
+    const done = now();
+    results.forEach((result, i) => {
+      const state = sources[names[i]];
+      // A valid answer far smaller than the last good set (a truncated or
+      // half-built upstream) is a failure too, until the old set expires.
+      const shrunk =
+        result.status === 'fulfilled' &&
+        usable(state, done) &&
+        result.value.length < state.good.records.length * MIN_KEEP_RATIO;
+      if (result.status === 'fulfilled' && !shrunk)
+        state.good = { records: result.value, fetchedAt: done };
+      else state.retryAt = done + RETRY_MS;
+      if (shrunk)
+        console.warn(
+          `[shipwrecks] ${names[i]} refresh refused: ${result.value.length} ` +
+            `records against ${state.good.records.length} last good`,
+        );
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** The served snapshot: every source with usable records, merged once. */
+  function compose(at) {
+    const sourceFlags = {};
+    // How old each source's records are, on this clock, so the page can
+    // expire them by its own clock without comparing the two.
+    const ages = {};
+    let stale = false;
+    let fetchedAt = null;
+    for (const [name, state] of Object.entries(sources)) {
+      sourceFlags[name] = usable(state, at);
+      ages[name] = sourceFlags[name] ? at - state.good.fetchedAt : null;
+      if (!sourceFlags[name]) continue;
+      if (!fresh(state, at)) stale = true;
+      fetchedAt = Math.min(fetchedAt ?? Infinity, state.good.fetchedAt);
+    }
+    if (!sourceFlags.emodnet && !sourceFlags.wikidata) return null;
+    const key = `${sourceFlags.emodnet && sources.emodnet.good.fetchedAt}:${
+      sourceFlags.wikidata && sources.wikidata.good.fetchedAt
+    }`;
+    if (snapshot?.key !== key) {
+      // The merge writes EMODnet facts into Wikidata records: work on copies
+      // so a source's kept records stay as fetched.
+      const copy = (name) =>
+        sourceFlags[name]
+          ? sources[name].good.records.map((record) => ({ ...record }))
+          : [];
+      snapshot = {
+        key,
+        records: mergeShipwreckRecords(copy('emodnet'), copy('wikidata')),
+      };
+    }
+    return {
+      value: {
+        fetchedAt,
+        version: key,
+        sources: sourceFlags,
+        ages,
+        maxAgeMs: STALE_MAX_MS,
+        records: snapshot.records,
+      },
+      stale,
+    };
+  }
+
+  async function acquire() {
+    const at = now();
+    if (Object.values(sources).some((state) => due(state, at)))
+      await coalesceProxyRequest(inFlight, 'refresh', refresh).promise;
+    const composed = compose(now());
+    if (!composed) throw new Error('shipwrecks_unavailable');
+    return composed;
+  }
+
+  async function handler(req, res) {
+    const json = (status, value, stale = false) => {
+      if (res.destroyed) return;
+      res.writeHead(status, {
+        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        'Cache-Control': 'no-store',
+        ...(status === 405 ? { Allow: 'GET' } : {}),
+        ...(status === 429 ? { 'Retry-After': '60' } : {}),
+        ...(stale ? { 'X-Data-Stale': 'true' } : {}),
+      });
+      res.end(JSON.stringify(value));
+    };
+    if (req.method !== 'GET') return json(405, { error: 'method_not_allowed' });
+    const path = (req.url || '/').split('?')[0];
+    if (path !== '/' && path !== '')
+      return json(404, { error: 'unknown_route' });
+    if (!allow(clientKey(req))) return json(429, { error: 'rate_limited' });
+    try {
+      const { value, stale } = await acquire();
+      json(200, stale ? { ...value, stale: true } : value, stale);
+    } catch {
+      json(502, { error: 'shipwrecks_unavailable' });
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    name: 'shipwrecks',
+    configureServer({ middlewares }) {
+      middlewares.use('/api/shipwrecks', handler);
+    },
+    configurePreviewServer({ middlewares }) {
+      middlewares.use('/api/shipwrecks', handler);
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/app/constructCatalog.js b/src/app/constructCatalog.js
index a76b37bd4..42b0d8008 100644
--- a/src/app/constructCatalog.js
+++ b/src/app/constructCatalog.js
@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ import { createApplicationAirQuality } from './layers/airQuality.js';
 import { createApplicationFirePerimeters } from './layers/perimeters.js';
 import { createApplicationGnssIntegrity } from './layers/gnss.js';
 import { createApplicationGhostMaps } from './layers/ghostMaps.js';
+import { createApplicationShipwrecks } from './layers/shipwrecks.js';
 import { createApplicationDroneAirspace } from './layers/droneAirspace.js';
+import { createApplicationNews } from './layers/news.js';
 import { createApplicationWildlifeSightings } from './layers/wildlifeSightings.js';
 import { createApplicationCables } from './layers/submarineCables.js';
 import { createOsmOverlayLayers } from '../data/osmOverlays.js';
@@ -136,9 +138,11 @@ export function createApplicationCatalog({
           windowMs: sources['gnss-integrity'].windowMs,
         }),
         createApplicationGhostMaps({ source: sources['s2-ghostmaps'] }),
+        createApplicationShipwrecks({ source: sources.shipwrecks }),
         createApplicationDroneAirspace({
           source: sources['drone-airspace'],
         }),
+        createApplicationNews({ source: sources.news }),
         createApplicationWildlifeSightings({
           source: sources['wildlife-sightings'],
           groundFloor: surface.groundFloor,
diff --git a/src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs b/src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs
index 3d61df3b3..8c0f889db 100644
--- a/src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ test('catalogs construct distinct layers and classification from their supplied
     signal: b.signal,
     surface: fixtureSurface(b.signal),
   });
-  assert.equal(first.layers.length, 38);
+  assert.equal(first.layers.length, 40);
   assert.ok(first.get('local-adsb'), 'Local ADS-B is registered');
   assert.deepEqual(
     first.metadata.find(({ id }) => id === 'osm-places'),
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ test('catalogs construct distinct layers and classification from their supplied
   assert.ok(first.get('gnss-integrity'));
   assert.ok(first.get('s2-ghostmaps'));
   assert.ok(first.get('drone-airspace'));
+  assert.ok(first.get('news'));
   assert.ok(first.get('transit'));
   const order = first.layers.map(({ id }) => id);
   assert.deepEqual(
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ test('Mapillary can be omitted or replaced without changing catalog membership',
     surface: fixtureSurface(lifetime.signal),
   };
   const catalog = createApplicationCatalog(options);
-  assert.equal(catalog.layers.length, 38);
+  assert.equal(catalog.layers.length, 40);
   assert.deepEqual(catalog.get('street-level').providerIds, []);
   assert.equal(
     catalogControlServices(catalog).streetLevelLayer,
diff --git a/src/app/layers/news.js b/src/app/layers/news.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..552ad20db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/layers/news.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import { createNewsLayer } from '../../layers/news/index.js';
+import { overlayHost } from './overlayHost.js';
+/** Wire the news layer to the application overlay host. */
+export function createApplicationNews(options) {
+  return createNewsLayer({ overlayHost, ...options });
+}
diff --git a/src/app/layers/shipwrecks.js b/src/app/layers/shipwrecks.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ece2d2dce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/layers/shipwrecks.js
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createShipwrecksLayer } from '../../layers/shipwrecks/index.js';
+import * as picking from '../../data/pickRegistry.js';
+import * as overlays from '../../overlays/worldOverlay.js';
+import { isPointerFree } from '../../data/inputOwnership.js';
+
+/** Wire the EMODnet + Wikidata shipwrecks layer into the application catalog. */
+export function createApplicationShipwrecks(options) {
+  return createShipwrecksLayer({
+    overlayHost: {
+      setEntries: overlays.setOverlayEntries,
+      setVisible: overlays.setOverlaySourceVisible,
+      clearSource: overlays.clearOverlaySource,
+      hitTest: overlays.hitTestWorldOverlay,
+    },
+    openExternal: (url) => window.open(url, '_blank', 'noopener,noreferrer'),
+    screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory: (viewer) =>
+      new Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventHandler(viewer.scene.canvas),
+    picking,
+    pointer: { isPointerFree },
+    ...options,
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/app/sourceComposition.js b/src/app/sourceComposition.js
index bc3e3b37c..42b90c05b 100644
--- a/src/app/sourceComposition.js
+++ b/src/app/sourceComposition.js
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@ export const CATALOG_SOURCE_CONTRACTS = Object.freeze({
   'air-quality': contract(['air-quality'], ['getSnapshot']),
   'gnss-integrity': contract(['gnss-integrity'], ['getSnapshot']),
   's2-ghostmaps': contract(['s2-ghostmaps'], ['getCatalog', 'getFile']),
+  shipwrecks: contract(['shipwrecks'], ['getSnapshot']),
   'drone-airspace': contract(['drone-airspace'], ['getSnapshot']),
+  news: contract(['news'], ['getHotspots', 'getFeed', 'getOutline']),
   'wildlife-sightings': contract(['wildlife-sightings'], ['getSnapshot']),
   cables: contract(['telegeography-submarine-cables'], ['fetch']),
   transit: contract(['transit'], ['requestSnapshot', 'getHistory']),
diff --git a/src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs b/src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs
index 2a18039f2..fc93c40e0 100644
--- a/src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ test('every acquisition source can be omitted without losing catalog membership'
 
 test('all acquisition sources may be absent, and enable fails before initializing or fetching', async (t) => {
   const actual = catalog({}, t);
-  assert.equal(actual.layers.length, 38);
+  assert.equal(actual.layers.length, 40);
   const manager = new LayerLifecycle(
     {},
     { getSourceAvailability: actual.getSourceAvailability },
@@ -150,6 +150,35 @@ test('GhostMaps obeys source omission, replacement and explicit removal', async
   assert.equal(fetches, 0);
 });
 
+test('News is unavailable without a source and the standalone default reads only same-origin /api/news', async (t) => {
+  const missing = catalog({}, t);
+  assert.equal(missing.getSourceAvailability('news')?.available, false);
+  const manager = new LayerLifecycle(
+    {},
+    { getSourceAvailability: missing.getSourceAvailability },
+  );
+  manager.register(missing.get('news'));
+  assert.equal(await manager.setEnabled('news', true), false);
+  assert.equal(manager.layers.get('news').initialized, false);
+  assert.equal(createStandaloneLayerSources({ news: null }).news, null);
+
+  const urls = [];
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url) => {
+    urls.push(url);
+    return new Response(
+      JSON.stringify({
+        error: 'news_not_configured',
+        unavailable: true,
+        retryable: false,
+      }),
+      { status: 503 },
+    );
+  });
+  const standalone = createStandaloneLayerSources().news;
+  await assert.rejects(standalone.getHotspots(), { unavailable: true });
+  assert.deepEqual(urls, ['/api/news/hotspots']);
+});
+
 test('empty Street Level uses the shared unavailable lifecycle without initialization', async (t) => {
   const actual = catalog({}, t);
   const manager = new LayerLifecycle(
diff --git a/src/data/alprCameras.test.mjs b/src/data/alprCameras.test.mjs
index 549adde96..4993e8345 100644
--- a/src/data/alprCameras.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/alprCameras.test.mjs
@@ -1518,3 +1518,24 @@ test('a repeated move inside an outstanding query keeps the displayed marker set
     h.restore();
   }
 });
+
+test('ALPR display tags collapse controls and cap final text without erasing Unicode', () => {
+  const record = normalizeAlprNode({
+    type: 'node',
+    id: 1,
+    lat: 30,
+    lon: -97,
+    tags: {
+      'surveillance:type': 'ALPR',
+      operator: '  Şehir\n\u0000 PD  ',
+      manufacturer: '😀'.repeat(200),
+      'camera:type': null,
+      'surveillance:zone': '\t traffic   zone ',
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(record.operator, 'Şehir PD');
+  assert.equal(record.manufacturer.length, 180);
+  assert.equal(record.manufacturer, '😀'.repeat(90));
+  assert.equal(record.cameraType, null);
+  assert.equal(record.zone, 'traffic zone');
+});
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.js b/src/data/dataCredits.js
index 7413f1bab..62e3b2aee 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.js
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.js
@@ -573,6 +573,38 @@ export const DATA_CREDITS = [
       'licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</a>. ' +
       'Shown as published; reports are S2 assessments, not verified fact.',
   },
+  {
+    key: 'news',
+    html:
+      'News: every report is credited to its own publisher and links to the original article; ' +
+      'pictures are the publishers’ own, shown from their sites with the publisher named. ' +
+      'Places, categories, severity and English headlines are derived automatically, by ' +
+      'bundled rules, the news provider or the configured news server, and can be wrong.',
+  },
+  {
+    // GDELT's terms ask for a citation and a link.
+    key: 'gdelt-news',
+    html:
+      'News, Conflicts without a news server: events and page titles from the ' +
+      '<a href="https://www.gdeltproject.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GDELT Project</a> ' +
+      '(GDELT 2.0 events and GKG; places and categories are machine-coded)',
+  },
+  {
+    // World News API's free plan asks for a visible "World News API" link to
+    // its site; always listed, so a free-plan key is never shown without it.
+    key: 'worldnewsapi',
+    html:
+      'News, Local without a news server: headlines from ' +
+      '<a href="https://worldnewsapi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World News API</a>',
+  },
+  {
+    key: 'shipwrecks',
+    html:
+      'Shipwrecks (Europe): <a href="https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/en/human-activities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">EMODnet Human Activities</a> ' +
+      '(data originator AND-International, compiled from SHOM, Ireland&rsquo;s National Monuments Service, Historic England and the Oxford Roman Economy Project), ' +
+      'licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CC BY 4.0</a>' +
+      ' · Shipwrecks (worldwide): <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wikidata</a> (CC0)',
+  },
   {
     key: 'drivebc-cctv',
     html:
@@ -639,6 +671,15 @@ export const TOMTOM_CREDIT = {
     '<a href="https://www.tomtom.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TomTom</a>',
 };
 
+/** Registered when the News layer shows a Liveuamap report (only with
+ * LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY set and no news server). */
+export const LIVEUAMAP_CREDIT = {
+  key: 'liveuamap',
+  html:
+    'News, Conflicts: mapped reports from ' +
+    '<a href="https://liveuamap.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Liveuamap</a>',
+};
+
 /** Registered when the first Natural Earth region or state/province outline
  * resolves (public domain — no attribution required; credited as a courtesy). */
 export const NATURAL_EARTH_CREDIT = {
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs b/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs
index e0c85623a..e3129f378 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { test } from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import {
   DATA_CREDITS,
+  LIVEUAMAP_CREDIT,
   NYC_DOT_DISCLAIMER,
   transitFeedCredit,
 } from './dataCredits.js';
@@ -189,6 +190,26 @@ test('every Street Level imagery source is in the attribution lightbox', () => {
     );
 });
 
+test('the News layer credits its built-in sources', () => {
+  const credit = (key) => DATA_CREDITS.find((entry) => entry.key === key);
+  // GDELT's terms ask for a citation and a link.
+  assert.match(
+    credit('gdelt-news').html,
+    /href="https:\/\/www\.gdeltproject\.org\/"[^>]*>GDELT Project</,
+  );
+  // World News API's free plan asks for this exact link.
+  assert.match(
+    credit('worldnewsapi').html,
+    /<a href="https:\/\/worldnewsapi\.com\/"[^>]*>World News API<\/a>/,
+  );
+  assert.match(LIVEUAMAP_CREDIT.html, />Liveuamap</);
+  assert.ok(
+    !DATA_CREDITS.some((entry) => entry.key === LIVEUAMAP_CREDIT.key),
+    'Liveuamap is credited only once its key is in use',
+  );
+  assert.doesNotMatch(credit('news').html, /No single provider/);
+});
+
 test('the PR #1506 camera packs are credited with their sources and terms', () => {
   const html = (key) => DATA_CREDITS.find((entry) => entry.key === key)?.html;
   assert.match(html('ottawa-cctv') || '', /traffic\.ottawa\.ca/);
diff --git a/src/data/displayText.js b/src/data/displayText.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d151d8af7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/displayText.js
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/** One-line text capped at `maxLength` without splitting a surrogate pair. Still untrusted. */
+export function normalizeDisplayText(value, maxLength = 180) {
+  if (value == null || typeof value === 'object') return '';
+  return String(value)
+    .replace(/[\u0000-\u001f\u007f-\u009f]/g, ' ')
+    .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
+    .trim()
+    .slice(0, maxLength)
+    .replace(/[\uD800-\uDBFF]$/, '')
+    .trim();
+}
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.js b/src/data/layerState.js
index 8e8cdb1e1..ede1a60a4 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.js
+++ b/src/data/layerState.js
@@ -693,6 +693,7 @@ export const LAYER_STATE_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
     token: 'i',
     disposition: 'enabled-only',
   }),
+  Object.freeze({ id: 'news', token: '00', disposition: 'enabled-only' }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'radio',
     token: 'r',
@@ -722,6 +723,7 @@ export const LAYER_STATE_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
     optionOwner: 'satellites',
   }),
   Object.freeze({ id: 'sea-marks', token: '6', disposition: 'enabled-only' }),
+  Object.freeze({ id: 'shipwrecks', token: '01', disposition: 'enabled-only' }),
   Object.freeze({ id: 'ski-pistes', token: '7', disposition: 'enabled-only' }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'street-level',
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
index dc7e679b7..7614e80d0 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ function encode(state) {
 
 test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts', async () => {
   assert.equal(validateLayerStateRegistry(), true);
-  assert.equal(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS.length, 36);
-  assert.equal(new Set(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS).size, 36);
+  assert.equal(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS.length, 38);
+  assert.equal(new Set(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS).size, 38);
   assert.ok(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS.includes('transit'));
   assert.deepEqual(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS, [...REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS].sort());
   assert.deepEqual(LEGACY_LAYER_STATE_TOKENS, {
@@ -243,17 +243,23 @@ test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts'
   for (const [id, token] of Object.entries(LEGACY_LAYER_STATE_TOKENS)) {
     assert.equal(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS[id], token);
   }
-  assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(), '00');
+  // News holds 00 and Shipwrecks 01, the first pairs: the next token is 02.
+  assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(), '02');
+  // The allocation rules below read the ledger before either took a pair.
+  const beforeNews = { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS };
+  delete beforeNews.news;
+  delete beforeNews.shipwrecks;
+  assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(beforeNews), '00');
   assert.equal(
     nextLayerStateToken({
-      ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
+      ...beforeNews,
       alpha: '9',
       bravo: '00',
     }),
     '01',
   );
   const digitsExhausted = {
-    ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
+    ...beforeNews,
     ...Object.fromEntries([...'9'].map((digit) => [`prior-${digit}`, digit])),
   };
   assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(digitsExhausted), '00');
@@ -304,8 +310,8 @@ test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts'
     true,
   );
   assert.equal(
-    validateLayerStateAllocations(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS, {
-      ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
+    validateLayerStateAllocations(beforeNews, {
+      ...beforeNews,
       future: '00',
       next: '01',
     }),
@@ -313,8 +319,8 @@ test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts'
   );
   assert.throws(
     () =>
-      validateLayerStateAllocations(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS, {
-        ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
+      validateLayerStateAllocations(beforeNews, {
+        ...beforeNews,
         future: '01',
       }),
     /next free token 00/,
@@ -341,8 +347,8 @@ test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts'
   assert.throws(
     () =>
       validateLayerStateAllocations(
-        { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS, merged: '9' },
-        { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS, merged: '9', competing: '9' },
+        { ...beforeNews, merged: '9' },
+        { ...beforeNews, merged: '9', competing: '9' },
       ),
     /next free token 00/,
   );
@@ -500,7 +506,7 @@ test('unknown enabled-layer tokens reject the payload instead of becoming an emp
 });
 
 test('malformed enabled-layer lists reject the entire payload', () => {
-  for (const value of ['.c', 'c.', 'c..e', 'c.c', '00', 'c.00']) {
+  for (const value of ['.c', 'c.', 'c..e', 'c.c', 'zz', 'c.zz']) {
     assert.equal(
       decodeLayerStateParams(new URLSearchParams(`v=2&l=${value}`)),
       null,
diff --git a/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs b/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs
index f7453b2c2..067904a35 100644
--- a/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs
@@ -97,8 +97,10 @@ function withPublishedBase(
   }
 }
 
-const preWildlifeRows = reservationRows.filter(
-  ([id]) => id !== 'wildlife-sightings',
+// The ledger before Wildlife Sightings took the last digit and News and
+// Shipwrecks the first pairs, for the allocation rules written against it.
+const beforeLastDigitRows = reservationRows.filter(
+  ([id]) => !['wildlife-sightings', 'news', 'shipwrecks'].includes(id),
 );
 
 function writeCodecFixture(cwd, rows, entries) {
@@ -115,6 +117,16 @@ function writeCodecFixture(cwd, rows, entries) {
       /  Object\.freeze\(\{\s*id: 'wildlife-sightings',[\s\S]*?\}\),\n/,
       '',
     );
+  if (!rows.some(([id]) => id === 'news'))
+    source = source.replace(
+      /  Object\.freeze\(\{\s*id: 'news',[\s\S]*?\}\),\n/,
+      '',
+    );
+  if (!rows.some(([id]) => id === 'shipwrecks'))
+    source = source.replace(
+      /  Object\.freeze\(\{\s*id: 'shipwrecks',[\s\S]*?\}\),\n/,
+      '',
+    );
   const registryEnd = ']);\n\nexport const REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS';
   assert.equal(source.split(registryEnd).length, 2);
   const additions = entries
@@ -138,7 +150,7 @@ test('reservation ledger is complete, pinned, and rejects duplicate or malformed
     { ...parseLayerStateTokenReservations(reservationRows) },
     { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS },
   );
-  assert.equal(Object.keys(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS).length, 36);
+  assert.equal(Object.keys(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS).length, 38);
   assert.deepEqual(
     { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS },
     {
@@ -151,6 +163,8 @@ test('reservation ledger is complete, pinned, and rejects duplicate or malformed
       'ski-pistes': '7',
       'drone-airspace': '8',
       'wildlife-sightings': '9',
+      news: '00',
+      shipwrecks: '01',
     },
   );
   assert.throws(
@@ -176,9 +190,9 @@ test('reservation ledger is complete, pinned, and rejects duplicate or malformed
     /Duplicate layer-state token reservation/,
   );
   assert.equal(
-    parseLayerStateTokenReservations([...reservationRows, ['future', '00']])
+    parseLayerStateTokenReservations([...reservationRows, ['future', '02']])
       .future,
-    '00',
+    '02',
   );
   assert.throws(
     () =>
@@ -196,7 +210,7 @@ test('reservation ledger is complete, pinned, and rejects duplicate or malformed
 
 test('published retired digits and competing PRs advance the merge-time allocation', () => {
   withPublishedBase(
-    { rows: [...preWildlifeRows, ['retired-layer', '9']] },
+    { rows: [...beforeLastDigitRows, ['retired-layer', '9']] },
     (cwd) => {
       const published = readPublishedLayerStateReservations('HEAD', cwd);
       assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(published), '00');
@@ -228,80 +242,86 @@ test('published retired digits and competing PRs advance the merge-time allocati
 });
 
 test('PR B manually replaces provisional 9 with 00 after PR A publishes 9', () => {
-  withPublishedBase({ rows: [...preWildlifeRows, ['pr-a', '9']] }, (cwd) => {
-    mkdirSync(path.join(cwd, 'scripts'));
-    const fixtureChecker = path.join(
-      cwd,
-      'scripts/check-layer-state-tokens.mjs',
-    );
-    writeFileSync(fixtureChecker, readFileSync(CHECKER_PATH, 'utf8'));
-    const fixtureNext = path.join(cwd, 'scripts/next-layer-state-token.mjs');
-    writeFileSync(fixtureNext, readFileSync(NEXT_PATH, 'utf8'));
-    const runCheck = () =>
-      spawnSync(
-        process.execPath,
-        [realpathSync(fixtureChecker), '--base-ref', 'HEAD'],
-        {
-          cwd,
-          encoding: 'utf8',
-        },
+  withPublishedBase(
+    { rows: [...beforeLastDigitRows, ['pr-a', '9']] },
+    (cwd) => {
+      mkdirSync(path.join(cwd, 'scripts'));
+      const fixtureChecker = path.join(
+        cwd,
+        'scripts/check-layer-state-tokens.mjs',
+      );
+      writeFileSync(fixtureChecker, readFileSync(CHECKER_PATH, 'utf8'));
+      const fixtureNext = path.join(cwd, 'scripts/next-layer-state-token.mjs');
+      writeFileSync(fixtureNext, readFileSync(NEXT_PATH, 'utf8'));
+      const runCheck = () =>
+        spawnSync(
+          process.execPath,
+          [realpathSync(fixtureChecker), '--base-ref', 'HEAD'],
+          {
+            cwd,
+            encoding: 'utf8',
+          },
+        );
+
+      writeCodecFixture(
+        cwd,
+        [...beforeLastDigitRows, ['pr-b', '9']],
+        [{ id: 'pr-b', token: '9' }],
+      );
+      const beforeRebase = runCheck();
+      assert.equal(beforeRebase.status, 1);
+      assert.match(beforeRebase.stderr, /changed or removed: pr-a/);
+
+      writeCodecFixture(
+        cwd,
+        [...beforeLastDigitRows, ['pr-a', '9'], ['pr-b', '9']],
+        [
+          { id: 'pr-a', token: '9' },
+          { id: 'pr-b', token: '9' },
+        ],
+      );
+      const staleRebase = runCheck();
+      assert.equal(staleRebase.status, 1);
+      assert.match(
+        staleRebase.stderr,
+        /Duplicate layer-state token reservation/,
       );
 
-    writeCodecFixture(
-      cwd,
-      [...preWildlifeRows, ['pr-b', '9']],
-      [{ id: 'pr-b', token: '9' }],
-    );
-    const beforeRebase = runCheck();
-    assert.equal(beforeRebase.status, 1);
-    assert.match(beforeRebase.stderr, /changed or removed: pr-a/);
-
-    writeCodecFixture(
-      cwd,
-      [...preWildlifeRows, ['pr-a', '9'], ['pr-b', '9']],
-      [
-        { id: 'pr-a', token: '9' },
-        { id: 'pr-b', token: '9' },
-      ],
-    );
-    const staleRebase = runCheck();
-    assert.equal(staleRebase.status, 1);
-    assert.match(staleRebase.stderr, /Duplicate layer-state token reservation/);
-
-    const published = readPublishedLayerStateReservations('HEAD', cwd);
-    assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(published), '00');
-    const validBaselineRows = [...preWildlifeRows, ['pr-a', '9']];
-    writeCodecFixture(cwd, validBaselineRows, [{ id: 'pr-a', token: '9' }]);
-    const helper = spawnSync(
-      process.execPath,
-      [realpathSync(fixtureNext), 'pr-b'],
-      { cwd, encoding: 'utf8' },
-    );
-    assert.equal(helper.status, 0, helper.stderr);
-    assert.match(helper.stdout, /pr-b: 00/);
-    assert.deepEqual(
-      JSON.parse(readFileSync(path.join(cwd, LEDGER_PATH), 'utf8')),
-      validBaselineRows,
-      'the helper reports a token without rewriting the ledger',
-    );
-    writeCodecFixture(
-      cwd,
-      [...preWildlifeRows, ['pr-a', '9'], ['pr-b', '00']],
-      [
-        { id: 'pr-a', token: '9' },
-        { id: 'pr-b', token: '00' },
-      ],
-    );
-    const corrected = runCheck();
-    assert.equal(corrected.status, 0, corrected.stderr);
-    assert.match(corrected.stdout, /36 published, 1 new/);
-  });
+      const published = readPublishedLayerStateReservations('HEAD', cwd);
+      assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(published), '00');
+      const validBaselineRows = [...beforeLastDigitRows, ['pr-a', '9']];
+      writeCodecFixture(cwd, validBaselineRows, [{ id: 'pr-a', token: '9' }]);
+      const helper = spawnSync(
+        process.execPath,
+        [realpathSync(fixtureNext), 'pr-b'],
+        { cwd, encoding: 'utf8' },
+      );
+      assert.equal(helper.status, 0, helper.stderr);
+      assert.match(helper.stdout, /pr-b: 00/);
+      assert.deepEqual(
+        JSON.parse(readFileSync(path.join(cwd, LEDGER_PATH), 'utf8')),
+        validBaselineRows,
+        'the helper reports a token without rewriting the ledger',
+      );
+      writeCodecFixture(
+        cwd,
+        [...beforeLastDigitRows, ['pr-a', '9'], ['pr-b', '00']],
+        [
+          { id: 'pr-a', token: '9' },
+          { id: 'pr-b', token: '00' },
+        ],
+      );
+      const corrected = runCheck();
+      assert.equal(corrected.status, 0, corrected.stderr);
+      assert.match(corrected.stdout, /36 published, 1 new/);
+    },
+  );
 });
 
 test('allocation batches cross the last digit and base-36 pair boundaries in order', () => {
   const digitRows = [...'9'].map((digit) => [`retired-${digit}`, digit]);
   const allDigits = parseLayerStateTokenReservations([
-    ...preWildlifeRows,
+    ...beforeLastDigitRows,
     ...digitRows,
   ]);
   const beforeNine = { ...allDigits };
@@ -360,7 +380,7 @@ test('an isolated valid two-character fixture round-trips an l field beyond the
       token,
     }));
     const fixtureRows = [
-      ...preWildlifeRows,
+      ...beforeLastDigitRows,
       ...priorDigits,
       ...fixtureLayers.map(({ id, token }) => [id, token]),
     ];
@@ -369,13 +389,16 @@ test('an isolated valid two-character fixture round-trips an l field beyond the
     assert.equal(codec.validateLayerStateRegistry(), true);
     assert.equal(
       nextLayerStateToken(
-        parseLayerStateTokenReservations([...preWildlifeRows, ...priorDigits]),
+        parseLayerStateTokenReservations([
+          ...beforeLastDigitRows,
+          ...priorDigits,
+        ]),
       ),
       '00',
     );
     assert.equal(
       validateLayerStateAllocations(
-        parseLayerStateTokenReservations(preWildlifeRows),
+        parseLayerStateTokenReservations(beforeLastDigitRows),
         codec.LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
       ),
       true,
@@ -400,19 +423,19 @@ test('an isolated valid two-character fixture round-trips an l field beyond the
 test('checker reads a complete future base ledger and rejects retired-token reuse', () => {
   withPublishedBase(
     {
-      rows: [...reservationRows, ['retired-layer', '00']],
+      rows: [...reservationRows, ['retired-layer', '02']],
       source:
-        'export const LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS = Object.freeze({ ["retired-layer"]: "00" });\n',
+        'export const LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS = Object.freeze({ ["retired-layer"]: "02" });\n',
     },
     (cwd) => {
       const published = readPublishedLayerStateReservations('HEAD', cwd);
-      assert.equal(Object.keys(published).length, 37);
-      assert.equal(published['retired-layer'], '00');
+      assert.equal(Object.keys(published).length, 39);
+      assert.equal(published['retired-layer'], '02');
       assert.throws(
         () =>
           validateLayerStateAllocations(published, {
             ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
-            newcomer: '00',
+            newcomer: '02',
           }),
         /changed or removed/,
       );
diff --git a/src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json b/src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json
index 8a79800e1..f320ca0f7 100644
--- a/src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json
+++ b/src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json
@@ -18,12 +18,14 @@
   ["military", "m"],
   ["military-awareness", "g"],
   ["military-installations", "i"],
+  ["news", "00"],
   ["radio", "r"],
   ["recent-imagery", "1"],
   ["rocket-launches", "x"],
   ["s2-ghostmaps", "5"],
   ["satellites", "s"],
   ["sea-marks", "6"],
+  ["shipwrecks", "01"],
   ["ski-pistes", "7"],
   ["street-level", "0"],
   ["telegeography-submarine-cables", "u"],
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/README.md b/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/README.md
index f95eef59a..a36b6d548 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/README.md
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 # Natural Earth packs
 
-Offline named-region polygons for the voice-annotation resolver
-(`src/data/naturalEarthRegions.js`) — "outline the Alps" resolves to the real
-range geometry with no network dependency.
+Offline polygons with no network dependency. The voice-annotation resolver
+(`src/data/naturalEarthRegions.js`) reads the named regions, so "outline the
+Alps" resolves to the real range geometry; area annotations read the
+countries, states and provinces (`src/data/adminBoundaries.js`); and the News
+layer reads the countries and the disputed areas
+(`server/providers/news/areas.js`).
 
 | File | Source dataset | Features |
 |------|----------------|----------|
@@ -10,6 +13,7 @@ range geometry with no network dependency.
 | `marine.json` | `ne_10m_geography_marine_polys` (seas, gulfs, straits, bays, …) | 292 named |
 | `countries.json` | `ne_10m_admin_0_countries` (countries) | 256 |
 | `states_provinces.json` | `ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces` (states, provinces and other first-level units) | 4,587 named |
+| `disputed_areas.json` | `ne_10m_admin_0_disputed_areas` (disputed, breakaway and UN-patrolled areas; a hand-picked set, see below) | 11 of 99 |
 | `populated_places.json` | `ne_10m_populated_places_simple` (cities and towns, as points) | 7,342 |
 
 **Source:** Natural Earth 10m physical vectors, via the canonical
@@ -105,6 +109,44 @@ Includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland from
 `57da82be755f4afccd8f3b14251bb2752f5df1395f47d2d86f817470c4a48862`).
 Result: 945,843 bytes; 260 features, 2,088 parts, 122,788 vertices.
 
+## Disputed areas (`disputed_areas.json`)
+
+The News layer's areas that no one country's name may stand for
+(`server/providers/news/areas.js`): a place inside one is named with the
+area ("Crimea"), and Local there reads no country's outlets.
+
+**Source:** `geojson/ne_10m_admin_0_disputed_areas.geojson` at the same pinned
+commit (SHA-256
+`9cafef8b7dfb6b164dc58f218f981f4ace9f716f6c03795d4c62d1ac9f3d50f5`), fetched
+2026-11-05. Public domain, as above.
+
+**Selection:** a hand-picked 11 of the source's 99 features. No rule picks
+them; this is the list:
+
+| Area | Natural Earth's note (`NOTE_BRK`) |
+|------|-----------------------------------|
+| Golan Heights | Admin. By Israel; Claimed by Syria |
+| UNDOF Zone | UN Patrolled Zone in Syria |
+| Transnistria | Self admin.; Claimed by Moldova |
+| Abyei | Admin. by Sudan; Claimed by South Sudan |
+| Crimea | Admin. by Russia; Claimed by Ukraine |
+| Shebaa Farms | Admin. By Israel; Claimed by Lebanon |
+| Bir Tawil | Between Egypt and Sudan |
+| Halayib Triangle | Admin. by Egypt; Claimed by Sudan |
+| East Jerusalem | Admin. By Israel; Claimed by Palestine |
+| Abu Musa I. | Admin. by Iran; Claimed by UAE |
+| Doumera Island | Admin. By Eritrea; Claimed by Djibouti |
+
+The source names three of these by a country ("Moldova", "Sudan", "Iran");
+the pack names them as the area. The 2014 Donetsk and Luhansk lines are left
+out as out of date. Every other feature is left out too, so a place there is
+named by its country in `countries.json`.
+
+**Curation:** `kind` (`held`, `self`, `un`, `unclaimed`), `heldBy` and
+`claimedBy` are read from `NOTE_BRK`, and `note` keeps it as published. Every
+part is kept; each ring is Douglas-Peucker simplified at 0.003°, coordinates
+are rounded to 3 decimals and rings are stored open. Provenance is in the
+pack's `meta`. Result: 14,504 bytes.
 ## Populated places (`populated_places.json`)
 
 The orbital view's "near <city>" (`src/data/placeBelow.js`): from 8x it
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/disputed_areas.json b/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/disputed_areas.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..078669288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/disputed_areas.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"meta":{"title":"Natural Earth admin-0 disputed areas, for the News layer","source":"ne_10m_admin_0_disputed_areas","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvkelso/natural-earth-vector/ca96624a56bd078437bca8184e78163e5039ad19/geojson/ne_10m_admin_0_disputed_areas.geojson","sha256":"9cafef8b7dfb6b164dc58f218f981f4ace9f716f6c03795d4c62d1ac9f3d50f5","fetched":"2026-11-05","license":"Public domain (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/)","curation":"A hand-picked 11 of the source's 99 features: Golan Heights, UNDOF Zone, Transnistria, Abyei, Crimea, Shebaa Farms, Bir Tawil, Halayib Triangle, East Jerusalem, Abu Musa I. and Doumera Island. The source names three of them by a country (Moldova, Sudan, Iran); they are named here as the area. kind, heldBy and claimedBy are read from NOTE_BRK; note is NOTE_BRK as published. The 2014 Donetsk and Luhansk lines are left out as out of date. Every part kept; each ring Douglas-Peucker simplified at 0.003 degrees, coordinates rounded to 3 decimals, rings stored open."},"areas":[{"name":"Golan Heights","kind":"held","heldBy":"IL","claimedBy":"SY","note":"Admin. By Israel; Claimed by Syria","rings":[[[35.821,33.407],[35.81,33.36],[35.786,33.343],[35.764,33.334],[35.802,33.312],[35.769,33.273],[35.804,33.248],[35.808,33.202],[35.83,33.19],[35.833,33.161],[35.811,33.127],[35.811,33.112],[35.849,33.099],[35.846,33.085],[35.859,32.99],[35.888,32.945],[35.85,32.896],[35.838,32.866],[35.842,32.854],[35.834,32.828],[35.784,32.778],[35.758,32.744],[35.74,32.741],[35.685,32.711],[35.636,32.679],[35.612,32.682],[35.595,32.707],[35.6,32.717],[35.634,32.752],[35.635,32.769],[35.641,32.772],[35.635,32.794],[35.641,32.82],[35.638,32.832],[35.641,32.865],[35.638,32.875],[35.602,32.909],[35.615,32.921],[35.62,32.984],[35.588,33.018],[35.621,33.05],[35.634,33.052],[35.637,33.077],[35.656,33.125],[35.672,33.15],[35.661,33.213],[35.66,33.236],[35.666,33.247],[35.635,33.249],[35.608,33.239],[35.605,33.244],[35.618,33.256],[35.62,33.27],[35.631,33.275],[35.654,33.262],[35.712,33.307],[35.718,33.317],[35.716,33.327],[35.744,33.331],[35.769,33.343],[35.786,33.358],[35.806,33.391]]]},{"name":"UNDOF Zone","kind":"un","note":"UN Patrolled Zone in Syria","rings":[[[35.758,32.744],[35.784,32.778],[35.834,32.828],[35.842,32.854],[35.838,32.866],[35.85,32.896],[35.888,32.945],[35.859,32.99],[35.846,33.085],[35.849,33.099],[35.811,33.112],[35.811,33.127],[35.833,33.161],[35.83,33.19],[35.808,33.202],[35.804,33.248],[35.769,33.273],[35.802,33.312],[35.764,33.334],[35.786,33.343],[35.81,33.36],[35.821,33.407],[35.87,33.431],[35.873,33.416],[35.87,33.407],[35.845,33.389],[35.83,33.365],[35.83,33.351],[35.843,33.322],[35.845,33.304],[35.84,33.295],[35.819,33.284],[35.82,33.281],[35.851,33.276],[35.866,33.226],[35.889,33.199],[35.882,33.189],[35.885,33.179],[35.9,33.18],[35.911,33.166],[35.911,33.135],[35.892,33.124],[35.897,33.117],[35.903,33.117],[35.903,33.11],[35.868,33.107],[35.865,33.082],[35.877,32.993],[35.898,32.986],[35.924,32.968],[35.912,32.947],[35.89,32.929],[35.861,32.88],[35.843,32.822],[35.815,32.787],[35.791,32.774],[35.77,32.748],[35.764,32.747]]]},{"name":"Transnistria","kind":"self","claimedBy":"MD","note":"Self admin.; Claimed by Moldova","rings":[[[29.899,46.553],[29.868,46.58],[29.84,46.582],[29.831,46.588],[29.824,46.601],[29.776,46.58],[29.728,46.594],[29.748,46.617],[29.776,46.629],[29.759,46.658],[29.749,46.665],[29.728,46.67],[29.703,46.665],[29.696,46.676],[29.667,46.676],[29.69,46.707],[29.698,46.728],[29.665,46.801],[29.652,46.813],[29.62,46.815],[29.611,46.827],[29.619,46.832],[29.615,46.841],[29.59,46.824],[29.563,46.787],[29.549,46.793],[29.543,46.793],[29.531,46.783],[29.512,46.787],[29.498,46.801],[29.502,46.821],[29.495,46.828],[29.494,46.862],[29.477,46.889],[29.471,46.941],[29.46,46.953],[29.436,46.957],[29.376,46.935],[29.35,46.937],[29.316,46.958],[29.296,46.992],[29.325,46.988],[29.371,47.003],[29.378,47.012],[29.374,47.011],[29.364,47.033],[29.381,47.029],[29.383,47.042],[29.378,47.071],[29.372,47.078],[29.33,47.108],[29.296,47.122],[29.291,47.14],[29.237,47.162],[29.227,47.149],[29.221,47.149],[29.213,47.158],[29.188,47.162],[29.179,47.156],[29.18,47.145],[29.194,47.124],[29.19,47.111],[29.157,47.113],[29.148,47.096],[29.125,47.074],[29.099,47.092],[29.07,47.101],[29.095,47.135],[29.112,47.15],[29.145,47.163],[29.164,47.192],[29.179,47.197],[29.164,47.231],[29.094,47.31],[29.08,47.332],[29.079,47.348],[29.089,47.351],[29.123,47.329],[29.14,47.329],[29.154,47.336],[29.165,47.348],[29.139,47.376],[29.083,47.406],[29.091,47.437],[29.108,47.454],[29.111,47.464],[29.104,47.478],[29.093,47.487],[29.049,47.506],[29.034,47.518],[29.025,47.533],[29.016,47.582],[28.993,47.605],[28.987,47.622],[28.996,47.651],[28.988,47.661],[28.981,47.687],[28.976,47.743],[28.981,47.765],[29.018,47.827],[29.019,47.853],[28.981,47.875],[28.861,47.899],[28.829,47.917],[28.831,47.941],[28.813,47.965],[28.785,47.983],[28.754,47.979],[28.719,47.999],[28.698,48.022],[28.682,48.031],[28.652,48.019],[28.631,48.034],[28.619,48.033],[28.56,47.998],[28.538,47.994],[28.528,48.009],[28.533,48.02],[28.597,48.067],[28.628,48.063],[28.633,48.084],[28.63,48.092],[28.584,48.102],[28.538,48.12],[28.518,48.121],[28.501,48.113],[28.519,48.149],[28.542,48.156],[28.574,48.155],[28.666,48.129],[28.771,48.124],[28.799,48.112],[28.806,48.104],[28.812,48.083],[28.828,48.057],[28.833,48.025],[28.856,48.008],[28.883,47.977],[28.915,47.953],[28.95,47.935],[28.981,47.926],[29.017,47.931],[29.061,47.97],[29.093,47.98],[29.11,47.98],[29.136,47.968],[29.148,47.955],[29.173,47.891],[29.236,47.871],[29.233,47.857],[29.187,47.818],[29.178,47.801],[29.178,47.79],[29.187,47.783],[29.222,47.775],[29.235,47.767],[29.239,47.756],[29.197,47.718],[29.191,47.686],[29.192,47.651],[29.182,47.613],[29.131,47.56],[29.117,47.533],[29.13,47.493],[29.164,47.439],[29.182,47.43],[29.202,47.447],[29.218,47.452],[29.233,47.446],[29.251,47.425],[29.281,47.411],[29.301,47.378],[29.346,47.366],[29.359,47.353],[29.368,47.308],[29.394,47.285],[29.426,47.279],[29.442,47.282],[29.459,47.293],[29.481,47.338],[29.521,47.339],[29.557,47.324],[29.57,47.307],[29.579,47.284],[29.58,47.26],[29.569,47.243],[29.544,47.234],[29.54,47.213],[29.551,47.16],[29.545,47.136],[29.53,47.124],[29.481,47.117],[29.479,47.108],[29.52,47.06],[29.531,47.066],[29.551,47.09],[29.57,47.091],[29.595,47.075],[29.602,47.061],[29.603,47.046],[29.595,47.032],[29.572,47.012],[29.559,46.946],[29.567,46.935],[29.598,46.935],[29.632,46.914],[29.696,46.905],[29.712,46.893],[29.736,46.867],[29.754,46.858],[29.844,46.854],[29.872,46.838],[29.89,46.807],[29.917,46.814],[29.928,46.81],[29.932,46.772],[29.951,46.743],[29.953,46.725],[29.944,46.662],[29.932,46.632],[29.931,46.619],[29.95,46.579],[29.938,46.557],[29.916,46.554]]]},{"name":"Abyei","kind":"held","heldBy":"SD","claimedBy":"SS","note":"Admin. by Sudan; Claimed by South Sudan","rings":[[[27.895,9.595],[27.825,9.744],[27.825,10.16],[28.989,10.16],[28.989,9.587],[28.914,9.529],[28.849,9.466],[28.829,9.427],[28.831,9.349],[28.844,9.325],[28.045,9.331],[27.997,9.385]]]},{"name":"Crimea","kind":"held","heldBy":"RU","claimedBy":"UA","note":"Admin. by Russia; Claimed by Ukraine","rings":[[[33.629,46.125],[33.66,46.148],[33.671,46.173],[33.662,46.21],[33.67,46.218],[33.716,46.196],[33.755,46.193],[33.802,46.203],[33.846,46.196],[34.026,46.116],[34.105,46.095],[34.161,46.091],[34.201,46.1],[34.236,46.098],[34.301,46.07],[34.334,46.07],[34.362,46.056],[34.411,45.988],[34.465,45.955],[34.504,45.951],[34.53,45.981],[34.57,45.976],[34.642,45.981],[34.689,45.974],[34.735,45.953],[34.763,45.932],[34.784,45.899],[34.784,45.829],[34.789,45.804],[34.81,45.785],[34.871,45.773],[34.917,45.748],[34.952,45.722],[34.976,45.717],[35.002,45.729],[35.044,45.67],[35.332,45.371],[35.481,45.298],[35.518,45.295],[35.695,45.33],[35.716,45.341],[35.743,45.361],[35.753,45.386],[35.767,45.389],[35.788,45.407],[35.804,45.449],[35.817,45.464],[35.833,45.471],[35.858,45.469],[35.86,45.46],[35.847,45.426],[35.854,45.414],[35.947,45.372],[35.986,45.363],[36.022,45.368],[36.052,45.395],[36.069,45.43],[36.118,45.457],[36.137,45.462],[36.252,45.461],[36.284,45.477],[36.3,45.473],[36.307,45.461],[36.299,45.443],[36.312,45.444],[36.341,45.457],[36.412,45.436],[36.471,45.446],[36.491,45.443],[36.533,45.409],[36.549,45.412],[36.567,45.425],[36.583,45.427],[36.614,45.409],[36.638,45.351],[36.631,45.341],[36.586,45.334],[36.545,45.347],[36.502,45.347],[36.489,45.336],[36.484,45.316],[36.497,45.301],[36.491,45.292],[36.45,45.285],[36.437,45.272],[36.418,45.23],[36.409,45.149],[36.415,45.128],[36.455,45.092],[36.453,45.076],[36.44,45.067],[36.368,45.049],[36.268,45.044],[36.258,45.039],[36.244,45.011],[36.225,45.008],[36.136,45.021],[36.079,45.046],[36.079,45.039],[36.048,45.049],[36.025,45.033],[36.008,45.01],[35.993,44.998],[35.917,45.001],[35.848,44.992],[35.828,44.999],[35.813,45.032],[35.783,45.058],[35.706,45.095],[35.634,45.115],[35.591,45.12],[35.547,45.12],[35.506,45.114],[35.47,45.101],[35.408,45.062],[35.397,45.035],[35.401,45.025],[35.435,45.011],[35.435,45.005],[35.374,44.998],[35.362,44.987],[35.361,44.974],[35.367,44.943],[35.319,44.97],[35.298,44.956],[35.273,44.967],[35.256,44.959],[35.233,44.926],[35.215,44.914],[35.154,44.901],[35.13,44.869],[35.108,44.825],[35.081,44.794],[35.038,44.799],[35.006,44.835],[34.986,44.84],[34.942,44.84],[34.908,44.821],[34.89,44.818],[34.857,44.824],[34.827,44.812],[34.757,44.821],[34.721,44.811],[34.651,44.777],[34.613,44.765],[34.533,44.753],[34.5,44.743],[34.475,44.724],[34.473,44.73],[34.469,44.73],[34.414,44.674],[34.38,44.631],[34.331,44.545],[34.271,44.545],[34.243,44.507],[34.23,44.5],[34.182,44.493],[34.147,44.45],[34.103,44.425],[34.066,44.42],[33.958,44.383],[33.938,44.381],[33.852,44.402],[33.808,44.395],[33.721,44.4],[33.645,44.425],[33.632,44.434],[33.62,44.462],[33.578,44.497],[33.518,44.491],[33.487,44.51],[33.38,44.565],[33.372,44.576],[33.371,44.588],[33.375,44.585],[33.405,44.59],[33.436,44.605],[33.477,44.607],[33.5,44.614],[33.551,44.615],[33.572,44.621],[33.525,44.629],[33.516,44.634],[33.515,44.649],[33.544,44.683],[33.548,44.699],[33.525,44.772],[33.516,44.785],[33.528,44.793],[33.546,44.837],[33.56,44.85],[33.598,44.859],[33.609,44.872],[33.62,44.909],[33.62,44.931],[33.606,44.987],[33.585,45.018],[33.578,45.053],[33.563,45.094],[33.537,45.117],[33.469,45.149],[33.413,45.185],[33.396,45.19],[33.355,45.186],[33.26,45.156],[33.24,45.18],[33.174,45.197],[33.123,45.238],[33.098,45.248],[33.079,45.272],[33.043,45.285],[32.941,45.343],[32.899,45.354],[32.75,45.363],[32.729,45.361],[32.663,45.32],[32.591,45.32],[32.535,45.338],[32.513,45.341],[32.482,45.409],[32.495,45.436],[32.525,45.458],[32.644,45.522],[32.705,45.531],[32.735,45.545],[32.758,45.565],[32.773,45.567],[32.814,45.559],[32.828,45.562],[32.827,45.596],[32.868,45.63],[32.937,45.663],[33.176,45.743],[33.181,45.755],[33.159,45.769],[33.161,45.779],[33.169,45.784],[33.195,45.765],[33.23,45.751],[33.265,45.754],[33.338,45.786],[33.374,45.797],[33.41,45.827],[33.482,45.854],[33.508,45.843],[33.53,45.842],[33.554,45.847],[33.578,45.868],[33.62,45.882],[33.642,45.876],[33.659,45.859],[33.692,45.861],[33.694,45.914],[33.709,45.91],[33.777,45.93],[33.74,45.948],[33.682,45.958],[33.657,45.957],[33.632,45.944],[33.62,45.951],[33.647,45.98],[33.632,45.988],[33.631,45.997],[33.644,46.015],[33.628,46.068],[33.648,46.09],[33.644,46.105]]]},{"name":"Shebaa Farms","kind":"held","heldBy":"IL","claimedBy":"LB","note":"Admin. By Israel; Claimed by Lebanon","rings":[[[35.631,33.275],[35.652,33.277],[35.66,33.289],[35.699,33.323],[35.716,33.327],[35.718,33.317],[35.712,33.307],[35.676,33.276],[35.654,33.262],[35.642,33.266]]]},{"name":"Bir Tawil","kind":"unclaimed","note":"Between Egypt and Sudan","rings":[[[33.181,21.995],[34.084,21.995],[33.999,21.767],[33.558,21.711],[33.304,21.903]]]},{"name":"Halayib Triangle","kind":"held","heldBy":"EG","claimedBy":"SD","note":"Admin. by Egypt; Claimed by Sudan","rings":[[[36.884,21.996],[34.084,21.995],[34.147,22.192],[34.682,22.298],[34.944,22.858],[35.212,22.786],[35.621,23.139],[35.655,23.074],[35.668,22.983],[35.695,22.932],[35.737,22.884],[35.764,22.87],[35.723,22.932],[35.743,22.931],[35.756,22.922],[35.771,22.89],[35.785,22.833],[35.801,22.823],[35.848,22.763],[35.886,22.736],[35.94,22.717],[35.969,22.698],[36.121,22.676],[36.198,22.652],[36.226,22.635],[36.275,22.592],[36.291,22.568],[36.296,22.522],[36.313,22.492],[36.375,22.445],[36.405,22.433],[36.402,22.449],[36.407,22.449],[36.428,22.426],[36.423,22.398],[36.44,22.356],[36.508,22.328],[36.563,22.297],[36.623,22.25],[36.714,22.169],[36.733,22.16],[36.748,22.161],[36.757,22.177],[36.782,22.164],[36.796,22.151],[36.818,22.109],[36.872,22.074],[36.895,22.066],[36.898,22.017],[36.884,21.997]],[[36.651,22.272],[36.661,22.262],[36.66,22.244],[36.658,22.255],[36.631,22.252],[36.637,22.277],[36.649,22.281],[36.652,22.278],[36.644,22.273]],[[36.204,22.67],[36.207,22.66],[36.201,22.652],[36.185,22.673],[36.17,22.684],[36.194,22.685]],[[36.063,22.738],[36.067,22.728],[36.062,22.73],[36.056,22.743],[36.043,22.732],[36.047,22.726],[36.042,22.721],[36.038,22.737],[36.056,22.761],[36.066,22.767],[36.062,22.755],[36.064,22.743]],[[36.228,22.793],[36.25,22.789],[36.207,22.784],[36.197,22.791],[36.218,22.793],[36.214,22.814],[36.224,22.803],[36.222,22.793]]]},{"name":"East Jerusalem","kind":"held","heldBy":"IL","claimedBy":"PS","note":"Admin. By Israel; Claimed by Palestine","rings":[[[35.186,31.809],[35.184,31.825],[35.197,31.826],[35.216,31.82],[35.216,31.839],[35.205,31.877],[35.212,31.881],[35.222,31.879],[35.227,31.85],[35.233,31.843],[35.25,31.844],[35.257,31.839],[35.252,31.831],[35.265,31.826],[35.256,31.812],[35.263,31.79],[35.253,31.77],[35.263,31.749],[35.252,31.738],[35.242,31.711],[35.238,31.709],[35.224,31.719],[35.219,31.715],[35.205,31.723],[35.179,31.72],[35.167,31.732],[35.149,31.737],[35.209,31.747],[35.217,31.736],[35.223,31.735],[35.227,31.744],[35.243,31.751],[35.242,31.759],[35.23,31.762],[35.233,31.769],[35.224,31.801],[35.198,31.81]]]},{"name":"Abu Musa I.","kind":"held","heldBy":"IR","claimedBy":"AE","note":"Admin. by Iran; Claimed by UAE","rings":[[[55.049,25.886],[55.054,25.865],[55.033,25.855],[55.023,25.863],[55.018,25.86],[55.012,25.882],[55.044,25.893]]]},{"name":"Doumera Island","kind":"held","heldBy":"ER","claimedBy":"DJ","note":"Admin. By Eritrea; Claimed by Djibouti","rings":[[[43.14,12.72],[43.152,12.721],[43.152,12.713],[43.143,12.712],[43.139,12.718]]]}]}
diff --git a/src/data/motionModel.js b/src/data/motionModel.js
index eb6020850..7e4474c34 100644
--- a/src/data/motionModel.js
+++ b/src/data/motionModel.js
@@ -198,6 +198,157 @@ export function staleCoastLimitSeconds({
   return Math.min(ceiling, Math.max(floor, contactLeadSec + grace));
 }
 
+/** @constant {number} Dead reckoning never moves a contact faster than this
+ *  (1,500 kt, the trail's continuity limit), so a corrupt reported speed
+ *  cannot fly a coasting plane hundreds of kilometres. */
+export const COAST_MAX_SPEED_MPS = (1_500 * 1852) / 3600;
+
+/** @constant {number} A contact with no fresh report coasts at most this long past it, whatever its source limit; there is no distance cap. */
+export const STALE_COAST_MAX_SEC = 300;
+
+/** @constant {number} A report this close to a known ground height holds
+ *  instead of coasting. */
+export const STALE_HOLD_MAX_HEIGHT_M = 150;
+
+/**
+ * Whether a contact whose reports have stopped holds at its last reported
+ * position instead of coasting: it reported on the ground, or a known ground
+ * floor puts it within STALE_HOLD_MAX_HEIGHT_M of the ground (landing or
+ * taking off). A plane that low has no evidence of being anywhere but where
+ * it was last heard. Where the ground is unknown, barometric altitude is not
+ * read as height above it; the contact coasts under the stale cap.
+ * @param {object} report
+ * @param {boolean} [report.onGround]
+ * @param {number} [report.heightM] - Render height (ellipsoidal metres).
+ * @param {number} [report.groundM] - Ellipsoidal ground under the report, if known.
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function staleHoldsAtLastReport({ onGround, heightM, groundM } = {}) {
+  if (onGround === true) return true;
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(heightM) &&
+    Number.isFinite(groundM) &&
+    heightM - groundM < STALE_HOLD_MAX_HEIGHT_M
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The hold-or-coast decision for a report, made once and kept on the report,
+ * so a ground floor that resolves while the contact coasts cannot flip it and
+ * snap the icon back. Height and position come from the report itself.
+ * @param {{position: Cesium.Cartesian3, staleHolds?: boolean}} fix - History
+ *   fix; `staleHolds` is stored on it.
+ * @param {object} args
+ * @param {boolean} [args.onGround] - The contact's ground flag.
+ * @param {(latDeg: number, lonDeg: number) => number|null} [args.cachedGroundFloor]
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function staleHoldsForFix(fix, { onGround, cachedGroundFloor } = {}) {
+  if (typeof fix.staleHolds === 'boolean') return fix.staleHolds;
+  const carto = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(
+    fix.position,
+    Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+    _holdCarto,
+  );
+  const groundM =
+    carto && typeof cachedGroundFloor === 'function'
+      ? cachedGroundFloor(
+          Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
+          Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
+        )
+      : null;
+  fix.staleHolds = staleHoldsAtLastReport({
+    onGround,
+    heightM: carto?.height,
+    groundM,
+  });
+  return fix.staleHolds;
+}
+
+const _holdCarto = new Cesium.Cartographic();
+
+/**
+ * Seconds a contact coasts past `newest` at a display time `elapsedSec`
+ * after it, counting any coast a synthetic fix already took since the real
+ * report it was built from (`reportEpochMs`), so a chain of synthetic fixes
+ * never coasts further than one report would.
+ * @param {object} args
+ * @param {{epochMs: number, reportEpochMs?: number, velocity?: number}} args.newest
+ * @param {number} args.elapsedSec - Display time past `newest`.
+ * @param {number} args.coastLimitSec - Source limit past `newest`.
+ * @param {boolean} args.holds
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function staleCoastSecondsFrom({
+  newest,
+  elapsedSec,
+  coastLimitSec,
+  holds,
+}) {
+  const alreadySec = Number.isFinite(newest?.reportEpochMs)
+    ? Math.max(0, (newest.epochMs - newest.reportEpochMs) / 1000)
+    : 0;
+  return Math.max(
+    0,
+    staleCoastSeconds({
+      elapsedSec: elapsedSec + alreadySec,
+      coastLimitSec: coastLimitSec + alreadySec,
+      holds,
+    }) - alreadySec,
+  );
+}
+
+/** @constant {number} A coasted position sits at least this far (m) above the ground. */
+export const COAST_FLOOR_LIFT_M = 1.5;
+
+/**
+ * Lift a coasted position to COAST_FLOOR_LIFT_M above the ground where the
+ * ground is known; a coast runs level from the report and terrain may rise
+ * under it.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} position - Mutated in place.
+ * @param {(latDeg: number, lonDeg: number) => number|null} [cachedGroundFloor]
+ * @returns {Cesium.Cartesian3}
+ */
+export function floorCoastedPosition(position, cachedGroundFloor) {
+  if (typeof cachedGroundFloor !== 'function') return position;
+  const carto = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(
+    position,
+    Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+    _coastCarto,
+  );
+  if (!carto) return position;
+  const ground = cachedGroundFloor(
+    Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
+    Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
+  );
+  if (!Number.isFinite(ground) || carto.height >= ground + COAST_FLOOR_LIFT_M)
+    return position;
+  return Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(
+    carto.longitude,
+    carto.latitude,
+    ground + COAST_FLOOR_LIFT_M,
+    Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+    position,
+  );
+}
+
+const _coastCarto = new Cesium.Cartographic();
+
+/**
+ * Seconds to coast past the last report: the elapsed time, bounded by the
+ * source's coast limit and STALE_COAST_MAX_SEC; none for a contact that
+ * holds.
+ * @param {object} args
+ * @param {number} args.elapsedSec - Display time past the last report.
+ * @param {number} args.coastLimitSec - From `staleCoastLimitSeconds`.
+ * @param {boolean} args.holds - From `staleHoldsAtLastReport`.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function staleCoastSeconds({ elapsedSec, coastLimitSec, holds }) {
+  if (holds || !(elapsedSec > 0)) return 0;
+  return Math.max(0, Math.min(elapsedSec, coastLimitSec, STALE_COAST_MAX_SEC));
+}
+
 /**
  * Shortest-arc rate limiter: step `prevDeg` toward `targetDeg` by at most
  * `maxDegPerSec * dtSec`. Seeds directly on the target when prev is null.
@@ -446,12 +597,21 @@ const _forwardFixOffset = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
  * kinematics. This prevents a late course change from reprojecting the entire
  * stale interval and snapping the rendered contact by kilometres.
  *
+ * The same stale rules as the display apply: no fix for a contact that holds
+ * at its report (`staleHoldsForFix`, decided before calling), a coast of at
+ * most STALE_COAST_MAX_SEC counted from the real report
+ * (`reportEpochMs` carries it along a chain), and never below known ground.
+ * The result is a motion fix only, never a report for the trail.
+ *
  * @param {{time: Cesium.JulianDate, epochMs?: number, position: Cesium.Cartesian3,
- *   velocity?: number, track?: number}} newest Existing immutable history fix.
- * @param {{epochMs: number, velocity: number, track: number, turnRateDps?: number}} next
+ *   velocity?: number, track?: number, staleHolds?: boolean, reportEpochMs?: number}} newest
+ *   Existing immutable history fix.
+ * @param {{epochMs: number, velocity: number, track: number, turnRateDps?: number,
+ *   cachedGroundFloor?: Function}} next
  *   New kinematics and the wall/source epoch at which they become authoritative.
  * @returns {{time: Cesium.JulianDate, epochMs: number, position: Cesium.Cartesian3,
- *   velocity: number, track: number}|null} Forward synthetic fix, or null.
+ *   velocity: number, track: number, staleHolds?: boolean, reportEpochMs: number}|null}
+ *   Forward synthetic fix, or null.
  */
 export function synthesizeForwardKinematicsFix(newest, next = {}) {
   if (!newest?.position || !newest?.time || !Number.isFinite(next.epochMs))
@@ -461,12 +621,18 @@ export function synthesizeForwardKinematicsFix(newest, next = {}) {
     : Cesium.JulianDate.toDate(newest.time).getTime();
   if (!Number.isFinite(startEpochMs) || next.epochMs <= startEpochMs)
     return null;
+  if (newest.staleHolds === true) return null;
 
   const previousVelocity = Number.isFinite(newest.velocity)
     ? Math.max(0, newest.velocity)
     : 0;
   const previousTrack = Number.isFinite(newest.track) ? newest.track : 0;
-  const dtSec = (next.epochMs - startEpochMs) / 1000;
+  const dtSec = staleCoastSecondsFrom({
+    newest: { epochMs: startEpochMs, reportEpochMs: newest.reportEpochMs },
+    elapsedSec: (next.epochMs - startEpochMs) / 1000,
+    coastLimitSec: Infinity,
+    holds: false,
+  });
   arcOffsetEnu(
     previousVelocity,
     previousTrack,
@@ -485,14 +651,21 @@ export function synthesizeForwardKinematicsFix(newest, next = {}) {
     Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
     _forwardFixEnu,
   );
-  const position = Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(
-    enu,
-    _forwardFixOffset,
-    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  const position = floorCoastedPosition(
+    Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(
+      enu,
+      _forwardFixOffset,
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    ),
+    next.cachedGroundFloor,
   );
   return {
     time: Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(next.epochMs)),
     epochMs: next.epochMs,
+    reportEpochMs: Number.isFinite(newest.reportEpochMs)
+      ? newest.reportEpochMs
+      : startEpochMs,
+    staleHolds: newest.staleHolds,
     position,
     velocity: Number.isFinite(next.velocity)
       ? Math.max(0, next.velocity)
diff --git a/src/data/planespottersPhoto.js b/src/data/planespottersPhoto.js
index 8346df49f..2786229f8 100644
--- a/src/data/planespottersPhoto.js
+++ b/src/data/planespottersPhoto.js
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 /**
  * @module planespottersPhoto
- * @description Reads a Planespotters photo answer into the one credited
- * thumbnail every surface shows. Planespotters lets the thumbnail be hotlinked
- * on the condition that the photographer is credited next to it and the image
- * links back to the photo's page, so a photo without a photographer, or whose
- * image or page is not on Planespotters' own hosts, is "no photo": nothing
- * arbitrary is ever shown or linked.
+ * @description Reads a Planespotters photo answer into the one thumbnail
+ * every surface shows. Planespotters lets the thumbnail be hotlinked on the
+ * condition that the photographer is credited next to it and the image links
+ * back to the photo's page. A photo whose answer names no photographer is
+ * still shown, linked to its page, with no credit line; a photo whose image or
+ * page is not on Planespotters' own hosts is "no photo": nothing arbitrary is
+ * ever shown or linked.
  *
  * Accepts the upstream answer (`GET https://api.planespotters.net/pub/photos/hex/{hex}`,
  * `{photos: [...]}`), the cached server shape
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ function checked({ src, width, height, photographer, link }) {
   const credit = typeof photographer === 'string' ? photographer.trim() : '';
   const image = imageSrc(src);
   const page = pageLink(link);
-  if (!credit || !image || !page) return null;
+  if (!image || !page) return null;
   return {
     found: true,
     src: image,
diff --git a/src/data/planespottersPhoto.test.mjs b/src/data/planespottersPhoto.test.mjs
index e051367f2..ceaace433 100644
--- a/src/data/planespottersPhoto.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/planespottersPhoto.test.mjs
@@ -105,6 +105,16 @@ test('a server’s cached shape falls back to its small thumbnail when the large
   }
 });
 
+test('a photo that names no photographer is still a photo, uncredited', () => {
+  for (const photographer of ['', '   ', 42, undefined]) {
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      parsePlanespottersPhoto(photo({ photographer })),
+      { ...PHOTO, photographer: '' },
+      String(photographer),
+    );
+  }
+});
+
 test('no photo, junk, and missing fields are "no photo"', () => {
   for (const payload of [
     { photos: [] },
@@ -114,9 +124,6 @@ test('no photo, junk, and missing fields are "no photo"', () => {
     'nope',
     { photos: 'nope' },
     { photos: [null] },
-    photo({ photographer: '' }),
-    photo({ photographer: '   ' }),
-    photo({ photographer: 42 }),
     photo({ link: '' }),
     photo({ thumbnail: null, thumbnail_large: null }),
   ]) {
diff --git a/src/data/regionalBrief.test.mjs b/src/data/regionalBrief.test.mjs
index 18094ec1c..4606b6ad1 100644
--- a/src/data/regionalBrief.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/regionalBrief.test.mjs
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import {
+  REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS,
+  googleNewsWindowOperator,
   normalizeRegionalArticles,
+  recentRegionalArticles,
+  regionalNewsWindowHours,
   normalizeRegionalPlace,
   normalizeRegionalWeather,
   regionalDistanceM,
@@ -61,3 +65,37 @@ test('regional distance handles nearby movement and missing positions', () => {
   assert.ok(distance > 11000 && distance < 11200);
   assert.equal(regionalDistanceM(null, null), Infinity);
 });
+
+test('regional news is held to one 24-hour window, newest first, undated dropped', () => {
+  assert.equal(REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS, 24);
+  assert.equal(googleNewsWindowOperator(), 'when:1d');
+  assert.equal(googleNewsWindowOperator(6), 'when:6h');
+  assert.equal(regionalNewsWindowHours('12'), 12);
+  assert.equal(regionalNewsWindowHours(0), 24);
+  assert.equal(regionalNewsWindowHours(undefined), 24);
+  const now = Date.parse('2026-11-04T12:00:00Z');
+  const at = (hours) => new Date(now - hours * 3_600_000).toISOString();
+  const rows = [
+    { title: 'a', publishedAt: at(23) },
+    { title: 'stale', publishedAt: at(25) },
+    { title: 'undated', publishedAt: null },
+    { title: 'garbled', publishedAt: 'not a date' },
+    { title: 'b', publishedAt: at(1) },
+    { title: 'future', publishedAt: at(-2) },
+    { title: 'c', publishedAt: at(5) },
+  ];
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    recentRegionalArticles(rows, { now }).map((row) => row.title),
+    ['b', 'c', 'a'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    recentRegionalArticles(rows, { now, limit: 2 }).map((row) => row.title),
+    ['b', 'c'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    recentRegionalArticles(rows, { now, windowHours: 4 }).map((row) => row.title),
+    ['b'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(recentRegionalArticles([], { now }), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(recentRegionalArticles(undefined, { now }), []);
+});
diff --git a/src/data/regionalModel.js b/src/data/regionalModel.js
index 46f162d6f..281fc873f 100644
--- a/src/data/regionalModel.js
+++ b/src/data/regionalModel.js
@@ -55,6 +55,13 @@ export function normalizeRegionalPlace(payload) {
   };
 }
 
+export {
+  REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS,
+  googleNewsWindowOperator,
+  recentRegionalArticles,
+  regionalNewsWindowHours,
+} from './regionalNewsWindow.js';
+
 /** Normalize and deduplicate GDELT ArticleList output without trusting article HTML. */
 export function normalizeRegionalArticles(payload, limit = MAX_ARTICLES) {
   const rows = Array.isArray(payload?.articles) ? payload.articles : [];
diff --git a/src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js b/src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15180eee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/regionalNewsWindow.js
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/** The regional-news freshness window, shared by the servers and the Cockpit. */
+
+/** At most this many articles answer a regional brief. */
+export const REGIONAL_NEWS_ROWS = 5;
+
+/**
+ * The regional-news freshness window, in hours. The servers ask upstream for
+ * this window, drop anything older and report it as `newsWindowHours`; the
+ * Cockpit labels its list with it.
+ */
+export const REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS = 24;
+
+// A publish time this far ahead of the clock is skew, not a future story.
+const REGIONAL_NEWS_CLOCK_SKEW_MS = 15 * 60_000;
+
+/**
+ * A served window in hours, or the default when it is missing or out of range.
+ * @param {unknown} value
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function regionalNewsWindowHours(value) {
+  const hours = Number(value);
+  return Number.isInteger(hours) && hours >= 1 && hours <= 168
+    ? hours
+    : REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The Google News search operator asking for the window: `when:1d` for 24 h.
+ * @param {number} [hours]
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function googleNewsWindowOperator(hours = REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS) {
+  const span = regionalNewsWindowHours(hours);
+  return span % 24 === 0 ? `when:${span / 24}d` : `when:${span}h`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The articles published inside the window, newest first, at most `limit`.
+ * An article without a parseable publish time is dropped: nothing shows it is
+ * recent. One dated more than 15 minutes ahead of `now` is dropped too.
+ * @param {Array<{publishedAt?: string|null}>} articles
+ * @param {{now?: number, windowHours?: number, limit?: number}} [options]
+ * @returns {Array<object>}
+ */
+export function recentRegionalArticles(
+  articles,
+  {
+    now = Date.now(),
+    windowHours = REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS,
+    limit = REGIONAL_NEWS_ROWS,
+  } = {},
+) {
+  const oldest = now - regionalNewsWindowHours(windowHours) * 3_600_000;
+  return (Array.isArray(articles) ? articles : [])
+    .map((article) => ({ article, at: Date.parse(article?.publishedAt) }))
+    .filter(
+      ({ at }) =>
+        Number.isFinite(at) &&
+        at >= oldest &&
+        at <= now + REGIONAL_NEWS_CLOCK_SKEW_MS,
+    )
+    .sort((a, b) => b.at - a.at)
+    .slice(0, Math.max(0, limit))
+    .map(({ article }) => article);
+}
diff --git a/src/data/regionalProxy.test.mjs b/src/data/regionalProxy.test.mjs
index 97891bef8..b1e56da36 100644
--- a/src/data/regionalProxy.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/regionalProxy.test.mjs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import createViteConfig, {
   validMilitaryInstallationBox,
   validRegionalPoint,
 } from '../../vite.config.js';
+import { fetchRegionalNews } from '../../server/providers/regional/news.js';
 
 test('missing Google place context is a quiet keyless capability, not a 503', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(keylessGooglePlacesResponse(undefined), {
@@ -113,3 +114,50 @@ test('regional brief treats an all-source outage as total failure', () => {
     news: { status: 'unavailable' },
   }), true);
 });
+
+test('local regional news asks for the last day, drops old and undated items, newest first', async (t) => {
+  const realFetch = globalThis.fetch;
+  t.after(() => { globalThis.fetch = realFetch; });
+  const urls = [];
+  let rss;
+  let gdelt;
+  globalThis.fetch = async (url) => {
+    urls.push(new URL(String(url)));
+    const answer = String(url).includes('news.google') ? rss : gdelt;
+    return typeof answer === 'function' ? answer() : answer.clone();
+  };
+  const at = (hours) => new Date(Date.now() - hours * 3_600_000).toUTCString();
+  const item = (title, date) =>
+    `<item><title>${title}</title><link>https://news.example/${title}</link>${date ? `<pubDate>${date}</pubDate>` : ''}</item>`;
+  rss = new Response(`<rss><channel>${[
+    item('old', at(4 * 24)),
+    item('undated', null),
+    item('day', at(20)),
+    item('hour', at(1)),
+  ].join('')}</channel></rss>`);
+  const place = { locality: 'Austin' };
+  const ready = await fetchRegionalNews(place);
+  assert.equal(urls[0].searchParams.get('q'), 'Austin when:1d');
+  assert.equal(ready.status, 'ready');
+  assert.deepEqual(ready.articles.map((row) => row.title), ['hour', 'day']);
+
+  // Nothing recent in RSS: GDELT is asked for the same 24 h window.
+  rss = new Response(`<rss><channel>${item('old', at(30))}</channel></rss>`);
+  gdelt = Response.json({ articles: [] });
+  urls.length = 0;
+  const empty = await fetchRegionalNews(place);
+  assert.equal(urls[1].searchParams.get('timespan'), '24h');
+  assert.deepEqual(empty, { status: 'empty', query: 'Austin', articles: [], source: 'GDELT fallback' });
+
+  // RSS answered with nothing recent and GDELT failed: still a true empty.
+  rss = new Response('<rss><channel></channel></rss>');
+  gdelt = () => Promise.reject(new TypeError('network'));
+  assert.equal((await fetchRegionalNews(place)).status, 'empty');
+
+  // Neither source answered, or no place: unavailable.
+  rss = () => Promise.resolve(new Response('busy', { status: 503 }));
+  const failed = await fetchRegionalNews(place);
+  assert.equal(failed.status, 'unavailable');
+  assert.deepEqual(failed.articles, []);
+  assert.equal((await fetchRegionalNews(null)).status, 'unavailable');
+});
diff --git a/src/data/routePlausible.js b/src/data/routePlausible.js
index d52b44ef8..7b2cffc06 100644
--- a/src/data/routePlausible.js
+++ b/src/data/routePlausible.js
@@ -46,7 +46,13 @@ function alongTrackKm(position, origin, destination) {
 }
 
 const NEAR_ENDPOINT_KM = 130;
+/** Least allowed distance off the great circle, and how far past either
+ *  endpoint the plane may be along it. */
 const CROSS_TRACK_KM = 200;
+/** On a long route the allowed distance off the great circle grows to this
+ *  share of its length: airways and winds take a coast-to-coast flight several
+ *  hundred kilometres off it (JFK–SFO: 623 km). */
+const CROSS_TRACK_ROUTE_FRACTION = 0.15;
 const LOW_ALT_M = 3700; // ~12 000 ft
 const VERT_TREND_MPS = 2; // ~400 fpm
 const LOCAL_AIRPORT_KM = 150;
@@ -90,6 +96,9 @@ export function routePlausible({
     // existing loose check when the segment cannot be judged reliably.
     const segmentKnown =
       routeKm > 0.001 && routeKm < Math.PI * EARTH_RADIUS_KM - 0.001;
+    const corridorKm = segmentKnown
+      ? Math.max(CROSS_TRACK_KM, CROSS_TRACK_ROUTE_FRACTION * routeKm)
+      : CROSS_TRACK_KM;
     geomOk =
       Math.abs(
         crossTrackKm(
@@ -100,7 +109,7 @@ export function routePlausible({
           destination.lat,
           destination.lon,
         ),
-      ) < CROSS_TRACK_KM &&
+      ) < corridorKm &&
       (!segmentKnown ||
         (segmentAlongKm >= -CROSS_TRACK_KM &&
           segmentAlongKm <= routeKm + CROSS_TRACK_KM));
diff --git a/src/data/routePlausible.test.mjs b/src/data/routePlausible.test.mjs
index aa59a0c18..f4ca0c573 100644
--- a/src/data/routePlausible.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/routePlausible.test.mjs
@@ -27,6 +27,24 @@ test('plane in London with an SFO→LAX route: implausible', () => {
   }), false);
 });
 
+test('a long route allows a wider corridor; a short one does not', () => {
+  // JFK→SFO over Kansas, 384 km south of the great circle.
+  assert.equal(routePlausible({
+    latDeg: 38.21, lonDeg: -99.69, altitudeM: 10370, verticalRateMps: 0,
+    origin: JFK, destination: SFO,
+  }), true);
+  // 516 km off the 543 km SFO→LAX route is still the wrong route.
+  assert.equal(routePlausible({
+    latDeg: 37.9, lonDeg: -115.0, altitudeM: 10000, verticalRateMps: 0,
+    origin: SFO, destination: LAX,
+  }), false);
+  // 960 km off, past 15 % of the 4,152 km JFK→SFO route, is still wrong.
+  assert.equal(routePlausible({
+    latDeg: 33.0, lonDeg: -99.69, altitudeM: 10000, verticalRateMps: 0,
+    origin: JFK, destination: SFO,
+  }), false);
+});
+
 test('vertical trend: low climbing plane near SFO — origin must be local', () => {
   const nearSfo = { latDeg: 37.7, lonDeg: -122.4, altitudeM: 2500 };
   // JFK→SFO passes geometry (near destination), but a CLIMBING plane here just
diff --git a/src/data/routeSegment.test.mjs b/src/data/routeSegment.test.mjs
index caa02c4ea..0760c4825 100644
--- a/src/data/routeSegment.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/routeSegment.test.mjs
@@ -140,7 +140,10 @@ test('the actual native tracked label hides the wrong leg and keeps a healthy ro
     ].map((name) => [name, {}]),
   );
   services.aircraftPresentation = { isTr3b: () => false };
-  const parts = { queries: { _contactLabel: (_, info) => info.callsign } };
+  const parts = {
+    queries: { _contactLabel: (_, info) => info.callsign },
+    motion: { _signalLost: () => null },
+  };
   const tracking = createTracking({ flightState, services, parts });
   for (const [position, expected] of [
     [beyond, false],
diff --git a/src/data/shipwrecksProxy.test.mjs b/src/data/shipwrecksProxy.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e66d16a40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/shipwrecksProxy.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { shipwrecksProxy } from '../../server/providers/shipwrecks.js';
+
+const EMODNET = {
+  type: 'FeatureCollection',
+  features: [
+    {
+      type: 'Feature',
+      id: 'heritageshipwrecks.1',
+      geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [-0.92, 50.74] },
+      properties: { name: 'HMS/m A1', sink_yr: '1911', country: 'UK' },
+    },
+  ],
+};
+
+const WIKIDATA = {
+  results: {
+    bindings: [
+      {
+        item: { value: 'http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q25173' },
+        itemLabel: { value: 'Titanic' },
+        coord: { value: 'Point(-49.9469 41.7325)' },
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+};
+
+/**
+ * Upstream fake. Each source answers 'ok', 'down' (HTTP 503) or 'malformed'
+ * (HTTP 200 with a body that is not that source's data); change `state` to
+ * switch between requests.
+ */
+function fakeFetch({ wikidataFails = false, emodnetFails = false } = {}) {
+  const calls = [];
+  const state = {
+    emodnet: emodnetFails ? 'down' : 'ok',
+    wikidata: wikidataFails ? 'down' : 'ok',
+  };
+  const fetchImpl = async (url, options) => {
+    calls.push({ url: String(url), options });
+    const href = String(url);
+    const name = href.includes('query.wikidata.org')
+      ? 'wikidata'
+      : href.includes('ows.emodnet-humanactivities.eu')
+        ? 'emodnet'
+        : null;
+    if (!name) return new Response('', { status: 404 });
+    if (state[name] === 'down') return new Response('', { status: 503 });
+    if (state[name] === 'malformed') return Response.json({});
+    return Response.json(name === 'wikidata' ? WIKIDATA : EMODNET);
+  };
+  const callsTo = (name) =>
+    calls.filter(({ url }) =>
+      url.includes(
+        name === 'wikidata'
+          ? 'query.wikidata.org'
+          : 'ows.emodnet-humanactivities',
+      ),
+    ).length;
+  return { fetchImpl, calls, state, callsTo };
+}
+
+const HOUR = 60 * 60 * 1000;
+
+function handlerOf(plugin) {
+  let handler;
+  plugin.configureServer({
+    middlewares: { use: (_path, fn) => (handler = fn) },
+  });
+  return handler;
+}
+
+function request(handler, { method = 'GET', url = '/' } = {}) {
+  return new Promise((resolve) => {
+    const res = {
+      destroyed: false,
+      writeHead(status, headers) {
+        this.status = status;
+        this.headers = headers;
+      },
+      end(body) {
+        resolve({
+          status: this.status,
+          headers: this.headers,
+          body: JSON.parse(body),
+        });
+      },
+    };
+    handler(
+      { method, url, headers: {}, socket: { remoteAddress: '127.0.0.1' } },
+      res,
+    );
+  });
+}
+
+test('serves one cached snapshot from fixed upstreams', async () => {
+  const { fetchImpl, calls } = fakeFetch();
+  const handler = handlerOf(shipwrecksProxy({ fetchImpl }));
+  const first = await request(handler);
+  assert.equal(first.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(first.body.records.length, 2);
+  const a1 = first.body.records.find((record) => record.name === 'HMS/m A1');
+  assert.equal(a1.year, 1911);
+  assert.deepEqual(first.body.sources, { emodnet: true, wikidata: true });
+  for (const { url } of calls)
+    assert.match(
+      url,
+      /^https:\/\/(ows\.emodnet-humanactivities\.eu\/wfs\?|query\.wikidata\.org\/sparql\?)/,
+    );
+  const count = calls.length;
+  await request(handler);
+  assert.equal(calls.length, count, 'second request is served from cache');
+});
+
+test('one failing source still serves the other; both failing is a 502', async () => {
+  const partial = handlerOf(
+    shipwrecksProxy({
+      fetchImpl: fakeFetch({ wikidataFails: true }).fetchImpl,
+    }),
+  );
+  const ok = await request(partial);
+  assert.equal(ok.status, 200);
+  assert.deepEqual(ok.body.sources, { emodnet: true, wikidata: false });
+
+  const down = handlerOf(
+    shipwrecksProxy({
+      fetchImpl: fakeFetch({ wikidataFails: true, emodnetFails: true })
+        .fetchImpl,
+    }),
+  );
+  assert.equal((await request(down)).status, 502);
+});
+
+test('a failed refresh serves the last snapshot as stale', async () => {
+  let clock = 0;
+  let fail = false;
+  const { fetchImpl: good } = fakeFetch();
+  const { fetchImpl: bad } = fakeFetch({
+    wikidataFails: true,
+    emodnetFails: true,
+  });
+  const handler = handlerOf(
+    shipwrecksProxy({
+      fetchImpl: (...args) => (fail ? bad : good)(...args),
+      now: () => clock,
+    }),
+  );
+  await request(handler);
+  fail = true;
+  clock = 25 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+  const stale = await request(handler);
+  assert.equal(stale.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(stale.headers['X-Data-Stale'], 'true');
+});
+
+test('rejects other methods and routes', async () => {
+  const handler = handlerOf(
+    shipwrecksProxy({ fetchImpl: fakeFetch().fetchImpl }),
+  );
+  assert.equal((await request(handler, { method: 'POST' })).status, 405);
+  assert.equal((await request(handler, { url: '/x' })).status, 404);
+});
+
+test("a refresh that gets nothing usable keeps every source's last good wrecks", async () => {
+  let clock = 0;
+  const upstream = fakeFetch();
+  const handler = handlerOf(
+    shipwrecksProxy({ fetchImpl: upstream.fetchImpl, now: () => clock }),
+  );
+  const first = await request(handler);
+  assert.equal(first.body.records.length, 2);
+  // A day later EMODnet is down and Wikidata answers 200 with no results.
+  upstream.state.emodnet = 'down';
+  upstream.state.wikidata = 'malformed';
+  clock = 25 * HOUR;
+  const later = await request(handler);
+  assert.equal(later.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(later.body.records.length, 2, 'no wreck is lost');
+  assert.deepEqual(later.body.sources, { emodnet: true, wikidata: true });
+  assert.equal(later.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(later.body.fetchedAt, 0, 'the age of the oldest data served');
+});
+
+test('one source failing keeps its own last records while the other refreshes', async () => {
+  let clock = 0;
+  const upstream = fakeFetch();
+  const handler = handlerOf(
+    shipwrecksProxy({ fetchImpl: upstream.fetchImpl, now: () => clock }),
+  );
+  const first = await request(handler);
+  assert.equal((await request(handler)).body.version, first.body.version);
+  upstream.state.wikidata = 'down';
+  clock = 25 * HOUR;
+  const later = await request(handler);
+  assert.notEqual(later.body.version, first.body.version, 'new EMODnet data');
+  assert.equal(later.body.records.length, 2);
+  assert.deepEqual(later.body.sources, { emodnet: true, wikidata: true });
+  assert.equal(later.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(upstream.callsTo('emodnet'), 2, 'EMODnet was refreshed');
+  assert.deepEqual(later.body.ages, { emodnet: 0, wikidata: 25 * HOUR });
+  assert.equal(later.body.maxAgeMs, 7 * 24 * HOUR);
+});
+
+test('a failed source waits before it is asked again', async () => {
+  let clock = 0;
+  const upstream = fakeFetch();
+  const handler = handlerOf(
+    shipwrecksProxy({ fetchImpl: upstream.fetchImpl, now: () => clock }),
+  );
+  await request(handler);
+  upstream.state.emodnet = 'down';
+  upstream.state.wikidata = 'down';
+  clock = 25 * HOUR;
+  await request(handler);
+  const asked = upstream.calls.length;
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i += 1) {
+    clock += 60 * 1000;
+    const res = await request(handler);
+    assert.equal(res.status, 200);
+    assert.equal(res.body.stale, true);
+  }
+  assert.equal(upstream.calls.length, asked, 'no upstream call while waiting');
+  clock = 25 * HOUR + 16 * 60 * 1000;
+  upstream.state.emodnet = 'ok';
+  upstream.state.wikidata = 'ok';
+  const back = await request(handler);
+  assert.equal(
+    upstream.calls.length,
+    asked + 2,
+    'both are retried after the wait',
+  );
+  assert.equal(back.body.stale, undefined);
+});
+
+test('with no data yet, failures are retried only after the wait', async () => {
+  let clock = 0;
+  const upstream = fakeFetch({ emodnetFails: true, wikidataFails: true });
+  const handler = handlerOf(
+    shipwrecksProxy({ fetchImpl: upstream.fetchImpl, now: () => clock }),
+  );
+  assert.equal((await request(handler)).status, 502);
+  const asked = upstream.calls.length;
+  clock += 5 * 60 * 1000;
+  assert.equal((await request(handler)).status, 502);
+  assert.equal(upstream.calls.length, asked);
+  clock += 11 * 60 * 1000;
+  assert.equal((await request(handler)).status, 502);
+  assert.equal(upstream.calls.length, asked * 2);
+});
+
+test('a source older than seven days is no longer served', async () => {
+  let clock = 0;
+  const upstream = fakeFetch();
+  const handler = handlerOf(
+    shipwrecksProxy({ fetchImpl: upstream.fetchImpl, now: () => clock }),
+  );
+  await request(handler);
+  upstream.state.emodnet = 'down';
+  upstream.state.wikidata = 'down';
+  clock = 7 * 24 * HOUR;
+  assert.equal((await request(handler)).status, 200, 'seven days is served');
+  clock = 7 * 24 * HOUR + 16 * 60 * 1000;
+  assert.equal((await request(handler)).status, 502, 'older is dropped');
+});
+
+test('an upstream body over its cap is a failed source, read only to the cap', async () => {
+  const MIB = 1024 * 1024;
+  const chunk = new Uint8Array(MIB).fill(0x20);
+  let sent = 0;
+  let cancelled = false;
+  const endless = () =>
+    new ReadableStream({
+      pull(controller) {
+        sent += chunk.byteLength;
+        controller.enqueue(chunk);
+      },
+      cancel() {
+        cancelled = true;
+      },
+    });
+  const handler = handlerOf(
+    shipwrecksProxy({
+      fetchImpl: async (url) =>
+        String(url).includes('query.wikidata.org')
+          ? Response.json(WIKIDATA)
+          : new Response(endless()),
+    }),
+  );
+  const res = await request(handler);
+  assert.equal(res.status, 200);
+  assert.deepEqual(res.body.sources, { emodnet: false, wikidata: true });
+  assert.ok(cancelled, 'the oversized body is cancelled');
+  assert.ok(sent <= 34 * MIB, `read ${sent / MIB} MiB of a 32 MiB cap`);
+});
+
+test('a refresh far smaller than the last good set is refused until it expires', async () => {
+  let clock = 0;
+  const many = {
+    results: {
+      bindings: Array.from({ length: 10 }, (_, i) => ({
+        item: { value: `http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q${100 + i}` },
+        itemLabel: { value: `Wreck ${i}` },
+        coord: { value: `Point(${i} 40)` },
+      })),
+    },
+  };
+  let wikidata = many;
+  const handler = handlerOf(
+    shipwrecksProxy({
+      fetchImpl: async (url) =>
+        Response.json(
+          String(url).includes('query.wikidata.org') ? wikidata : EMODNET,
+        ),
+      now: () => clock,
+    }),
+  );
+  assert.equal((await request(handler)).body.records.length, 11);
+  wikidata = WIKIDATA;
+  clock = 25 * HOUR;
+  const refused = await request(handler);
+  assert.equal(refused.body.records.length, 11, 'one wreck is not ten');
+  assert.equal(refused.body.stale, true);
+  clock = 8 * 24 * HOUR;
+  const accepted = await request(handler);
+  assert.equal(
+    accepted.body.records.length,
+    2,
+    'taken once the old set expired',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/data/spriteOrder.js b/src/data/spriteOrder.js
index 28f83cb4e..68946ed9a 100644
--- a/src/data/spriteOrder.js
+++ b/src/data/spriteOrder.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 /** Bottom-to-top order for near-plane-clamped contact sprite collections. */
 export const SPRITE_LAYER_ORDER = Object.freeze([
+  'shipwrecks',
   'cctv',
   'firms',
   'wildlife-sightings',
diff --git a/src/data/trailContinuity.js b/src/data/trailContinuity.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..629b8bca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/trailContinuity.js
@@ -0,0 +1,607 @@
+/**
+ * @module trailContinuity
+ * @description Where a tracked aircraft's trail lifts the pen.
+ *
+ * A trail is a chronological list of fixes `{position, timeMs, nullAltitude,
+ * breakBefore, drawn}`: reports, and (`drawn`) points where the tracked icon
+ * was drawn between them. Between two consecutive fixes that are not one path, a new
+ * segment starts and nothing is drawn between them: no dashes, no arcs.
+ * Nothing is dropped except the oldest fixes past the layer's point limit.
+ *
+ * Two points are not one path when time does not advance, when the gap is
+ * longer than 48 minutes (a coverage hole or a separate flight), when the
+ * implied great-circle speed is over 1,500 kt, or when either point has no
+ * reported altitude. A parked aircraft is the exception: a pair under three
+ * hours apart within 0.1 nm stays one path.
+ *
+ * Civil and military flight tracking share these rules.
+ */
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+
+/** @constant {number} A gap longer than this is a coverage hole or a separate flight. */
+export const TRAIL_CONTINUITY_MAX_GAP_MS = 48 * 60_000;
+
+/** @constant {number} A pair implying more than this great-circle speed is not one path. */
+export const TRAIL_CONTINUITY_MAX_SPEED_KT = 1_500;
+
+/** @constant {number} A parked aircraft may stop reporting this long and stay one path. */
+export const TRAIL_STATIONARY_HOLD_MAX_GAP_MS = 3 * 60 * 60_000;
+
+/** @constant {number} How close (nautical miles) two points must be to count as parked. */
+export const TRAIL_STATIONARY_HOLD_MAX_DISTANCE_NM = 0.1;
+
+/** @constant {number} The head never joins a body point farther than this from the aircraft. */
+export const TRAIL_HEAD_JOIN_MAX_M = 150_000;
+
+const METRES_PER_NM = 1852;
+
+/** @constant {number} Mean Earth radius (m) for great-circle trail distances. */
+const EARTH_MEAN_RADIUS_M = 6_371_008.8;
+
+/**
+ * Whether two consecutive trail points belong to different paths. Time that
+ * does not advance, a gap over TRAIL_CONTINUITY_MAX_GAP_MS or an implied
+ * speed over TRAIL_CONTINUITY_MAX_SPEED_KT breaks the line, except for a
+ * parked aircraft: a pair under three hours apart within 0.1 nm.
+ * @param {number} deltaMs - Later point's time minus the earlier one's.
+ * @param {number} distanceM - Great-circle distance between the points.
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function trailPairBreaks(deltaMs, distanceM) {
+  if (!(deltaMs > 0) || !Number.isFinite(distanceM)) return true;
+  const distanceNm = distanceM / METRES_PER_NM;
+  if (
+    deltaMs <= TRAIL_STATIONARY_HOLD_MAX_GAP_MS &&
+    distanceNm <= TRAIL_STATIONARY_HOLD_MAX_DISTANCE_NM
+  )
+    return false;
+  return (
+    deltaMs > TRAIL_CONTINUITY_MAX_GAP_MS ||
+    distanceNm / (deltaMs / 3_600_000) > TRAIL_CONTINUITY_MAX_SPEED_KT
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether the head segment may join the last body point to the aircraft:
+ * within TRAIL_HEAD_JOIN_MAX_M and not broken under `trailPairBreaks`.
+ * @param {number} deltaMs - Current time minus the body point's time.
+ * @param {number} distanceM - Distance from the body point to the aircraft.
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function trailHeadJoins(deltaMs, distanceM) {
+  return (
+    distanceM <= TRAIL_HEAD_JOIN_MAX_M && !trailPairBreaks(deltaMs, distanceM)
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Great-circle distance between two trail positions, in metres.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} a
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} b
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function trailDistanceM(a, b) {
+  return Cesium.Cartesian3.angleBetween(a, b) * EARTH_MEAN_RADIUS_M;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether the pen lifts between two consecutive fixes.
+ * @param {object|undefined} prev - Earlier fix, if any.
+ * @param {object} next - Later fix.
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function trailFixBreaks(prev, next) {
+  if (!prev || prev.nullAltitude || next.nullAltitude) return true;
+  // A recorded point is where the icon was drawn; the speed between it and a
+  // report it was eased onto is not a flight speed, so only the gap counts.
+  if (prev.drawn || next.drawn)
+    return Math.abs(next.timeMs - prev.timeMs) > TRAIL_CONTINUITY_MAX_GAP_MS;
+  return trailPairBreaks(
+    next.timeMs - prev.timeMs,
+    trailDistanceM(prev.position, next.position),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build backfill fixes from chronological waypoints. Every waypoint with a
+ * position is kept. A waypoint without one (no altitude and no known ground)
+ * is skipped, and the line still breaks there.
+ * @param {{position: Cesium.Cartesian3|null, timeMs: number, nullAltitude: boolean}[]} waypoints
+ * @returns {{fixes: object[], breakAfter: boolean}} The fixes, and whether the
+ *   line breaks after the last one because trailing waypoints were skipped.
+ */
+export function trailBackfillFixes(waypoints) {
+  const fixes = [];
+  let skipped = false;
+  for (const { position, timeMs, nullAltitude } of waypoints) {
+    if (!position) {
+      skipped = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    const fix = { position, timeMs, nullAltitude: !!nullAltitude };
+    fix.breakBefore = skipped || trailFixBreaks(fixes[fixes.length - 1], fix);
+    skipped = false;
+    fixes.push(fix);
+  }
+  return { fixes, breakAfter: skipped };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Put backfill fixes ahead of the live trail. The join follows the same
+ * rule, so a distant history tail never connects to the first live fix.
+ * Past `maxPoints` the oldest recorded points go first, then the oldest
+ * reports.
+ * @param {{fixes: object[], breakAfter: boolean}} backfill
+ * @param {object[]} live - Live fixes; the first one's break is recomputed.
+ * @param {number} maxPoints - Point limit across all segments.
+ * @returns {object[]} The joined trail.
+ */
+export function joinTrailBackfill({ fixes, breakAfter }, live, maxPoints) {
+  if (!fixes.length) return live;
+  if (live.length)
+    live[0].breakBefore =
+      breakAfter || trailFixBreaks(fixes[fixes.length - 1], live[0]);
+  return keepTrailLimit(fixes.concat(live), maxPoints);
+}
+
+/**
+ * How many fixes the drawn body holds: every fix at or before the display
+ * time, where the aircraft is drawn. Fixes ahead of it (reports newer than
+ * the delayed display) are reached by the head segment instead, so the trail
+ * never runs past the aircraft, and once the display passes the newest
+ * report the body ends there.
+ * @param {object[]} fixes
+ * @param {number} displayMs - Time the aircraft is drawn at.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function trailBodyCount(fixes, displayMs) {
+  let count = fixes.length;
+  while (count > 0 && fixes[count - 1].timeMs > displayMs) count -= 1;
+  return count;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Leave out the newest recorded points that lie inside the aircraft's 3D
+ * model, so the body never runs through the fuselage; the head then runs
+ * from the newest point outside the model to the plane. Reports are kept.
+ * @param {object[]} fixes
+ * @param {number} count - From `trailBodyCount`.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3|null} modelCenter - The model's centre, or null
+ *   when no model is the visual.
+ * @param {number|null} envelopeM - The model's radius (m).
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function trailBodyCountOutsideModel(
+  fixes,
+  count,
+  modelCenter,
+  envelopeM,
+) {
+  if (!modelCenter || !(envelopeM > 0)) return count;
+  while (
+    count > 0 &&
+    fixes[count - 1].drawn &&
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(fixes[count - 1].position, modelCenter) <
+      envelopeM
+  )
+    count -= 1;
+  return count;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The drawn trail body, split at breaks: the first `count` fixes.
+ * @param {object[]} fixes
+ * @param {number} count - From `trailBodyCount`.
+ * @returns {Cesium.Cartesian3[][]}
+ */
+export function trailBodySegments(fixes, count) {
+  const segments = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const fix = fixes[i];
+    // A live report with no altitude keeps no position; it only breaks the line.
+    if (!fix.position) continue;
+    if (fix.breakBefore || !segments.length) segments.push([]);
+    segments[segments.length - 1].push(fix.position);
+  }
+  return segments;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Draw body segments. A trail without breaks support draws only the newest
+ * segment, never a line across a break.
+ * @param {{setSegments?: Function, setPositions: Function}} trail
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3[][]} segments
+ */
+export function drawTrailSegments(trail, segments) {
+  if (typeof trail.setSegments === 'function') trail.setSegments(segments);
+  else trail.setPositions(segments[segments.length - 1] ?? []);
+}
+
+/** @constant {number} A head shorter than this (m) is not drawn: the aircraft is holding at its last report. */
+const TRAIL_HEAD_MIN_M = 0.5;
+
+/**
+ * The body fix the head segment starts from, or null when the head is not
+ * drawn: no body yet, the aircraft holding at that fix, a body point more
+ * than 150 km from the aircraft, or one too long ago or too far away to be
+ * one path.
+ * @param {object[]} fixes
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} head - Displayed aircraft position.
+ * @param {number} nowMs - Current time.
+ * @param {number} count - Body fixes, from `trailBodyCount`.
+ * @returns {object|null}
+ */
+export function trailHeadStartFix(fixes, head, nowMs, count) {
+  if (count < 1 || !head) return null;
+  const last = fixes[count - 1];
+  if (!last.position) return null;
+  if (Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(last.position, head) < TRAIL_HEAD_MIN_M)
+    return null;
+  return trailHeadJoins(
+    nowMs - last.timeMs,
+    trailDistanceM(last.position, head),
+  )
+    ? last
+    : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Epoch ms of a position-history fix (`{epochMs?, time}`).
+ * @param {object|undefined} fix
+ * @returns {number} NaN when unknown.
+ */
+export function historyFixEpochMs(fix) {
+  if (Number.isFinite(fix?.epochMs)) return fix.epochMs;
+  return fix?.time ? Cesium.JulianDate.toDate(fix.time).getTime() : NaN;
+}
+
+/** @constant {number} The tracked icon's drawn position is recorded at least this often (ms of display time)... */
+export const TRAIL_RECORD_STEP_MS = 1_000;
+
+/** @constant {number} ...or whenever it has moved this far (m), whichever comes first. */
+export const TRAIL_RECORD_STEP_M = 150;
+
+/** @constant {number} A recorded point is kept only where dropping it would move the line by more than this (m) across the track or in height. */
+export const TRAIL_THIN_TOLERANCE_M = 30;
+
+/** @constant {number} A recorded point is kept where dropping it would leave a straight piece longer than this (m), so a long leg still has vertices. */
+export const TRAIL_THIN_MAX_SPAN_M = 10_000;
+
+/** @constant {number} A kept point stands in for at most this many dropped positions; past it the point is kept. */
+const TRAIL_THIN_MAX_ABSORBED = 512;
+
+/** @constant {number} A recorded point is dropped where the line turns back sharper than this (degrees)... */
+export const TRAIL_SPUR_TURN_DEG = 120;
+
+/** @constant {number} ...over a step shorter than this (m). */
+export const TRAIL_SPUR_MAX_STEP_M = 500;
+
+/** @constant {number} A recorded point closer than this (m) to the previous one is not kept: the aircraft is holding. */
+const TRAIL_RECORD_MIN_STEP_M = 1;
+
+const _u = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+const _v = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+
+/** Cosine of the turn at `b` on the way a → b → c, or NaN for a zero step. */
+function turnCos(a, b, c) {
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(b, a, _u);
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(c, b, _v);
+  const lu = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(_u);
+  const lv = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(_v);
+  if (!(lu > 0 && lv > 0)) return NaN;
+  return Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(_u, _v) / (lu * lv);
+}
+
+const SPUR_COS = Math.cos(Cesium.Math.toRadians(TRAIL_SPUR_TURN_DEG));
+
+/** Whether entry `i` and its neighbours are one drawn piece of line. */
+function joinedAt(fixes, i) {
+  const a = fixes[i - 1];
+  const b = fixes[i];
+  const c = fixes[i + 1];
+  return (
+    a?.position &&
+    b?.position &&
+    c?.position &&
+    !b.breakBefore &&
+    !c.breakBefore
+  );
+}
+
+/** Whether the line turns back on itself at entry `i` over a short step. */
+function spurAt(fixes, i) {
+  if (!joinedAt(fixes, i)) return false;
+  const a = fixes[i - 1].position;
+  const b = fixes[i].position;
+  const c = fixes[i + 1].position;
+  if (
+    Math.min(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(a, b),
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(b, c),
+    ) > TRAIL_SPUR_MAX_STEP_M
+  )
+    return false;
+  return turnCos(a, b, c) < SPUR_COS;
+}
+
+/** Remove entry `i` and re-judge the break before the entry that takes its place. */
+function removeAt(fixes, i) {
+  fixes.splice(i, 1);
+  if (i < fixes.length)
+    fixes[i].breakBefore = trailFixBreaks(fixes[i - 1], fixes[i]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Keep the point limit: drop the oldest recorded point first, and the oldest
+ * report only when no recorded point is left.
+ * @param {object[]} fixes - The trail, mutated.
+ * @param {number} maxPoints
+ * @returns {object[]} `fixes`.
+ */
+function keepTrailLimit(fixes, maxPoints) {
+  let excess = fixes.length - maxPoints;
+  if (excess <= 0) return fixes;
+  for (let i = 0; i < fixes.length && excess > 0;) {
+    if (fixes[i].drawn) {
+      removeAt(fixes, i);
+      excess -= 1;
+    } else i += 1;
+  }
+  if (excess > 0) fixes.splice(0, excess);
+  return fixes;
+}
+
+const _ab = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+const _ap = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+const _off = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+const _up = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+
+/** Whether `p` lies within the thinning tolerance of segment a → b, across the track and in height. */
+function nearSegment(p, a, b) {
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(b, a, _ab);
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(p, a, _ap);
+  const len2 = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitudeSquared(_ab);
+  const t =
+    len2 > 0
+      ? Math.max(0, Math.min(1, Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(_ap, _ab) / len2))
+      : 0;
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(_ab, t, _off);
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(_ap, _off, _off);
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(p, _up);
+  const vertical = Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(_off, _up);
+  const across = Math.sqrt(
+    Math.max(0, Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitudeSquared(_off) - vertical * vertical),
+  );
+  return (
+    Math.abs(vertical) <= TRAIL_THIN_TOLERANCE_M &&
+    across <= TRAIL_THIN_TOLERANCE_M
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Drop recorded point `i` when the line without it stays within the
+ * tolerance of every position it stood for, and the straight piece left is
+ * no longer than TRAIL_THIN_MAX_SPAN_M. The positions it stood for go on to
+ * the next entry. Reports are never dropped.
+ * @returns {boolean} Whether it was dropped.
+ */
+function thinAt(fixes, i) {
+  const entry = fixes[i];
+  if (!entry?.drawn || entry.sealed || !joinedAt(fixes, i)) return false;
+  const a = fixes[i - 1].position;
+  const next = fixes[i + 1];
+  if (next.sealed) return false;
+  const b = next.position;
+  if (Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(a, b) > TRAIL_THIN_MAX_SPAN_M) return false;
+  const stood = entry.absorbed ?? [];
+  const nextStood = next.absorbed ?? [];
+  if (stood.length + nextStood.length + 1 > TRAIL_THIN_MAX_ABSORBED)
+    return false;
+  if (!nearSegment(entry.position, a, b)) return false;
+  for (const p of stood) if (!nearSegment(p.position, a, b)) return false;
+  for (const p of nextStood) if (!nearSegment(p.position, a, b)) return false;
+  next.absorbed = stood.concat(
+    [{ position: entry.position, timeMs: entry.timeMs }],
+    nextStood,
+  );
+  removeAt(fixes, i);
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Thin the recorded points either side of entry `i`, reaching past a
+ * neighbouring report: the point recorded just before a report is only
+ * judged once the line goes on beyond it.
+ */
+function thinAround(fixes, i) {
+  if (!thinAt(fixes, i + 1) && fixes[i + 1] && !fixes[i + 1].drawn)
+    thinAt(fixes, i + 2);
+  if (thinAt(fixes, i - 1)) i -= 1;
+  else if (fixes[i - 1] && !fixes[i - 1].drawn) thinAt(fixes, i - 2);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Drop recorded points that make a spur next to entry `i`. Reports are never
+ * dropped; at a report the recorded neighbour is dropped instead.
+ * @returns {number} The index entry `i` ends up at.
+ */
+function removeSpursAround(fixes, i) {
+  for (let guard = 0; guard < 64; guard++) {
+    let changed = false;
+    for (const j of [i - 1, i, i + 1]) {
+      if (!spurAt(fixes, j)) continue;
+      let drop = -1;
+      if (fixes[j].drawn) drop = j;
+      else if (fixes[j + 1]?.drawn) drop = j + 1;
+      else if (fixes[j - 1]?.drawn) drop = j - 1;
+      if (drop < 0) continue;
+      removeAt(fixes, drop);
+      if (drop < i) i -= 1;
+      changed = true;
+      break;
+    }
+    if (!changed) break;
+  }
+  return i;
+}
+
+/** Index a fix at `timeMs` goes in at: after every entry at or before it. */
+function insertionIndex(fixes, timeMs) {
+  let i = fixes.length;
+  while (i > 0 && fixes[i - 1].timeMs > timeMs) i -= 1;
+  return i;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Insert an entry at `i`, judge both breaks, remove spurs, thin the recorded
+ * points either side and keep the limit.
+ */
+function insertAt(fixes, i, entry, maxPoints) {
+  fixes.splice(i, 0, entry);
+  entry.breakBefore = trailFixBreaks(fixes[i - 1], entry);
+  const after = fixes[i + 1];
+  if (after) {
+    after.breakBefore = trailFixBreaks(entry, after);
+    // Positions the next entry stood for that come before this one are now
+    // on this entry's side.
+    if (after.absorbed?.length) {
+      const mine = after.absorbed.filter((p) => p.timeMs < entry.timeMs);
+      if (mine.length) {
+        entry.absorbed = mine;
+        after.absorbed = after.absorbed.filter((p) => p.timeMs >= entry.timeMs);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  i = removeSpursAround(fixes, i);
+  thinAround(fixes, i);
+  keepTrailLimit(fixes, maxPoints);
+}
+
+/** Index of the newest report before entry `i`, or -1. */
+function reportBefore(fixes, i) {
+  let j = i - 1;
+  while (j >= 0 && fixes[j].drawn) j -= 1;
+  return j;
+}
+
+/** Index of the oldest report at or after `i`, or `fixes.length`. */
+function reportFrom(fixes, i) {
+  let j = i;
+  while (j < fixes.length && fixes[j].drawn) j += 1;
+  return j;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Put a report into the trail in time order. Reports are the record: they
+ * are kept as anchors among the recorded points.
+ *
+ * - A report the display has already passed replaces the guess drawn after
+ *   it: the recorded points timed after it go, and nothing is recorded until
+ *   the icon has eased onto the correction (`displayMs` + `settleMs`), so the
+ *   line reads arc, report, corrected path.
+ * - Recorded points never join two reports that break under
+ *   `trailPairBreaks` (too long or too fast apart to be one flight): the
+ *   points between them go and the line breaks.
+ * - A live report with no altitude keeps no position and only breaks the
+ *   line.
+ * @param {object[]} fixes - The trail, mutated.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} position - Owned position.
+ * @param {number} timeMs - The report's epoch ms.
+ * @param {number} maxPoints - Point limit across all segments.
+ * @param {{nullAltitude?: boolean, displayMs?: number, settleMs?: number}} [options]
+ *   `displayMs`: the time the aircraft is drawn at as the report arrives;
+ *   `settleMs`: how long the icon takes to ease onto a correction.
+ * @returns {object[]} `fixes`.
+ */
+export function insertTrailFix(
+  fixes,
+  position,
+  timeMs,
+  maxPoints,
+  { nullAltitude = false, displayMs = NaN, settleMs = 0 } = {},
+) {
+  const entry = {
+    position: nullAltitude ? null : position,
+    timeMs,
+    nullAltitude,
+    drawn: false,
+    breakBefore: false,
+  };
+  let i = insertionIndex(fixes, timeMs);
+  // The guess drawn after a report the display already passed.
+  fixes.splice(i, reportFrom(fixes, i) - i);
+  if (displayMs > timeMs) entry.settleUntilMs = displayMs + settleMs;
+  // Recorded points across a pair of reports that are not one flight.
+  const before = reportBefore(fixes, i);
+  if (before >= 0 && trailFixBreaks(fixes[before], entry)) {
+    fixes.splice(before + 1, i - before - 1);
+    i = before + 1;
+  }
+  insertAt(fixes, i, entry, maxPoints);
+  return fixes;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Record where the tracked aircraft was drawn at a display time. Between
+ * reports this recorded path is the trail, so the line follows every turn
+ * the icon made instead of a straight chord between two reports. Points are
+ * thinned by shape: one stays only where dropping it would move the line by
+ * more than TRAIL_THIN_TOLERANCE_M across the track or in height, or leave a
+ * straight piece longer than TRAIL_THIN_MAX_SPAN_M. Nothing is recorded
+ * while the aircraft holds.
+ * @param {object[]} fixes - The trail, mutated.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} position - Owned drawn position.
+ * @param {number} timeMs - Display time it was drawn for.
+ * @param {number} maxPoints - Point limit across all segments.
+ * @returns {boolean} Whether the trail changed.
+ */
+export function recordTrailPoint(fixes, position, timeMs, maxPoints) {
+  const i = insertionIndex(fixes, timeMs);
+  const prev = fixes[i - 1];
+  if (
+    prev?.position &&
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(prev.position, position) <
+      TRAIL_RECORD_MIN_STEP_M
+  )
+    return false;
+  const entry = {
+    position,
+    timeMs,
+    nullAltitude: false,
+    drawn: true,
+    breakBefore: false,
+  };
+  insertAt(fixes, i, entry, maxPoints);
+  // Entries before the second report behind this point can never be thinned
+  // again, so they let go of the positions they stood for.
+  const passed = reportBefore(fixes, fixes.lastIndexOf(entry));
+  if (passed >= 0) sealThrough(fixes, reportBefore(fixes, passed));
+  return true;
+}
+
+/** Release the absorbed positions of entry `i` and everything before it. */
+function sealThrough(fixes, i) {
+  for (let j = i; j >= 0 && !fixes[j].sealed; j--) {
+    fixes[j].sealed = true;
+    delete fixes[j].absorbed;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether the icon's drawn position must not be recorded at a display time:
+ * a report on either side of it has no altitude (the icon is drawn at an
+ * invented height), the reports on either side are not one flight
+ * (`trailPairBreaks`), or the icon is still easing onto a report that
+ * arrived after the display had passed it.
+ * @param {object[]} fixes
+ * @param {number} displayMs
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function trailRecordingBlocked(fixes, displayMs) {
+  const i = insertionIndex(fixes, displayMs);
+  const before = fixes[reportBefore(fixes, i)];
+  const after = fixes[reportFrom(fixes, i)];
+  if (before?.nullAltitude || after?.nullAltitude) return true;
+  if (before?.settleUntilMs > displayMs) return true;
+  return !!(before && after && trailFixBreaks(before, after));
+}
diff --git a/src/data/trailRenderer.js b/src/data/trailRenderer.js
index 8c69ca31c..97c7d3497 100644
--- a/src/data/trailRenderer.js
+++ b/src/data/trailRenderer.js
@@ -14,6 +14,18 @@
  *    the whole history renders at one readable alpha (dimmer where it passes
  *    behind/below geometry).
  *
+ * A trail with breaks draws each segment separately and nothing between
+ * them. Every segment is cut into chunks of up to CHUNK_POINTS points;
+ * adjacent chunks share their boundary point, so the line has no seam. A
+ * chunk that can no longer change (every chunk except the newest one of the
+ * newest segment) is FROZEN: an entity with constant positions, built once as
+ * static geometry, so it costs nothing per frame. Only the newest chunk stays
+ * dynamic. A freshly frozen chunk is also drawn dynamically until its static
+ * geometry is in the scene, so freezing never shows a blank frame. A chunk is
+ * identified by its position objects, so a chunk survives every update that
+ * keeps those points: appends, a backfill prepended ahead of it, or the
+ * oldest points dropping off the front (which rebuilds only the first chunk).
+ *
  * Trails update at poll cadence (~15-60 s) plus once on history backfill, so
  * assigning a fresh positions array per update is cheap. `allowPicking` has
  * no entity equivalent; the polyline entity is excluded from clicks by never
@@ -42,6 +54,13 @@ const TRAIL_ALPHA = 0.85;
 const TRAIL_OCCLUDED_ALPHA = 0.4;
 /** @constant {number} Squared distance (m^2) below which consecutive points are merged. */
 const MIN_SEGMENT_DISTANCE_SQ = 0.01;
+/** @constant {Cesium.Cartesian3[]} What a spare dynamic polyline draws. */
+const NO_POSITIONS = Object.freeze([]);
+/** @constant {number} Points per chunk; adjacent chunks share one point. */
+export const CHUNK_POINTS = 128;
+/** @constant {number} Visible frames a frozen chunk's stand-in waits for its
+ *  static geometry before it is dropped anyway. */
+const STAND_IN_MAX_FRAMES = 600;
 
 /**
  * Create an always-visible polyline trail bound to a viewer.
@@ -49,93 +68,285 @@ const MIN_SEGMENT_DISTANCE_SQ = 0.01;
  * @param {object} options - Trail options.
  * @param {string} options.color - CSS color string for the trail hue.
  * @param {number} [options.width=2.5] - Polyline width in pixels.
- * @returns {{setPositions: function(Cesium.Cartesian3[]): void, setVisible: function(boolean): void, clear: function(): void, destroy: function(): void}}
- *   Trail handle: setPositions replaces the geometry, setVisible temporarily
- *   hides it without discarding history, clear empties it, and destroy removes
- *   the entity permanently.
+ * @returns {{setPositions: function(Cesium.Cartesian3[]): void, setSegments: function(Cesium.Cartesian3[][]): void, setVisible: function(boolean): void, clear: function(): void, destroy: function(): void}}
+ *   Trail handle: setPositions replaces the geometry with one line,
+ *   setSegments with one line per segment, setVisible temporarily hides it
+ *   without discarding history, clear empties it, and destroy removes the
+ *   entities permanently.
  */
 export function createTrail(viewer, { color, width = 2.5 }) {
   const baseColor = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(color);
-  /** @type {Cesium.Cartesian3[]} Current deduped positions (owned copy). */
-  let current = [];
+  const material = baseColor.withAlpha(TRAIL_ALPHA);
+  const depthFailMaterial = baseColor.withAlpha(TRAIL_OCCLUDED_ALPHA);
   let destroyed = false;
   let visible = true;
-  /** @type {Cesium.Entity|null} */
-  let entity = null;
+  /** @type {{positions: Cesium.Cartesian3[], entity: Cesium.Entity, standIn: boolean, frames: number}[]} */
+  let frozen = [];
+  /** Newest chunk of the newest segment: the only part that changes. */
+  let tail = NO_POSITIONS;
+  /** What the dynamic polylines draw: the tail, then frozen chunks whose
+   *  static geometry is not in the scene yet. */
+  let dynamicRuns = [];
+  /** @type {Cesium.Entity[]} Pooled dynamic polylines; spares draw nothing. */
+  const dynamicEntities = [];
+  let removeReadyListener = null;
+  const scratchSphere = new Cesium.BoundingSphere();
 
-  function ensureEntity() {
-    if (entity || destroyed || !viewer || viewer.isDestroyed()) return;
-    entity = viewer.entities.add({
+  const usable = () => !destroyed && viewer && !viewer.isDestroyed();
+
+  function polyline(positions) {
+    return {
+      positions,
+      width,
+      material,
+      // The owner-locked rule (round 6): a segment below the photoreal
+      // mesh renders dimmed — it must never disappear into the ground.
+      depthFailMaterial,
+      // Round 8 (owner: UAL1104's Pacific trail "cutting through the
+      // globe"): NONE draws straight 3D chords between waypoints — over a
+      // sparse trans-oceanic trace a single segment spans hundreds of km
+      // and tunnels through the planet. GEODESIC subdivides each segment
+      // along the curved surface (heights interpolated), so long legs hug
+      // the globe instead of chording through it.
+      arcType: Cesium.ArcType.GEODESIC,
+    };
+  }
+
+  function addEntity(positions) {
+    return viewer.entities.add({
       id: `gev-trail:${++_trailSeq}`,
       show: visible,
-      polyline: {
-        // CallbackProperty so a positions swap never rebuilds the entity —
-        // Cesium re-reads on change; `false` marks it non-constant.
-        positions: new Cesium.CallbackProperty(() => current, false),
-        width,
-        material: baseColor.withAlpha(TRAIL_ALPHA),
-        // The owner-locked rule (round 6): a segment below the photoreal
-        // mesh renders dimmed — it must never disappear into the ground.
-        depthFailMaterial: baseColor.withAlpha(TRAIL_OCCLUDED_ALPHA),
-        // Round 8 (owner: UAL1104's Pacific trail "cutting through the
-        // globe"): NONE draws straight 3D chords between waypoints — over a
-        // sparse trans-oceanic trace a single segment spans hundreds of km
-        // and tunnels through the planet. GEODESIC subdivides each segment
-        // along the curved surface (heights interpolated), so long legs hug
-        // the globe instead of chording through it.
-        arcType: Cesium.ArcType.GEODESIC,
-      },
+      polyline: polyline(positions),
     });
   }
 
+  function removeEntity(entity) {
+    try {
+      viewer.entities.remove(entity);
+    } catch {
+      /* torn down */
+    }
+  }
+
+  function syncDynamic() {
+    dynamicRuns = [];
+    if (tail.length >= 2) dynamicRuns.push(tail);
+    for (const chunk of frozen)
+      if (chunk.standIn) dynamicRuns.push(chunk.positions);
+    while (dynamicEntities.length < Math.max(1, dynamicRuns.length)) {
+      const index = dynamicEntities.length;
+      dynamicEntities.push(
+        addEntity(
+          // CallbackProperty so a positions swap never rebuilds the entity —
+          // Cesium re-reads on change; `false` marks it non-constant.
+          new Cesium.CallbackProperty(
+            () => dynamicRuns[index] ?? NO_POSITIONS,
+            false,
+          ),
+        ),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Whether a frozen chunk's static geometry is drawn in the scene. */
+  function staticReady(chunk) {
+    const display = viewer.dataSourceDisplay;
+    if (typeof display?.getBoundingSphere !== 'function') return true;
+    if (!visible) return false;
+    chunk.frames += 1;
+    if (chunk.frames > STAND_IN_MAX_FRAMES) return true;
+    try {
+      return (
+        display.getBoundingSphere(chunk.entity, false, scratchSphere) ===
+        Cesium.BoundingSphereState.DONE
+      );
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Drop stand-ins whose static geometry is in; stop listening when none are left. */
+  function resolveStandIns() {
+    if (!usable()) return;
+    let changed = false;
+    for (const chunk of frozen) {
+      if (chunk.standIn && staticReady(chunk)) {
+        chunk.standIn = false;
+        changed = true;
+      }
+    }
+    if (changed) syncDynamic();
+    if (!frozen.some((chunk) => chunk.standIn)) stopListening();
+  }
+
+  function stopListening() {
+    if (removeReadyListener) removeReadyListener();
+    removeReadyListener = null;
+  }
+
+  function listenForStandIns() {
+    if (removeReadyListener) return;
+    const event = viewer.scene?.postRender;
+    if (typeof event?.addEventListener !== 'function') {
+      resolveStandIns();
+      return;
+    }
+    removeReadyListener = event.addEventListener(resolveStandIns);
+  }
+
+  /** Drop consecutive near-duplicates: zero-length segments add nothing. */
+  function dedupe(cartesians) {
+    const positions = [];
+    for (const position of Array.isArray(cartesians) ? cartesians : []) {
+      if (!position) continue;
+      const last = positions[positions.length - 1];
+      if (
+        last &&
+        Cesium.Cartesian3.distanceSquared(last, position) <
+          MIN_SEGMENT_DISTANCE_SQ
+      )
+        continue;
+      positions.push(position);
+    }
+    return positions;
+  }
+
+  /** Whether `chunk` holds exactly the same position objects as `seg` from `start`. */
+  function sameRun(chunk, seg, start) {
+    const positions = chunk.positions;
+    if (start + positions.length > seg.length) return false;
+    for (let k = 0; k < positions.length; k++)
+      if (positions[k] !== seg[start + k]) return false;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cut segments into chunks, reusing every frozen chunk whose points are
+   * still drawn in the same order. New chunks end where a reusable one begins,
+   * so dropping the oldest point rebuilds only the first chunk.
+   */
+  function reconcile(segments) {
+    const byStart = new Map();
+    for (const chunk of frozen) byStart.set(chunk.positions[0], chunk);
+    const kept = new Set();
+    const reusable = (seg, j) => {
+      const chunk = byStart.get(seg[j]);
+      return chunk && !kept.has(chunk) && sameRun(chunk, seg, j) ? chunk : null;
+    };
+    const next = [];
+    let nextTail = NO_POSITIONS;
+    segments.forEach((seg, s) => {
+      const newest = s === segments.length - 1;
+      let i = 0;
+      while (i < seg.length - 1) {
+        const existing = reusable(seg, i);
+        if (existing) {
+          kept.add(existing);
+          next.push(existing);
+          i += existing.positions.length - 1;
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (newest && seg.length - i <= CHUNK_POINTS) {
+          nextTail = seg.slice(i);
+          break;
+        }
+        let end = Math.min(seg.length - 1, i + CHUNK_POINTS - 1);
+        for (let j = i + 1; j < end; j++) {
+          if (reusable(seg, j)) {
+            end = j;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        const positions = seg.slice(i, end + 1);
+        next.push({
+          positions,
+          entity: addEntity(positions),
+          standIn: true,
+          frames: 0,
+        });
+        i = end;
+      }
+    });
+    for (const chunk of frozen)
+      if (!kept.has(chunk)) removeEntity(chunk.entity);
+    frozen = next;
+    tail = nextTail;
+    syncDynamic();
+    if (frozen.some((chunk) => chunk.standIn)) listenForStandIns();
+    else stopListening();
+  }
+
+  function release() {
+    stopListening();
+    for (const chunk of frozen) removeEntity(chunk.entity);
+    frozen = [];
+    tail = NO_POSITIONS;
+    dynamicRuns = [];
+  }
+
   return {
     /**
-     * Replace the trail geometry with a chronological position list
+     * Replace the trail geometry with one chronological position list
      * (oldest first). Fewer than 2 distinct positions clears the trail.
      * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3[]} cartesians - Positions, oldest -> newest.
      */
     setPositions(cartesians) {
-      if (destroyed || !viewer || viewer.isDestroyed()) return;
-      // Drop consecutive near-duplicates: zero-length segments add nothing.
-      const positions = [];
-      for (const position of Array.isArray(cartesians) ? cartesians : []) {
-        if (!position) continue;
-        const last = positions[positions.length - 1];
-        if (
-          last &&
-          Cesium.Cartesian3.distanceSquared(last, position) <
-            MIN_SEGMENT_DISTANCE_SQ
-        )
-          continue;
-        positions.push(position);
-      }
-      current = positions.length >= 2 ? positions : [];
-      ensureEntity();
+      this.setSegments([cartesians]);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Replace the trail geometry with chronological segments (oldest first).
+     * Nothing is drawn between segments. A segment with fewer than 2 distinct
+     * positions draws nothing. Pass the same position objects on every
+     * update: a chunk whose points are unchanged is never rebuilt.
+     * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3[][]} list - Segments, each oldest -> newest.
+     */
+    setSegments(list) {
+      if (!usable()) return;
+      reconcile(
+        (Array.isArray(list) ? list : [])
+          .map(dedupe)
+          .filter((positions) => positions.length >= 2),
+      );
     },
 
     /** Temporarily hide/show the trail without discarding accumulated history. */
     setVisible(nextVisible) {
       visible = nextVisible !== false;
-      if (entity) entity.show = visible;
+      for (const entity of dynamicEntities) entity.show = visible;
+      for (const chunk of frozen) chunk.entity.show = visible;
     },
 
-    /** Empty the trail without removing the entity (cheap re-arm). */
+    /** Empty the trail and release its frozen geometry; dynamic polylines stay for re-arm. */
     clear() {
-      current = [];
+      if (!usable()) return;
+      release();
     },
 
-    /** Remove the trail entity permanently (layer disable/teardown). */
+    /** Remove every trail entity permanently (layer disable/teardown). */
     destroy() {
-      destroyed = true;
-      current = [];
-      if (entity && viewer && !viewer.isDestroyed()) {
-        try {
-          viewer.entities.remove(entity);
-        } catch {
-          /* torn down */
-        }
+      if (usable()) {
+        release();
+        for (const entity of dynamicEntities) removeEntity(entity);
       }
-      entity = null;
+      destroyed = true;
+      frozen = [];
+      tail = NO_POSITIONS;
+      dynamicRuns = [];
+      dynamicEntities.length = 0;
+      stopListening();
+    },
+
+    /** Test seam: frozen chunks (positions, stand-in state) and the dynamic runs. */
+    _chunksForTest() {
+      return {
+        frozen: frozen.map((chunk) => ({
+          positions: chunk.positions,
+          standIn: chunk.standIn,
+          entity: chunk.entity,
+        })),
+        dynamic: dynamicRuns.slice(),
+      };
     },
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/data/trailRenderer.test.mjs b/src/data/trailRenderer.test.mjs
index 83ac45cd0..bcf256db4 100644
--- a/src/data/trailRenderer.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/trailRenderer.test.mjs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { createTrail } from './trailRenderer.js';
+import { CHUNK_POINTS, createTrail } from './trailRenderer.js';
 
 test('trail visibility can change without discarding its accumulated geometry', () => {
   const added = [];
@@ -37,3 +37,253 @@ test('trail visibility can change without discarding its accumulated geometry',
   trail.destroy();
   assert.deepEqual(removed, [added[0]]);
 });
+
+/**
+ * A fake viewer. `ready` holds the frozen-chunk entities whose static
+ * geometry is in the scene; `frame()` runs one post-render pass.
+ */
+function fakeViewer({ scene = true } = {}) {
+  const added = [];
+  const removed = [];
+  const ready = new Set();
+  let listeners = [];
+  const viewer = {
+    added,
+    removed,
+    ready,
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+    entities: {
+      add(definition) {
+        added.push(definition);
+        return definition;
+      },
+      remove(entity) {
+        removed.push(entity);
+      },
+    },
+    listenerCount: () => listeners.length,
+    frame() {
+      for (const listener of listeners.slice()) listener();
+    },
+  };
+  if (scene) {
+    viewer.scene = {
+      postRender: {
+        addEventListener(listener) {
+          listeners.push(listener);
+          return () => {
+            listeners = listeners.filter((l) => l !== listener);
+          };
+        },
+      },
+    };
+    viewer.dataSourceDisplay = {
+      getBoundingSphere: (entity) =>
+        ready.has(entity)
+          ? Cesium.BoundingSphereState.DONE
+          : Cesium.BoundingSphereState.PENDING,
+    };
+  }
+  return viewer;
+}
+
+const valueOf = (positions) =>
+  typeof positions?.getValue === 'function' ? positions.getValue() : positions;
+
+/** Every line the scene can draw now: live entities with two or more points. */
+function drawnRuns(viewer) {
+  return viewer.added
+    .filter((entity) => !viewer.removed.includes(entity))
+    .map((entity) => valueOf(entity.polyline.positions))
+    .filter((positions) => positions.length >= 2);
+}
+
+/** Distinct position objects across all drawn lines. */
+function drawnPoints(viewer) {
+  return new Set(drawnRuns(viewer).flat());
+}
+
+function line(count, offset = 0) {
+  return Array.from(
+    { length: count },
+    (_, i) => new Cesium.Cartesian3(6_378_137 + offset, i * 1000, 0),
+  );
+}
+
+test('a trail with breaks draws each segment and nothing between them', () => {
+  const viewer = fakeViewer({ scene: false });
+  const trail = createTrail(viewer, { color: '#ffffff' });
+  const first = line(2, 0);
+  const lone = line(1, 50_000);
+  const second = line(3, 100_000);
+
+  trail.setSegments([first, lone, second]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    drawnRuns(viewer).sort((a, b) => a[0].x - b[0].x),
+    [first, second],
+  );
+  for (const entity of viewer.added) {
+    assert.match(String(entity.id), /^gev-trail:/);
+    assert.equal(entity.polyline.width, 2.5);
+  }
+
+  // The first segment is gone later: its geometry is released.
+  trail.setSegments([second]);
+  assert.deepEqual(drawnRuns(viewer), [second]);
+
+  trail.setVisible(false);
+  assert.ok(
+    viewer.added
+      .filter((entity) => !viewer.removed.includes(entity))
+      .every((entity) => entity.show === false),
+  );
+  trail.destroy();
+  assert.equal(new Set(viewer.removed).size, viewer.added.length);
+});
+
+test('chunks share their boundary points and only the newest chunk is dynamic', () => {
+  const viewer = fakeViewer({ scene: false });
+  const trail = createTrail(viewer, { color: '#ffffff' });
+  const points = line(300);
+  trail.setPositions(points);
+  const { frozen, dynamic } = trail._chunksForTest();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    frozen.map((chunk) => chunk.positions.length),
+    [CHUNK_POINTS, CHUNK_POINTS],
+  );
+  assert.equal(frozen[0].positions.at(-1), frozen[1].positions[0]);
+  assert.equal(dynamic.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(frozen[1].positions.at(-1), dynamic[0][0]);
+  assert.equal(dynamic[0].at(-1), points.at(-1));
+  assert.equal(drawnPoints(viewer).size, points.length);
+  // A frozen chunk is constant geometry, not a per-frame callback.
+  for (const chunk of frozen)
+    assert.ok(Array.isArray(chunk.entity.polyline.positions));
+});
+
+test('freezing a chunk keeps every point drawn, and the dynamic copy goes only once the static geometry is in', () => {
+  const viewer = fakeViewer();
+  const trail = createTrail(viewer, { color: '#ffffff' });
+  const points = line(CHUNK_POINTS + 20);
+  for (let n = 2; n <= points.length; n++) {
+    trail.setPositions(points.slice(0, n));
+    assert.equal(drawnPoints(viewer).size, n, `points drawn at ${n}`);
+  }
+  const { frozen } = trail._chunksForTest();
+  assert.equal(frozen.length, 1);
+  // Not in the scene yet: the chunk is still drawn by a dynamic polyline.
+  viewer.frame();
+  assert.equal(trail._chunksForTest().frozen[0].standIn, true);
+  assert.ok(
+    trail._chunksForTest().dynamic.includes(frozen[0].positions),
+    'the dynamic copy stays until the static geometry is ready',
+  );
+  viewer.ready.add(frozen[0].entity);
+  viewer.frame();
+  const after = trail._chunksForTest();
+  assert.equal(after.frozen[0].standIn, false);
+  assert.ok(!after.dynamic.includes(frozen[0].positions));
+  assert.equal(after.dynamic.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(viewer.listenerCount(), 0, 'no listener once nothing waits');
+  // The frozen entity is the same object: freezing built it once.
+  assert.equal(after.frozen[0].entity, frozen[0].entity);
+});
+
+test('a hidden trail keeps its dynamic copy until it is shown and the static geometry is in', () => {
+  const viewer = fakeViewer();
+  const trail = createTrail(viewer, { color: '#ffffff' });
+  trail.setVisible(false);
+  trail.setPositions(line(CHUNK_POINTS + 5));
+  const [chunk] = trail._chunksForTest().frozen;
+  viewer.ready.add(chunk.entity);
+  viewer.frame();
+  assert.equal(trail._chunksForTest().frozen[0].standIn, true);
+  trail.setVisible(true);
+  viewer.frame();
+  assert.equal(trail._chunksForTest().frozen[0].standIn, false);
+});
+
+test('dropping the oldest point rebuilds only the first chunk', () => {
+  const viewer = fakeViewer({ scene: false });
+  const trail = createTrail(viewer, { color: '#ffffff' });
+  const points = line(400);
+  trail.setPositions(points);
+  const before = trail._chunksForTest().frozen;
+  trail.setPositions(points.slice(1));
+  const after = trail._chunksForTest().frozen;
+  assert.equal(after.length, before.length);
+  assert.notEqual(after[0].entity, before[0].entity);
+  assert.ok(viewer.removed.includes(before[0].entity));
+  for (let k = 1; k < before.length; k++)
+    assert.equal(after[k].entity, before[k].entity);
+  assert.equal(after[0].positions.at(-1), after[1].positions[0]);
+  assert.equal(drawnPoints(viewer).size, 399);
+});
+
+test('a backfill prepended ahead of frozen chunks keeps them and joins at a shared point', () => {
+  const viewer = fakeViewer({ scene: false });
+  const trail = createTrail(viewer, { color: '#ffffff' });
+  const live = line(300, 0);
+  trail.setPositions(live);
+  const before = trail._chunksForTest().frozen;
+  // History older than every live point, joined as one path.
+  const history = Array.from(
+    { length: 200 },
+    (_, i) => new Cesium.Cartesian3(6_378_137, -(200 - i) * 1000, 0),
+  );
+  trail.setPositions(history.concat(live));
+  const after = trail._chunksForTest().frozen;
+  for (const chunk of before)
+    assert.ok(after.some((c) => c.entity === chunk.entity));
+  for (let k = 0; k + 1 < after.length; k++)
+    assert.equal(after[k].positions.at(-1), after[k + 1].positions[0]);
+  assert.equal(drawnPoints(viewer).size, 500);
+
+  // A backfill that breaks from the live trail is its own segment.
+  trail.setSegments([history, live]);
+  assert.equal(drawnPoints(viewer).size, 500);
+  const runs = drawnRuns(viewer);
+  assert.ok(
+    !runs.some((run) => run.includes(history.at(-1)) && run.includes(live[0])),
+    'no line across the break',
+  );
+});
+
+test('clearing and re-tracking release every frozen chunk', () => {
+  const viewer = fakeViewer();
+  const trail = createTrail(viewer, { color: '#ffffff' });
+  trail.setPositions(line(600));
+  const frozen = trail._chunksForTest().frozen.map((chunk) => chunk.entity);
+  assert.ok(frozen.length >= 4);
+  assert.equal(viewer.listenerCount(), 1);
+  trail.clear();
+  for (const entity of frozen) assert.ok(viewer.removed.includes(entity));
+  assert.equal(viewer.listenerCount(), 0);
+  assert.equal(drawnRuns(viewer).length, 0);
+
+  // Another aircraft: nothing of the first one survives.
+  const other = line(200, 900_000);
+  trail.setPositions(other);
+  assert.equal(drawnPoints(viewer).size, 200);
+  trail.destroy();
+  assert.equal(new Set(viewer.removed).size, viewer.added.length);
+  assert.equal(viewer.listenerCount(), 0);
+});
+
+test('replacing the newest point and removing points inside the trail draws exactly the new trail', () => {
+  const viewer = fakeViewer({ scene: false });
+  const trail = createTrail(viewer, { color: '#ffffff' });
+  const points = line(400);
+  trail.setPositions(points.slice());
+  // A recorded point replaces the newest one; a spur point inside a frozen
+  // chunk and one at a chunk boundary go.
+  points[points.length - 1] = new Cesium.Cartesian3(6_378_137, 399_500, 10);
+  points.splice(200, 1);
+  points.splice(CHUNK_POINTS - 1, 1);
+  trail.setPositions(points.slice());
+  assert.deepEqual(drawnPoints(viewer), new Set(points));
+  // Every drawn line runs through consecutive trail points only.
+  const next = new Map(points.slice(0, -1).map((p, i) => [p, points[i + 1]]));
+  for (const run of drawnRuns(viewer))
+    for (let i = 1; i < run.length; i++) assert.equal(next.get(run[i - 1]), run[i]);
+});
diff --git a/src/data/trailReports.test.mjs b/src/data/trailReports.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..106c6f25a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/trailReports.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import {
+  insertTrailFix,
+  recordTrailPoint,
+  trailBodySegments,
+  trailPairBreaks,
+  trailDistanceM,
+  trailRecordingBlocked,
+} from './trailContinuity.js';
+
+// Reports decide where the line may run: recorded points never join two
+// reports too far apart to be one flight, a report the display has already
+// passed replaces the guess drawn after it, and old entries let go of the
+// positions they stood for.
+
+const SEC = 1000;
+const LIMIT = 2_000;
+const enu = Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-100, 40, 0),
+);
+const at = (e, n, u = 10) =>
+  Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(
+    enu,
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(e, n, u),
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+
+/** No two neighbours in one drawn segment are too far apart to be one flight. */
+function assertNoBrokenJoin(fixes) {
+  const reports = fixes.filter((fix) => !fix.drawn && fix.position);
+  for (const segment of trailBodySegments(fixes, fixes.length)) {
+    const inSegment = reports.filter((r) =>
+      segment.some((p) => Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, r.position) < 0.01),
+    );
+    for (let i = 1; i < inSegment.length; i++)
+      assert.equal(
+        trailPairBreaks(
+          inSegment[i].timeMs - inSegment[i - 1].timeMs,
+          trailDistanceM(inSegment[i - 1].position, inSegment[i].position),
+        ),
+        false,
+        `one segment joins reports at ${inSegment[i - 1].timeMs / SEC} s and ${
+          inSegment[i].timeMs / SEC
+        } s`,
+      );
+  }
+}
+
+test('two reports 60 s and 51 km apart are not joined, even by recorded points', () => {
+  const A = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-100, 40, 9_000);
+  const B = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-99.4, 40, 9_000);
+  const fixes = [];
+  insertTrailFix(fixes, A, 0, LIMIT);
+  insertTrailFix(fixes, B, 60 * SEC, LIMIT); // ahead of the display
+  for (let t = 1; t < 60; t++) {
+    // Nothing is recorded across the pair.
+    assert.equal(trailRecordingBlocked(fixes, t * SEC), true);
+  }
+  assert.equal(trailBodySegments(fixes, fixes.length).length, 2);
+  // Points recorded before the far report was known are dropped.
+  const late = [];
+  insertTrailFix(late, A, 0, LIMIT);
+  for (let t = 1; t < 60; t++)
+    recordTrailPoint(
+      late,
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.lerp(A, B, t / 60, new Cesium.Cartesian3()),
+      t * SEC,
+      LIMIT,
+    );
+  insertTrailFix(late, B, 60 * SEC, LIMIT);
+  assert.equal(late.filter((fix) => fix.drawn).length, 0);
+  assert.equal(trailBodySegments(late, late.length).length, 2);
+  assertNoBrokenJoin(late);
+});
+
+test('a coast, a hold and then a far report: nothing is drawn across', () => {
+  const A = at(0, 0, 9_000);
+  const fixes = [];
+  insertTrailFix(fixes, A, 0, LIMIT);
+  // The icon coasts east for 90 s at 230 m/s, then holds.
+  for (let t = 1; t <= 200; t++)
+    recordTrailPoint(
+      fixes,
+      at(230 * Math.min(t, 90), 0, 9_000),
+      t * SEC,
+      LIMIT,
+    );
+  assert.ok(fixes.filter((fix) => fix.drawn).length > 0);
+  // The next report is 150 km away two minutes later: over 1,500 kt.
+  const B = at(0, 150_000, 9_000);
+  insertTrailFix(fixes, B, 120 * SEC, LIMIT);
+  assertNoBrokenJoin(fixes);
+  const segments = trailBodySegments(fixes, fixes.length);
+  const segmentOf = (p) =>
+    segments.findIndex((s) =>
+      s.some((q) => Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, q) < 0.01),
+    );
+  assert.notEqual(segmentOf(A), segmentOf(B));
+  // No recorded point between the two reports remains.
+  assert.equal(
+    fixes.filter((fix) => fix.drawn && fix.timeMs < 120 * SEC).length,
+    0,
+  );
+});
+
+for (const off of [200, 400, 600, 1_000]) {
+  test(`a report the display already passed, ${off} m off a 2 km turn, leaves no spike`, () => {
+    const R = 2_000;
+    const w = 100 / R;
+    const pos = (t, r = R) =>
+      at(r * Math.sin(w * t), R - r * Math.cos(w * t), 3_000);
+    const fixes = [];
+    insertTrailFix(fixes, pos(0), 0, LIMIT);
+    for (let t = 1; t <= 60; t++)
+      recordTrailPoint(fixes, pos(t), t * SEC, LIMIT);
+    const report = pos(50, R - off);
+    // It arrives with the display at 60 s; the ease takes 900 ms.
+    insertTrailFix(fixes, report, 50 * SEC, LIMIT, {
+      displayMs: 60 * SEC,
+      settleMs: 900,
+    });
+    // The guess drawn after the report is gone...
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      fixes.filter((fix) => fix.drawn && fix.timeMs > 50 * SEC),
+      [],
+    );
+    // ...nothing is recorded while the icon eases onto the correction...
+    assert.equal(trailRecordingBlocked(fixes, 60.5 * SEC), true);
+    assert.equal(trailRecordingBlocked(fixes, 61 * SEC), false);
+    // ...and the line reads arc, report, corrected path.
+    for (let t = 61; t <= 70; t++)
+      recordTrailPoint(fixes, pos(t, R - off), t * SEC, LIMIT);
+    const line = trailBodySegments(fixes, fixes.length).flat();
+    const r = line.findIndex(
+      (p) => Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, report) < 0.01,
+    );
+    assert.ok(r > 0);
+    for (const p of line.slice(0, r))
+      assert.ok(
+        Math.abs(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, at(0, R, 3_000)) - R) < 31,
+        'a point before the report is off the arc',
+      );
+    for (const p of line.slice(r + 1))
+      assert.ok(
+        Math.abs(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, at(0, R, 3_000)) - (R - off)) <
+          31,
+        'a point after the report is off the corrected path',
+      );
+  });
+}
+
+test('entries behind the report before the display let go of the positions they stood for', () => {
+  const fixes = [];
+  for (let s = 0; s <= 2 * 3_600; s++) {
+    const p = at(230 * s, 0, 10_000);
+    if (s % 15 === 0) insertTrailFix(fixes, p, s * SEC, LIMIT);
+    else recordTrailPoint(fixes, p, s * SEC, LIMIT);
+  }
+  let held = 0;
+  for (const fix of fixes) held += fix.absorbed?.length ?? 0;
+  // Only the newest stretch, up to two reports back, keeps what it stood for.
+  assert.ok(held <= 30, `${held} positions still held`);
+});
diff --git a/src/data/trailThinning.test.mjs b/src/data/trailThinning.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df0785559
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/trailThinning.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import {
+  insertTrailFix,
+  joinTrailBackfill,
+  recordTrailPoint,
+  TRAIL_THIN_MAX_SPAN_M,
+  TRAIL_THIN_TOLERANCE_M,
+} from './trailContinuity.js';
+
+// Recorded points are thinned by shape: a point stays only where the line
+// would move without it. Reports always stay.
+
+const SEC = 1000;
+const LIMIT = 2_000;
+const LAT0 = 40;
+const LON0 = -100;
+const M_PER_DEG_LAT = 111_320;
+const mPerDegLon = (lat) => M_PER_DEG_LAT * Math.cos((lat * Math.PI) / 180);
+
+/** Straight and level east at `speed` m/s, `tSec` after the start. */
+const eastbound = (speed, tSec, heightM = 10_000) =>
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+    LON0 + (speed * tSec) / mPerDegLon(LAT0),
+    LAT0,
+    heightM,
+  );
+
+/** A standard-rate (3°/s) left turn from north, radius v / ω, `tSec` in. */
+function turning(speed, tSec, heightM = 10_000) {
+  const omega = (3 * Math.PI) / 180;
+  const radius = speed / omega;
+  // Centre west of the start; heading north, turning left (towards west).
+  const angle = omega * tSec;
+  const east = -radius + radius * Math.cos(angle);
+  const north = radius * Math.sin(angle);
+  return Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+    LON0 + east / mPerDegLon(LAT0),
+    LAT0 + north / M_PER_DEG_LAT,
+    heightM,
+  );
+}
+
+/** Distance from p to the nearest point of a polyline. */
+function distanceToPath(p, path) {
+  let best = Infinity;
+  const ab = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  const ap = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  const closest = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  for (let i = 1; i < path.length; i++) {
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(path[i], path[i - 1], ab);
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(p, path[i - 1], ap);
+    const len2 = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitudeSquared(ab);
+    const t =
+      len2 > 0
+        ? Math.max(0, Math.min(1, Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(ap, ab) / len2))
+        : 0;
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.add(
+      path[i - 1],
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(ab, t, closest),
+      closest,
+    );
+    best = Math.min(best, Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, closest));
+  }
+  return best;
+}
+
+const drawnCount = (fixes) => fixes.filter((fix) => fix.drawn).length;
+
+test('one hour straight and level with a report every 15 s adds under 60 recorded points', () => {
+  const speed = 230;
+  const fixes = [];
+  for (const t of [0, 15, 30])
+    insertTrailFix(fixes, eastbound(speed, t), t * SEC, LIMIT);
+  // Live order: a report arrives 30 s before the display reaches it, and the
+  // drawn icon is recorded once a second.
+  for (let t = 1; t <= 3_600; t++) {
+    const reportAt = t + 30;
+    if (reportAt % 15 === 0 && reportAt <= 3_600)
+      insertTrailFix(fixes, eastbound(speed, reportAt), reportAt * SEC, LIMIT);
+    recordTrailPoint(fixes, eastbound(speed, t), t * SEC, LIMIT);
+  }
+  assert.ok(
+    drawnCount(fixes) < 60,
+    `${drawnCount(fixes)} recorded points kept`,
+  );
+  assert.equal(fixes.filter((fix) => !fix.drawn).length, 241);
+});
+
+test('with no report at all, a straight leg keeps one point per 10 km and no more', () => {
+  const speed = 230;
+  const fixes = [];
+  insertTrailFix(fixes, eastbound(speed, 0), 0, LIMIT);
+  for (let t = 1; t <= 3_600; t++)
+    recordTrailPoint(fixes, eastbound(speed, t), t * SEC, LIMIT);
+  const legKm = (speed * 3_600) / 1_000;
+  assert.equal(TRAIL_THIN_MAX_SPAN_M, 10_000);
+  assert.ok(
+    drawnCount(fixes) <= Math.ceil(legKm / 10) + 1,
+    `${drawnCount(fixes)} points over ${legKm} km`,
+  );
+  for (let i = 1; i < fixes.length; i++)
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(fixes[i - 1].position, fixes[i].position) <=
+        TRAIL_THIN_MAX_SPAN_M + speed,
+    );
+});
+
+test('a standard-rate 180° turn keeps its curve: every recorded position stays within 30 m of the kept line', () => {
+  const speed = 230;
+  const fixes = [];
+  const recorded = [];
+  insertTrailFix(fixes, turning(speed, 0), 0, LIMIT);
+  for (let t = 1; t <= 60; t++) {
+    const position = turning(speed, t);
+    recorded.push(position);
+    recordTrailPoint(fixes, position, t * SEC, LIMIT);
+  }
+  const line = fixes.map((fix) => fix.position);
+  assert.equal(TRAIL_THIN_TOLERANCE_M, 30);
+  for (const position of recorded) {
+    const off = distanceToPath(position, line);
+    assert.ok(off <= TRAIL_THIN_TOLERANCE_M + 1, `${off.toFixed(1)} m off`);
+  }
+  assert.ok(drawnCount(fixes) < recorded.length, 'nothing was thinned');
+  assert.ok(drawnCount(fixes) >= 6, 'the curve was flattened');
+});
+
+test('a climb off the straight line keeps its vertices', () => {
+  const fixes = [];
+  insertTrailFix(fixes, eastbound(200, 0, 1_000), 0, LIMIT);
+  // 30 s level, then a 60 s climb of 20 m/s, then level again.
+  const height = (t) => 1_000 + 20 * Math.min(60, Math.max(0, t - 30));
+  const recorded = [];
+  for (let t = 1; t <= 150; t++) {
+    const position = eastbound(200, t, height(t));
+    recorded.push(position);
+    recordTrailPoint(fixes, position, t * SEC, LIMIT);
+  }
+  const line = fixes.map((fix) => fix.position);
+  for (const position of recorded)
+    assert.ok(distanceToPath(position, line) <= TRAIL_THIN_TOLERANCE_M + 1);
+});
+
+test('at the limit, old recorded points go before any report from the backfill', () => {
+  const max = 300;
+  const backfill = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++)
+    backfill.push({
+      position: eastbound(200, i * 60 - 20_000),
+      timeMs: (i * 60 - 20_000) * SEC,
+      nullAltitude: false,
+    });
+  let fixes = [];
+  insertTrailFix(fixes, turning(150, 0), 0, max);
+  // A long series of turns keeps many recorded points.
+  for (let t = 1; t <= 2_000; t++)
+    recordTrailPoint(fixes, turning(150, t), t * SEC, max);
+  assert.ok(drawnCount(fixes) > 150);
+  fixes = joinTrailBackfill(
+    {
+      fixes: backfill.map((b) => ({ ...b, breakBefore: false })),
+      breakAfter: false,
+    },
+    fixes,
+    max,
+  );
+  assert.ok(fixes.length <= max);
+  const reports = fixes.filter((fix) => !fix.drawn);
+  assert.equal(reports.length, 101, 'a report was dropped');
+  // More recording at the limit drops recorded points, never reports.
+  for (let t = 2_001; t <= 2_400; t++)
+    recordTrailPoint(fixes, turning(150, t), t * SEC, max);
+  assert.ok(fixes.length <= max);
+  assert.equal(fixes.filter((fix) => !fix.drawn).length, 101);
+  // The recorded points that remain are the newest.
+  const drawnTimes = fixes.filter((fix) => fix.drawn).map((fix) => fix.timeMs);
+  assert.ok(Math.min(...drawnTimes) > 1_000 * SEC);
+});
diff --git a/src/data/transitIcons.js b/src/data/transitIcons.js
index ec480530d..c6ad963e1 100644
--- a/src/data/transitIcons.js
+++ b/src/data/transitIcons.js
@@ -41,33 +41,46 @@ const DETAIL =
 /**
  * Each body is drawn in a centred frame (origin 0,0 = glyph centre), front
  * toward -Y, in the 96-unit space (half-extent up to ~45).
+ *
+ * Two sets. `HEADING_BODIES` is what a vehicle with a known course wears: every
+ * outline has a front that cannot be mistaken for its back at fleet size — a
+ * nose, a bow or a chamfered cab — because at twenty pixels a bus drawn as a
+ * near-symmetric box gives no hint which way it is going, and a hairline
+ * windscreen is far below one pixel. The front is part of the OUTLINE, not
+ * interior ink, so it survives the tint, the halo (which strokes the outline)
+ * and the sensor profiles (which keep only the outline).
+ *
+ * `NEUTRAL_BODIES` is what a vehicle with NO known course wears. Its billboard
+ * sits at rotation 0, so a pointed glyph would claim it is heading north; these
+ * outlines are the same footprint, symmetric end to end, and claim nothing.
  */
-const BODIES = {
-  // ── Bus: short, blunt, square-shouldered. The shape everything else reads
-  //    against, and the one most people will see most often.
+const HEADING_BODIES = {
+  // ── Bus: short, broad, square-shouldered behind an arrow-like nose. The
+  //    shape everything else reads against, and the one most people will see
+  //    most often, so it carries the boldest front.
   bus: `
-    <path d="M-17,-28 C-17,-32 -14,-34 0,-34 C14,-34 17,-32 17,-28
-             L17,28 C17,32 14,34 0,34 C-14,34 -17,32 -17,28 Z"
+    <path d="M0,-41 L17,-25 L17,28 C17,32 14,34 0,34 C-14,34 -17,32 -17,28
+             L-17,-25 Z"
           fill="white" ${STROKE}/>
-    <path d="M-11,-24 L11,-24" ${DETAIL}/>
+    <path d="M-11,-21 L11,-21" ${DETAIL}/>
     <path d="M-11,20 L11,20" ${DETAIL}/>`,
 
-  // ── Tram / light rail: longer and slimmer than a bus, with the two
-  //    articulation joints that make a modern low-floor tram unmistakable.
+  // ── Tram / light rail: longer and slimmer than a bus, a short pointed cab
+  //    and the two articulation joints of a modern low-floor tram.
   tram: `
-    <path d="M-10,-38 C-10,-41 -8,-42.5 0,-42.5 C8,-42.5 10,-41 10,-38
-             L10,38 C10,41 8,42.5 0,42.5 C-8,42.5 -10,41 -10,38 Z"
+    <path d="M0,-44 L10,-33 L10,38 C10,41 8,42.5 0,42.5 C-8,42.5 -10,41 -10,38
+             L-10,-33 Z"
           fill="white" ${STROKE}/>
     <path d="M-10,-13 L10,-13" ${DETAIL}/>
     <path d="M-10,13 L10,13" ${DETAIL}/>
-    <path d="M-8,-34 L8,-34" ${DETAIL}/>`,
+    <path d="M-8,-29 L8,-29" ${DETAIL}/>`,
 
-  // ── Metro / subway: squared off at both ends, wider than a tram, a single
-  //    cab line at the front. Reads as rolling stock, not a road vehicle.
+  // ── Metro / subway: squared off and wider than a tram, the cab end
+  //    chamfered to a narrow flat face; the rear stays square.
   subway: `
-    <path d="M-11.5,-40 L11.5,-40 L11.5,40 L-11.5,40 Z"
+    <path d="M-4,-40 L4,-40 L11.5,-30 L11.5,40 L-11.5,40 L-11.5,-30 Z"
           fill="white" ${STROKE}/>
-    <path d="M-11.5,-32 L11.5,-32" ${DETAIL}/>
+    <path d="M-11.5,-26 L11.5,-26" ${DETAIL}/>
     <path d="M-11.5,0 L11.5,0" ${DETAIL}/>
     <path d="M-11.5,32 L11.5,32" ${DETAIL}/>`,
 
@@ -90,8 +103,49 @@ const BODIES = {
           fill="white" ${STROKE}/>
     <path d="M-7.5,-6 L7.5,-6 L7.5,20 L-7.5,20 Z" ${DETAIL}/>`,
 
-  // ── Unknown: a plain rounded marker. Deliberately featureless, so an
+  // ── Unknown: a plain marker with a nose and nothing else, so an
   //    unclassified vehicle never pretends to be a mode it is not.
+  unknown: `
+    <path d="M0,-38 L10,-24 L10,26 C10,30 7,32 0,32 C-7,32 -10,30 -10,26
+             L-10,-24 Z"
+          fill="white" ${STROKE}/>`,
+};
+
+const NEUTRAL_BODIES = {
+  bus: `
+    <path d="M-17,-28 C-17,-32 -14,-34 0,-34 C14,-34 17,-32 17,-28
+             L17,28 C17,32 14,34 0,34 C-14,34 -17,32 -17,28 Z"
+          fill="white" ${STROKE}/>
+    <path d="M-11,-20 L11,-20" ${DETAIL}/>
+    <path d="M-11,20 L11,20" ${DETAIL}/>`,
+
+  tram: `
+    <path d="M-10,-38 C-10,-41 -8,-42.5 0,-42.5 C8,-42.5 10,-41 10,-38
+             L10,38 C10,41 8,42.5 0,42.5 C-8,42.5 -10,41 -10,38 Z"
+          fill="white" ${STROKE}/>
+    <path d="M-10,-13 L10,-13" ${DETAIL}/>
+    <path d="M-10,13 L10,13" ${DETAIL}/>`,
+
+  subway: `
+    <path d="M-11.5,-40 L11.5,-40 L11.5,40 L-11.5,40 Z"
+          fill="white" ${STROKE}/>
+    <path d="M-11.5,-32 L11.5,-32" ${DETAIL}/>
+    <path d="M-11.5,0 L11.5,0" ${DETAIL}/>
+    <path d="M-11.5,32 L11.5,32" ${DETAIL}/>`,
+
+  rail: `
+    <path d="M-10.5,-40 C-10.5,-43 -8.5,-44.5 0,-44.5 C8.5,-44.5 10.5,-43 10.5,-40
+             L10.5,40 C10.5,43 8.5,44.5 0,44.5 C-8.5,44.5 -10.5,43 -10.5,40 Z"
+          fill="white" ${STROKE}/>
+    <path d="M-10.5,-6 L10.5,-6" ${DETAIL}/>
+    <path d="M-10.5,6 L10.5,6" ${DETAIL}/>`,
+
+  ferry: `
+    <path d="M-12.5,-30 C-12.5,-36 -8,-38 0,-38 C8,-38 12.5,-36 12.5,-30
+             L12.5,30 C12.5,36 8,38 0,38 C-8,38 -12.5,36 -12.5,30 Z"
+          fill="white" ${STROKE}/>
+    <path d="M-7.5,-13 L7.5,-13 L7.5,13 L-7.5,13 Z" ${DETAIL}/>`,
+
   unknown: `
     <path d="M-10,-26 C-10,-30 -7,-32 0,-32 C7,-32 10,-30 10,-26
              L10,26 C10,30 7,32 0,32 C-7,32 -10,30 -10,26 Z"
@@ -99,7 +153,7 @@ const BODIES = {
 };
 
 /** The modes this module can draw. */
-export const TRANSIT_ICON_KINDS = Object.freeze(Object.keys(BODIES));
+export const TRANSIT_ICON_KINDS = Object.freeze(Object.keys(HEADING_BODIES));
 
 const _iconCache = new Map();
 
@@ -155,8 +209,8 @@ export function transitIconCacheSize() {
 }
 
 /**
- * Data URI for one mode's silhouette, lazily built and cached per kind, size
- * and halo.
+ * Data URI for one mode's silhouette, lazily built and cached per kind, size,
+ * halo and whether the vehicle has a known course.
  *
  * With a halo, the body is drawn twice: first as a wide dark stroke, then as
  * the shipped white fill with its hairline edge on top, so the ring sits
@@ -166,11 +220,14 @@ export function transitIconCacheSize() {
  *
  * @param {string} kind One of TRANSIT_ICON_KINDS; anything else draws `unknown`.
  * @param {number} [px] Raster size.
- * @param {{haloScreenPx?: number, screenPx?: number}} [options]
+ * @param {{haloScreenPx?: number, screenPx?: number, style?: string,
+ *   heading?: boolean}} [options] `heading: false` draws the symmetric outline
+ *   for a vehicle whose course is unknown (its billboard is not rotated, so a
+ *   front would point north for no reason).
  * @returns {string} `data:image/svg+xml;base64,...`
  */
 export function transitIcon(kind, px = FLEET_RASTER_PX, options = {}) {
-  const k = BODIES[kind] ? kind : 'unknown';
+  const k = HEADING_BODIES[kind] ? kind : 'unknown';
   const selected = px > FLEET_RASTER_PX;
   px = selected ? SELECTED_ICON_PX : FLEET_RASTER_PX;
   const profile = transitStyleProfile(
@@ -185,16 +242,18 @@ export function transitIcon(kind, px = FLEET_RASTER_PX, options = {}) {
     profile === 'mono' ? 'thermal' : profile === 'crt' ? 'retro' : 'normal';
   const displayPx = (selected ? 30 : 20) * presetSpriteScale(style, selected);
   const frame = haloFrame(presetSpriteOutlinePx(style, selected), displayPx);
-  const key = `${k}:${selected ? 1 : 0}:${profile}`;
+  const heading = options.heading !== false;
+  const bodies = heading ? HEADING_BODIES : NEUTRAL_BODIES;
+  const key = `${k}:${selected ? 1 : 0}:${profile}:${heading ? 'h' : 'n'}`;
   let uri = _iconCache.get(key);
   if (!uri) {
     const size = VIEW + 2 * frame.pad;
     // Reuse the exact outer path. Sensors fill its interior without panel ink.
-    const silhouette = BODIES[k].match(/<path d="([^"]+)"/)[1];
+    const silhouette = bodies[k].match(/<path d="([^"]+)"/)[1];
     const body =
       profile === 'mono'
         ? `<path d="${silhouette}" fill="white" />`
-        : BODIES[k];
+        : bodies[k];
     const halo =
       frame.units > 0
         ? profile === 'mono'
diff --git a/src/data/transitIcons.test.mjs b/src/data/transitIcons.test.mjs
index 8f2571017..758b1d04b 100644
--- a/src/data/transitIcons.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/transitIcons.test.mjs
@@ -62,39 +62,42 @@ test('the raster cache is bounded by kind, size and halo — never by call count
   assert.ok(transitIconCacheSize() <= before + 3 + TRANSIT_ICON_KINDS.length);
 });
 
-test('all 36 variants retain the specified final halo at both display sizes', async () => {
+test('all 72 variants retain the specified final halo at both display sizes', async () => {
   const { presetSpriteScale, presetSpriteOutlinePx } =
     await import('./transitPresetStyle.js');
   for (const kind of TRANSIT_ICON_KINDS) {
     for (const selected of [false, true]) {
-      for (const style of ['normal', 'thermal', 'retro']) {
-        const display =
-          (selected ? 30 : 20) * presetSpriteScale(style, selected);
-        const svg = decode(transitIcon(kind, selected ? 96 : 48, { style }));
-        const units = Number(
-          svg.match(/stroke-opacity="(?:0.95|1)" stroke-width="([\d.]+)"/)[1],
-        );
-        assert.ok(
-          Math.abs(
-            (units * display) / 192 - presetSpriteOutlinePx(style, selected),
-          ) < 0.001,
-        );
-        const frame = haloFrame(
-          presetSpriteOutlinePx(style, selected),
-          display,
-        );
-        assert.match(
-          svg,
-          new RegExp(
-            `width="${Math.round((selected ? 96 : 48) * frame.ratio)}"`,
-          ),
-        );
-      }
+      for (const style of ['normal', 'thermal', 'retro'])
+        for (const heading of [true, false]) {
+          const display =
+            (selected ? 30 : 20) * presetSpriteScale(style, selected);
+          const svg = decode(
+            transitIcon(kind, selected ? 96 : 48, { style, heading }),
+          );
+          const units = Number(
+            svg.match(/stroke-opacity="(?:0.95|1)" stroke-width="([\d.]+)"/)[1],
+          );
+          assert.ok(
+            Math.abs(
+              (units * display) / 192 - presetSpriteOutlinePx(style, selected),
+            ) < 0.001,
+          );
+          const frame = haloFrame(
+            presetSpriteOutlinePx(style, selected),
+            display,
+          );
+          assert.match(
+            svg,
+            new RegExp(
+              `width="${Math.round((selected ? 96 : 48) * frame.ratio)}"`,
+            ),
+          );
+        }
     }
   }
   for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++)
     transitIcon('invalid', i, { haloScreenPx: i, screenPx: i });
-  assert.equal(transitIconCacheSize(), 36);
+  assert.equal(transitIconCacheSize(), 72);
 });
 
 test('every mono raster preserves the normal silhouette mask and aspect at CRT display size', async () => {
@@ -133,47 +136,53 @@ test('every mono raster preserves the normal silhouette mask and aspect at CRT d
     return { mask, aspect: (maxX - minX + 1) / (maxY - minY + 1) };
   };
   for (const selected of [false, true])
-    for (const kind of TRANSIT_ICON_KINDS) {
-      const normal = await rasterBody(
-        decode(transitIcon(kind, selected ? 96 : 48, { style: 'normal' })),
-      );
-      for (const style of ['surveillance', 'thermal', 'noir', 'nvg']) {
-        const svg = decode(transitIcon(kind, selected ? 96 : 48, { style }));
-        const mono = await rasterBody(svg);
-        assert.deepEqual(
-          mono.mask,
-          normal.mask,
-          `${kind}/${style}: no envelope`,
+    for (const heading of [true, false])
+      for (const kind of TRANSIT_ICON_KINDS) {
+        const normal = await rasterBody(
+          decode(
+            transitIcon(kind, selected ? 96 : 48, { style: 'normal', heading }),
+          ),
         );
-        assert.ok(
-          Math.abs(mono.aspect / normal.aspect - 1) <= 0.05,
-          `${kind}/${style}: aspect`,
-        );
-        const display =
-          (selected ? 30 : 20) * presetSpriteScale(style, selected);
-        const crt = (selected ? 30 : 20) * presetSpriteScale('retro', selected);
-        assert.equal(display, crt);
-        const frame = haloFrame(
-          presetSpriteOutlinePx(style, selected),
-          display,
-        );
-        const crtFrame = haloFrame(
-          presetSpriteOutlinePx('retro', selected),
-          crt,
-        );
-        assert.equal(
-          (display * frame.ratio) / frame.ratio,
-          (crt * crtFrame.ratio) / crtFrame.ratio,
-          'unpadded silhouette matches CRT; only external halo padding grows',
-        );
-        assert.equal(
-          (svg.match(/<path /g) || []).length,
-          2,
-          'only outer halo and opaque silhouette',
-        );
-        assert.match(svg, /fill="white" \/>/);
+        for (const style of ['surveillance', 'thermal', 'noir', 'nvg']) {
+          const svg = decode(
+            transitIcon(kind, selected ? 96 : 48, { style, heading }),
+          );
+          const mono = await rasterBody(svg);
+          assert.deepEqual(
+            mono.mask,
+            normal.mask,
+            `${kind}/${style}: no envelope`,
+          );
+          assert.ok(
+            Math.abs(mono.aspect / normal.aspect - 1) <= 0.05,
+            `${kind}/${style}: aspect`,
+          );
+          const display =
+            (selected ? 30 : 20) * presetSpriteScale(style, selected);
+          const crt =
+            (selected ? 30 : 20) * presetSpriteScale('retro', selected);
+          assert.equal(display, crt);
+          const frame = haloFrame(
+            presetSpriteOutlinePx(style, selected),
+            display,
+          );
+          const crtFrame = haloFrame(
+            presetSpriteOutlinePx('retro', selected),
+            crt,
+          );
+          assert.equal(
+            (display * frame.ratio) / frame.ratio,
+            (crt * crtFrame.ratio) / crtFrame.ratio,
+            'unpadded silhouette matches CRT; only external halo padding grows',
+          );
+          assert.equal(
+            (svg.match(/<path /g) || []).length,
+            2,
+            'only outer halo and opaque silhouette',
+          );
+          assert.match(svg, /fill="white" \/>/);
+        }
       }
-    }
 });
 
 test('sensor raster halo stays dark across its screen-space band on a white roof', async () => {
@@ -238,3 +247,58 @@ test('sensor raster halo stays dark across its screen-space band on a white roof
     assert.ok(black.pass, JSON.stringify({ selected, black }));
   }
 });
+
+test('a vehicle with a course shows its front; one without claims no direction', async () => {
+  const sharp = (await import('sharp')).default;
+  const outline = (svg) => svg.match(/<path d="([^"]+)"\s+fill="white"/)[1];
+  // Fleet-size raster of the outline alone: row widths from front to back.
+  const rows = async (d) => {
+    const { data, info } = await sharp(
+      Buffer.from(
+        `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="96" height="96" viewBox="-48 -48 96 96"><path d="${d}" fill="white"/></svg>`,
+      ),
+    )
+      .resize(20, 20)
+      .ensureAlpha()
+      .raw()
+      .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: true });
+    const out = [];
+    for (let y = 0; y < info.height; y++) {
+      let sum = 0;
+      for (let x = 0; x < info.width; x++)
+        sum += data[(y * info.width + x) * 4 + 3] / 255;
+      out.push(sum);
+    }
+    return out;
+  };
+  // How much the outline differs from itself turned end for end, in pixels.
+  const asymmetry = (r) =>
+    r.reduce((a, v, i) => a + Math.abs(v - r[r.length - 1 - i]), 0);
+  for (const kind of TRANSIT_ICON_KINDS) {
+    const pointed = await rows(outline(decode(transitIcon(kind))));
+    const neutral = await rows(
+      outline(decode(transitIcon(kind, 48, { heading: false }))),
+    );
+    assert.ok(
+      asymmetry(pointed) >= 2.5,
+      `${kind}: front reads at 20 px (${asymmetry(pointed).toFixed(2)})`,
+    );
+    assert.ok(
+      asymmetry(neutral) < 0.5,
+      `${kind}: no implied heading (${asymmetry(neutral).toFixed(2)})`,
+    );
+    // The front is the narrow end: the two leading rows of ink carry less
+    // than the two trailing rows.
+    const inked = pointed.flatMap((v, i) => (v > 0.05 ? [i] : []));
+    const first = inked[0];
+    const last = inked[inked.length - 1];
+    const lead = pointed[first] + pointed[first + 1];
+    const trail = pointed[last] + pointed[last - 1];
+    assert.ok(lead < trail, `${kind}: nose toward -Y`);
+  }
+  assert.notEqual(
+    transitIcon('bus'),
+    transitIcon('bus', 48, { heading: false }),
+  );
+  assert.equal(transitIcon('bus', 48, { heading: true }), transitIcon('bus'));
+});
diff --git a/src/hudSummaryLine.test.mjs b/src/hudSummaryLine.test.mjs
index 2e8845e88..ae4f15b43 100644
--- a/src/hudSummaryLine.test.mjs
+++ b/src/hudSummaryLine.test.mjs
@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ for (const [locale, summary] of [
   ['ja', '東京上空のLive Flights'],
   ['zh-CN', '北京航班stale数据'],
   ['ru', 'Остин Live-Flights частично'],
+  ['he', 'תל אביב stale טיסות'],
 ]) {
   test(`English flush against other text is an echo: ${summary}`, () => {
     assert.ok(hudSummaryHasEnglish(summary, locale, ['stale', 'Live Flights']));
diff --git a/src/hudSummaryResponse.js b/src/hudSummaryResponse.js
index 1f41b994d..b12daf4f4 100644
--- a/src/hudSummaryResponse.js
+++ b/src/hudSummaryResponse.js
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ const SUMMARY_LANGUAGES = Object.freeze({
 const UNSPACED_LOCALES = /^(?:ja|zh)(?:-|$)/;
 
 /** Shipped locales not written in Latin letters. */
-const NON_LATIN_LOCALES = /^(?:ar|ja|ru|uk|zh)(?:-|$)/;
+const NON_LATIN_LOCALES = /^(?:ar|ja|ru|uk|zh|he)(?:-|$)/;
 
 /** Scripts whose letters extend a word; any other neighbour ends it. */
 const WORD_SCRIPTS = [
diff --git a/src/i18n/i18n.test.mjs b/src/i18n/i18n.test.mjs
index 366dc42b9..7d44b4f8a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/i18n.test.mjs
+++ b/src/i18n/i18n.test.mjs
@@ -41,6 +41,12 @@ test('normalizeLocale folds regional variants and rejects unshipped tags', () =>
   assert.equal(normalizeLocale('de'), 'de');
   assert.equal(normalizeLocale('de-AT'), 'de');
   assert.equal(normalizeLocale('de_CH'), 'de');
+  // Hebrew keeps Western digits like its catalog; regional tags fold to he,
+  // and the legacy tag iw is still what some browsers and OSes label Hebrew.
+  assert.equal(normalizeLocale('he'), 'he');
+  assert.equal(normalizeLocale('he-IL'), 'he');
+  assert.equal(normalizeLocale('iw'), 'he');
+  assert.equal(normalizeLocale('iw-IL'), 'he');
   assert.equal(normalizeLocale('fr'), 'fr');
   assert.equal(normalizeLocale('fr-CA'), 'fr');
   assert.equal(normalizeLocale('FR_be'), 'fr');
diff --git a/src/i18n/index.js b/src/i18n/index.js
index 8bffca8bc..9d697e72a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/index.js
+++ b/src/i18n/index.js
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import ar from './locales/ar.json' with { type: 'json' };
 import de from './locales/de.json' with { type: 'json' };
 import es from './locales/es.json' with { type: 'json' };
 import fr from './locales/fr.json' with { type: 'json' };
+import he from './locales/he.json' with { type: 'json' };
 import it from './locales/it.json' with { type: 'json' };
 import ja from './locales/ja.json' with { type: 'json' };
 import pt from './locales/pt.json' with { type: 'json' };
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ const CATALOGS = Object.freeze({
   de,
   es,
   fr,
+  he,
   it,
   ja,
   pt,
diff --git a/src/i18n/locale.js b/src/i18n/locale.js
index 7356ea8f8..7e8f37ffc 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locale.js
+++ b/src/i18n/locale.js
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ export const LOCALES = Object.freeze([
   'de',
   'es',
   'fr',
+  'he',
   'it',
   'ja',
   'pt',
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ export const LOCALE_NAMES = Object.freeze({
   de: 'Deutsch',
   es: 'Español',
   fr: 'Français',
+  he: 'עברית',
   it: 'Italiano',
   ja: '日本語',
   pt: 'Português (Brasil)',
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ export const LOCALE_NAMES = Object.freeze({
 });
 
 /** Right-to-left locales. */
-const RTL_LOCALES = Object.freeze(['ar']);
+const RTL_LOCALES = Object.freeze(['ar', 'he']);
 
 /** Whether a shipped locale reads right to left. */
 export function isRtlLocale(locale) {
@@ -62,7 +64,8 @@ export function intlLocale(locale) {
 
 /**
  * Map any language tag to a shipped locale: 'ru-RU' and 'RU' → 'ru',
- * 'ar-EG' and 'ar-SA' → 'ar',
+ * 'ar-EG' and 'ar-SA' → 'ar', 'he-IL' and 'he' → 'he', and the
+ * legacy tag 'iw'/'iw-IL' → 'he',
  * 'de-AT' and 'de_CH' → 'de', 'ja-JP' → 'ja',
  * 'pt-BR' and 'pt-PT' → 'pt' (Brazilian Portuguese),
  * 'zh', 'zh-CN' and 'zh-Hans-SG' → 'zh-CN';
@@ -78,6 +81,7 @@ export function normalizeLocale(candidate) {
       ? 'zh-Hant'
       : 'zh-CN';
   }
+  if (primary === 'iw') return 'he';
   return LOCALES.includes(primary) ? primary : null;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 59a18415f..d2f662b5d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -1,4 +1,103 @@
 {
+  "News feed unavailable": "موجز الأخبار غير متاح",
+  "Developing: {name}": "تطورات: {name}",
+  "{count} events today": {
+    "zero": "{count} حدث اليوم",
+    "one": "حدث واحد اليوم ({count})",
+    "two": "حدثان اليوم ({count})",
+    "few": "{count} أحداث اليوم",
+    "many": "{count} حدثًا اليوم",
+    "other": "{count} حدث اليوم"
+  },
+  "{count} reports today": {
+    "zero": "{count} تقرير اليوم",
+    "one": "تقرير واحد اليوم ({count})",
+    "two": "تقريران اليوم ({count})",
+    "few": "{count} تقارير اليوم",
+    "many": "{count} تقريرًا اليوم",
+    "other": "{count} تقرير اليوم"
+  },
+  "Disputed: {name}": "منطقة متنازع عليها: {name}",
+  "Video": "فيديو",
+  "Photos": "صور",
+  "Claimed by {who}": "ادعاء: {who}",
+  "Claimed": "ادعاء",
+  "Not yet confirmed by others": "لم يؤكده آخرون بعد",
+  "Reported by {side} sources": "أوردته مصادر {side}",
+  "Reported by {sides}": "أوردته {sides}",
+  "{side} sources": "مصادر {side}",
+  "Official": "رسمي",
+  "Reported by both sides": "أورده الطرفان",
+  "Independently reported": "أُبلغ عنه بشكل مستقل",
+  "Single source": "مصدر واحد",
+  "International": "دولية",
+  "Independent": "مستقلة",
+  "Unattributed": "غير منسوب",
+  "Outside party": "طرف خارجي",
+  "Ukraine–Russia": "أوكرانيا–روسيا",
+  "Israel–Gaza–Lebanon": "إسرائيل–غزة–لبنان",
+  "Iran–Hormuz": "إيران–هرمز",
+  "Yemen–Red Sea": "اليمن–البحر الأحمر",
+  "Sudan": "السودان",
+  "Sahel": "الساحل",
+  "Elsewhere": "أماكن أخرى",
+  "Strike": "ضربة",
+  "Alert": "إنذار",
+  "Air defence": "دفاع جوي",
+  "Ground fighting": "قتال بري",
+  "Casualties": "إصابات",
+  "Humanitarian": "إنساني",
+  "Disaster": "كارثة",
+  "Protest": "احتجاج",
+  "Political": "سياسي",
+  "No physical event": "لا حدث ميداني",
+  "Minor incident": "حادث بسيط",
+  "Significant": "كبير",
+  "Major": "جسيم",
+  "age|now": "الآن",
+  "{minutes} min": "{minutes} د",
+  "{hours} h": "{hours} س",
+  "{count} sources": {
+    "zero": "{count} مصدر",
+    "one": "مصدر واحد ({count})",
+    "two": "مصدران ({count})",
+    "few": "{count} مصادر",
+    "many": "{count} مصدرًا",
+    "other": "{count} مصدر"
+  },
+  "News feed not configured on this server": "موجز الأخبار غير مهيأ على هذا الخادم",
+  "Malformed news hotspots response": "استجابة بؤر الأخبار غير صالحة",
+  "Malformed news feed response": "استجابة موجز الأخبار غير صالحة",
+  "{place} (placed by model)": "{place} (حدده النموذج)",
+  "English headline by the model": "عنوان إنجليزي من النموذج",
+  "Not placed on the map": "غير موضوع على الخريطة",
+  "Close": "إغلاق",
+  "Any severity": "أي درجة خطورة",
+  "{severity} and above": "{severity} فأعلى",
+  "{severity} only": "{severity} فقط",
+  "All categories": "كل الفئات",
+  "Reading the news…": "جارٍ قراءة الأخبار…",
+  "News, last {hours} hours": "الأخبار، آخر {hours} ساعة",
+  "Last {hours} h": "آخر {hours} ساعة",
+  "Time window": "الفترة الزمنية",
+  "Conflicts": "النزاعات",
+  "Local": "محلي",
+  "News sections": "أقسام الأخبار",
+  "Zoom in to see local news": "قرّب الخريطة لرؤية الأخبار المحلية",
+  "Hotspots": "بؤر ساخنة",
+  "Severity": "الخطورة",
+  "Category": "الفئة",
+  "Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h": "لم يُبلَّغ عن شيء قريب من هنا في آخر {hours} ساعة",
+  "Latest news": "آخر الأخبار",
+  "No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h": "لا أخبار تطابق هذه المرشحات في آخر {hours} ساعة",
+  "Load older news": "تحميل أخبار أقدم",
+  "How to read the map": "كيف تقرأ الخريطة",
+  "Colour: severity · icon: type of event": "اللون: الخطورة · الرمز: نوع الحدث",
+  "Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.": "إطار متصل: أورده الطرفان أو مصدر مستقل. إطار متقطع: ادعاء. إطار رفيع: مصدر واحد، أو إعلام أحد الطرفين.",
+  "Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.": "أكبر: مصادر أكثر · أبهت: أقدم. بطاقة بصورة: حدث جسيم أو متسارع من مصدرين أو أكثر.",
+  "Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "تصف تسميات الأطراف المصدر، لا صحة التقرير.",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a news report": "اخرج من القمرة للانتقال إلى خبر",
+  "News items in the feed": "عدد الأخبار في الموجز",
   "NO PLACE LEFT BEHIND": "لا مكان يُترك خلفنا",
   "Initializing photorealistic world...": "جارٍ تهيئة العالم الواقعي…",
   "Configuring viewer...": "جارٍ إعداد العارض…",
@@ -437,11 +536,12 @@
   "PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION": "المكان / الأحوال / الموضع",
   "POSITION UNAVAILABLE": "الموضع غير متاح",
   "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "الأخبار الإقليمية غير متاحة",
+  "CACHED · REFRESH FAILED": "مخزنة · فشل التحديث",
   "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "المنطقة غير متاحة",
-  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "لا توجد تقارير حديثة مطابقة للموقع",
+  "NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H": "لا أخبار خلال آخر {hours} س",
   "SOURCE": "المصدر",
   "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · استعلام الموقع",
+  "{source} · CACHED {age}": "{source} · مخزنة {age}",
   "TIME UNKNOWN": "الوقت غير معروف",
   "{count}M AGO": "قبل {count} د",
   "{count}H AGO": "قبل {count} س",
@@ -615,6 +715,7 @@
   "LOADING": "جارٍ التحميل",
   "DEGRADED": "متدهور",
   "STALE": "متقادم",
+  "SIGNAL LOST · {time}": "انقطعت الإشارة · {time}",
   "FALLBACK": "بديل",
   "PARTIAL": "جزئي",
   "UNCERTAIN": "غير مؤكد",
@@ -879,6 +980,7 @@
   "KEY REQUIRED": "المفتاح مطلوب",
   "STALE · cached {age}": "متقادم · مخزّن {age}",
   "LIVE · updated {age}": "مباشر · حُدّث {age}",
+  "24 h to {day} {time} UTC": "24 ساعة حتى {day} {time} UTC",
   "<1m ago": "قبل أقل من دقيقة",
   "FIRE · {frp} MW": "حريق · {frp} MW",
   "▲ {frp} MW": "▲ {frp} MW",
@@ -2284,7 +2386,7 @@
   "ADS-B PRIORITY · {status}": "أولوية ADS-B · {status}",
   "ADS-B EMERGENCY · {status}": "طوارئ ADS-B · {status}",
   "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}": "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · استعلام الموقع · حديث",
+  "{source} · LAST {hours} H": "{source} · آخر {hours} س",
   "Rendered globe frames per second · toggle with `": "إطارات الكرة الأرضية المعروضة في الثانية · بدّل بالمفتاح `",
   "Ground heights could not be refreshed. Try the file again when the map has loaded.": "تعذّر تحديث ارتفاعات الأرض. أعد استيراد الملف بعد تحميل الخريطة.",
   "{count} map objects": {
@@ -3511,6 +3613,62 @@
   "Prohibited": "محظور",
   "Restricted": "مقيّد",
   "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "المجال الجوي المحظور والمقيّد",
+  "Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "آخر 24 ساعة من الأخبار. يرتبط كل تقرير بناشره؛ تُستخرج الأماكن والفئات من النص والبيانات تلقائيًا وقد تكون خاطئة. تصف تسميات الأطراف، حيث تظهر، المصدر لا صحة التقرير.",
+  "Economy": "اقتصاد",
+  "News from {area}": "أخبار: {area}",
+  "Within {km} km of the view centre": "ضمن {km} كم من مركز العرض",
+  "{region}, {country}": "{region}، {country}",
+  "via {source}": "عبر {source}",
+  "Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view": "المحلي في طبقة الأخبار: أخبار اليوم من وسائل إعلام البلد المعروض",
+  "{provider} refused its key": "رفض {provider} مفتاحه",
+  "Check {envVars} in Provider Settings": "تحقق من {envVars} في «إعدادات المزوّدين»",
+  "{provider} key required": "مفتاح {provider} مطلوب",
+  "{provider} limit reached for today": "بلغ {provider} حدّه لهذا اليوم",
+  "News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan": "تُستأنف الأخبار غدًا، أو مع خطة مدفوعة",
+  "News key required": "مفتاح الأخبار مطلوب",
+  "Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles": "نقاط نزاع دقيقة في طبقة الأخبار، إلى جانب مقالات GDELT",
+  "Worldwide": "العالم",
+  "Shipwrecks": "حطام السفن",
+  "Before 1900": "قبل 1900",
+  "After 1945": "بعد 1945",
+  "Date unknown": "التاريخ غير معروف",
+  "Position: centre of the protected area": "الموقع: مركز المنطقة المحمية",
+  "Position approximate (within about {km} km)": "الموقع تقريبي (في حدود {km} كم تقريبًا)",
+  "Position surveyed (within about {m} m)": "الموقع مُسَح (في حدود {m} م تقريبًا)",
+  "Vessel: {value}": "السفينة: {value}",
+  "What happened: {value}": "ما حدث: {value}",
+  "Depth: {m} m ({quality})": "العمق: {m} م ({quality})",
+  "Depth: {m} m": "العمق: {m} م",
+  "Notes: {value}": "ملاحظات: {value}",
+  "Cargo or finds: {value}": "الحمولة أو المكتشفات: {value}",
+  "Protected wreck": "حطام محمي",
+  "Source: {value}": "المصدر: {value}",
+  "Click the card to open EMODnet ↗": "انقر على البطاقة لفتح EMODnet ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the source ↗": "انقر على البطاقة لفتح المصدر ↗",
+  "Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only": "ويكي بيانات غير متاحة؛ يُعرض EMODnet فقط",
+  "EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only": "EMODnet غير متاح؛ تُعرض ويكي بيانات فقط",
+  "Shipwrecks unavailable": "بيانات حطام السفن غير متاحة",
+  "EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)": "EMODnet (المياه الأوروبية) · ويكي بيانات (العالم)",
+  "{count} wrecks": {
+    "zero": "لا حطام ({count})",
+    "one": "حطام واحد ({count})",
+    "two": "حطامان ({count})",
+    "few": "{count} حطامات",
+    "many": "{count} حطامًا",
+    "other": "{count} حطام"
+  },
+  "1900–1945": "1900–1945",
+  "Shipwreck": "غرق سفينة",
+  "Fatalities: {count}": "الوفيات: {count}",
+  "Survivors: {count}": "الناجون: {count}",
+  "Click the card to open the article ↗": "انقر على البطاقة لفتح المقالة ↗",
+  "European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.": "يأتي حطام السفن التراثي الأوروبي من EMODnet Human Activities، ويأتي الحطام البارز في العالم من ويكي بيانات. يبيّن اللون متى غرقت السفينة، ويكبر حجم العلامة مع عدد الوفيات. انقر على علامة لعرض بطاقتها.",
+  "All years": "كل السنوات",
+  "Period": "الفترة",
+  "From": "من",
+  "To": "إلى",
+  "First year of the shipwreck period": "السنة الأولى من فترة الغرق",
+  "Last year of the shipwreck period": "السنة الأخيرة من فترة الغرق",
   "SIGHTING": "مشاهدة",
   "Show {name} sighting": "إظهار مشاهدة {name}",
   "seen {age} ago": "شوهد قبل {age}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 02d6fdb73..2648668c4 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -1,4 +1,91 @@
 {
+  "News feed unavailable": "Nachrichtenfeed nicht verfügbar",
+  "Developing: {name}": "In Entwicklung: {name}",
+  "{count} events today": {
+    "one": "{count} Ereignis heute",
+    "other": "{count} Ereignisse heute"
+  },
+  "{count} reports today": {
+    "one": "{count} Meldung heute",
+    "other": "{count} Meldungen heute"
+  },
+  "Disputed: {name}": "Umstritten: {name}",
+  "Video": "Video",
+  "Photos": "Fotos",
+  "Claimed by {who}": "Behauptet von {who}",
+  "Claimed": "Behauptung",
+  "Not yet confirmed by others": "Noch nicht von anderen bestätigt",
+  "Reported by {side} sources": "Gemeldet von Quellen aus {side}",
+  "Reported by {sides}": "Gemeldet von {sides}",
+  "{side} sources": "Quellen aus {side}",
+  "Official": "Offiziell",
+  "Reported by both sides": "Von beiden Seiten gemeldet",
+  "Independently reported": "Unabhängig gemeldet",
+  "Single source": "Einzelne Quelle",
+  "International": "International",
+  "Independent": "Unabhängig",
+  "Unattributed": "Ohne Zuordnung",
+  "Outside party": "Außenstehende Partei",
+  "Ukraine–Russia": "Ukraine–Russland",
+  "Israel–Gaza–Lebanon": "Israel–Gaza–Libanon",
+  "Iran–Hormuz": "Iran–Hormus",
+  "Yemen–Red Sea": "Jemen–Rotes Meer",
+  "Sudan": "Sudan",
+  "Sahel": "Sahel",
+  "Elsewhere": "Anderswo",
+  "Strike": "Angriff",
+  "Alert": "Warnung",
+  "Air defence": "Luftabwehr",
+  "Ground fighting": "Bodenkämpfe",
+  "Casualties": "Opfer",
+  "Humanitarian": "Humanitär",
+  "Disaster": "Katastrophe",
+  "Protest": "Protest",
+  "Political": "Politik",
+  "No physical event": "Kein physisches Ereignis",
+  "Minor incident": "Kleiner Vorfall",
+  "Significant": "Erheblich",
+  "Major": "Schwer",
+  "age|now": "jetzt",
+  "{minutes} min": "{minutes} Min.",
+  "{hours} h": "{hours} Std.",
+  "{count} sources": {
+    "one": "{count} Quelle",
+    "other": "{count} Quellen"
+  },
+  "News feed not configured on this server": "Nachrichtenfeed auf diesem Server nicht eingerichtet",
+  "Malformed news hotspots response": "Fehlerhafte Antwort zu Nachrichten-Brennpunkten",
+  "Malformed news feed response": "Fehlerhafte Antwort des Nachrichtenfeeds",
+  "{place} (placed by model)": "{place} (vom Modell verortet)",
+  "English headline by the model": "Englische Schlagzeile vom Modell",
+  "Not placed on the map": "Nicht auf der Karte verortet",
+  "Close": "Schließen",
+  "Any severity": "Jeder Schweregrad",
+  "{severity} and above": "{severity} und höher",
+  "{severity} only": "Nur {severity}",
+  "All categories": "Alle Kategorien",
+  "Reading the news…": "Nachrichten werden gelesen…",
+  "News, last {hours} hours": "Nachrichten der letzten {hours} Stunden",
+  "Last {hours} h": "Letzte {hours} Std.",
+  "Time window": "Zeitraum",
+  "Conflicts": "Konflikte",
+  "Local": "Lokal",
+  "News sections": "Nachrichtenbereiche",
+  "Zoom in to see local news": "Hineinzoomen, um lokale Nachrichten zu sehen",
+  "Hotspots": "Brennpunkte",
+  "Severity": "Schweregrad",
+  "Category": "Kategorie",
+  "Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h": "In den letzten {hours} h nichts in der Nähe gemeldet",
+  "Latest news": "Neueste Nachrichten",
+  "No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h": "Keine Nachrichten der letzten {hours} h passen zu diesen Filtern",
+  "Load older news": "Ältere Nachrichten laden",
+  "How to read the map": "So liest man die Karte",
+  "Colour: severity · icon: type of event": "Farbe: Schweregrad · Symbol: Art des Ereignisses",
+  "Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.": "Durchgehender Rand: von beiden Seiten oder unabhängig gemeldet. Gestrichelter Rand: eine Behauptung. Dünner Rand: eine Quelle oder die eigene Presse einer Seite.",
+  "Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.": "Größer: mehr Quellen · blasser: älter. Bildkarte: ein schweres oder schnell wachsendes Ereignis mit zwei oder mehr Quellen.",
+  "Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Seitenangaben beschreiben die Quelle, nicht ob eine Meldung stimmt.",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a news report": "Cockpit verlassen, um zu einer Meldung zu fliegen",
+  "News items in the feed": "Meldungen im Feed",
   "Flying to Austin, TX...": "Flug nach Austin, TX...",
   "Restoring shared view...": "Geteilte Ansicht wird wiederhergestellt...",
   "Configuring viewer...": "Viewer wird konfiguriert...",
@@ -72,6 +159,7 @@
   "LOADING": "LÄDT",
   "DEGRADED": "EINGESCHRÄNKT",
   "STALE": "VERALTET",
+  "SIGNAL LOST · {time}": "SIGNAL VERLOREN · {time}",
   "PARTIAL": "TEILWEISE",
   "FALLBACK": "FALLBACK",
   "SUMMARY": "ÜBERSICHT",
@@ -164,6 +252,7 @@
   "loading...": "lädt...",
   "KEY REQUIRED": "SCHLÜSSEL ERFORDERLICH",
   "LIVE · updated {age}": "LIVE · aktualisiert {age}",
+  "24 h to {day} {time} UTC": "24 Std. bis {day} {time} UTC",
   "loading mapped installation context": "Kontext der kartierten Anlage wird geladen",
   "MAPPED INSTALLATION": "KARTIERTE ANLAGE",
   "LAUNCH SITE · {site}": "STARTPLATZ · {site}",
@@ -431,13 +520,14 @@
   "Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way.": "Briefing-Seiten automatisch alle 9 Sekunden wechseln (Signale → News → Lokal). Pausiert, solange sich der Mauszeiger über dem Bereich befindet oder dieser den Fokus hat. Live-Signaldaten werden in beiden Fällen laufend aktualisiert.",
   "ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS": "REGIONALE NEWS WERDEN ERFASST",
   "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "REGIONALE NEWS NICHT VERFÜGBAR",
+  "CACHED · REFRESH FAILED": "CACHE · AKTUALISIERUNG FEHLGESCHLAGEN",
   "RESOLVING REGION": "REGION WIRD ERMITTELT",
   "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "REGION NICHT VERFÜGBAR",
-  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "KEINE AKTUELLEN ORTSTREFFER",
+  "NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H": "KEINE NEWS IN DEN LETZTEN {hours} H",
   "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
   "CLOUD {pct}%": "WOLKEN {pct} %",
   "CLOUD UNKNOWN": "WOLKEN UNBEKANNT",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · ORTSABFRAGE",
+  "{source} · CACHED {age}": "{source} · CACHE {age}",
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "REGIONALE NEWS",
   "CONTEXT STANDBY": "KONTEXT STANDBY",
   "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "GLOBALEN KONTEXT FÜR NÄHE-PINGS AKTIVIEREN",
@@ -2180,7 +2270,7 @@
   "ADS-B PRIORITY · {status}": "ADS-B-PRIORITÄT · {status}",
   "ADS-B EMERGENCY · {status}": "ADS-B-NOTFALL · {status}",
   "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}": "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · ORTSABFRAGE · AKTUELL",
+  "{source} · LAST {hours} H": "{source} · LETZTE {hours} H",
   "Rendered globe frames per second · toggle with `": "Gerenderte Globus-Frames pro Sekunde · umschalten mit `",
   "Ground heights could not be refreshed. Try the file again when the map has loaded.": "Geländehöhen konnten nicht aktualisiert werden. Die Datei erneut laden, wenn die Karte geladen ist.",
   "{count} map objects": {
@@ -3203,6 +3293,58 @@
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Zu viele Chat-Anfragen. In {seconds} s erneut versuchen.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Der Anbieter hat den Zugriff für diesen Schlüssel verweigert. Projekt, Region oder Berechtigungen des Schlüssels prüfen.",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "Das Anbieterkonto hat kein Guthaben mehr. Die Abrechnung prüfen oder in den Einstellungen einen anderen KI-Anbieter wählen.",
+  "Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Letzte 24 h Nachrichten. Jede Meldung verlinkt auf ihren Herausgeber; Orte und Kategorien werden automatisch aus Text und Daten gelesen und können falsch sein. Seitenangaben, wo vorhanden, beschreiben die Quelle, nicht ob eine Meldung stimmt.",
+  "Economy": "Wirtschaft",
+  "News from {area}": "Nachrichten: {area}",
+  "Within {km} km of the view centre": "Im Umkreis von {km} km um die Bildmitte",
+  "{region}, {country}": "{region}, {country}",
+  "via {source}": "über {source}",
+  "Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view": "Lokal in der Nachrichtenebene: die Nachrichten des Tages aus den Medien des Landes im Blick",
+  "{provider} refused its key": "{provider} hat den Schlüssel abgelehnt",
+  "Check {envVars} in Provider Settings": "{envVars} in den Anbieter-Einstellungen prüfen",
+  "{provider} key required": "{provider}-Schlüssel erforderlich",
+  "{provider} limit reached for today": "{provider}: Tageslimit erreicht",
+  "News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan": "Nachrichten gibt es morgen wieder, oder mit einem kostenpflichtigen Tarif",
+  "News key required": "Nachrichtenschlüssel erforderlich",
+  "Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles": "Genaue Konfliktpunkte in der Nachrichtenebene, neben den Artikeln von GDELT",
+  "Worldwide": "Weltweit",
+  "Shipwrecks": "Schiffswracks",
+  "Before 1900": "Vor 1900",
+  "After 1945": "Nach 1945",
+  "Date unknown": "Datum unbekannt",
+  "Position: centre of the protected area": "Position: Mitte des Schutzgebiets",
+  "Position approximate (within about {km} km)": "Position ungefähr (auf etwa {km} km genau)",
+  "Position surveyed (within about {m} m)": "Position vermessen (auf etwa {m} m genau)",
+  "Vessel: {value}": "Schiff: {value}",
+  "What happened: {value}": "Was geschah: {value}",
+  "Depth: {m} m ({quality})": "Tiefe: {m} m ({quality})",
+  "Depth: {m} m": "Tiefe: {m} m",
+  "Notes: {value}": "Hinweise: {value}",
+  "Cargo or finds: {value}": "Ladung oder Funde: {value}",
+  "Protected wreck": "Geschütztes Wrack",
+  "Source: {value}": "Quelle: {value}",
+  "Click the card to open EMODnet ↗": "Karte anklicken, um EMODnet zu öffnen ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the source ↗": "Karte anklicken, um die Quelle zu öffnen ↗",
+  "Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only": "Wikidata nicht verfügbar; nur EMODnet wird angezeigt",
+  "EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only": "EMODnet nicht verfügbar; nur Wikidata wird angezeigt",
+  "Shipwrecks unavailable": "Schiffswracks nicht verfügbar",
+  "EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)": "EMODnet (europäische Gewässer) · Wikidata (weltweit)",
+  "{count} wrecks": {
+    "one": "{count} Wrack",
+    "other": "{count} Wracks"
+  },
+  "1900–1945": "1900–1945",
+  "Shipwreck": "Schiffbruch",
+  "Fatalities: {count}": "Todesopfer: {count}",
+  "Survivors: {count}": "Überlebende: {count}",
+  "Click the card to open the article ↗": "Karte anklicken, um den Artikel zu öffnen ↗",
+  "European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.": "Europäische Kulturerbe-Wracks stammen von EMODnet Human Activities, bekannte Wracks weltweit von Wikidata. Die Farbe zeigt, wann das Schiff sank; die Markierung wächst mit der Zahl der Todesopfer. Klicke auf eine Markierung für ihre Karte.",
+  "All years": "Alle Jahre",
+  "Period": "Zeitraum",
+  "From": "Von",
+  "To": "Bis",
+  "First year of the shipwreck period": "Erstes Jahr des Schiffbruch-Zeitraums",
+  "Last year of the shipwreck period": "Letztes Jahr des Schiffbruch-Zeitraums",
   "SIGHTING": "BEOBACHTUNG",
   "Show {name} sighting": "Beobachtung von {name} anzeigen",
   "seen {age} ago": "vor {age} gesichtet",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index a007bec4e..4fc5e30b6 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -1,4 +1,94 @@
 {
+  "News feed unavailable": "Noticias no disponibles",
+  "Developing: {name}": "En desarrollo: {name}",
+  "{count} events today": {
+    "one": "{count} suceso hoy",
+    "many": "{count} sucesos hoy",
+    "other": "{count} sucesos hoy"
+  },
+  "{count} reports today": {
+    "one": "{count} noticia hoy",
+    "many": "{count} noticias hoy",
+    "other": "{count} noticias hoy"
+  },
+  "Disputed: {name}": "En disputa: {name}",
+  "Video": "Vídeo",
+  "Photos": "Fotos",
+  "Claimed by {who}": "Según {who}",
+  "Claimed": "Afirmación",
+  "Not yet confirmed by others": "Aún sin confirmar por otros",
+  "Reported by {side} sources": "Informado por fuentes de {side}",
+  "Reported by {sides}": "Informado por {sides}",
+  "{side} sources": "fuentes de {side}",
+  "Official": "Oficial",
+  "Reported by both sides": "Informado por ambos bandos",
+  "Independently reported": "Informado de forma independiente",
+  "Single source": "Fuente única",
+  "International": "Internacional",
+  "Independent": "Independiente",
+  "Unattributed": "Sin atribuir",
+  "Outside party": "Parte externa",
+  "Ukraine–Russia": "Ucrania–Rusia",
+  "Israel–Gaza–Lebanon": "Israel–Gaza–Líbano",
+  "Iran–Hormuz": "Irán–Ormuz",
+  "Yemen–Red Sea": "Yemen–Mar Rojo",
+  "Sudan": "Sudán",
+  "Sahel": "Sahel",
+  "Elsewhere": "En otros lugares",
+  "Strike": "Ataque",
+  "Alert": "Alerta",
+  "Air defence": "Defensa aérea",
+  "Ground fighting": "Combates terrestres",
+  "Casualties": "Víctimas",
+  "Humanitarian": "Humanitario",
+  "Disaster": "Catástrofe",
+  "Protest": "Protesta",
+  "Political": "Político",
+  "No physical event": "Sin hecho físico",
+  "Minor incident": "Incidente menor",
+  "Significant": "Significativo",
+  "Major": "Grave",
+  "age|now": "ahora",
+  "{minutes} min": "{minutes} min",
+  "{hours} h": "{hours} h",
+  "{count} sources": {
+    "one": "{count} fuente",
+    "many": "{count} fuentes",
+    "other": "{count} fuentes"
+  },
+  "News feed not configured on this server": "Noticias no configuradas en este servidor",
+  "Malformed news hotspots response": "Respuesta de focos de noticias mal formada",
+  "Malformed news feed response": "Respuesta de noticias mal formada",
+  "{place} (placed by model)": "{place} (ubicado por el modelo)",
+  "English headline by the model": "Titular en inglés del modelo",
+  "Not placed on the map": "Sin ubicar en el mapa",
+  "Close": "Cerrar",
+  "Any severity": "Cualquier gravedad",
+  "{severity} and above": "{severity} o más",
+  "{severity} only": "Solo {severity}",
+  "All categories": "Todas las categorías",
+  "Reading the news…": "Leyendo las noticias…",
+  "News, last {hours} hours": "Noticias de las últimas {hours} horas",
+  "Last {hours} h": "Últimas {hours} h",
+  "Time window": "Periodo",
+  "Conflicts": "Conflictos",
+  "Local": "Local",
+  "News sections": "Secciones de noticias",
+  "Zoom in to see local news": "Acerca el mapa para ver noticias locales",
+  "Hotspots": "Focos",
+  "Severity": "Gravedad",
+  "Category": "Categoría",
+  "Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h": "Nada informado cerca de aquí en las últimas {hours} h",
+  "Latest news": "Últimas noticias",
+  "No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h": "Ninguna noticia de las últimas {hours} h coincide con estos filtros",
+  "Load older news": "Cargar noticias anteriores",
+  "How to read the map": "Cómo leer el mapa",
+  "Colour: severity · icon: type of event": "Color: gravedad · icono: tipo de suceso",
+  "Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.": "Borde continuo: informado por ambos bandos o de forma independiente. Borde discontinuo: una afirmación. Borde fino: una fuente, o la prensa de un bando.",
+  "Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.": "Más grande: más fuentes · más tenue: más antiguo. Tarjeta con imagen: un suceso grave o en rápido crecimiento con dos o más fuentes.",
+  "Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Las etiquetas de bando describen la fuente, no si la noticia es cierta.",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a news report": "Sal de la cabina para volar a una noticia",
+  "News items in the feed": "Noticias en la lista",
   "NO PLACE LEFT BEHIND": "NINGÚN RINCÓN SIN VIGILAR",
   "Initializing photorealistic world...": "Inicializando el mundo fotorrealista...",
   "Configuring viewer...": "Configurando el visor...",
@@ -320,11 +410,12 @@
   "PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION": "LUGAR / CLIMA / POSICIÓN",
   "POSITION UNAVAILABLE": "POSICIÓN NO DISPONIBLE",
   "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "NOTICIAS DE ZONA NO DISPONIBLES",
+  "CACHED · REFRESH FAILED": "EN CACHÉ · ERROR AL ACTUALIZAR",
   "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "REGIÓN NO DISPONIBLE",
-  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "SIN COINCIDENCIAS RECIENTES DE UBICACIÓN",
+  "NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H": "SIN NOTICIAS EN LAS ÚLTIMAS {hours} H",
   "SOURCE": "FUENTE",
   "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · CONSULTA POR UBICACIÓN",
+  "{source} · CACHED {age}": "{source} · EN CACHÉ {age}",
   "TIME UNKNOWN": "HORA DESCONOCIDA",
   "{count}M AGO": "HACE {count} MIN",
   "{count}H AGO": "HACE {count} H",
@@ -500,6 +591,7 @@
   "LOADING": "CARGANDO",
   "DEGRADED": "DEGRADADO",
   "STALE": "DESACTUALIZADO",
+  "SIGNAL LOST · {time}": "SEÑAL PERDIDA · {time}",
   "FALLBACK": "RESPALDO",
   "PARTIAL": "PARCIAL",
   "UNCERTAIN": "INCIERTO",
@@ -737,6 +829,7 @@
   "KEY REQUIRED": "CLAVE REQUERIDA",
   "STALE · cached {age}": "DESACTUALIZADO · en caché hace {age}",
   "LIVE · updated {age}": "EN VIVO · actualizado {age}",
+  "24 h to {day} {time} UTC": "24 h hasta {day} {time} UTC",
   "<1m ago": "hace <1 min",
   "FIRE · {frp} MW": "INCENDIO · {frp} MW",
   "▲ {frp} MW": "▲ {frp} MW",
@@ -2006,7 +2099,7 @@
   "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "FUENTE MILITAR DESACTIVADA · PANORAMA PARCIAL",
   "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "FUENTE DE VUELOS DESACTIVADA · PANORAMA PARCIAL",
   "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "AERONAVES CERCANAS INCOMPLETAS · NO IMPLICA TODO DESPEJADO",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · CONSULTA POR UBICACIÓN · RECIENTE",
+  "{source} · LAST {hours} H": "{source} · ÚLTIMAS {hours} H",
   "ft": "ft",
   "kts": "kn",
   "PAUSE": "PAUSA",
@@ -3280,6 +3373,59 @@
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Demasiadas solicitudes de chat. Vuelve a intentarlo en {seconds} s.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "El proveedor denegó el acceso a esta clave. Revisa el proyecto, la región o los permisos de la clave.",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "La cuenta del proveedor no tiene crédito. Revisa la facturación o elige otro proveedor de IA en Ajustes.",
+  "Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Últimas 24 h de noticias. Cada noticia enlaza a su medio; los lugares y categorías se leen del texto y los datos automáticamente y pueden ser erróneos. Las etiquetas de bando, donde aparecen, describen la fuente, no si la noticia es cierta.",
+  "Economy": "Economía",
+  "News from {area}": "Noticias: {area}",
+  "Within {km} km of the view centre": "A menos de {km} km del centro de la vista",
+  "{region}, {country}": "{region}, {country}",
+  "via {source}": "vía {source}",
+  "Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view": "Local en la capa de noticias: las noticias del día de los medios del país a la vista",
+  "{provider} refused its key": "{provider} rechazó su clave",
+  "Check {envVars} in Provider Settings": "Revisa {envVars} en Ajustes de proveedores",
+  "{provider} key required": "Se necesita una clave de {provider}",
+  "{provider} limit reached for today": "{provider} alcanzó su límite de hoy",
+  "News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan": "Las noticias vuelven mañana, o con un plan de pago",
+  "News key required": "Se necesita una clave de noticias",
+  "Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles": "Puntos de conflicto precisos en la capa de noticias, junto a los artículos de GDELT",
+  "Worldwide": "Mundial",
+  "Shipwrecks": "Naufragios",
+  "Before 1900": "Antes de 1900",
+  "After 1945": "Después de 1945",
+  "Date unknown": "Fecha desconocida",
+  "Position: centre of the protected area": "Posición: centro de la zona protegida",
+  "Position approximate (within about {km} km)": "Posición aproximada (margen de unos {km} km)",
+  "Position surveyed (within about {m} m)": "Posición levantada (margen de unos {m} m)",
+  "Vessel: {value}": "Embarcación: {value}",
+  "What happened: {value}": "Qué ocurrió: {value}",
+  "Depth: {m} m ({quality})": "Profundidad: {m} m ({quality})",
+  "Depth: {m} m": "Profundidad: {m} m",
+  "Notes: {value}": "Notas: {value}",
+  "Cargo or finds: {value}": "Carga o hallazgos: {value}",
+  "Protected wreck": "Pecio protegido",
+  "Source: {value}": "Fuente: {value}",
+  "Click the card to open EMODnet ↗": "Haz clic en la ficha para abrir EMODnet ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the source ↗": "Haz clic en la ficha para abrir la fuente ↗",
+  "Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only": "Wikidata no disponible; solo se muestra EMODnet",
+  "EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only": "EMODnet no disponible; solo se muestra Wikidata",
+  "Shipwrecks unavailable": "Naufragios no disponibles",
+  "EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)": "EMODnet (aguas europeas) · Wikidata (todo el mundo)",
+  "{count} wrecks": {
+    "one": "{count} naufragio",
+    "many": "{count} de naufragios",
+    "other": "{count} naufragios"
+  },
+  "1900–1945": "1900–1945",
+  "Shipwreck": "Naufragio",
+  "Fatalities: {count}": "Fallecidos: {count}",
+  "Survivors: {count}": "Supervivientes: {count}",
+  "Click the card to open the article ↗": "Haz clic en la ficha para abrir el artículo ↗",
+  "European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.": "Los pecios históricos europeos proceden de EMODnet Human Activities; los naufragios notables de todo el mundo, de Wikidata. El color indica cuándo se hundió el barco; el marcador crece con el número de muertos. Haz clic en un marcador para ver su ficha.",
+  "All years": "Todos los años",
+  "Period": "Periodo",
+  "From": "Desde",
+  "To": "Hasta",
+  "First year of the shipwreck period": "Primer año del periodo de naufragios",
+  "Last year of the shipwreck period": "Último año del periodo de naufragios",
   "SIGHTING": "AVISTAMIENTO",
   "Show {name} sighting": "Mostrar avistamiento de {name}",
   "seen {age} ago": "visto hace {age}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index f394eaf98..536203664 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -1,4 +1,94 @@
 {
+  "News feed unavailable": "Fil d’actualités indisponible",
+  "Developing: {name}": "En cours : {name}",
+  "{count} events today": {
+    "one": "{count} événement aujourd’hui",
+    "many": "{count} événements aujourd’hui",
+    "other": "{count} événements aujourd’hui"
+  },
+  "{count} reports today": {
+    "one": "{count} article aujourd’hui",
+    "many": "{count} articles aujourd’hui",
+    "other": "{count} articles aujourd’hui"
+  },
+  "Disputed: {name}": "Contesté : {name}",
+  "Video": "Vidéo",
+  "Photos": "Photos",
+  "Claimed by {who}": "Selon {who}",
+  "Claimed": "Affirmation",
+  "Not yet confirmed by others": "Pas encore confirmé par d’autres",
+  "Reported by {side} sources": "Rapporté par des sources {side}",
+  "Reported by {sides}": "Rapporté par {sides}",
+  "{side} sources": "sources {side}",
+  "Official": "Officiel",
+  "Reported by both sides": "Rapporté par les deux camps",
+  "Independently reported": "Rapporté de façon indépendante",
+  "Single source": "Source unique",
+  "International": "Internationale",
+  "Independent": "Indépendante",
+  "Unattributed": "Non attribué",
+  "Outside party": "Partie extérieure",
+  "Ukraine–Russia": "Ukraine–Russie",
+  "Israel–Gaza–Lebanon": "Israël–Gaza–Liban",
+  "Iran–Hormuz": "Iran–Ormuz",
+  "Yemen–Red Sea": "Yémen–mer Rouge",
+  "Sudan": "Soudan",
+  "Sahel": "Sahel",
+  "Elsewhere": "Ailleurs",
+  "Strike": "Frappe",
+  "Alert": "Alerte",
+  "Air defence": "Défense aérienne",
+  "Ground fighting": "Combats au sol",
+  "Casualties": "Victimes",
+  "Humanitarian": "Humanitaire",
+  "Disaster": "Catastrophe",
+  "Protest": "Manifestation",
+  "Political": "Politique",
+  "No physical event": "Aucun événement physique",
+  "Minor incident": "Incident mineur",
+  "Significant": "Important",
+  "Major": "Majeur",
+  "age|now": "maintenant",
+  "{minutes} min": "{minutes} min",
+  "{hours} h": "{hours} h",
+  "{count} sources": {
+    "one": "{count} source",
+    "many": "{count} sources",
+    "other": "{count} sources"
+  },
+  "News feed not configured on this server": "Fil d’actualités non configuré sur ce serveur",
+  "Malformed news hotspots response": "Réponse des foyers d’actualité mal formée",
+  "Malformed news feed response": "Réponse du fil d’actualités mal formée",
+  "{place} (placed by model)": "{place} (placé par le modèle)",
+  "English headline by the model": "Titre anglais du modèle",
+  "Not placed on the map": "Non placé sur la carte",
+  "Close": "Fermer",
+  "Any severity": "Toute gravité",
+  "{severity} and above": "{severity} et plus",
+  "{severity} only": "{severity} uniquement",
+  "All categories": "Toutes les catégories",
+  "Reading the news…": "Lecture des actualités…",
+  "News, last {hours} hours": "Actualités des dernières {hours} heures",
+  "Last {hours} h": "Dernières {hours} h",
+  "Time window": "Période",
+  "Conflicts": "Conflits",
+  "Local": "Local",
+  "News sections": "Rubriques d’actualité",
+  "Zoom in to see local news": "Zoomez pour voir l’actualité locale",
+  "Hotspots": "Foyers",
+  "Severity": "Gravité",
+  "Category": "Catégorie",
+  "Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h": "Rien de signalé près d’ici ces dernières {hours} h",
+  "Latest news": "Dernières actualités",
+  "No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h": "Aucune actualité des dernières {hours} h ne correspond à ces filtres",
+  "Load older news": "Charger des actualités plus anciennes",
+  "How to read the map": "Comment lire la carte",
+  "Colour: severity · icon: type of event": "Couleur : gravité · icône : type d’événement",
+  "Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.": "Bord plein : rapporté par les deux camps ou de façon indépendante. Bord en tirets : une affirmation. Bord fin : une source, ou la presse d’un camp.",
+  "Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.": "Plus grand : plus de sources · plus pâle : plus ancien. Carte illustrée : un événement majeur ou en forte croissance, avec au moins deux sources.",
+  "Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Les étiquettes de camp décrivent la source, pas la véracité de l’article.",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a news report": "Quittez le cockpit pour aller à un article",
+  "News items in the feed": "Articles dans le fil",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "Choisissez une forme, puis cliquez sur la carte.",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Enter pour poser l'épingle, Esc pour annuler.",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "Cliquez à l'endroit où poser l'épingle.",
@@ -329,6 +419,7 @@
   "LOADING": "CHARGEMENT",
   "DEGRADED": "DÉGRADÉ",
   "STALE": "OBSOLÈTE",
+  "SIGNAL LOST · {time}": "SIGNAL PERDU · {time}",
   "PARTIAL": "PARTIEL",
   "FALLBACK": "SECOURS",
   "view band|STREET": "RUE",
@@ -734,6 +825,7 @@
   "loading...": "chargement…",
   "KEY REQUIRED": "CLÉ REQUISE",
   "LIVE · updated {age}": "DIRECT · mis à jour {age}",
+  "24 h to {day} {time} UTC": "24 h jusqu'au {day} {time} UTC",
   "Source snapshot time unavailable": "Heure de l'instantané source indisponible",
   "Live data unavailable": "Données en direct indisponibles",
   "Intel Picture": "Situation renseignement",
@@ -1689,14 +1781,15 @@
   "Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way.": "Faire défiler automatiquement les pages du briefing toutes les 9 secondes (Signaux → Actus → Local). Pause pendant le survol ou quand le panneau a le focus. Les signaux en direct s'actualisent en continu dans les deux cas.",
   "ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS": "ACQUISITION DES ACTUS RÉGIONALES",
   "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "ACTUS RÉGIONALES INDISPONIBLES",
+  "CACHED · REFRESH FAILED": "EN CACHE · ÉCHEC DE L’ACTUALISATION",
   "RESOLVING REGION": "IDENTIFICATION DE LA RÉGION",
   "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "RÉGION INDISPONIBLE",
-  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "AUCUNE ACTU RÉCENTE POUR CE LIEU",
+  "NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H": "AUCUNE ACTU CES {hours} DERNIÈRES H",
   "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
   "{value} KM/H": "{value} KM/H",
   "CLOUD {pct}%": "NÉBULOSITÉ {pct} %",
   "CLOUD UNKNOWN": "NÉBULOSITÉ INCONNUE",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · REQUÊTE DE LIEU",
+  "{source} · CACHED {age}": "{source} · EN CACHE {age}",
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "ACTUS RÉGIONALES",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · AIR/MER {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS : {coverage}",
@@ -1762,7 +1855,7 @@
   "OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS": "PINGS OBSERVÉS / CARTOGRAPHIÉS",
   "SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS": "ÉVÉNEMENTS SOURCÉS · AUCUNE ACTU SYNTHÉTIQUE",
   "LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING": "DERNIÈRES ACTUS LIÉES AU LIEU",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · REQUÊTE DE LIEU · RÉCENT",
+  "{source} · LAST {hours} H": "{source} · {hours} DERNIÈRES H",
   "LOCAL INFO": "INFOS LOCALES",
   "PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION": "LIEU / CONDITIONS / POSITION",
   "TIME UNKNOWN": "HEURE INCONNUE",
@@ -3280,6 +3373,59 @@
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Trop de requêtes de discussion. Réessayez dans {seconds} s.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Le fournisseur a refusé l'accès pour cette clé. Vérifiez le projet, la région ou les autorisations de la clé.",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "Le compte du fournisseur n'a plus de crédit. Vérifiez la facturation ou choisissez un autre fournisseur d'IA dans les paramètres.",
+  "Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Dernières 24 h d’actualité. Chaque article renvoie à son éditeur ; lieux et catégories sont lus automatiquement dans le texte et les données et peuvent être faux. Les étiquettes de camp, là où elles figurent, décrivent la source, pas la véracité de l’article.",
+  "Economy": "Économie",
+  "News from {area}": "Actualités : {area}",
+  "Within {km} km of the view centre": "À moins de {km} km du centre de la vue",
+  "{region}, {country}": "{region}, {country}",
+  "via {source}": "via {source}",
+  "Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view": "Local dans la couche Actualités : l’actualité du jour des médias du pays affiché",
+  "{provider} refused its key": "{provider} a refusé sa clé",
+  "Check {envVars} in Provider Settings": "Vérifiez {envVars} dans les paramètres des fournisseurs",
+  "{provider} key required": "Clé {provider} requise",
+  "{provider} limit reached for today": "{provider} a atteint sa limite du jour",
+  "News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan": "Les actualités reprennent demain, ou avec une offre payante",
+  "News key required": "Clé d’actualités requise",
+  "Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles": "Points de conflit précis dans la couche Actualités, à côté des articles de GDELT",
+  "Worldwide": "Monde entier",
+  "Shipwrecks": "Épaves",
+  "Before 1900": "Avant 1900",
+  "After 1945": "Après 1945",
+  "Date unknown": "Date inconnue",
+  "Position: centre of the protected area": "Position : centre de la zone protégée",
+  "Position approximate (within about {km} km)": "Position approximative (à environ {km} km près)",
+  "Position surveyed (within about {m} m)": "Position relevée (à environ {m} m près)",
+  "Vessel: {value}": "Navire : {value}",
+  "What happened: {value}": "Ce qui s'est passé : {value}",
+  "Depth: {m} m ({quality})": "Profondeur : {m} m ({quality})",
+  "Depth: {m} m": "Profondeur : {m} m",
+  "Notes: {value}": "Notes : {value}",
+  "Cargo or finds: {value}": "Cargaison ou découvertes : {value}",
+  "Protected wreck": "Épave protégée",
+  "Source: {value}": "Source : {value}",
+  "Click the card to open EMODnet ↗": "Cliquez sur la fiche pour ouvrir EMODnet ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the source ↗": "Cliquez sur la fiche pour ouvrir la source ↗",
+  "Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only": "Wikidata indisponible ; seul EMODnet est affiché",
+  "EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only": "EMODnet indisponible ; seul Wikidata est affiché",
+  "Shipwrecks unavailable": "Épaves indisponibles",
+  "EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)": "EMODnet (eaux européennes) · Wikidata (monde)",
+  "{count} wrecks": {
+    "one": "{count} épave",
+    "many": "{count} d'épaves",
+    "other": "{count} épaves"
+  },
+  "1900–1945": "1900–1945",
+  "Shipwreck": "Naufrage",
+  "Fatalities: {count}": "Morts : {count}",
+  "Survivors: {count}": "Survivants : {count}",
+  "Click the card to open the article ↗": "Cliquez sur la fiche pour ouvrir l'article ↗",
+  "European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.": "Les épaves patrimoniales européennes viennent d'EMODnet Human Activities ; les épaves notables du monde entier viennent de Wikidata. La couleur indique quand le navire a coulé ; le repère grossit avec le nombre de morts. Cliquez sur un repère pour voir sa fiche.",
+  "All years": "Toutes les années",
+  "Period": "Période",
+  "From": "Du",
+  "To": "Au",
+  "First year of the shipwreck period": "Première année de la période des naufrages",
+  "Last year of the shipwreck period": "Dernière année de la période des naufrages",
   "SIGHTING": "OBSERVATION",
   "Show {name} sighting": "Afficher l'observation : {name}",
   "seen {age} ago": "vu il y a {age}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/he.json b/src/i18n/locales/he.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a6fe9404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/he.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3539 @@
+{
+  "Primary": "ראשי",
+  "Amber": "ענבר",
+  "Cyan": "טורקיז",
+  "Green": "ירוק",
+  "Red": "אדום",
+  "Area": "שטח",
+  "Line": "קו",
+  "Pin": "סיכה",
+  "Name of {name}": "השם של {name}",
+  "Change the colour of {name}": "שינוי הצבע של {name}",
+  "Colour of {name}": "הצבע של {name}",
+  "Hide {name}": "הסתרת {name}",
+  "Show {name}": "הצגת {name}",
+  "Fly to {name}": "טיסה אל {name}",
+  "Remove {name}": "הסרת {name}",
+  "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "בחר צורה ואז לחץ על המפה.",
+  "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Enter להצבת הסיכה, Esc לביטול.",
+  "Click where the pin goes.": "לחץ היכן שהסיכה תוצב.",
+  "Click {count} more points.": {
+    "one": "{count} נקודה נוספת ללחיצה.",
+    "two": "{count} נקודות נוספות ללחיצה.",
+    "other": "{count} נקודות נוספות ללחיצה."
+  },
+  "Those points are in a line — move one off it to enclose an area.": "הנקודות האלה נמצאות על קו אחד — הזז אחת ממנו כדי לסגור שטח.",
+  "That line has no length — click somewhere further away.": "לקו הזה אין אורך — לחץ רחוק יותר.",
+  " · {max}-point limit reached": " · הגעת למגבלה של {max} נקודות",
+  "{measure} · double-click or Enter to finish, Backspace undoes, Esc cancels.{full}": "{measure} · לחיצה כפולה או Enter לסיום, Backspace מבטל פעולה אחרונה, Esc מבטל.{full}",
+  "That shape already has {count} points — finish it or press Backspace.": "לצורה הזאת כבר יש {count} נקודות — סיים אותה או הקש Backspace.",
+  "That point is off the globe — click on the world.": "הנקודה הזאת מחוץ לגלובוס — לחץ בתוך העולם.",
+  "That shape could not be placed.": "לא היתה אפשרות למקם את הצורה.",
+  "Could not place the shape: {error}": "לא ניתן למקם את הצורה: {error}",
+  "Board cleared.": "הלוח נוקה.",
+  "{owner} is using the pointer — close it first.": "{owner} משתמש במצביע — סגור אותו תחילה.",
+  "{label} · Detailed outline unavailable": "{label} · קו המתאר המפורט אינו זמין",
+  "Flying to Austin, TX...": "טס אל Austin, TX...",
+  "Restoring shared view...": "משחזר תצוגה משותפת...",
+  "Configuring viewer...": "מגדיר צפייה...",
+  "Loading Google 3D Tiles...": "טוען Google 3D Tiles...",
+  "Loading the keyless globe...": "טוען גלובוס ללא מפתח...",
+  "Google 3D Tiles unavailable ({detail}). Loading the keyless globe...": "Google 3D Tiles אינם זמינים ({detail}). טוען גלובוס ללא מפתח...",
+  "Initializing systems...": "מאתחל מערכות...",
+  "Space Missions isolates replay data. Exit the mode to enable {layer}.": "מצב משימות החלל מבודד את נתוני ההצגה החוזרת. צא מהמצב כדי להפעיל את {layer}.",
+  "Data attribution": "ייחוס נתונים",
+  "Data provided by:": "הנתונים מסופקים על ידי:",
+  "Close data attribution": "סגירת ייחוס הנתונים",
+  "Light aircraft": "מטוס קל",
+  "Glider": "דאון",
+  "Turboprop": "מטוס טורבו-פרופ",
+  "Airliner": "מטוס נוסעים",
+  "Widebody": "מטוס גוף רחב",
+  "Four-engine jet": "מטוס סילון ארבע-מנועי",
+  "Helicopter": "מסוק",
+  "Fast jet": "מטוס סילון מהיר",
+  "Business jet": "מטוס מנהלים",
+  "Drone": "רחפן",
+  "General emergency": "חירום כללי",
+  "Unlawful interference": "התערבות בלתי חוקית",
+  "Radio failure": "כשל קשר",
+  "Downed aircraft": "מטוס שהתרסק",
+  "Minimum fuel": "דלק מינימלי",
+  "Lifeguard (medical priority)": "עדיפות רפואית (Lifeguard)",
+  "Rasuwagadhi witness video": "סרטון עד Rasuwagadhi",
+  "Bhote Koshi valley footage": "צילומי עמק Bhote Koshi",
+  "Flood footage": "צילומי שיטפון",
+  "Compilation and casualty claims": "אוסף וטענות נפגעים",
+  "SOURCE GEOCONFIRMED · WORLD-PINNED": "מקור אומת גיאוגרפית · מוצב בעולם",
+  "SOURCE CREDITED · LOCATION UNRESOLVED": "מקור מיוחס · מיקום לא הוכרע",
+  "REFERENCE ONLY · CLAIMS UNVERIFIED": "לעיון בלבד · טענות לא אומתו",
+  "SOURCE GEOCONFIRMED": "מקור אומת גיאוגרפית",
+  "2021 historical reference versus 2026 post-event imagery; changes are cumulative and include the July 2025 Rasuwagadhi flood. Schematic downstream progression, not modeled arrival time; not an official hazard model.": "תמונת ייחוס היסטורית מ-2021 מול צילומי 2026 שאחרי האירוע; השינויים מצטברים וכוללים את השיטפון ב-Rasuwagadhi ביולי 2025. ההתקדמות במורד הזרם סכמטית ואינה זמן הגעה ממודל; זה אינו מודל סיכונים רשמי.",
+  "Immediate collapse viewpoint": "נקודת תצפית — הקריסה המיידית",
+  "Collapse viewpoint": "נקודת תצפית — הקריסה",
+  "Debris-dammed lake": "אגם סכור במפולת",
+  "Dammed lake": "אגם סכור",
+  "Second landslide": "מפולת שנייה",
+  "Gyirong border gate": "מעבר הגבול Gyirong",
+  "Border gate": "מעבר גבול",
+  "Timure evidence cluster": "מקבץ ראיות Timure",
+  "Mailung / Upper Trishuli bridge": "גשר Mailung / Trishuli העליון",
+  "Dandagaun viewpoint restaurant": "מסעדת נקודת התצפית Dandagaun",
+  "Dandagaun viewpoint": "נקודת התצפית Dandagaun",
+  "Bidur - Trishuli bridge": "גשר Bidur - Trishuli",
+  "Bidur bridge": "גשר Bidur",
+  "Devighat / Taadi Khola Bridge": "גשר Devighat / Taadi Khola",
+  "Devighat bridge": "גשר Devighat",
+  "Facebook player API did not initialize.": "ה-API של נגן Facebook לא אותחל.",
+  "Facebook player API could not load.": "ה-API של נגן Facebook לא נטען.",
+  "Facebook player API timed out.": "ה-API של נגן Facebook חרג מהזמן הקצוב.",
+  "X embed API did not initialize.": "ה-API של הטמעת X לא אותחל.",
+  "X embed could not load.": "ההטמעה של X לא נטענה.",
+  "X embed timed out.": "ההטמעה של X חרגה מהזמן הקצוב.",
+  "UNAVAILABLE": "לא זמין",
+  "TIMEOUT": "פג זמן",
+  "BLOCKED": "נחסם",
+  "SOURCE": "מקור",
+  "Facebook embed unavailable. The post may be private, removed, region-restricted, or blocked.": "הטמעת Facebook אינה זמינה. ייתכן שהפוסט פרטי, הוסר, מוגבל לאזור או נחסם.",
+  "Preloading {provider} media": "טוען מראש מדיה של {provider}",
+  "LOADING X POST…": "טוען פוסט X…",
+  "The X post is unavailable or cannot be embedded.": "הפוסט של X אינו זמין או שאין אפשרות להטמיע אותו.",
+  "X POST · PROVIDER CONTROLS": "פוסט X · פקדי ספק",
+  "{reason} OPEN ORIGINAL.": "{reason} פתח את המקור.",
+  "X embed unavailable": "הטמעת X אינה זמינה",
+  "FACEBOOK · PROVIDER CONTROLS": "FACEBOOK · פקדי ספק",
+  "Facebook embed unavailable": "הטמעת Facebook אינה זמינה",
+  "AUTOPLAY BLOCKED · USE PROVIDER CONTROLS": "נגינה אוטומטית נחסמה · השתמש בפקדי הספק",
+  "Embedded {provider} media for {source}": "מדיה מוטמעת של {provider} עבור {source}",
+  "witness source": "מקור עד ראייה",
+  "Witness source": "מקור עד ראייה",
+  "{provider} · EMBEDDED SOURCE": "{provider} · מקור מוטמע",
+  "OPEN ORIGINAL ↗": "פתח את המקור ↗",
+  "{provider} media: {source}": "מדיה של {provider}: {source}",
+  "{provider} · PROVIDER CONTROLS": "{provider} · פקדי ספק",
+  "YOUTUBE {state} · OPEN ORIGINAL": "YOUTUBE {state} · פתח את המקור",
+  "INITIATION": "התחלה",
+  "DAMMING": "סכירה",
+  "SECONDARY FAILURE": "כשל משני",
+  "BORDER ARRIVAL": "הגעה לגבול",
+  "PROPAGATION": "התפשטות",
+  "DOWNSTREAM PASSAGE": "מעבר במורד הזרם",
+  "CONSEQUENCE": "תוצאה",
+  "DOWNSTREAM CONSEQUENCE": "תוצאה במורד הזרם",
+  "EVIDENCE": "ראיות",
+  "{year} HISTORICAL REFERENCE": "{year} ייחוס היסטורי",
+  "{year} POST-EVENT": "{year} אחרי האירוע",
+  "{count} GEOLOCATED SOURCE-MAP PLACEMENTS": {
+    "one": "{count} מיקום מאוכן במפת המקורות",
+    "two": "{count} מיקומים מאוכנים במפת המקורות",
+    "other": "{count} מיקומים מאוכנים במפת המקורות"
+  },
+  "NO PREVIEW": "אין תצוגה מקדימה",
+  "YouTube source": "מקור YouTube",
+  "Facebook source": "מקור Facebook",
+  "SOURCE LINK": "קישור המקור",
+  "{publisher} / OPEN": "{publisher} / פתח",
+  "▶ PLAY": "▶ נגן",
+  "▶ PLAY SCENE": "▶ נגן סצנה",
+  "◉ CINEMATIC": "◉ קולנועי",
+  "↺ FULL STORY": "↺ הסיפור המלא",
+  "Previous story beat": "קטע הסיפור הקודם",
+  "Next story beat": "קטע הסיפור הבא",
+  "Schematic downstream progression": "התקדמות סכמטית במורד הזרם",
+  "RECONSTRUCTION CLOCK": "שעון השחזור",
+  "CAUSE": "סיבה",
+  "CAPTURE TIME UNVERIFIED": "זמן הצילום לא אומת",
+  "Rasuwagadhi witness": "עד Rasuwagadhi",
+  "Open original source for {source}; capture time unverified": "פתיחת המקור המקורי של {source}; זמן הצילום לא אומת",
+  "Historical reference and post-event image divider": "מפריד בין תמונת הייחוס ההיסטורית לתמונה שאחרי האירוע",
+  "A historical reference {before} percent, B post-event {after} percent": "A ייחוס היסטורי {before} אחוזים, B אחרי האירוע {after} אחוזים",
+  "■ RELEASE CAMERA": "■ שחרר מצלמה",
+  "Seek Nepal scene clock": "גרירה בשעון סצנת נפאל",
+  "NEPAL SCENE CLOCK": "שעון סצנת נפאל",
+  "… PLAYING SHOT": "… שוט בנגינה",
+  "▶ PLAY SHOT": "▶ נגן שוט",
+  "Ⅱ PAUSE": "Ⅱ השהה",
+  "↺ REPLAY CINEMATIC": "↺ נגן שוב במצב קולנועי",
+  "↺ REPLAY": "↺ נגן שוב",
+  "… PLAYING SCENE": "… סצנה בנגינה",
+  "Continue {scene} from next shot": "המשך את {scene} מהשוט הבא",
+  "current scene": "הסצנה הנוכחית",
+  "Replay the full reconstruction": "נגן את השחזור המלא מחדש",
+  "SCENE SHOT": "שוט הסצנה",
+  "TIME UNVERIFIED": "זמן לא אומת",
+  "{count} SOURCES": {
+    "one": "{count} מקור",
+    "two": "{count} מקורות",
+    "other": "{count} מקורות"
+  },
+  "OUTSIDE IMAGERY SWIPE": "מחוץ להשוואת הצילומים",
+  "{scene} / AUTHORED SHOT": "{scene} / שוט ידני",
+  "NEPAL FLOOD INCIDENT": "אירוע השיטפון בנפאל",
+  "Play {shot}": "נגן את {shot}",
+  "current scene shot": "השוט הנוכחי בסצנה",
+  "Play reconstruction": "נגן שחזור",
+  "Load previous scene shot": "טען את השוט הקודם בסצנה",
+  "Load next scene shot": "טען את השוט הבא בסצנה",
+  "SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR, NOT MODELED ARRIVAL TIME.": "מסדרון סכמטי, לא זמן הגעה ממודל.",
+  "Rasuwa · 26 Aug 2026": "Rasuwa · 26.08.2026",
+  "Event reconstruction": "שחזור האירוע",
+  "BHOTE KOSHI FLOOD INCIDENT": "אירוע השיטפון ב-Bhote Koshi",
+  "NEPAL · 26 AUG 2026": "נפאל · 26.08.2026",
+  "USGS INITIAL REPORT": "דיווח ראשוני של USGS",
+  "26 AUG 2026 · 08:37 NPT": "26.08.2026 · 08:37 NPT",
+  "28.2710° N · 85.5150° E": "28.2710° N · 85.5150° E",
+  "INITIAL M4.4 · RECLASSIFIED M5.2 LANDSLIDE": "ראשוני M4.4 · סווג מחדש כמפולת M5.2",
+  "USGS EVENT us7000tbwb · OPEN SOURCE": "אירוע USGS us7000tbwb · פתח מקור",
+  "Open the USGS initial report for the 26 August 2026 Nepal landslide": "פתיחת הדיווח הראשוני של USGS למפולת בנפאל ב-26 באוגוסט 2026",
+  "Show the Nepal context callout without a border or country fill": "הצגת הערת ההקשר של נפאל ללא גבול או מילוי מדינה",
+  "Introduce Nepal, draw its border, then reveal the Bhote Koshi incident": "הצגת נפאל, שרטוט הגבול שלה ואז חשיפת אירוע Bhote Koshi",
+  "CITIES": "ערים",
+  "Keep the regional incident context and introduce nearby city labels": "שמירת ההקשר האזורי של האירוע והצגת תוויות ערים סמוכות",
+  "PLACES": "מקומות",
+  "Introduce the reconstruction scene key places from trigger to downstream": "הצגת המקומות המרכזיים בסצנת השחזור, מהגורם ועד מורד הזרם",
+  "PATH": "מסלול",
+  "Animate the sourced cyan river-centerline route to Trishuli Bazaar": "הנפשת מסלול קו האמצע של הנהר בטורקיז עד Trishuli Bazaar, לפי המקורות",
+  "OVERVIEW": "סקירה",
+  "Keep the completed flood path and location labels visible": "השארת מסלול השיטפון המלא ותוויות המיקומים גלויים",
+  "RECORD": "רשומה",
+  "Reveal the trigger record while making a slow camera approach": "חשיפת רשומת הטריגר תוך התקרבות אטית של המצלמה",
+  "{speed} kn": "{speed} kn",
+  "That file is not valid JSON.": "הקובץ אינו JSON תקין.",
+  "That JSON file is not GeoJSON.": "קובץ ה-JSON אינו GeoJSON.",
+  "That FeatureCollection has no features list.": "ב-FeatureCollection אין רשימת אובייקטים.",
+  "Every GeoJSON feature must have type Feature.": "לכל אובייקט GeoJSON חייב להיות סוג Feature.",
+  "That GeoJSON has invalid geometries.": "ה-GeoJSON מכיל גאומטריות בלתי תקינות.",
+  "That GeoJSON contains an unsupported geometry.": "ה-GeoJSON מכיל גאומטריה שאינה נתמכת.",
+  "That GeoJSON has invalid coordinates.": "ה-GeoJSON מכיל קואורדינטות בלתי תקינות.",
+  "That file creates more than {limit} map objects (the limit).": "הקובץ יוצר יותר מ-{limit} אובייקטי מפה (המגבלה).",
+  "That file has more than {limit} style definitions and image links after cleanup (the limit).": "הקובץ מכיל יותר מ-{limit} הגדרות סגנון וקישורי תמונה לאחר הניקוי (המגבלה).",
+  "That file has more than {limit} features (the limit).": "הקובץ מכיל יותר מ-{limit} אובייקטים (המגבלה).",
+  "That file has more than {limit} points (the limit) across {features} features.": "הקובץ מכיל יותר מ-{limit} נקודות (המגבלה) על פני {features} אובייקטים.",
+  "That file has more than {limit} points (the limit).": "הקובץ מכיל יותר מ-{limit} נקודות (המגבלה).",
+  "That KMZ unpacks to more than the import limit.": "ה-KMZ מתפרק ליותר ממגבלת הייבוא.",
+  "That KMZ is damaged and could not be unpacked.": "ה-KMZ פגום ולא ניתן לפרוק אותו.",
+  "That KMZ is not a readable zip archive.": "ה-KMZ אינו ארכיון zip קריא.",
+  "That KMZ uses a zip format this import does not read.": "ה-KMZ משתמש בתבנית zip שהייבוא הזה אינו קורא.",
+  "That KMZ is encrypted.": "ה-KMZ מוצפן.",
+  "That KMZ uses a compression method this import does not read.": "ה-KMZ משתמש בשיטת דחיסה שהייבוא הזה אינו קורא.",
+  "That KML has invalid geometry bounds.": "ל-KML יש גבולות גאומטריה בלתי תקינים.",
+  "That KML has invalid coordinates.": "ה-KML מכיל קואורדינטות בלתי תקינות.",
+  "That GPX file has no <gpx> document.": "לקובץ ה-GPX אין מסמך <gpx>.",
+  "That {format} file is not valid XML.": "קובץ ה-{format} אינו XML תקין.",
+  "That file has an unreadable image or exceeds the 16-megapixel image limit.": "הקובץ מכיל תמונה שלא ניתן לקרוא או חורג ממגבלת 16 מגה-פיקסל.",
+  "That KML could not be read.": "את ה-KML לא ניתן לקרוא.",
+  "That file has invalid point coordinates.": "הקובץ מכיל קואורדינטות נקודה בלתי תקינות.",
+  "Ground heights are not available for that file. Try again when the map has loaded.": "גבהי הקרקע אינם זמינים עבור הקובץ הזה. נסה שוב אחרי שהמפה תיטען.",
+  "That file took too long to read.": "קריאת הקובץ ארכה יותר מדי זמן.",
+  "Nothing to import.": "אין מה לייבא.",
+  "That file is larger than {size} MiB.": "הקובץ גדול מ-{size} MiB.",
+  "Only GeoJSON, KML, KMZ and GPX files can be imported.": "ניתן לייבא רק קבצי GeoJSON, KML, KMZ ו-GPX.",
+  "That file has nothing to draw.": "אין בקובץ מה לצייר.",
+  "That KMZ holds no KML document.": "ב-KMZ אין מסמך KML.",
+  "That {format} file could not be read.": "את קובץ ה-{format} לא ניתן לקרוא.",
+  "That file has {count} map objects; the limit is {limit}.": "הקובץ מכיל {count} אובייקטי מפה; המגבלה {limit}.",
+  "Ground heights could not be read. Try that file again.": "את גבהי הקרקע לא ניתן לקרוא. נסה שוב את הקובץ הזה.",
+  "That file has invalid point graphics.": "הקובץ מכיל גרפיקת נקודות בלתי תקינה.",
+  "Overpass rate-limited": "Overpass מוגבל בקצב",
+  "Overpass timed out": "Overpass חרג מהזמן הקצוב",
+  "Overpass could not complete the query": "Overpass לא השלים את השאילתה",
+  "Map tiles temporarily unavailable": "אריחי המפה אינם זמינים זמנית",
+  "Mapped names temporarily unavailable": "שמות ממופים אינם זמינים זמנית",
+  "Overpass temporarily unavailable": "Overpass אינו זמין זמנית",
+  "Retrying mapped sites…": "מנסה שוב לטעון אתרים ממופים…",
+  "Fetching mapped sites…": "שולף אתרים ממופים…",
+  "{reason} — retrying in {seconds}s": "{reason} — מנסה שוב בעוד {seconds} שנ׳",
+  "{reason} — retry pending": "{reason} — ניסיון חוזר בתור",
+  "Zoom in to search mapped installations": "התקרב כדי לחפש מתקנים ממופים",
+  "Showing cached mapped sites": "מציג אתרים ממופים מהמטמון",
+  "Mapped sites not loaded": "אתרים ממופים לא נטענו",
+  "Mapped sites loaded": "אתרים ממופים נטענו",
+  "Military airfield": "שדה תעופה צבאי",
+  "Naval base": "בסיס ימי",
+  "Firing range": "שטח אש",
+  "Military land": "שטח צבאי",
+  "Mapped installation": "מתקן ממופה",
+  "Military area": "אזור צבאי",
+  "flight": "טיסה",
+  "military flight": "טיסה צבאית",
+  "satellite": "לוויין",
+  "feed unavailable": "פיד אינו זמין",
+  "feed stale": "פיד מיושן",
+  "observed or mapped nearby context": "הקשר סמוך נצפה או ממופה",
+  "no observed or mapped objects in current feeds": "אין עצמים נצפים או ממופים בפידים הנוכחיים",
+  "Draw": "שרטוט",
+  "Directions": "דרכי הגעה",
+  "Recent imagery": "צילומים אחרונים",
+  "STATION": "תחנות",
+  "Crewed stations and their visiting vehicles": "תחנות מאוישות והחלליות המבקרות בהן",
+  "NAV": "ניווט",
+  "GNSS navigation — GPS, GLONASS, Galileo": "ניווט GNSS — GPS, GLONASS, Galileo",
+  "GEO": "GEO",
+  "Geostationary belt — comms and weather, fixed over the equator": "חגורה גיאו-סטציונרית — תקשורת ומזג אוויר, קבועים מעל קו המשווה",
+  "VISUAL": "ויזואלי",
+  "Brightest naked-eye objects — CelesTrak visual group": "העצמים הבהירים ביותר לעין בלתי מזוינת — קבוצת הויזואל של CelesTrak",
+  "COMMS": "תקשורת",
+  "Broadband constellation shell — shown only in DENSE mode": "מעטפת קונסטלציית פס רחב — מוצגת במצב \"דחוס\" בלבד",
+  "FISHING": "דיג",
+  "TOWING": "גרירה",
+  "DREDGER": "מחפר",
+  "DIVE OPS": "פעולות צלילה",
+  "MILITARY": "צבאי",
+  "SAILING": "מפרשית",
+  "PLEASURE": "פנאי",
+  "PILOT": "סירת נתב",
+  "SAR": "SAR",
+  "TUG": "גוררת",
+  "PORT TENDER": "אוניית שירות נמל",
+  "ANTI-POLLUTION": "נגד זיהום",
+  "LAW ENFORCE": "אכיפת חוק",
+  "MEDICAL": "רפואי",
+  "HIGH-SPEED": "מהירות גבוהה",
+  "PASSENGER": "נוסעים",
+  "CARGO": "מטען",
+  "TANKER": "מכלית",
+  "OTHER": "אחר",
+  "Included in bundle": "כלול בחבילה",
+  "Missing bundle file — reimport its bundle": "קובץ חבילה חסר — ייבא את החבילה שוב",
+  "Source configured; file checked when loaded": "המקור מוגדר; הקובץ נבדק בעת הטעינה",
+  "Source unavailable": "מקור אינו זמין",
+  "ENVIRONMENTAL": "סביבתי",
+  "EARTH WATCH": "EARTH WATCH",
+  "ACTIVE EVENTS": "אירועים פעילים",
+  "Tip: the GEV MIC button in the dock lets you talk to the map.": "טיפ: לחצן ה-MIC של GEV בעגינה מאפשר לדבר עם המפה.",
+  "Starting live contacts…": "מתחיל מגעים חיים…",
+  "Opening space missions…": "פותח משימות חלל…",
+  "Scanning active events…": "סורק אירועים פעילים…",
+  "Live earthquakes and active fires, from USGS and NASA": "רעידות אדמה חיות ושריפות פעילות, מ-USGS ו-NASA",
+  "It feels like a forbidden cockpit—then you realize the sources are public and the data is real.": "מרגיש כמו תא טייס אסור — ואז מבינים שהמקורות פומביים והנתונים אמיתיים.",
+  "Working…": "מבצע…",
+  "Could not open that mission{detail}. Retry or explore manually.": "לא ניתן לפתוח את המשימה הזאת{detail}. נסה שוב או חקור ידנית.",
+  "This browser is blocking storage, so that could not be saved.": "הדפדפן הזה חוסם אחסון, ולכן לא ניתן היה לשמור.",
+  "NORMAL": "רגיל",
+  "CRT": "CRT",
+  "NVG": "NVG",
+  "FLIR": "FLIR",
+  "ANIME": "אנימה",
+  "NOIR": "נואר",
+  "ARCTIC": "ארקטי",
+  "ANTARCTIC": "אנטארקטי",
+  "NORTH AMERICA": "אמריקה הצפונית",
+  "SOUTH AMERICA": "אמריקה הדרומית",
+  "EUROPE": "אירופה",
+  "AFRICA": "אפריקה",
+  "ASIA": "אסיה",
+  "OCEANIA": "אוקיאניה",
+  "NORTHERN OCEANIC GRID": "רשת אוקיינית צפונית",
+  "SOUTHERN OCEANIC GRID": "רשת אוקיינית דרומית",
+  "LOADING": "טוען",
+  "DEGRADED": "מופחת",
+  "STALE": "מיושן",
+  "SIGNAL LOST · {time}": "האות אבד · {time}",
+  "PARTIAL": "חלקי",
+  "FALLBACK": "חלופה",
+  "view band|STREET": "רחוב",
+  "view band|CITY": "עיר",
+  "view band|METRO": "מטרופולין",
+  "view band|REGIONAL": "אזורי",
+  "view band|GLOBAL": "גלובלי",
+  "AIS: --": "AIS: --",
+  "SUMMARY": "סיכום",
+  "REC": "REC",
+  "Awaiting telemetry...": "ממתין לטלמטריה...",
+  "N/A": "לא זמין",
+  "{mode} {band} {locality} | {region} | ALT {alt} | WINDOW {window} | SUN {sun}° | ONA {ona}° | {zone}": "{mode} {band} {locality} | {region} | גובה {alt} | חלון {window} | שמש {sun}° | ONA {ona}° | {zone}",
+  "NEAR {poi} ({city}) {distance}": "קרוב אל {poi} ({city}) {distance}",
+  "SECTOR {lat} {lon}": "סקטור {lat} {lon}",
+  "hemisphere|N": "N",
+  "hemisphere|S": "S",
+  "hemisphere|E": "E",
+  "hemisphere|W": "W",
+  "POWER UP · {count} KEYS WAITING": {
+    "one": "שדרוג · {count} מפתח בהמתנה",
+    "two": "שדרוג · {count} מפתחות בהמתנה",
+    "other": "שדרוג · {count} מפתחות בהמתנה"
+  },
+  "POWERED UP": "שודרג",
+  "Provider Settings does not answer proxied requests": "הגדרות הספקים אינן עונות על בקשות פרוקסי",
+  "Provider Settings is disabled while sharing is enabled": "הגדרות הספקים אינן זמינות במסגרת שיתוף פעיל",
+  "Provider Settings answers only the machine running the server": "הגדרות הספקים עונות רק למכונה שמריצה את השרת",
+  "Provider Settings answers only local hostnames": "הגדרות הספקים עונות רק לשמות מחשב מקומיים",
+  "Provider Settings requires an exact local Origin": "הגדרות הספקים דורשות Origin מקומי מדויק",
+  "Unrecognized Origin refused": "Origin בלתי מזוהה נדחה",
+  "Cross-origin requests are refused": "בקשות חוצות מקור נדחות",
+  "Content-Type must be application/json": "Content-Type חייב להיות application/json",
+  "Method not allowed": "השיטה אינה מותרת",
+  "Request too large": "הבקשה גדולה מדי",
+  "Invalid JSON": "JSON בלתי תקין",
+  "Body must be a JSON object of {ENV_VAR: value}": "הגוף חייב להיות אובייקט JSON של {ENV_VAR: value}",
+  "No keys provided": "לא סופקו מפתחות",
+  "At most {limit} keys per save": "{limit} מפתחות לכל היותר בכל שמירה",
+  "Unknown key: {name}": "מפתח בלתי ידוע: {name}",
+  "{name} must be a string": "{name} חייב להיות מחרוזת",
+  "{name} is empty": "{name} ריק",
+  "{name} is longer than any real key ({limit} max)": "{name} ארוך מכל מפתח אמיתי ({limit} לכל היותר)",
+  "{name} may only contain printable characters with no spaces": "{name} יכול להכיל רק תווים שניתנים להדפסה ללא רווחים",
+  "{name} contains a character that is not valid in a key (#, quotes, $, \\, or backtick)": "{name} מכיל תו שאינו תקין במפתח (#, מירכאות, $, \\, או בק-טיק)",
+  "{name} is configured outside Provider Settings and can only be changed where it was set": "{name} מוגדר מחוץ להגדרות הספקים וניתן לשינוי רק במקום שבו הוגדר",
+  "The key was not saved: could not restrict the credential file to your account; nothing was saved": "המפתח לא נשמר: לא ניתן היה להגביל את קובץ הפרטים לחשבון שלך; לא נשמר דבר",
+  "The key was not saved: the existing configuration could not be read, so nothing was changed": "המפתח לא נשמר: לא ניתן לקרוא את התצורה הקיימת, ולכן לא נעשה שינוי",
+  "Could not write the {store} store": "לא ניתן לכתוב אל {store}",
+  "Save failed ({status}).": "השמירה נכשלה ({status}).",
+  "OAuth check failed: {detail}": "בדיקת OAuth נכשלה: {detail}",
+  "Could not check ChatGPT sign-in. Try again.": "לא ניתן לבדוק את ההתחברות ל-ChatGPT. נסה שוב.",
+  "Metered — a billing-enabled account": "בתשלום לפי שימוש — חשבון עם חיוב פעיל",
+  "Optional paid token — public access works without one": "אסימון בתשלום אופציונלי — הגישה הציבורית עובדת בלעדיו",
+  "Free key — register, paste, done": "מפתח חינמי — להירשם, להדביק, סיימת",
+  "Project keys: {status}": "מפתחות פרויקט: {status}",
+  "your app configuration": "תצורת האפליקציה שלך",
+  "your local .env": "קובץ ה-.env המקומי שלך",
+  "Saving…": "שומר…",
+  "Save failed: {detail}": "השמירה נכשלה: {detail}",
+  "Paste at least one key first.": "הדבק קודם מפתח אחד לפחות.",
+  "Saved to {store}. Restarting — this page reloads itself.": "נשמר ב-{store}. מאתחל — העמוד הזה ייטען מחדש מעצמו.",
+  "Remove this key from your saved configuration?": "להסיר את המפתח הזה מהתצורה השמורה שלך?",
+  "Removed from {store}. Restarting — this page reloads itself.": "הוסר מ-{store}. מאתחל — העמוד הזה ייטען מחדש מעצמו.",
+  "Cloud voice will use OPENAI_API_KEY on the next session.": "הקול בענן ישתמש ב-OPENAI_API_KEY בהפעלה הבאה.",
+  "Checking local ChatGPT OAuth sign-in…": "בודק התחברות OAuth מקומית ל-ChatGPT…",
+  "Could not check ChatGPT sign-in.": "לא ניתן לבדוק את ההתחברות ל-ChatGPT.",
+  "ChatGPT OAuth selected for cloud voice. Your API key stays saved and available.": "נבחר OAuth של ChatGPT לקול בענן. מפתח ה-API שלך נשאר שמור וזמין.",
+  "ChatGPT sign-in expired. Opening sign-in again…": "התחברות ChatGPT פגה. פותח התחברות מחדש…",
+  "Opening ChatGPT sign-in in your browser…": "פותח התחברות ChatGPT בדפדפן שלך…",
+  "Could not start ChatGPT sign-in on this machine.": "לא ניתן להתחיל התחברות ChatGPT במכונה הזאת.",
+  "Finish ChatGPT sign-in in the browser. Waiting for it to complete…": "השלם את התחברות ChatGPT בדפדפן. ממתין להשלמתה…",
+  "ChatGPT sign-in timed out. Click {button} to try again.": "התחברות ChatGPT חרגה מהזמן הקצוב. לחץ על {button} לניסיון חוזר.",
+  "USE CHATGPT OAUTH": "השתמש ב-CHATGPT OAUTH",
+  "ChatGPT sign-in complete. OAuth will be used for the next cloud voice session.": "התחברות ChatGPT הושלמה. OAuth ישמש בהפעלת הקול בענן הבאה.",
+  "The photorealistic 3D planet, place search + Street View": "כוכב הלכת התלת-הממדי הפוטוריאליסטי, חיפוש מקומות + Street View",
+  "Places context + Street View fallback; optional separate key": "הקשר מקומות + גיבוי Street View; מפתח נפרד אופציונלי",
+  "Voice control — API key or ChatGPT OAuth": "שליטה קולית — מפתח API או OAuth של ChatGPT",
+  "Gemini Live voice control": "שליטה קולית של Gemini Live",
+  "Live ships, worldwide": "אוניות בזמן אמת, בכל העולם",
+  "Live active-fire detections": "זיהויי שריפות חיים",
+  "Real live traffic (keyless runs a simulation)": "תנועה חיה אמיתית (ללא מפתח רצה סימולציה)",
+  "Bing imagery map stacks + world terrain": "ערכות מפות צילומים של Bing + טופוגרפיה עולמית",
+  "More flight-polling credits (anonymous works without)": "מכסת דגימת טיסות גדולה יותר (אנונימי עובד גם בלעדיה)",
+  "Street-level imagery and coverage in the Street Level layer. Free: register an app in the Mapillary developer dashboard and paste its Client Token": "צילומי רחוב וכיסוי בשכבת Street Level. חינם: רשום אפליקציה בלוח הבקרה למפתחים של Mapillary והדבק את ה-Client Token שלה",
+  "Public space-missions access needs no key. Leave blank for standard use; paid tokens only raise request limits.": "הגישה הציבורית למשימות החלל אינה דורשת מפתח. השאר ריק לשימוש הרגיל; אסימונים בתשלום מעלים רק את מגבלות הבקשות.",
+  "Air quality request failed": "בקשת איכות האוויר נכשלה",
+  "No readings available": "אין מדידות זמינות",
+  "No current readings": "אין מדידות נוכחיות",
+  "{count} stations reporting": {
+    "one": "{count} תחנה מדווחת",
+    "two": "{count} תחנות מדווחות",
+    "other": "{count} תחנות מדווחות"
+  },
+  "Highest air-quality readings in view": "מדידות איכות האוויר הגבוהות בתצוגה",
+  "Low": "נמוך",
+  "Low health risk": "סיכון בריאותי נמוך",
+  "Moderate": "בינוני",
+  "Moderate health risk": "סיכון בריאותי בינוני",
+  "High": "גבוה",
+  "High health risk": "סיכון בריאותי גבוה",
+  "Very High": "גבוה מאוד",
+  "Very High health risk": "סיכון בריאותי גבוה מאוד",
+  "Air quality": "איכות אוויר",
+  "Canada only · ECCC AQHI network": "קנדה בלבד · רשת AQHI של ECCC",
+  "ECCC request timed out": "בקשת ECCC חרגה מהזמן הקצוב",
+  "Malformed AQHI station response": "תשובת תחנות AQHI פגומה",
+  "No AQHI stations available": "אין תחנות AQHI זמינות",
+  "Malformed AQHI observation response": "תשובת תצפיות AQHI פגומה",
+  "Camera source temporarily unavailable": "מקור המצלמות אינו זמין זמנית",
+  "Mapped camera locations": "מיקומי מצלמות ממופים",
+  "SHOW NEAREST": "הצג את הקרובה",
+  "Stop following the current object before navigating to a camera": "הפסק עקיבה אחר העצם הנוכחי לפני ניווט אל מצלמה",
+  "Move to the nearest loaded camera and show its details": "מעבר אל המצלמה הקרובה שנטענה והצגת פרטיה",
+  "Camera badges": "תגי מצלמות",
+  "Cyan cameras turn coral when selected. Wedges illustrate mapped direction, not measured coverage. Nearby cameras may be outside the screen.": "מצלמות בטורקיז הופכות לאלמוג כשהן נבחרות. המקטעים ממחישים כיוון ממופה, לא כיסוי נמדד. מצלמות סמוכות עשויות להימצא מחוץ למסך.",
+  "{count} nearby · {onScreen} on screen": {
+    "one": "{count} בקרבה · {onScreen} על המסך",
+    "two": "{count} בקרבה · {onScreen} על המסך",
+    "other": "{count} בקרבה · {onScreen} על המסך"
+  },
+  "{count} nearby": {
+    "one": "{count} בקרבה",
+    "two": "{count} בקרבה",
+    "other": "{count} בקרבה"
+  },
+  "retrying mapped ALPR cameras": "מנסה שוב לטעון מצלמות ALPR ממופות",
+  "loading mapped ALPR cameras": "טוען מצלמות ALPR ממופות",
+  "No ALPR data for this area — US and Canada only": "אין נתוני ALPR לאזור הזה — ארה\"ב וקנדה בלבד",
+  "Zoom in to load mapped cameras": "התקרב כדי לטעון מצלמות ממופות",
+  "Showing cached locations": "מציג מיקומים מהמטמון",
+  "Coverage limited — zoom in": "כיסוי מוגבל — התקרב",
+  "No ALPR data for this area": "אין נתוני ALPR לאזור הזה",
+  "None on screen — nearby cameras are outside the view": "אין על המסך — המצלמות הסמוכות מחוץ לתצוגה",
+  "ALPR camera": "מצלמת ALPR",
+  "Camera coverage unavailable": "כיסוי מצלמות אינו זמין",
+  "OpenStreetMap · community mapped": "OpenStreetMap · ממופה על ידי הקהילה",
+  "Overpass returned an incomplete camera response": "Overpass החזיר תשובת מצלמות חלקית",
+  "At least {count}": "{count} לפחות",
+  "CONTEXT READY": "ההקשר מוכן",
+  "GLOBAL CONTEXT OFF": "ההקשר הגלובלי כבוי",
+  "SELECT A FLIGHT, VESSEL, OR MAPPED INSTALLATION": "בחר טיסה, אונייה או מתקן ממופה",
+  "ENABLE TO LOAD OBSERVED / MAPPED PROXIMITY": "הפעל כדי לטעון קרבה נצפית / ממופה",
+  "Unavailable": "לא זמין",
+  "Focus {label}": "התמקד ב-{label}",
+  "Global Context navigation": "ניווט ההקשר הגלובלי",
+  "PREVIOUS": "הקודם",
+  "Previous — prior visited contact in the 250 km window": "הקודם — מגע שכבר ביקרת בו בחלון של 250 ק\"מ",
+  "FOCUS": "התמקד",
+  "NEXT": "הבא",
+  "Next — nearest unvisited contact in the 250 km window": "הבא — המגע הקרוב ביותר שלא ביקרת בו בחלון של 250 ק\"מ",
+  "Named areas ({n})": "אזורים בעלי שם ({n})",
+  "{distance} FLIGHT / VESSEL WINDOW": "חלון טיסות / אוניות של {distance}",
+  "Open-source mapped/observed context. Missing broadcasts, unloaded map areas, or unmapped sites are not evidence of absence.": "הקשר ממופה/נצפה ממקורות פתוחים. שידורים חסרים, אזורי מפה שלא נטענו או אתרים שלא מופו אינם הוכחה להיעדר.",
+  "mapped matches within {km} km of the subject": "התאמות ממופות בטווח {km} ק\"מ מהעצם",
+  "none mapped within {km} km; not a complete 250 km survey": "אין התאמות ממופות בטווח {km} ק\"מ; אינו מיפוי מלא של 250 ק\"מ",
+  "mapped matches from the loaded viewport": "התאמות ממופות מתוך התצוגה שנטענה",
+  "viewport feed is not a complete 250 km survey": "פיד התצוגה אינו מיפוי מלא של 250 ק\"מ",
+  "HDG {value}°": "HDG {value}°",
+  "BRG {value}°": "BRG {value}°",
+  "BRG —": "BRG —",
+  "CRS {value}°": "CRS {value}°",
+  "CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY": "התצוגה הנוכחית בלבד",
+  "WITHIN {km} KM": "בטווח {km} ק\"מ",
+  "Flights": "טיסות",
+  "Military flights": "טיסות צבאיות",
+  "AIS vessels": "אוניות AIS",
+  "Mapped installations": "מתקנים ממופים",
+  "syncing {count} city feeds...": "מסנכרן {count} פידי ערים...",
+  "scanning nearby systems...": "סורק מערכות סמוכות...",
+  "GBFS fetch error": "שגיאת אחזור GBFS",
+  "Station {id}": "תחנה {id}",
+  "Station": "תחנה",
+  "🚲 {bikes} avail · {docks} docks · {capacity} cap": "🚲 {bikes} זמינים · {docks} עמדות · {capacity} קיבולת",
+  "⚠️ Not installed": "⚠️ לא מותקנת",
+  "⚠️ Not renting": "⚠️ לא משכירה",
+  "⚠️ Not returning": "⚠️ לא מקבלת החזרות",
+  "HDG {value}° (ESTIMATED)": "HDG {value}° (מוערך)",
+  "CALIBRATED": "מכויל",
+  "CURATED": "נבחר ידנית",
+  "RAW PRIOR": "הערכה ראשונית",
+  "SNAPSHOT": "תמונת מצב",
+  "LIVE": "חי",
+  "UPSTREAM": "מקור",
+  "SYNTHETIC": "סינתטי",
+  "CONFIGURED": "מוגדר",
+  "SEED": "קטלוג",
+  "IMAGE": "תמונה",
+  "UNKNOWN": "לא ידוע",
+  "{count} CAMERAS STANDING BY · NO CAMERA SELECTED · CLICK A CAMERA TO ACTIVATE": "{count} מצלמות במצב המתנה · לא נבחרה מצלמה · לחץ על מצלמה להפעלה",
+  "No cameras available in catalog.": "אין מצלמות זמינות בקטלוג.",
+  "{city} CCTV": "{city} · CCTV",
+  "FOV {value}° (DATASHEET)": "FOV {value}° (דף נתונים)",
+  "FOV {value}°": "FOV {value}°",
+  "SPEC FOV {span}° (CAPABILITY)": "FOV מפרט {span}° (יכולת)",
+  "COVERAGE {value}km²": "כיסוי {value} קמ\"ר",
+  "OVERLAP {count} cams": "חפיפה: {count} מצלמות",
+  "ISOLATED VIEW": "תצוגה מבודדת",
+  "PROJ MONITOR": "הקרנה — מסך",
+  "PROJ OFF": "הקרנה כבויה",
+  "VIEWSHED": "שדה ראייה",
+  "CAL {value}": "CAL {value}",
+  "SRC {value}": "SRC {value}",
+  "{value} CONTEXT": "הקשר {value}",
+  "{spec} · SPECS: CCTV-DATABASE.COM": "{spec} · מפרט: CCTV-DATABASE.COM",
+  "Atlantic and eastern/central North Pacific; not worldwide cyclone coverage.": "האטלנטי והפסיפיק הצפוני המזרחי/מרכזי; אין כיסוי ציקלונים עולמי.",
+  "Cyclone advisories unavailable": "עדכוני ציקלונים אינם זמינים",
+  "Cyclone data unavailable": "נתוני ציקלונים אינם זמינים",
+  "Potential tropical cyclone": "ציקלון טרופי פוטנציאלי",
+  "Post-tropical cyclone": "ציקלון פוסט-טרופי",
+  "Hurricane": "הוריקן",
+  "Tropical storm": "סערה טרופית",
+  "Tropical depression": "שקע טרופי",
+  "Subtropical storm": "סערה סובטרופית",
+  "Subtropical depression": "שקע סובטרופי",
+  "Track and cone match this advisory": "המסלול והחרוט תואמים לעדכון הזה",
+  "Track/cone awaiting advisory {number}": "מסלול/חרוט ממתין לעדכון {number}",
+  "Track/cone unavailable": "מסלול/חרוט אינם זמינים",
+  "Cached advisory · stale source": "עדכון מהמטמון · מקור מיושן",
+  "Loading advisories…": "טוען עדכונים…",
+  "{count} active storms": {
+    "one": "{count} סערה פעילה",
+    "two": "{count} סערות פעילות",
+    "other": "{count} סערות פעילות"
+  },
+  "Position as of {time}": "מיקום נכון ל-{time}",
+  "Maximum sustained wind: {wind} · Pressure: {pressure}": "רוח מתמשכת מרבית: {wind} · לחץ: {pressure}",
+  "{name} · {classification} · Advisory {number} · issued {time}": "{name} · {classification} · עדכון {number} · פורסם {time}",
+  "No active NHC/CPHC systems": "אין מערכות NHC/CPHC פעילות",
+  "Advisories unavailable": "עדכונים אינם זמינים",
+  "Cyclones · NHC / CPHC": "ציקלונים · NHC / CPHC",
+  "Atlantic · E/C Pacific": "האטלנטי · מזרח ומרכז הפסיפיק",
+  "{storms} · {name} selected": "{storms} · {name} נבחר",
+  "Official advisory ↗": "עדכון רשמי ↗",
+  "Active NHC and CPHC cyclone advisories": "עדכוני ציקלונים פעילים של NHC ו-CPHC",
+  "Wind unavailable": "רוח אינה זמינה",
+  "Advisory center / forecast track": "מרכז הסערה לפי העדכון / מסלול התחזית",
+  "Center-track uncertainty cone": "חרוט אי-הוודאות של מסלול המרכז",
+  "Select a storm on the map, or choose a storm in the list to select it and move the camera. Click empty map space to clear the selection. NOAA NHC/CPHC advisory context. The cone describes forecast center-track uncertainty, not storm size or the full hazard area. Forecast point labels are source lead hours, not times computed from advisory issuance. Geometry follows the surface; height is not weather altitude. Consult the official advisory.": "בחר סערה במפה, או בחר סערה ברשימה כדי לבחור אותה ולהזיז את המצלמה. לחץ בשטח ריק במפה כדי לבטל את הבחירה. הקשר עדכונים של NOAA NHC/CPHC. החרוט מתאר אי-ודאות של מסלול המרכז בתחזית, לא את גודל הסערה ולא את מלוא אזור הסכנה. תוויות נקודות התחזית הן שעות חיזוי של המקור, לא זמנים שחושבו מפרסום העדכון. הגאומטריה נצמדת לפני הקרקע; הגובה אינו גובה מטאורולוגי. עיין בעדכון הרשמי.",
+  "Malformed cyclone snapshot": "תמונת מצב של ציקלון פגומה",
+  "Cyclone request timed out": "בקשת הציקלון חרגה מהזמן הקצוב",
+  "DRIVE": "נסיעה",
+  "Drive": "נסיעה",
+  "WALK": "הליכה",
+  "Walk": "הליכה",
+  "BIKE": "אופניים",
+  "Bike": "אופניים",
+  "Routing is rate limited — try again in a moment": "הניתוב מוגבל בקצב — נסה שוב בעוד רגע",
+  "Routing unavailable": "ניתוב אינו זמין",
+  "direction|left": "שמאלה",
+  "direction|right": "ימינה",
+  "direction|slightly left": "שמאלה קלות",
+  "direction|slightly right": "ימינה קלות",
+  "direction|sharply left": "שמאלה בחדות",
+  "direction|sharply right": "ימינה בחדות",
+  "direction|straight": "ישר",
+  "direction|around": "לאחור",
+  "fork direction|left": "שמאלה",
+  "fork direction|right": "ימינה",
+  "fork direction|slightly left": "שמאלה קלות",
+  "fork direction|slightly right": "ימינה קלות",
+  "fork direction|sharply left": "שמאלה בחדות",
+  "fork direction|sharply right": "ימינה בחדות",
+  "fork direction|straight": "ישר",
+  "lane direction|left": "השמאלי",
+  "lane direction|right": "הימני",
+  "lane direction|slightly left": "השמאלי הקל",
+  "lane direction|slightly right": "הימני הקל",
+  "lane direction|sharply left": "השמאלי החד",
+  "lane direction|sharply right": "הימני החד",
+  "lane direction|straight": "הישר",
+  "ordinal|{number}st": "ה-{number}",
+  "ordinal|{number}nd": "ה-{number}",
+  "ordinal|{number}rd": "ה-{number}",
+  "ordinal|{number}th": "ה-{number}",
+  "Head out on {road}": "צא אל {road}",
+  "Head out": "צא לדרך",
+  "Arrive at your destination, on the left": "הגעה ליעד, בצד שמאל",
+  "Arrive at your destination, on the right": "הגעה ליעד, בצד ימין",
+  "Arrive at your destination": "הגעה ליעד",
+  "Make a U-turn onto {road}": "בצע פניית פרסה אל {road}",
+  "Make a U-turn": "בצע פניית פרסה",
+  "Continue straight onto {road}": "המשך ישר אל {road}",
+  "Continue straight": "המשך ישר",
+  "Turn {direction} onto {road}": "פנה {direction} אל {road}",
+  "Turn {direction}": "פנה {direction}",
+  "Turn onto {road}": "פנה אל {road}",
+  "maneuver|Turn": "פנייה",
+  "Continue {direction} onto {road}": "המשך {direction} אל {road}",
+  "Continue {direction}": "המשך {direction}",
+  "At the end of the road, turn {direction} onto {road}": "בקצה הכביש, פנה {direction} אל {road}",
+  "At the end of the road, turn {direction}": "בקצה הכביש, פנה {direction}",
+  "At the end of the road, continue onto {road}": "בקצה הכביש, המשך אל {road}",
+  "At the end of the road, continue": "בקצה הכביש, המשך",
+  "Keep {direction} at the fork onto {road}": "בפיצול, המשך {direction} אל {road}",
+  "Keep {direction} at the fork": "בפיצול, המשך {direction}",
+  "Continue at the fork onto {road}": "המשך בפיצול אל {road}",
+  "Continue at the fork": "המשך בפיצול",
+  "Merge {direction} onto {road}": "השתלב {direction} אל {road}",
+  "Merge {direction}": "השתלב {direction}",
+  "Merge onto {road}": "השתלב אל {road}",
+  "maneuver|Merge": "שילוב",
+  "Take the ramp on the {direction} onto {road}": "היכנס לכביש הגישה {direction} אל {road}",
+  "Take the ramp on the {direction}": "היכנס לכביש הגישה {direction}",
+  "Take the ramp {direction} onto {road}": "היכנס לכביש הגישה {direction} אל {road}",
+  "Take the ramp {direction}": "היכנס לכביש הגישה {direction}",
+  "Take the ramp onto {road}": "היכנס לכביש הגישה אל {road}",
+  "Take the ramp": "היכנס לכביש הגישה",
+  "Take the exit on the {direction} onto {road}": "צא ביציאה {direction} אל {road}",
+  "Take the exit on the {direction}": "צא ביציאה {direction}",
+  "Take the exit {direction} onto {road}": "צא ביציאה {direction} אל {road}",
+  "Take the exit {direction}": "צא ביציאה {direction}",
+  "Take the exit onto {road}": "צא ביציאה אל {road}",
+  "Take the exit": "צא ביציאה",
+  "At the roundabout, take the {exit} exit onto {road}": "במעגל התנועה, צא ביציאה {exit} אל {road}",
+  "At the roundabout, take the {exit} exit": "במעגל התנועה, צא ביציאה {exit}",
+  "Enter the roundabout onto {road}": "היכנס למעגל התנועה אל {road}",
+  "Enter the roundabout": "היכנס למעגל התנועה",
+  "At the roundabout, turn {direction} onto {road}": "במעגל התנועה, פנה {direction} אל {road}",
+  "At the roundabout, turn {direction}": "במעגל התנועה, פנה {direction}",
+  "At the roundabout, continue onto {road}": "במעגל התנועה, המשך אל {road}",
+  "At the roundabout, continue": "במעגל התנועה, המשך",
+  "Exit the roundabout onto {road}": "צא ממעגל התנועה אל {road}",
+  "Exit the roundabout": "צא ממעגל התנועה",
+  "Use the {direction} lane onto {road}": "השתמש בנתיב {direction} אל {road}",
+  "Use the {direction} lane": "השתמש בנתיב {direction}",
+  "Continue onto {road}": "המשך אל {road}",
+  "maneuver|Continue": "המשך",
+  "{mode} — reroute for {modeLower}": "{mode} — ניתוב מחדש עבור {modeLower}",
+  "CLICK MAP": "לחץ על המפה",
+  "SET A": "קבע A",
+  "Click a spot on the globe to place A (click again to cancel)": "לחץ על נקודה בגלובוס כדי לקבוע את A (לחיצה נוספת מבטלת)",
+  "Then click the globe to place the start": "ואז לחץ על הגלובוס להצבת ההתחלה",
+  "SET B": "קבע B",
+  "Click a spot on the globe to place B (click again to cancel)": "לחץ על נקודה בגלובוס כדי לקבוע את B (לחיצה נוספת מבטלת)",
+  "Then click the globe to place the destination": "ואז לחץ על הגלובוס להצבת היעד",
+  "Swap A and B": "החלפה בין A ל-B",
+  "FLY ···": "טוס ···",
+  "FLYING": "בטיסה",
+  "FLY": "טוס",
+  "Fly the camera along the route": "טוס עם המצלמה לאורך המסלול",
+  "Place A and B first": "קבע קודם את A ו-B",
+  "action|CLEAR": "נקה",
+  "Remove the route and both markers": "הסרת המסלול ושני הסמנים",
+  "press Escape twice to leave Draw": "הקש Escape פעמיים כדי לצאת משרטוט",
+  "{name} is active — turn {name} off, then set {endpoint}": "{name} פעיל — כבה את {name} ואז קבע את {endpoint}",
+  "{name} is active — {leave}, then set {endpoint}": "{name} פעיל — {leave} ואז קבע את {endpoint}",
+  "Only the first {count} turns of this route are shown": "מוצגות רק {count} הפניות הראשונות של המסלול הזה",
+  "Turn-by-turn directions": "הכוונה צעד אחר צעד",
+  "Another map tool is using clicks — close it, then SET A again": "כלי מפה אחר משתמש בלחיצות — סגור אותו ואז קבע A שוב",
+  "Routing…": "מחשב מסלול…",
+  "No route found": "לא נמצא מסלול",
+  "{distance} · {duration} · {mode} · first {count} turns": "{distance} · {duration} · {mode} · {count} הפניות הראשונות",
+  "{distance} · {duration} · {mode}": "{distance} · {duration} · {mode}",
+  "Click the globe to place {endpoint}": "לחץ על הגלובוס כדי לקבוע את {endpoint}",
+  "SET B, then click the globe": "קבע B ואז לחץ על הגלובוס",
+  "SET A, then click the globe": "קבע A ואז לחץ על הגלובוס",
+  "Step {step} of {total} · then {leg}": "שלב {step} מתוך {total} · ואז {leg}",
+  "Step {step} of {total}": "שלב {step} מתוך {total}",
+  "Then: {instruction}": "ואז: {instruction}",
+  "No route found between A and B": "לא נמצא מסלול בין A ל-B",
+  "Routing timed out": "חישוב המסלול חרג מהזמן הקצוב",
+  "Routing unavailable — no response from the routing service": "ניתוב אינו זמין — אין תשובה משירות הניתוב",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} עד {upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "עד {upper}",
+  "From {lower}": "מ-{lower}",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "למידע בלבד · לא לתכנון טיסה",
+  "Unnamed zone": "אזור ללא שם",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "מקור המרחב האווירי המוגבל אינו זמין",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "אסור (P)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "מוגבל (R)",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "המרחב האווירי האסור (P) והמוגבל (R) לשימוש מיוחד של ה-FAA בלבד, לא מפת ה-UAS Facility ולא מגבלות הטיסה של UAS. למידע בלבד — אינו תחליף לכלי תכנון הטיסה הרשמיים של UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "Prohibited": "אסור",
+  "Restricted": "מוגבל",
+  "Earthquake source unavailable": "מקור רעידות האדמה אינו זמין",
+  "Focus fire detection {title}, {details}": "התמקדות בזיהוי שריפה {title}, {details}",
+  "live feed unavailable": "פיד חי אינו זמין",
+  "{value} conf": "ודאות {value}",
+  "{value} ago": "לפני {value}",
+  "sensor n/a": "חיישן לא זמין",
+  "FIRE · {frp} MW": "שריפה · {frp} MW",
+  "NIGHT": "לילה",
+  "▲ {frp} MW": "▲ {frp} MW",
+  "max {value} MW": "מקס׳ {value} MW",
+  "new {value}": "חדש לפני {value}",
+  "{n} fires": {
+    "one": "{n} שריפה",
+    "two": "{n} שריפות",
+    "other": "{n} שריפות"
+  },
+  "{value}°N": "{value}°N",
+  "{value}°S": "{value}°S",
+  "{value}°E": "{value}°E",
+  "{value}°W": "{value}°W",
+  "just now": "כרגע",
+  "<1m ago": "לפני פחות מדקה",
+  "{count}m ago": "לפני {count} דק׳",
+  "{count}h ago": "לפני {count} שע׳",
+  "fire confidence|high": "גבוהה",
+  "fire confidence|nominal": "רגילה",
+  "fire confidence|low": "נמוכה",
+  "age|<1h": "פחות משעה",
+  "age|{count}h": "{count} שע׳",
+  "age|{count}d": "{count} ימ׳",
+  "fire confidence filter|All": "הכול",
+  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "רגילה+",
+  "fire confidence filter|High": "גבוהה",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "כל זיהוי — רבות מהשריפות החזקות ביותר מדורגות בוודאות נמוכה",
+  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "זיהויים בוודאות רגילה וגבוהה",
+  "High confidence detections only": "זיהויים בוודאות גבוהה בלבד",
+  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "עוצמת השריפה (FRP)",
+  "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "הספק קרינת השריפה המינימלי, במגה-ואט",
+  "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
+  "fire intensity filter|All": "הכול",
+  "Confidence": "ודאות",
+  "Detection confidence": "ודאות הזיהוי",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} מתוך {total} מוצגים",
+  "STALE · cached {age}": "מיושן · מהמטמון לפני {age}",
+  "refreshing...": "מרענן...",
+  "loading...": "טוען...",
+  "KEY REQUIRED": "נדרש מפתח",
+  "LIVE · updated {age}": "חי · עודכן {age}",
+  "24 h to {day} {time} UTC": "24 שעות עד {day} {time} UTC",
+  "FIRE": "שריפה",
+  "Source snapshot time unavailable": "זמן תמונת המצב של המקור אינו זמין",
+  "Live data unavailable": "נתונים חיים אינם זמינים",
+  "Intel Picture": "Intel Picture",
+  "Kinetic 30d": "Kinetic 30d",
+  "Border Crisis": "Border Crisis",
+  "Iran Picture": "Iran Picture",
+  "Iran Kinetic": "Iran Kinetic",
+  "Yemen FLOT": "Yemen FLOT",
+  "Latest Drop": "Latest Drop",
+  "GhostMaps file could not be read": "קובץ GhostMaps לא ניתן לקריאה",
+  "{count} source links ↗ · click card to open the first": {
+    "one": "{count} קישור מקור ↗ · לחץ על הכרטיס לפתיחת הראשון",
+    "two": "{count} קישורי מקור ↗ · לחץ על הכרטיס לפתיחת הראשון",
+    "other": "{count} קישורי מקור ↗ · לחץ על הכרטיס לפתיחת הראשון"
+  },
+  "S2 · {name}": "S2 · {name}",
+  "Report": "דוח",
+  "Open the source for {title}": "פתיחת המקור של {title}",
+  "GhostMaps catalog unavailable": "קטלוג GhostMaps אינו זמין",
+  "LIVE · GitHub {commit} · {message} · checked every {seconds}s": "חי · GitHub {commit} · {message} · בדיקה כל {seconds} שנ׳",
+  "GitHub {commit} · {message} · reconnecting for live updates": "GitHub {commit} · {message} · מתחבר מחדש לעדכונים חיים",
+  "Connecting to the S2 GhostMaps repository…": "מתחבר למאגר S2 GhostMaps…",
+  "{count} placemarks": {
+    "one": "{count} סימן מקום",
+    "two": "{count} סימני מקום",
+    "other": "{count} סימני מקום"
+  },
+  "S2 Underground publishes these KMZ products to GitHub. New uploads are detected within seconds and replace the previous edition automatically. Click a marker for its report.": "S2 Underground מפרסם את מוצרי ה-KMZ האלה ב-GitHub. העלאות חדשות מזוהות בתוך שניות ומחליפות אוטומטית את המהדורה הקודמת. לחץ על סמן לדוח שלו.",
+  "Malformed GhostMaps catalog": "קטלוג GhostMaps פגום",
+  "Low-accuracy score < 2%": "ציון דיוק נמוך פחות מ-2%",
+  "Low-accuracy score 2–10%": "ציון דיוק נמוך 2–10%",
+  "Low-accuracy score > 10%": "ציון דיוק נמוך מעל 10%",
+  "GNSS integrity source unavailable": "מקור שלמות ה-GNSS אינו זמין",
+  "Regional sample · 250 nm radius · cells from visited views over {minutes} min": "דגימה אזורית · רדיוס 250 מייל ימי · תאים מתצפיות שביקרת על פני {minutes} דק׳",
+  "Retrying automatically at {time} UTC": "מנסה שוב אוטומטית ב-{time} UTC",
+  "Retrying automatically after provider cooldown": "מנסה שוב אוטומטית אחרי תקופת ההמתנה של הספק",
+  "Updates automatically after pan or zoom and once a minute. The public feed covers a 250-nautical-mile circle around the view centre; zooming out does not make it a worldwide snapshot. Blank cells are outside sampled coverage or have insufficient observations.": "מתעדכן אוטומטית אחרי הזזה או זום ופעם בדקה. הפיד הציבורי מכסה מעגל של 250 מייל ימי סביב מרכז התצוגה; זום החוצה לא הופך אותו לתמונת-מצב עולמית. תאים ריקים נמצאים מחוץ לדגימה או שאין בהם די תצפיות.",
+  "Low-accuracy score = 100 × max(0, bad − 1) / total: one aircraft is discounted, so this is not the raw share. Cells need {aircraft} aircraft over {minutes} minutes. Navigation-integrity anomalies are not a detection of jamming or spoofing.": "ציון דיוק נמוך = 100 × מקס(0, פגומים − 1) / סה\"כ: מטוס אחד מנוכה, ולכן זה אינו השבר הגולמי. לתאים דרושים {aircraft} מטוסים על פני {minutes} דקות. אנומליות שלמות ניווט אינן זיהוי של שיבוש או הטעיה.",
+  "GNSS snapshot needs a view anchor": "תמונת מצב GNSS דורשת עוגן תצוגה",
+  "GNSS feed rate limited (HTTP 429)": "פיד GNSS מוגבל בקצב (HTTP 429)",
+  "Malformed GNSS integrity snapshot": "תמונת מצב שלמות GNSS פגומה",
+  "GNSS integrity snapshot has no observation time": "תמונת מצב שלמות GNSS חסרה זמן תצפית",
+  "installation class|AIRFIELD": "שדה תעופה",
+  "installation class|NAVAL BASE": "בסיס ימי",
+  "installation class|RANGE": "שטח אש",
+  "installation class|MILITARY LAND": "שטח צבאי",
+  "installation class|BASE": "בסיס",
+  "installation class|BARRACKS": "מחנה",
+  "installation class|TRAINING AREA": "שטח אימונים",
+  "installation class|PLACES CANDIDATE": "מועמד מ-Places",
+  "installation class|INSTALLATION": "מתקן",
+  "No mapped sites within {km} km of the contact": "אין אתרים ממופים בטווח {km} ק\"מ מהמגע",
+  "{count} mapped sites within {km} km of the contact": {
+    "one": "{count} אתר ממופה בטווח {km} ק\"מ מהמגע",
+    "two": "{count} אתרים ממופים בטווח {km} ק\"מ מהמגע",
+    "other": "{count} אתרים ממופים בטווח {km} ק\"מ מהמגע"
+  },
+  "No mapped sites in view": "אין אתרים ממופים בתצוגה",
+  "{count} mapped sites in view": {
+    "one": "{count} אתר ממופה בתצוגה",
+    "two": "{count} אתרים ממופים בתצוגה",
+    "other": "{count} אתרים ממופים בתצוגה"
+  },
+  "loading mapped installation context": "טוען הקשר מתקנים ממופים",
+  "Too many mapped sites in view to list them all": "יותר מדי אתרים ממופים בתצוגה מכדי להציג את כולם",
+  "Installation context unavailable": "הקשר המתקן אינו זמין",
+  "MAPPED INSTALLATION": "מתקן ממופה",
+  "Unknown": "לא ידוע",
+  "LAUNCH SITE · {site}": "אתר שיגור · {site}",
+  "LAUNCH SITE": "אתר שיגור",
+  "T−{time} · {mission}": "T−{time} · {mission}",
+  "LAUNCH STANDBY": "המתנה לשיגור",
+  "LIFTOFF · {mission}": "המראה · {mission}",
+  "ASCENT REPLAY · {mission}": "שחזור עלייה · {mission}",
+  "ASCENT ESTIMATE · {mission}": "הערכת עלייה · {mission}",
+  "STAGE RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY · {mission}": "כניסה חוזרת / השבת שלב · {mission}",
+  "ORBIT REPLAY · {mission}": "שחזור מסלול · {mission}",
+  "PAUSED · {title}": "מושהה · {title}",
+  "CONFIRMED": "מאושר",
+  "PAD / RTLS": "כן שיגור / RTLS",
+  "UNSPECIFIED": "לא צוין",
+  "{value} KM DOWNRANGE": "{value} ק\"מ לאורך המסלול",
+  "POSITION UNAVAILABLE": "מיקום אינו זמין",
+  "FLIGHT {count}": "טיסה {count}",
+  "REUSED": "בשימוש חוזר",
+  "+{count} additional payload records": "+{count} רשומות מטען נוספות",
+  "Select {mission}": "בחר את {mission}",
+  "UNSPECIFIED OPERATOR": "מפעיל לא צוין",
+  "DATE UNAVAILABLE": "תאריך אינו זמין",
+  "{count} / 30D": "{count} / 30 יום",
+  "NO MISSIONS AVAILABLE IN THE CURRENT 30-DAY WINDOW": "אין משימות זמינות בחלון 30 הימים הנוכחי",
+  "{value} KM": "{value} KM",
+  "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
+  "EST. DOWNRANGE": "הערכה לאורך המסלול",
+  "PLANNED · ": "מתוכנן · ",
+  "SUPPLIED TRAJECTORY POINTS": "נקודות מסלול שסופקו",
+  "RECONSTRUCTED ESTIMATE": "הערכת שחזור",
+  "Resume replay": "המשך את ההצגה החוזרת",
+  "Pause replay": "השהה את ההצגה החוזרת",
+  "T minus {seconds}": "נותרו {seconds} שנ׳ לשיגור",
+  "Preparing launch site": "מכין את אתר השיגור",
+  "Liftoff": "המראה",
+  "Ascent replay": "שחזור עלייה",
+  "Orbit replay": "שחזור מסלול",
+  ", paused": ", מושהה",
+  "Malformed launch snapshot": "תמונת מצב שיגור פגומה",
+  "Heard by your receiver": "נקלט במקלט שלך",
+  "1090 MHz": "1090 MHz",
+  "978 MHz UAT": "978 MHz UAT",
+  "browser SDR": "SDR דפדפן",
+  "decoder feed": "פיד דקודר",
+  "Your RTL-SDR receiver and decoder feed": "מקלט ה-RTL-SDR שלך ופיד הדקודר",
+  "Your decoder feed": "פיד הדקודר שלך",
+  "Your RTL-SDR receiver": "מקלט ה-RTL-SDR שלך",
+  "NO CALLSIGN": "אין אות קריאה",
+  "ALT {altitude} FT · GS {speed} KT · TRK {track}": "ALT {altitude} FT · GS {speed} KT · TRK {track}",
+  "V/S {rate}": "V/S {rate}",
+  "V/S {rate} FPM": "V/S {rate} FPM",
+  "POSITION {age}": "מיקום {age}",
+  "POSITION {seconds} S AGO": "מיקום לפני {seconds} שנ׳",
+  "{count} MSGS": {
+    "one": "{count} הודעה",
+    "two": "{count} הודעות",
+    "other": "{count} הודעות"
+  },
+  "Decoder feeds": "פידי דקודר",
+  "WebUSB + decoder feeds": "WebUSB + פידי דקודר",
+  "opening receiver": "פותח מקלט",
+  "checking decoder feeds": "בודק פידי דקודר",
+  "WebUSB needs desktop Chrome or Edge": "WebUSB דורש Chrome או Edge במחשב",
+  "connect a receiver in Radio": "חבר מקלט ברדיו",
+  "receiver is in FM mode": "המקלט במצב FM",
+  "listening": "מקשיב",
+  "USB error": "שגיאת USB",
+  "Alt unknown": "גובה לא ידוע",
+  "Type unknown": "סוג לא ידוע",
+  "Reg unknown": "רישום לא ידוע",
+  "Operator unknown": "מפעיל לא ידוע",
+  "Voice place search (needs an Overpass server)": "חיפוש מקומות בקול (דורש שרת Overpass)",
+  "${amount}K": "${amount}K",
+  "${amount}M": "${amount}M",
+  "${amount}B": "${amount}B",
+  "fire cause|Human": "אנושית",
+  "fire cause|Natural": "טבעית",
+  "fire cause|Undetermined": "לא נקבעה",
+  "fire cause|Unknown": "לא ידועה",
+  "fire behavior|Minimal": "מינימלי",
+  "fire behavior|Moderate": "בינוני",
+  "fire behavior|Active": "פעיל",
+  "fire behavior|Extreme": "קיצוני",
+  "Type {level} Incident": "אירוע מדרגה {level}",
+  "age|{count}m": "{count} דק׳",
+  "{acres} ac": {
+    "one": "{acres} אקר",
+    "two": "{acres} אקר",
+    "other": "{acres} אקר"
+  },
+  "{percent}% contained": "{percent}% בהכלה",
+  "containment unknown": "הכלה לא ידועה",
+  "{cause} cause": "סיבה {cause}",
+  "{personnel} personnel": {
+    "one": "{personnel} אנשי צוות",
+    "two": "{personnel} אנשי צוות",
+    "other": "{personnel} אנשי צוות"
+  },
+  "{county} County": "מחוז {county}",
+  "{cost} to date": "{cost} עד כה",
+  "discovered {age} ago": "התגלה לפני {age}",
+  "updated {age} ago": "עודכן לפני {age}",
+  "part of {complex}": "חלק מ-{complex}",
+  "InciWeb ↗ · click card to open": "InciWeb ↗ · לחץ על הכרטיס לפתיחה",
+  "FIRE · {name}": "שריפה · {name}",
+  "Unnamed incident": "אירוע ללא שם",
+  "Open {title} on InciWeb": "פתיחת {title} ב-InciWeb",
+  "Perimeter source unavailable": "מקור ההיקף אינו זמין",
+  "Not contained or unknown": "ללא הכלה או לא ידוע",
+  "Under 50% contained": "הכלה מתחת ל-50%",
+  "50–99% contained": "הכלה 50–99%",
+  "Fully contained": "הכלה מלאה",
+  "Colour shows reported containment. Perimeters are simplified to about 100 m.": "הצבע מציג את ההכלה שדווחה. ההיקפים מפושטים לכ-100 מ׳.",
+  "Malformed perimeter snapshot": "תמונת מצב היקף פגומה",
+  "radio tag|All": "הכול",
+  "News": "חדשות",
+  "Talk": "שיחות",
+  "Weather / Emergency": "מזג אוויר / חירום",
+  "Public Safety": "ביטחון הציבור",
+  "Aviation / Marine": "תעופה / ימי",
+  "Traffic / Transit": "תנועה / תחבורה",
+  "Music": "מוזיקה",
+  "Other": "אחר",
+  "Directory refresh degraded; showing the previous station catalog.": "רענון המדריך בהידרדרות; מציג את קטלוג התחנות הקודם.",
+  "Radio directory coverage is degraded.": "כיסוי מדריך הרדיו מופחת.",
+  "Directory refresh failed; showing the previous station catalog.": "רענון המדריך נכשל; מציג את קטלוג התחנות הקודם.",
+  "Radio directory is temporarily unavailable.": "מדריך הרדיו אינו זמין כרגע.",
+  "radio|NEWS": "חדשות",
+  "radio|TALK": "שיחות",
+  "radio|WEATHER": "מזג אוויר",
+  "radio|SAFETY": "ביטחון",
+  "radio|AIR / SEA": "אוויר / ים",
+  "radio|TRANSIT": "תחבורה",
+  "radio|MUSIC": "מוזיקה",
+  "radio|OTHER": "אחר",
+  "Broadcaster stream is unavailable or blocked by the browser.": "הזרמת המשדר אינה זמינה או נחסמת על ידי הדפדפן.",
+  "Playback requires a direct click or tap.": "ההשמעה דורשת לחיצה או הקשה ישירה.",
+  "Broadcaster stream could not be started.": "לא ניתן להתחיל הזרמה מהמשדר.",
+  "Alternative": "אלטרנטיבי",
+  "Ambient": "אמביינט",
+  "Blues": "בלוז",
+  "Classical": "קלאסי",
+  "Country": "קאנטרי",
+  "Dance": "דאנס",
+  "Electronic": "אלקטרוני",
+  "Folk": "פולק",
+  "Funk": "פאנק",
+  "Hip-Hop": "היפ-הופ",
+  "House": "האוס",
+  "Indie": "אינדי",
+  "Jazz": "ג׳אז",
+  "Latin": "לטיני",
+  "Metal": "מטאל",
+  "Oldies": "להיטי עבר",
+  "Pop": "פופ",
+  "Punk": "פאנק רוק",
+  "R&B": "R&B",
+  "Reggae": "רגאיי",
+  "Rock": "רוק",
+  "Soul": "סול",
+  "Techno": "טכנו",
+  "Trance": "טראנס",
+  "World": "עולמית",
+  "overview": "סקירה",
+  "cloud unknown": "עננות לא ידועה",
+  "{percent}% scene cloud": "{percent}% עננות בסצנה",
+  "{min}–{max}% scene cloud": "{min}–{max}% עננות בסצנה",
+  "Comparison in use by another scene": "ההשוואה בשימוש של סצנה אחרת",
+  "Esri map unavailable · no swipe": "מפת Esri אינה זמינה · אין החלקה",
+  "Swipe needs a globe map": "ההחלקה דורשת מפת גלובוס",
+  "Imagery stays on Esri · CLEAR to use Google 3D": "הצילומים נשארים ב-Esri · נקה כדי להשתמש ב-Google 3D",
+  "Imagery catalog unavailable": "קטלוג הצילומים אינו זמין",
+  "Catalog truncated · a newer clear day may exist": "הקטלוג נחתך · ייתכן שקיים יום בהיר חדש יותר",
+  "{label} catalog unavailable · {detail}": "קטלוג {label} אינו זמין · {detail}",
+  "Daily overview for today may still be empty until the pass": "הסקירה היומית של היום עשויה להישאר ריקה עד המעבר",
+  "Search cancelled": "החיפוש בוטל",
+  "Box and images cleared": "התיבה והתמונות נוקו",
+  "MORE DETAIL · 30 m": "יותר פירוט · 30 מ׳",
+  "Sentinel-2 and Landsat via HLS, 30 m, every 2–6 days": "Sentinel-2 ו-Landsat דרך HLS, ברזולוציית 30 מ׳, כל 2–6 ימים",
+  "DAILY OVERVIEW · 250 m": "סקירה יומית · 250 מ׳",
+  "VIIRS daily mosaic, 250 m, follows broad changes; little detail under 25 km": "פסיפס יומי של VIIRS, ברזולוציית 250 מ׳, עוקב אחר שינויים רחבים; מעט פירוט מתחת ל-25 ק\"מ",
+  "Sentinel-2": "Sentinel-2",
+  "Sentinel-2 via HLS": "Sentinel-2 דרך HLS",
+  "Landsat 8/9": "Landsat 8/9",
+  "Landsat 8/9 via HLS": "Landsat 8/9 דרך HLS",
+  "Daily overview": "סקירה יומית",
+  "Box edges must be finite": "קצוות התיבה חייבים להיות סופיים",
+  "Longitudes must be within ±180°": "קווי האורך חייבים להיות בתוך ±180°",
+  "Select one side of the dateline": "בחר צד אחד של קו התאריך",
+  "Box must enclose an area": "התיבה חייבת לכלול שטח",
+  "Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)": "הוספת מעטפת הפס-הרחב המלאה של Starlink (אלפי נקודות נוספות)",
+  "Loading the Starlink shell…": "טוען את מעטפת Starlink…",
+  "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink {detail} — לחץ לניסיון חוזר",
+  "load failed": "הטעינה נכשלה",
+  "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "מציג את מעטפת Starlink המלאה — לחץ לקטלוג הליבה בלבד",
+  "DENSE": "דחוס",
+  "CelesTrak unreachable": "CelesTrak אינו נגיש",
+  "DOCKED · {name} · +{extra}": "עגן · {name} · +{extra}",
+  "DOCKED · {name}": "עגן · {name}",
+  "{name} needs the Google 3D map: choose it under MAP SOURCE": "{name} דורש את מפת Google 3D: בחר בה תחת מקור המפה",
+  "zoom in to a street to open {name}": "התקרב לרחוב כדי לפתוח {name}",
+  "loading coverage...": "טוען כיסוי...",
+  "No street-level imagery within {radius} m of that point": "אין צילומי רחוב בטווח {radius} מ׳ מאותה נקודה",
+  "No street-level imagery within {radius} m of the view centre": "אין צילומי רחוב בטווח {radius} מ׳ ממרכז התצוגה",
+  "Zoom in to see street-level coverage": "התקרב כדי לראות כיסוי רחוב",
+  "Point the camera at the ground for street-level coverage": "כוון את המצלמה אל הקרקע כדי לראות כיסוי רחוב",
+  "Coverage tile failed": "אריח הכיסוי נכשל",
+  "The photo could not be loaded": "את התמונה לא ניתן לטעון",
+  "{name} photo. ← and → step along the sequence. On a 360° photo, drag or use Shift+← →, ↑ ↓ to look around, and + − to zoom": "תמונה של {name}. ← ו-→ עוברים בין תמונות הרצף. בתמונת 360°, גרור או השתמש ב-Shift+← →, ↑ ↓ כדי להביט מסביב, ו-+ − לזום",
+  "{name} street-level photo": "תמונת רחוב של {name}",
+  "Previous photo in this sequence (←)": "התמונה הקודמת ברצף הזה (←)",
+  "Next photo in this sequence (→)": "התמונה הבאה ברצף הזה (→)",
+  "Aim the middle of the view at a street to look for imagery there": "כוון את מרכז התצוגה אל רחוב כדי לחפש בו צילומים",
+  "KEY REJECTED": "המפתח נדחה",
+  "GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY is not set": "GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY אינו מוגדר",
+  "The Google Maps JavaScript API could not load": "Google Maps JavaScript API לא נטען",
+  "Google Street View": "Google Street View",
+  "GOOGLE STREET VIEW": "GOOGLE STREET VIEW",
+  "Google refused GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY for Street View — check that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for it and this site is an allowed referrer": "Google דחה את GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY עבור Street View — ודא ש-Maps JavaScript API מופעל עבורו ושהאתר הזה הוא מפנה מורשה",
+  "Street View did not answer — check the network, and that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY": "Street View לא ענה — בדוק את הרשת, וש-Maps JavaScript API מופעל עבור GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY",
+  "click a street to open Street View": "לחץ על רחוב לפתיחת Street View",
+  "Street View has no imagery for this place": "אין צילום Street View למקום הזה",
+  "KartaView has no position for this photo": "לתמונת KartaView הזאת אין מיקום",
+  "The KartaView photo could not be loaded": "את תמונת KartaView לא ניתן לטעון",
+  "zoom in to see KartaView coverage": "התקרב לצפייה בכיסוי KartaView",
+  "no KartaView photos in view": "אין תמונות KartaView בתצוגה",
+  "KartaView is rate-limiting requests — they resume on their own": "KartaView מגביל את קצב הבקשות — הן חוזרות מעצמן",
+  "KartaView’s photos here are archived and cannot be shown": "תמונות KartaView כאן בארכיון ולא ניתן להציגן",
+  "KartaView did not filter this area in time — move the map to ask again": "KartaView לא סינן את האזור בזמן — הזז את המפה כדי לשאול שוב",
+  "None of KartaView’s photos here pass the imagery filter": "אף תמונת KartaView כאן לא עוברת את מסנן הצילומים",
+  "KartaView did not answer in time — try again": "KartaView לא ענה בזמן — נסה שוב",
+  "KartaView could not be reached — check the network": "KartaView לא נגיש — בדוק את הרשת",
+  "KartaView sent an answer that could not be read": "KartaView שלח תשובה שלא ניתן לקרוא",
+  "KartaView is rate-limiting requests": "KartaView מגביל את קצב הבקשות",
+  "KartaView sent too much data": "KartaView שלח יותר מדי נתונים",
+  "KartaView is rate-limiting requests — try again in a moment": "KartaView מגביל את קצב הבקשות — נסה שוב בעוד רגע",
+  "KartaView has no such photo": "אין ל-KartaView את התמונה הזאת",
+  "Mapillary rejected MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN — replace it in Provider Settings": "Mapillary דחה את MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN — החלף אותו בהגדרות הספקים",
+  "Coverage requests are being rate-limited — they resume on their own": "בקשות הכיסוי מוגבלות בקצב — הן חוזרות מעצמן",
+  "The Panoramax photo could not be loaded": "את תמונת Panoramax לא ניתן לטעון",
+  "Panoramax is busy — coverage resumes on its own": "Panoramax עסוק — הכיסוי חוזר מעצמו",
+  "no Panoramax photos in view": "אין תמונות Panoramax בתצוגה",
+  "no Panoramax photos here match the filters": "אין תמונות Panoramax כאן שתואמות את המסננים",
+  "Panoramax sent a map tile that could not be read": "Panoramax שלח אריח מפה שלא ניתן לקרוא",
+  "This Panoramax photo is no longer available": "תמונת ה-Panoramax הזאת כבר אינה זמינה",
+  "zoom in to see Panoramax coverage": "התקרב לצפייה בכיסוי Panoramax",
+  "Panoramax did not answer in time — try again": "Panoramax לא ענה בזמן — נסה שוב",
+  "Panoramax could not be reached — check the connection": "Panoramax אינו נגיש — בדוק את החיבור",
+  "Panoramax sent too much data": "Panoramax שלח יותר מדי נתונים",
+  "Panoramax is busy": "Panoramax עסוק",
+  "Panoramax sent an unreadable answer": "Panoramax שלח תשובה שלא ניתן לקרוא",
+  "Sequence images unavailable": "תמונות הרצף אינן זמינות",
+  "No street-level imagery providers configured": "לא הוגדרו ספקי צילומי רחוב",
+  "(by upload date)": "(לפי תאריך העלאה)",
+  "Open the Street Level panel to view imagery": "פתח את פאנל Street Level לצפייה בצילומים",
+  "Image could not be opened": "את התמונה לא ניתן לפתוח",
+  "TeleGeography load failed": "טעינת TeleGeography נכשלה",
+  "UNAVAILABLE · {source} · Roads unavailable": "לא זמין · {source} · כבישים אינם זמינים",
+  "Roads: {source}": "כבישים: {source}",
+  "TomTom roads unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable": "כבישי TomTom אינם זמינים בזמן ששירות התנועה אינו נגיש",
+  "Hybrid unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable": "היברידי אינו זמין בזמן ששירות התנועה אינו נגיש",
+  "TomTom roads need a TomTom key": "כבישי TomTom דורשים מפתח TomTom",
+  "Hybrid needs a TomTom key": "היברידי דורש מפתח TomTom",
+  "Local surface still loading": "המשטח המקומי עדיין בטעינה",
+  "Partial coverage": "כיסוי חלקי",
+  "Detailed roads unavailable": "כבישים מפורטים אינם זמינים",
+  "Reduced detail coverage": "כיסוי בפירוט מופחת",
+  "TomTom roads only, each with its live flow": "כבישי TomTom בלבד, לכל אחד זרימה חיה משלו",
+  "TomTom roads only, each with its live flow (needs a TomTom key)": "כבישי TomTom בלבד, לכל אחד זרימה חיה משלו (דורש מפתח TomTom)",
+  "OpenStreetMap roads, with TomTom flow matched when available": "כבישי OpenStreetMap, עם התאמת זרימת TomTom כשזמינה",
+  "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated": "כבישי TomTom קודם; OpenStreetMap משלים את היתר, מדומים",
+  "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)": "כבישי TomTom קודם; OpenStreetMap משלים את היתר, מדומים (דורש מפתח TomTom)",
+  "Hybrid": "היברידי",
+  "TomTom key unavailable": "מפתח TomTom אינו זמין",
+  "TomTom daily budget reached": "תקציב TomTom היומי אזל",
+  "TomTom upstream unreachable": "שירות TomTom אינו נגיש",
+  "TomTom flow unavailable": "זרימת TomTom אינה זמינה",
+  "SIMULATED — {reason}": "מדומה — {reason}",
+  "STALE · Roads: {source} · Flow: cached TomTom tiles": "מיושן · כבישים: {source} · זרימה: אריחי TomTom מהמטמון",
+  "Syncing flow · Roads: {source}": "מסנכרן זרימה · כבישים: {source}",
+  "LIVE · Roads: {source} · Roads without flow hidden": "חי · כבישים: {source} · כבישים ללא זרימה מוסתרים",
+  "LIVE · Roads: {source} · No flow roads in view": "חי · כבישים: {source} · אין כבישי זרימה בתצוגה",
+  "LIVE · Roads: {source} · Flow {percent}%": "חי · כבישים: {source} · זרימה {percent}%",
+  "SIMULATED · Roads: {source} · Flow {percent}%": "מדומה · כבישים: {source} · זרימה {percent}%",
+  "Syncing flow · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · Unmatched: simulated": "מסנכרן זרימה · כבישים: OpenStreetMap · זרימה: TomTom · בלתי מתואמים: מדומים",
+  "LIVE · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · {percent}% cov · Unmatched: simulated": "חי · כבישים: OpenStreetMap · זרימה: TomTom · {percent}% כיסוי · בלתי מתואמים: מדומים",
+  "LIVE · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · {percent}% cov": "חי · כבישים: OpenStreetMap · זרימה: TomTom · {percent}% כיסוי",
+  "SIMULATED · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom (no matches)": "מדומה · כבישים: OpenStreetMap · זרימה: TomTom (אין התאמות)",
+  "SIMULATED — traffic service unreachable": "מדומה — שירות התנועה אינו נגיש",
+  "SIMULATED — add TomTom key for live": "מדומה — הוסף מפתח TomTom לנתונים חיים",
+  "OpenFreeMap tiles rate-limited": "אריחי OpenFreeMap מוגבלים בקצב",
+  "OpenFreeMap tiles timed out": "אריחי OpenFreeMap חרגו מהזמן הקצוב",
+  "OpenFreeMap tiles unavailable": "אריחי OpenFreeMap אינם זמינים",
+  "occupancy|empty": "ללא נוסעים",
+  "occupancy|many seats available": "מקומות פנויים רבים",
+  "occupancy|few seats available": "מעט מקומות פנויים",
+  "occupancy|standing room only": "עמידה בלבד",
+  "occupancy|crushed standing room only": "עמידה צפופה בלבד",
+  "occupancy|full": "תפוסה מלאה",
+  "occupancy|not accepting passengers": "אין העלאת נוסעים",
+  "occupancy|not boardable": "אין אפשרות עלייה",
+  "Route {route}": "קו {route}",
+  "Vehicle {vehicle}": "רכב {vehicle}",
+  "vehicle motion|Stopped": "בעצירה",
+  "No recent fix": "אין קביעת מיקום אחרונה",
+  "Waiting for update": "ממתין לעדכון",
+  "Moving": "נע",
+  "reported {speed} km/h": "דווח {speed} קמ\"ש",
+  "reported hdg {heading}°": "דווח כיוון {heading}°",
+  "Last report: stopped at stop {stop}": "דיווח אחרון: עצר בתחנה {stop}",
+  "Last report: arriving at stop {stop}": "דיווח אחרון: מגיע לתחנה {stop}",
+  "Last report: next stop {stop}": "דיווח אחרון: התחנה הבאה {stop}",
+  "Shown at street level · depth not in the feed": "מוצג בגובה הרחוב · המפלס אינו כלול בפיד",
+  "Reported {seconds} s ago": "דווח לפני {seconds} שנ׳",
+  "Reported {minutes} min ago": "דווח לפני {minutes} דק׳",
+  "shown {seconds} s behind": "מוצג באיחור של {seconds} שנ׳",
+  "{reported} (feed time)": "{reported} (זמן הפיד)",
+  "Available trail: {minutes} min (limited)": "שובל זמין: {minutes} דק׳ (מוגבל)",
+  "Available trail: {minutes} min": "שובל זמין: {minutes} דק׳",
+  "Bus": "אוטובוס",
+  "Tram": "חשמלית",
+  "Subway": "רכבת תחתית",
+  "Train": "רכבת",
+  "Ferry": "מעבורת",
+  "Transit vehicle": "רכב תחבורה ציבורית",
+  "AIS: {name}": "AIS: {name}",
+  "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}": "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
+  "VESSEL": "אונייה",
+  "{speed}KT": "{speed} קשר",
+  "{heading}DEG": "{heading}°",
+  "POS: LIVE": "POS: חי",
+  "POS: {time}Z": "POS: {time}Z",
+  "AIS live load failed": "טעינת AIS חיה נכשלה",
+  "awaiting first AIS position…": "ממתין למיקום AIS ראשון…",
+  "awaiting usable AIS positions…": "ממתין למיקומי AIS שימושיים…",
+  "awaiting first AIS message…": "ממתין להודעת AIS ראשונה…",
+  "AISSTREAM_API_KEY not set": "AISSTREAM_API_KEY אינו מוגדר",
+  "live feed unsupported": "פיד חי אינו נתמך",
+  "connecting to feed…": "מתחבר לפיד…",
+  "feed disconnected": "הפיד נותק",
+  "feed down": "הפיד מושבת",
+  "feed idle": "פיד בחוסר פעילות",
+  "API key rejected — check AISSTREAM_API_KEY": "מפתח ה-API נדחה — בדוק את AISSTREAM_API_KEY",
+  "feed silent {seconds}s — no AIS data": "פיד שקט {seconds} שנ׳ — אין נתוני AIS",
+  "feed silent — no AIS data": "פיד שקט — אין נתוני AIS",
+  "feed down — retrying slowly (attempt {attempt})": "הפיד מושבת — מנסה שוב לאט (ניסיון {attempt})",
+  "reconnecting to feed… (attempt {attempt})": "מתחבר מחדש לפיד… (ניסיון {attempt})",
+  "feed down — retrying slowly": "הפיד מושבת — מנסה שוב לאט",
+  "reconnecting to feed…": "מתחבר מחדש לפיד…",
+  "Focus vessel {name}, MMSI {mmsi}": "התמקדות באונייה {name}, MMSI {mmsi}",
+  "Hidden by this map source · choose a globe map": "מוסתר על ידי מקור המפה הזה · בחר מפת גלובוס",
+  "Weather image HTTP {status}": "תמונת מזג אוויר HTTP {status}",
+  "Weather HTTP {status}": "מזג אוויר HTTP {status}",
+  "Frame unavailable; previous observation retained": "השקופית אינה זמינה; התצפית הקודמת נשמרה",
+  "Weather imagery unavailable": "תצוגת מזג האוויר אינה זמינה",
+  "Weather source unavailable; previous observation retained": "מקור מזג האוויר אינו זמין; התצפית הקודמת נשמרה",
+  "Weather unavailable": "מזג האוויר אינו זמין",
+  "No frame within {gap} min of {time}": "אין שקופית בטווח {gap} דק׳ מ-{time}",
+  "No frame within {gap} h of {time}": "אין שקופית בטווח {gap} שע׳ מ-{time}",
+  "{hours}h {minutes}m ago": "לפני {hours} שע׳ {minutes} דק׳",
+  "{minutes}m ago": "לפני {minutes} דק׳",
+  "{state} · {time} · {lag}": "{state} · {time} · {lag}",
+  "Observed": "נצפה",
+  "History": "היסטוריה",
+  "Observation unavailable": "תצפית אינה זמינה",
+  "Waiting for observation": "ממתין לתצפית",
+  "{detail} · synced": "{detail} · מסונכרן",
+  "{detail} · nearest": "{detail} · הקרוב",
+  "RADAR · {units}": "רדאר · {units}",
+  "RADAR REFLECTIVITY · dBZ": "רפלקטיביות רדאר · dBZ",
+  "LIGHTNING DENSITY · 15 min accumulation": "צפיפות ברקים · צבירה של 15 דק׳",
+  "GLOBAL INFRARED · hourly": "אינפרא-אדום גלובלי · לכל שעה",
+  "GOES INFRARED · ~5 min": "אינפרא-אדום GOES · כל ~5 דק׳",
+  "{state}: {time}": "{state}: {time}",
+  "Latest observation": "התצפית האחרונה",
+  "frame {index}/{total}": "שקופית {index} מתוך {total}",
+  "loading": "טוען",
+  "Observation: unavailable": "תצפית: לא זמינה",
+  "Contiguous US · gaps ≠ no rain": "ארה\"ב הרציפה · פערים ≠ אין גשם",
+  "Americas + Pacific · not individual strikes": "האמריקות + הפסיפיק · לא פגיעות בודדות",
+  "60°S–60°N · typically 2–3 h delayed": "60°S–60°N · בדרך כלל בפער 2–3 שע׳",
+  "North America · infrared imagery": "אמריקה הצפונית · צילומי אינפרא-אדום",
+  "Color: strikes/km²/min ×10³": "צבע: פגיעות ברק/קמ\"ר/דק׳ ×10³",
+  "Color: {units}": "צבע: {units}",
+  "Reduced motion · history playback unavailable": "תנועה מופחתת · הצגת ההיסטוריה אינה זמינה",
+  "Reduced motion · manual history available": "תנועה מופחתת · היסטוריה ידנית זמינה",
+  "Rain radar · US": "רדאר גשם · ארה\"ב",
+  "Lightning density · 15 min": "צפיפות ברקים · 15 דק׳",
+  "Satellite clouds": "עננים מלוויין",
+  "Americas + Pacific": "האמריקות + הפסיפיק",
+  "Global · 60°S–60°N": "גלובלית · 60°S–60°N",
+  "North America": "אמריקה הצפונית",
+  "Source observations delayed": "תצפיות המקור מאחרות",
+  "Stale source": "מקור מיושן",
+  "Loading next frame…": "טוען את השקופית הבאה…",
+  "Map center outside coverage": "מרכז המפה מחוץ לכיסוי",
+  "strikes/km²/min ×10³": "פגיעות ברק/קמ\"ר/דק׳ ×10³",
+  "N. America": "צפ. אמריקה",
+  "Global": "גלובלי",
+  "Hourly global mosaic; usually 2–3 hours delayed": "פסיפס גלובלי של שעה; בדרך כלל בפער 2–3 שעות",
+  "GOES regional clouds; approximately 5-minute updates": "עננים אזוריים של GOES; עדכונים בערך כל 5 דק׳",
+  "Clouds only": "עננים בלבד",
+  "Apply the full cloud brightness key; 100% filter strength": "החל את מפתח בהירות העננים המלא; עוצמת סינון 100%",
+  "Full": "מלא",
+  "Show the complete infrared image; 0% filter strength": "הצג את תמונת האינפרא-אדום המלאה; עוצמת סינון 0%",
+  "Soft": "רך",
+  "Vivid": "עז",
+  "Image opacity; does not alter the observed values": "אטימות התמונה; אינה משנה את הערכים הנצפים",
+  "View coverage": "הצג כיסוי",
+  "View US radar": "הצג רדאר ארה\"ב",
+  "View Americas & Pacific": "הצג האמריקות והפסיפיק",
+  "{value} strikes/km²/min ×10³ (15-minute density)": "{value} פגיעות ברק/קמ\"ר/דק׳ ×10³ (צפיפות 15 דק׳)",
+  "{value} dBZ radar reflectivity": "{value} dBZ רפלקטיביות רדאר",
+  "STALE · cached source metadata": "מיושן · מידע המקור מהמטמון",
+  "Map center is outside source coverage": "מרכז המפה מחוץ לכיסוי המקור",
+  "NOAA/NWS 15-minute lightning density derived from Vaisala NLDN/GLD360. Coverage 110°E across the Pacific/Americas to 0°, 25°S–80°N. Not a live strike count, global coverage or a safety warning.": "צפיפות ברקים של 15 דק׳ מ-NOAA/NWS, נגזרת מ-Vaisala NLDN/GLD360. כיסוי מ-110°E דרך הפסיפיק/האמריקות עד 0°, בין 25°S–80°N. אין מדובר בספירת פגיעות בזמן אמת, בכיסוי גלובלי או באזהרת בטיחות.",
+  "NOAA MRMS radar echoes indicate precipitation patterns, not rain rate, a storm warning or a future forecast. Native source approximately 1 km; display is limited to level 6. Frames use exact advertised observation times.": "הדי הרדאר של NOAA MRMS מציינים דפוסי משקעים, לא קצב גשם, אזהרת סערה או תחזית לעתיד. רזולוציית המקור כ-1 ק\"מ; התצוגה מוגבלת לרמה 6. השקופיות משתמשות בזמני התצפית המדויקים שפורסמו.",
+  "GOES-19/18 longwave infrared Band 14 regional; NESDIS global longwave mosaic. Clouds only dims everything but bright, cold cloud tops; a brightness filter, not a cloud mask. Coverage and freshness differ by region.": "האינפרא-אדום בגלים ארוכים של GOES-19/18, ערוץ 14, אזורי; פסיפס עולמי של גלים ארוכים מ-NESDIS. \"עננים בלבד\" מעמעם הכול מלבד ראשי העננים הקרים והבהירים; זהו מסנן בהירות, לא מסכת עננים. הכיסוי והרעננות משתנים לפי האזור.",
+  "REGION": "אזור",
+  "FILTER": "מסנן",
+  "Cloud filter strength": "עוצמת סינון עננים",
+  "OPACITY": "אטימות",
+  "Infrared decode failed": "פענוח אינפרא-אדום נכשל",
+  "Weather prefetch unavailable": "טעינה מראש של מזג האוויר אינה זמינה",
+  "Weather tiles unavailable · previous frame retained": "אריחי מזג האוויר אינם זמינים · השקופית הקודמת נשמרה",
+  "Some weather tiles unavailable": "חלק מאריחי מזג האוויר אינם זמינים",
+  "Malformed weather manifest": "רישום מזג האוויר פגום",
+  "Weather request timed out": "בקשת מזג האוויר חרגה מהזמן הקצוב",
+  "SIGHTING": "תצפית",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "הצג תצפית {name}",
+  "Birds": "עופות",
+  "Mammals": "יונקים",
+  "Reptiles": "זוחלים",
+  "Amphibians": "דו-חיים",
+  "Ray-finned fishes": "מקריני סנפיר",
+  "Insects": "חרקים",
+  "Arachnids": "עכבישנים",
+  "Plants": "צמחים",
+  "Fungi": "פטריות",
+  "Other animals": "חיות אחרות",
+  "Other or unknown": "אחר או לא ידוע",
+  "{label} {detail} — click to retry": "{label} {detail} — לחץ לניסיון חוזר",
+  "Wildlife sightings source unavailable": "מקור תצפיות חיות הבר אינו זמין",
+  "Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings": "הצג תצפיות מאושרות קהילה בלבד (בדרגת מחקר)",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "חיות בר נצפו ב-48 השעות האחרונות (לווייתנים · 7 ימים). הצבע וגליף התג מציגים את קבוצת הטקסון. מינים רגישים מוצגים כתאי 0.2° בלבד; דיווחי יונקי הים של Salish Sea דרך Acartia מעוגלים ל-0.01°. אינו מפקד אוכלוסין.",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "תורמי iNaturalist · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · רישיונות לכל רשומה",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "תורמי iNaturalist · רישיונות לכל רשומה",
+  "{count} sightings in view": "{count} תצפיות בתצוגה",
+  "Zoom in for local sightings": "התקרב לתצפיות מקומיות",
+  "No recent sightings in view": "אין תצפיות אחרונות בתצוגה",
+  "Acartia feed unavailable": "פיד Acartia אינו זמין",
+  "ALL": "הכול",
+  "Show all taxa": "הצג את כל הקבוצות",
+  "BIRDS": "עופות",
+  "Show only birds": "הצג עופות בלבד",
+  "MAMMALS": "יונקים",
+  "Show only mammals": "הצג יונקים בלבד",
+  "WHALES": "לווייתנים",
+  "Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)": "הצג לווייתנים ודולפינים בלבד (7 ימים)",
+  "INSECTS": "חרקים",
+  "Show only insects": "הצג חרקים בלבד",
+  "PLANTS": "צמחים",
+  "Show only plants": "הצג צמחים בלבד",
+  "All rights reserved": "כל הזכויות שמורות",
+  "Cetacean": "לווייתנאי",
+  "Wildlife Sightings": "תצפיות חיות בר",
+  "Temperature field unavailable": "שדה הטמפרטורה אינו זמין",
+  "Mean sea level pressure field unavailable": "שדה לחץ בגובה פני הים אינו זמין",
+  "Wind upstream unavailable": "שרת המקור של נתוני הרוח אינו זמין",
+  "{source} HTTP {status}": "{source} HTTP {status}",
+  "Wind": "רוח",
+  "Wind source unavailable": "מקור הרוח אינו זמין",
+  "Forecast · does not follow history": "תחזית · אינה נעה עם ההיסטוריה",
+  "Wind motion": "תנועת רוח",
+  "Wind speed": "מהירות רוח",
+  "Sea-level pressure": "לחץ בגובה פני הים",
+  "Air temperature · 2 m": "טמפרטורת אוויר · 2 מ׳",
+  "Global · 1° grid": "גלובלי · סריג 1°",
+  "{model} forecast · {time}": "תחזית {model} · {time}",
+  "Loading forecast": "טוען תחזית",
+  "Preparing flow": "מכין זרימה",
+  "Selected field unavailable": "השדה הנבחר אינו זמין",
+  "Cached forecast · stale": "תחזית מהמטמון · מיושנת",
+  "ECMWF IFS surface forecast": "תחזית פני הקרקע ECMWF IFS",
+  "NOAA GFS surface forecast": "תחזית פני הקרקע NOAA GFS",
+  "Reduced motion": "תנועה מופחתת",
+  "Resume": "המשך",
+  "Pause": "השהה",
+  "Pause visual flow; forecast time does not advance with animation": "השהה את הזרימה החזותית; זמן התחזית אינו מתקדם עם ההנפשה",
+  "None": "ללא",
+  "Speed": "מהירות",
+  "Pressure": "לחץ",
+  "Temperature": "טמפרטורה",
+  "Wind trails with no field shading": "שובלי רוח ללא הצללת שדה",
+  "How hard the surface wind is blowing": "באיזו עוצמה נושבת הרוח בגובה הקרקע",
+  "Sea-level air pressure: broad highs and lows": "לחץ אוויר בגובה פני הים: אזורי לחץ גבוהים ונמוכים רחבים",
+  "Air temperature two meters above the surface": "טמפרטורת אוויר שני מטרים מעל הקרקע",
+  "Wind speed units": "יחידות מהירות רוח",
+  "Read wind at map center": "קרא רוח במרכז המפה",
+  "Read the forecast at the center of the map without changing selection": "קריאת התחזית במרכז המפה מבלי לשנות את הבחירה",
+  "{model} forecast · {field} ({unit})": "תחזית {model} · {field} ({unit})",
+  "Valid: {time}": "תקף: {time}",
+  "preparing": "בהכנה",
+  "Issued: {time}": "פורסם: {time}",
+  "Selected field unavailable · wind remains visible": "השדה הנבחר אינו זמין · הרוח נשארת גלויה",
+  "{error} · wind remains visible": "{error} · הרוח נשארת גלויה",
+  "Surface wind at 10 m. Approximately 1° global grid. Curves follow the 10 m wind field, lifted 12 km for visibility; display height is not weather altitude. View lighting is for readability. Animation shows flow through one fixed forecast; it does not advance time. Color fields drape the globe basemap or the active photorealistic 3D Tiles.": "רוח פני הקרקע בגובה 10 מ׳, על סריג של כ-1°. העקומות עוקבות אחר שדה הרוח בגובה 10 מ׳, מוגבהות 12 ק\"מ לקריאות; גובה התצוגה אינו גובה מטאורולוגי. תאורת התצוגה נועדה לקריאות. ההנפשה מציגה זרימה בתחזית אחת קבועה; היא אינה מקדמת את הזמן. שדות הצבע נפרשים מעל מפת הבסיס של הגלובוס או מעל ה-3D Tiles הפוטוריאליסטיים הפעילים.",
+  "MODEL": "מודל",
+  "FIELD": "שדה",
+  "UNITS": "יחידות",
+  "MOTION": "תנועה",
+  "Forecast": "תחזית",
+  "N": "N",
+  "NNE": "NNE",
+  "NE": "NE",
+  "ENE": "ENE",
+  "E": "E",
+  "ESE": "ESE",
+  "SE": "SE",
+  "SSE": "SSE",
+  "S": "S",
+  "SSW": "SSW",
+  "SW": "SW",
+  "WSW": "WSW",
+  "W": "W",
+  "WNW": "WNW",
+  "NW": "NW",
+  "NNW": "NNW",
+  "No surface reading": "אין קריאה בגובה הקרקע",
+  "Aim the map center at Earth": "כוון את מרכז המפה אל העולם",
+  "A location reading needs a loaded forecast and the Earth at the center of the view.": "קריאת מיקום דורשת תחזית שנטענה ואת כדור הארץ במרכז התצוגה.",
+  "Interpolated model forecast on an approximately 1° grid. Broad weather patterns, not a street-level measurement.": "תחזית מודל באינטרפולציה על סריג של כ-1°. דפוסי מזג אוויר רחבים, לא מדידה ברמת הרחוב.",
+  " · calm": " · שקטה",
+  " from {direction}": " מ-{direction}",
+  "WIND AT {coordinates}": "רוח ב-{coordinates}",
+  "{model} · valid {time}": "{model} · תקף {time}",
+  "Wind speed field unavailable": "שדה מהירות הרוח אינו זמין",
+  "Globe imagery unavailable": "צילומי הגלובוס אינם זמינים",
+  "Globe field image unavailable": "תמונת שדה הגלובוס אינה זמינה",
+  "Unknown wind model": "מודל רוח לא ידוע",
+  "Unknown weather overlay": "שכבת מזג אוויר לא ידועה",
+  "Wind request timed out": "בקשת הרוח חרגה מהזמן הקצוב",
+  "Malformed wind manifest": "רישום הרוח פגום",
+  "Malformed wind grid": "סריג הרוח פגום",
+  "Error: {message}": "שגיאה: {message}",
+  "Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings": "דורש {envVars} — הוסף בהגדרות הספקים",
+  "{label} is unavailable": "{label} אינו זמין",
+  "This map stack": "ערכת מפות זו",
+  "Google 3D tiles unavailable — check the key's API restrictions, quota, or network": "ה-Google 3D tiles אינם זמינים — בדוק את מגבלות ה-API של המפתח, את המכסה או את הרשת",
+  "Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings — or a Cesium ion token for the ion-hosted route": "דורש {envVars} — הוסף בהגדרות הספקים — או אסימון Cesium ion לנתיב המתארח ב-ion",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a camera": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל מצלמה",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a location": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל מקום",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a photo": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל תמונה",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a shared view": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל תצוגה משותפת",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a target": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל מטרה",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a vessel": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל אונייה",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a fire": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל שריפה",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל תצפית",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל אזור תצפית",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a route": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל מסלול",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a file": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל קובץ",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל שרטוט",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a scene": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל סצנה",
+  "Exit cockpit to view weather coverage": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לצפות בכיסוי מזג האוויר",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a cyclone": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל ציקלון",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to an aircraft": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל מטוס",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a satellite": "צא מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל לוויין",
+  "Exit cockpit to frame contacts": "צא מתא הטייס כדי למסגר את המגעים",
+  "Focusing {label}": "מתמקד ב-{label}",
+  "Camera ownership changed": "בעלות המצלמה השתנתה",
+  "Saved project could not be read; storage preserved. Import a valid file to resume saving.": "לא ניתן לקרוא את הפרויקט השמור; האחסון נשמר. ייבא קובץ תקין כדי לחדש שמירה.",
+  "Ready": "מוכן",
+  "Scene layer turned off": "שכבת הסצנה כבויה",
+  "Stopped": "נעצר",
+  "Scene not saved — existing saved project could not be read. Export edits or import a valid file.": "הסצנה לא נשמרה — לא ניתן לקרוא את הפרויקט השמור הקיים. ייצא עריכות או ייבא קובץ תקין.",
+  "Scene not saved — {reason}": "הסצנה לא נשמרה — {reason}",
+  "Scene not saved — browser storage unavailable": "הסצנה לא נשמרה — אחסון הדפדפן אינו זמין",
+  "Loaded: {scene} / {shot}": "נטען: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Cannot update {scene}: shot inventory changed": "לא ניתן לעדכן את {scene}: מלאי השוטים השתנה",
+  "Cannot update {scene}: evidence beats changed": "לא ניתן לעדכן את {scene}: קטעי הראיות השתנו",
+  "Cannot update {scene}: shot bindings are incomplete": "לא ניתן לעדכן את {scene}: קשירות השוטים אינן שלמות",
+  "Updated {count} shots: {scene}": {
+    "one": "עודכן {count} שוט: {scene}",
+    "two": "עודכנו {count} שוטים: {scene}",
+    "other": "עודכנו {count} שוטים: {scene}"
+  },
+  "Appended {count} shots: {scene}": {
+    "one": "צורף {count} שוט: {scene}",
+    "two": "צורפו {count} שוטים: {scene}",
+    "other": "צורפו {count} שוטים: {scene}"
+  },
+  "Cannot capture shot: camera not ready": "לא ניתן ללכוד שוט: המצלמה אינה מוכנה",
+  "Captured: {scene} / {shot}": "נלכד: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Select a shot first": "בחר קודם שוט",
+  "Updated: {scene} / {shot}": "עודכן: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Could not leave scene: {scene}": "לא ניתן לצאת מהסצנה: {scene}",
+  "Seeked: {scene} / {shot}": "הוסט: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Seeking scene clock": "מסיט את שעון הסצנה",
+  "Camera unavailable — exit cockpit first": "המצלמה אינה זמינה — צא קודם מתא הטייס",
+  "No shots to run": "אין שוטים להרצה",
+  "Scene transition limit reached — load a shot to reset": "מגבלת מעברי הסצנות הושגה — טען שוט כדי לאפס",
+  "Export failed: {error}": "הייצוא נכשל: {error}",
+  "Project exported": "הפרויקט יוצא",
+  "Importing project": "מייבא פרויקט",
+  "Imported {file}": "יובא {file}",
+  "Import failed: {error}": "הייבוא נכשל: {error}",
+  "Import failed (could not read JSON file)": "הייבוא נכשל (לא ניתן לקרוא קובץ JSON)",
+  "Layers refused: {layers}": "שכבות שנדחו: {layers}",
+  "Could not exit {mode} — scene layers may be refused": "לא ניתן לצאת מ-{mode} — ייתכן ששכבות הסצנה יידחו",
+  "Camera move interrupted": "תנועת המצלמה הופסקה",
+  "Scene media timed out": "מדיית הסצנה חרגה מהזמן הקצוב",
+  "Action complete": "הפעולה הושלמה",
+  "Action unavailable or cancelled": "הפעולה אינה זמינה או בוטלה",
+  "Select a feature or use Tab and Enter to choose an action.": "בחר אובייקט, או השתמש ב-Tab ו-Enter לבחירת פעולה.",
+  "Selected feature: {feature}. Choose an action.": "נבחר אובייקט: {feature}. בחר פעולה.",
+  "Running {index}/{total}: {scene} / {shot}": "מריץ {index} מתוך {total}: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Scene run complete": "ריצת הסצנה הושלמה",
+  "Bhote Koshi Evidence Sequence": "רצף הראיות של Bhote Koshi",
+  "Nepal Flood Incident": "אירוע השיטפון בנפאל",
+  "Global Flights Radar": "מכ\"ם טיסות עולמי",
+  "Orbital Watch": "תצפית מסלולית",
+  "Thermal Threat Board": "לוח איומים תרמיים",
+  "City Overload": "עומס עירוני",
+  "Omniscience Pullback": "נסיגת ראייה כוללת",
+  "Global Incident Context": "הקשר אירועים עולמי",
+  "Nepal-Focused Globe Rotation": "סיבוב גלובוס ממוקד נפאל",
+  "Bhote Koshi Regional Approach": "גישה אזורית ל-Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Nearby Cities": "ערים סמוכות ל-Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Incident Corridor": "מסדרון אירוע Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Flood Path": "מסלול שיטפון Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Corridor Overview": "סקירת מסדרון Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Upper Valley": "העמק העליון של Bhote Koshi",
+  "Upper Valley Collapse": "קריסת העמק העליון",
+  "Debris-Dammed Lake": "אגם סכור מפולת",
+  "Nepal-China Border Gate": "מעבר הגבול נפאל-סין",
+  "Timure Evidence Cluster": "מקבץ הראיות Timure",
+  "Syabru Besi Passage": "מעבר Syabru Besi",
+  "Bidur / Trishuli Consequence": "תוצאת Bidur / Trishuli",
+  "Final view": "התצוגה הסופית",
+  "Scene {n}": "סצנה {n}",
+  "Shot {n}": "שוט {n}",
+  "the title of scene {scene} is empty or longer than {max} characters": "כותרת הסצנה {scene} ריקה או ארוכה מ-{max} תווים",
+  "the title of shot {shot} in scene {scene} is empty or longer than {max} characters": "כותרת השוט {shot} בסצנה {scene} ריקה או ארוכה מ-{max} תווים",
+  "the project is larger than 5 MiB": "הפרויקט גדול מ-5 MiB",
+  "the project has too many shots": "בפרויקט יותר מדי שוטים",
+  "the scene data failed validation": "נתוני הסצנה נכשלו באימות",
+  "Could not complete this action. Check the file, references and selected assets.": "לא ניתן להשלים את הפעולה הזאת. בדוק את הקובץ, ההתייחסויות והנכסים הנבחרים.",
+  "{count} scenes": {
+    "one": "{count} סצנה",
+    "two": "{count} סצנות",
+    "other": "{count} סצנות"
+  },
+  "{count} shots": {
+    "one": "{count} שוט",
+    "two": "{count} שוטים",
+    "other": "{count} שוטים"
+  },
+  "{count} data packs": {
+    "one": "{count} חבילת נתונים",
+    "two": "{count} חבילות נתונים",
+    "other": "{count} חבילות נתונים"
+  },
+  "{scene} / {pack}: {status}. File: {path}. {attribution} · {license}": "{scene} / {pack}: {status}. קובץ: {path}. {attribution} · {license}",
+  "Unavailable layers: {layers}": "שכבות בלתי זמינות: {layers}",
+  "Uses registered content or linked media. Those external files are not included in a scene bundle. Their original notices still apply.": "משתמש בתוכן רשום או במדיה מקושרת. הקבצים החיצוניים האלה אינם נכללים בחבילת סצנה. הודעות המקור שלהם חלות בעינן.",
+  "{bytes} bundled bytes verified. Files stay in memory for this session. Reimport the bundle after reloading the app.": "אומתו {bytes} בייטים בחבילה. הקבצים נשארים בזיכרון להפעלה הזאת. ייבא מחדש את החבילה אחרי טעינה מחדש של האפליקציה.",
+  "Review scene import": "סקירת ייבוא סצנה",
+  "Nothing is loaded or changed until you apply this file.": "עד שתאשר את הקובץ לא נטען ולא משתנה דבר.",
+  "Ready to import": "מוכן לייבוא",
+  "Apply replaces the current project. Export your current project first if you want to keep both.": "ההחלה מחליפה את הפרויקט הנוכחי. ייצא קודם את הפרויקט הנוכחי אם ברצונך לשמור את שניהם.",
+  "Apply import": "החל ייבוא",
+  "Import was not applied. The current project may have changed.": "הייבוא לא הוחל. ייתכן שהפרויקט הנוכחי השתנה.",
+  "Select a scene and shot first": "בחר קודם סצנה ושוט",
+  "Edit scene details": "עריכת פרטי הסצנה",
+  "Camera positions use degrees and meters above the ellipsoid. Drafts are validated before they replace your saved scene.": "מיקומי מצלמה במעלות ובמטרים מעל האליפסואיד. טיוטות נבדקות לפני שהן מחליפות את הסצנה השמורה שלך.",
+  "Anchors and data packs": "עוגנים וחבילות נתונים",
+  "Shot camera, timing, packs and actions": "מצלמת השוט, תזמון, חבילות ופעולות",
+  "New anchor ID": "מזהה עוגן חדש",
+  "Capture camera as anchor": "לכידת המצלמה כעוגן",
+  "Anchor added to draft": "העוגן נוסף לטיוטה",
+  "Set move start to current camera": "הצבת התחלת התנועה במצלמה הנוכחית",
+  "Move added to draft; destination remains the shot camera": "התנועה נוספה לטיוטה; היעד נשאר מצלמת השוט",
+  "Use ordinary flight": "שימוש בטיסה רגילה",
+  "Invalid shot JSON": "JSON שוט בלתי תקין",
+  "Apply details": "החלת פרטים",
+  "Select a scene first": "בחר קודם סצנה",
+  "Share selected scene": "שיתוף הסצנה הנבחרת",
+  "Scene JSON preserves authored settings and attribution. It does not include asset files. Bundles include only pack files you choose here or previously imported bundle files.": "JSON הסצנה שומר הגדרות שנוצרו ידנית וייחוס. אינו כולל קבצי נכסים. חבילות כוללות רק קבצי חבילות שבחרת כאן או קבצי חבילות שיובאו בעבר.",
+  "Download scene JSON": "הורדת קובץ JSON הסצנה",
+  "Choose data-pack files": "בחירת קבצי חבילת נתונים",
+  "Or choose a data-pack folder": "או בחירת תיקיית חבילת נתונים",
+  "Download asset bundle": "הורדת חבילת הנכסים",
+  "Asset bundle downloaded": "חבילת הנכסים הורדה",
+  "No RTL-SDR device selected": "לא נבחר מקלט RTL-SDR",
+  "WebUSB requires desktop Chrome or Edge on localhost/HTTPS": "WebUSB דורש Chrome או Edge שולחני ב-localhost/HTTPS",
+  "RTL-SDR access failed; close other SDR apps and check USB permissions": "הגישה ל-RTL-SDR נכשלה; סגור אפליקציות SDR אחרות ובדוק הרשאות USB",
+  "RTL-SDR connection failed": "החיבור ל-RTL-SDR נכשל",
+  "Receiving 1090 MHz ADS-B": "קולט 1090 MHz ADS-B",
+  "Receiving broadcast FM": "קולט שידור FM",
+  "Connect an RTL-SDR to begin.": "חבר RTL-SDR כדי להתחיל.",
+  "WebUSB is unavailable in this browser": "WebUSB אינו זמין בדפדפן הזה",
+  "USB work abandoned after a stalled transfer": "עבודת ה-USB ננטשה אחרי העברה שנתקעה",
+  "SDR decoder worker failed": "מנוע פענוח ה-SDR נכשל",
+  "SDR decoder did not start; receiver stopped": "פענוח ה-SDR לא התחיל; המקלט נעצר",
+  "SDR decoder stopped responding; receiver stopped": "פענוח ה-SDR הפסיק להגיב; המקלט נעצר",
+  "SDR decoder fell behind; receiver stopped": "פענוח ה-SDR נשאר מאחור; המקלט נעצר",
+  "WebUSB requires desktop Chrome or Edge": "WebUSB דורש Chrome או Edge שולחני",
+  "Waiting for an RTL-SDR device…": "ממתין למקלט RTL-SDR…",
+  "Browser audio is suspended; press Connect again to resume it": "שמע הדפדפן מושהה; הקש \"חבר\" שוב כדי לחדש אותו",
+  "RTL-SDR sample stream stopped": "זרימת הדגימות של RTL-SDR נעצרה",
+  "Switching to {mode}…": "עובר אל {mode}…",
+  "Browser audio is suspended; select FM again to resume it": "שמע הדפדפן מושהה; בחר FM שוב כדי לחדש אותו",
+  "RTL-SDR gain change failed": "שינוי הגבר RTL-SDR נכשל",
+  "Tuned to {mhz} MHz FM": "מכוון אל {mhz} MHz FM",
+  "Seeking up…": "מחפש תדר מעלה…",
+  "Seeking down…": "מחפש תדר מטה…",
+  "Seek stopped": "החיפוש נעצר",
+  "Scanning {mhz} MHz…": "סורק {mhz} MHz…",
+  "Found {mhz} MHz · {snr} dB": "נמצא {mhz} MHz · {snr} dB",
+  "FM signal found at {mhz} MHz": "נמצא אות FM ב-{mhz} MHz",
+  "No FM signal found": "לא נמצא אות FM",
+  "Browser location is unavailable": "מיקום הדפדפן אינו זמין",
+  "Receiver location was not granted": "אישור מיקום המקלט לא ניתן",
+  "RTL-SDR disconnected": "RTL-SDR מנותק",
+  "Upstream response too large": "תשובת המקור גדולה מדי",
+  "Vector tile request timed out": "בקשת אריח וקטורי חרגה מהזמן הקצוב",
+  "Vector tiles unavailable": "אריחים וקטוריים אינם זמינים",
+  "Vector tile metadata unavailable": "מידע המטא-נתונים של אריחים וקטוריים אינו זמין",
+  "Zoom in for vector tile coverage": "התקרב לכיסוי אריחים וקטוריים",
+  "Saturation": "רוויה",
+  "Edge Thickness": "עובי גבולות",
+  "Contrast": "ניגודיות",
+  "Grain": "גרעיניות",
+  "Vignette": "וינייטה",
+  "Pixelation": "פיקסול",
+  "Distortion": "עיוות",
+  "Instability": "חוסר יציבות",
+  "Gain": "הגבר",
+  "Bloom": "זוהר",
+  "Scanlines": "קווי סריקה",
+  "Sensitivity": "רגישות",
+  "WHOT/BHOT": "WHOT/BHOT",
+  "Ironbow": "Ironbow",
+  "Left panels": "פאנלים ימניים",
+  "Right panels": "פאנלים שמאליים",
+  "Contacts could not complete the requested transition; try again": "המגעים לא השלימו את המעבר המבוקש; נסה שוב",
+  "CCTV layer unavailable": "שכבת CCTV אינה זמינה",
+  "Link shared": "הקישור שותף",
+  "Link copied!": "הקישור הועתק!",
+  "Copy failed": "ההעתקה נכשלה",
+  "Tilted view": "תצוגה מוטה",
+  "Straight-down view": "תצוגה ישרה מלמעלה",
+  "North up": "צפון מעלה",
+  "CCTV calibration saved": "כיול CCTV נשמר",
+  "HDG": "HDG",
+  "PITCH": "הטייה",
+  "FOV": "FOV",
+  "RANGE": "טווח",
+  "HGT": "HGT",
+  "ΔN": "ΔN",
+  "ΔE": "ΔE",
+  "{value}m": "{value} מ׳",
+  "CCTV calibration reset": "כיול CCTV אופס",
+  "ADJUST ON": "התאמה פעילה",
+  "ADJUST": "התאמה",
+  "OK": "אישור",
+  "ERROR": "שגיאה",
+  "Live HLS connected": "HLS חי מחובר",
+  "Live HLS unavailable": "HLS חי אינו זמין",
+  "No stream URL configured": "לא הוגדרה כתובת זרימה",
+  "Live stream connected": "זרימה חיה מחוברת",
+  "Snapshot feed connected": "פיד תמונות מחובר",
+  "Media fetch failed": "שליפת המדיה נכשלה",
+  "Upstream snapshot active": "פיד תמונות מהמקור פעיל",
+  "Fallback Street View frame": "שקופית Street View חלופית",
+  "Upstream unavailable": "המקור אינו זמין",
+  "No source configured": "לא הוגדר מקור",
+  "Configured source": "מקור מוגדר",
+  "Configured Source": "מקור מוגדר",
+  "Synthetic fallback": "גיבוי סינתטי",
+  "Upstream HTTP {status}": "HTTP {status} מהמקור",
+  "Unexpected media type {type}": "סוג מדיה בלתי צפוי: {type}",
+  "SOURCE · UNKNOWN": "מקור · לא ידוע",
+  "FRAME · LOADING": "שקופית · בטעינה",
+  "FRAME · UNAVAILABLE": "שקופית · לא זמינה",
+  "{count} more cameras outside this view · pan or zoom out": {
+    "one": "{count} מצלמה נוספת מחוץ לתצוגה הזאת · הזז או זום החוצה",
+    "two": "{count} מצלמות נוספות מחוץ לתצוגה הזאת · הזז או זום החוצה",
+    "other": "{count} מצלמות נוספות מחוץ לתצוגה הזאת · הזז או זום החוצה"
+  },
+  "VIEWSHED ON": "שדה ראייה פעיל",
+  "COVERAGE ON": "כיסוי פעיל",
+  "COVERAGE OFF": "כיסוי כבוי",
+  "AUTO HOP ON": "קפיצה אוטומטית פעילה",
+  "AUTO HOP OFF": "קפיצה אוטומטית כבויה",
+  "PROJECTION ON": "הקרנה פעילה",
+  "PROJECTION OFF": "הקרנה כבויה",
+  "CAL · EDITED (UNSAVED)": "CAL · נערך (לא נשמר)",
+  "CAL · {badge}": "CAL · {badge}",
+  "MONITOR": "מוניטור",
+  "OFF": "כבוי",
+  "{city} · HDG {heading} · FOV {fov} · RANGE {range}m · {projection}{calBadge} · {provider}{status}": "{city} · HDG {heading} · FOV {fov} · טווח {range} מ׳ · {projection}{calBadge} · {provider}{status}",
+  "{count} cameras loaded · click a camera to activate": {
+    "one": "{count} מצלמה נטענה · לחץ על מצלמה להפעלה",
+    "two": "{count} מצלמות נטענו · לחץ על מצלמה להפעלה",
+    "other": "{count} מצלמות נטענו · לחץ על מצלמה להפעלה"
+  },
+  "{count} cameras loaded · enable CCTV to activate": {
+    "one": "{count} מצלמה נטענה · הפעל CCTV להפעלה",
+    "two": "{count} מצלמות נטענו · הפעל CCTV להפעלה",
+    "other": "{count} מצלמות נטענו · הפעל CCTV להפעלה"
+  },
+  "Enable CCTV to load camera intersections": "הפעל CCTV לטעינת מצלמות הצמתים",
+  "Enable CCTV to start camera-linked intelligence summaries.": "הפעל CCTV להתחלת סיכומי מודיעין הקשורים למצלמות.",
+  "No summary available.": "אין סיכום זמין.",
+  "loading frames": "טוען שקופיות",
+  "camera grid ready": "רשת המצלמות מוכנה",
+  "Clearing selected data layers": "מנקה שכבות נתונים נבחרות",
+  "Clear selected data layers": "ניקוי שכבות נתונים נבחרות",
+  "LIVE SIGNALS": "אותות חיים",
+  "OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS": "פינגים נצפים / ממופים",
+  "SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS": "אירועים נתמכי מקור · ללא חדשות סינתטיות",
+  "REGIONAL NEWS": "חדשות אזוריות",
+  "LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING": "הדיווחים תואמי המיקום האחרונים",
+  "LOCAL INFO": "מידע מקומי",
+  "PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION": "מקום / מצב / עמדה",
+  "Stop automatic page cycling. Previous, Next, and the SIG/NEWS/LOCAL tabs stay available.": "הפסק את מחזור העמודים האוטומטי. הקודם, הבא והלשוניות אותות/חדשות/מקומי נשארים זמינים.",
+  "Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way.": "מעבר אוטומטי בין עמודי התדריך כל 9 שניות (אותות → חדשות → מקומי). מושהה בזמן ריחוף או מיקוד הפאנל. נתוני האותות החיים מתרעננים כל הזמן בכל מקרה.",
+  "CYCLE OFF": "מחזור כבוי",
+  "ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS": "אוסף חדשות אזוריות",
+  "RESOLVING REGION": "מזהה אזור",
+  "CONDITIONS UNKNOWN": "תנאים לא ידועים",
+  "CLEAR": "בהיר",
+  "PARTLY CLOUDY": "מעונן חלקית",
+  "OVERCAST": "מעונן",
+  "FOG": "ערפל",
+  "DRIZZLE": "טפטוף",
+  "RAIN": "גשם",
+  "SNOW": "שלג",
+  "RAIN SHOWERS": "ממטרים",
+  "SNOW SHOWERS": "ממטרי שלג",
+  "THUNDERSTORM": "סופת רעמים",
+  "MIXED CONDITIONS": "תנאים מעורבים",
+  "CYCLE ON": "מחזור פעיל",
+  "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "חדשות אזוריות אינן זמינות",
+  "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "אזור אינו זמין",
+  "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
+  "{value} KM/H": "{value} קמ\"ש",
+  "CLOUD {pct}%": "עננות {pct}%",
+  "CLOUD UNKNOWN": "עננות לא ידועה",
+  "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · חלון אוויר/ים {radius}",
+  "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · מתקנים {coverage}",
+  "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "פיד צבאי כבוי · תמונה חלקית",
+  "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "פיד טיסות כבוי · תמונה חלקית",
+  "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "נתוני המטוסים הסמוכים חלקיים · לא אות הרגעה",
+  "CONTEXT STANDBY": "ההקשר בהמתנה",
+  "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "הפעל הקשר גלובלי לפינגים של קרבה",
+  "CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "המגע אבד · הקריאה האחרונה הידועה · לא אות הרגעה",
+  "CONTACT LOST · {subject}": "המגע אבד · {subject}",
+  "SUBJECT LEFT ITS FEED · READOUT HOLDING LAST KNOWN": "העצם יצא מהפיד · הקריאה מחזיקה את האחרון הידוע",
+  "{cohort} · {contact}": "{cohort} · {contact}",
+  "NO AVAILABLE EXAMPLE": "אין דוגמה זמינה",
+  "{cohort}, Unavailable": "{cohort}, לא זמין",
+  "AHEAD": "לפנים",
+  "{side} {angle}": "{side} {angle}",
+  "L": "שמאל",
+  "R": "ימין",
+  "{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": {
+    "one": "{count} קלט לא ידוע · לא אות הרגעה",
+    "two": "{count} קלטים לא ידועים · לא אות הרגעה",
+    "other": "{count} קלטים לא ידועים · לא אות הרגעה"
+  },
+  "AVAILABLE INPUTS CURRENT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "הקלטים הזמינים עדכניים · לא אות הרגעה",
+  "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "מגעים · 250 ק\"מ",
+  "AVAILABLE INPUTS ONLY · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "קלטים זמינים בלבד · לא אות הרגעה",
+  "Normal": "רגיל",
+  "Night vision": "ראיית לילה",
+  "Thermal": "תרמי",
+  "Anime": "אנימה",
+  "Noir": "נואר",
+  "AIRCRAFT": "מטוס",
+  "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "מעקב חי · מהלך תואם",
+  "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "נתוני המסלול אינם זמינים",
+  "DEST ---°": "DEST ---°",
+  "SQUAWK {code} · {status}": "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
+  "ADS-B PRIORITY · {status}": "עדיפות ADS-B · {status}",
+  "ADS-B EMERGENCY · {status}": "חירום ADS-B · {status}",
+  "ACQUIRING SURFACE": "מאתר משטח",
+  "SURFACE FALLBACK": "משטח חלופי",
+  "STALE FEED": "פיד מיושן",
+  "LIVE TRACK": "מעקב חי",
+  "COMMERCIAL": "מסחרי",
+  "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}": "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}",
+  "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · מהלך תואם",
+  "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "חץ · כיוון מוערך",
+  "DEST {bearing}": "DEST {bearing}",
+  "TIME UNKNOWN": "זמן לא ידוע",
+  "{count}M AGO": "לפני {count} דק׳",
+  "{count}H AGO": "לפני {count} שע׳",
+  "{count}D AGO": "לפני {count} ימ׳",
+  "DIR UNKNOWN": "כיוון לא ידוע",
+  "COCKPIT": "תא טייס",
+  "Select flight {title}": "בחירת הטיסה {title}",
+  "{aircraftClass} · CURRENT": "{aircraftClass} · נוכחי",
+  "MILITARY FLIGHT": "טיסה צבאית",
+  "COMMERCIAL FLIGHT": "טיסה מסחרית",
+  "{aircraftClass} · {distance}": "{aircraftClass} · {distance}",
+  "DISTANCE UNKNOWN": "מרחק לא ידוע",
+  "{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN": {
+    "one": "{count} קלט לא ידוע",
+    "two": "{count} קלטים לא ידועים",
+    "other": "{count} קלטים לא ידועים"
+  },
+  "SOURCE STATUS UNAVAILABLE": "מצב המקור אינו זמין",
+  "TRACK ACQUIRED": "המעקב ננעל",
+  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · מהלך {heading}°",
+  "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "ההקשר לא שיחזר את כל השכבות; נסה שוב",
+  "No selected data layers": "אין שכבות נתונים נבחרות",
+  "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
+    "one": "{count} שכבת נתונים לא נוקתה",
+    "two": "{count} שכבות נתונים לא נוקו",
+    "other": "{count} שכבות נתונים לא נוקו"
+  },
+  "Cleared {count} data layers": {
+    "one": "נוקתה {count} שכבת נתונים",
+    "two": "נוקו {count} שכבות נתונים",
+    "other": "נוקו {count} שכבות נתונים"
+  },
+  "Selected data layers could not be cleared": "שכבות הנתונים הנבחרות לא נוקו",
+  "Space Missions could not complete the requested transition; try again": "משימות החלל לא השלימו את המעבר המבוקש; נסה שוב",
+  "Nearby installations refreshed": "המתקנים הסמוכים התרעננו",
+  "Nearby installations could not be refreshed; try again": "לא ניתן לרענן את המתקנים הסמוכים; נסה שוב",
+  "Space Missions cancellation could not restore the previous layer state": "ביטול משימות החלל לא שיחזר את מצב השכבה הקודם",
+  "That layer is unavailable in the current Context mode": "השכבה הזאת אינה זמינה במצב ההקשר הנוכחי",
+  "{layerId} could not {action} cleanly": "{layerId} — הפעולה {action} לא הסתיימה כראוי",
+  "start": "התחלה",
+  "stop": "עצירה",
+  "{mode} could not start because another layer did not stop cleanly": "{mode} לא החל כי שכבה אחרת לא נעצרה כראוי",
+  "Space Missions": "משימות חלל",
+  "Context": "ההקשר",
+  "Ground heights could not be refreshed. Try the file again when the map has loaded.": "את גבהי הקרקע לא ניתן לרענן. נסה שוב את הקובץ אחרי שהמפה תיטען.",
+  "{count} map objects": {
+    "one": "{count} אובייקט מפה",
+    "two": "{count} אובייקטי מפה",
+    "other": "{count} אובייקטי מפה"
+  },
+  ", drawn with its own styles": ", צויר בסגנונות משלו",
+  "At most {count} files at once — remove one first.": "{count} קבצים לכל היותר בכל פעם — הסר קודם אחד.",
+  "Reading {name}…": "קורא את {name}…",
+  "That file could not be read.": "את הקובץ לא ניתן לקרוא.",
+  "Added {count} files.": {
+    "one": "נוסף {count} קובץ.",
+    "two": "נוספו {count} קבצים.",
+    "other": "נוספו {count} קבצים."
+  },
+  "{count} files could not be added ({name}: {error})": {
+    "one": "{count} קובץ לא התווסף ({name}: {error})",
+    "two": "{count} קבצים לא התווספו ({name}: {error})",
+    "other": "{count} קבצים לא התווספו ({name}: {error})"
+  },
+  "Some KML content was left out.": "חלק מתוכן ה-KML הושמט.",
+  "Press on the ground, not the sky": "הקש על הקרקע, לא על השמים",
+  "Drag to size the box": "גרור כדי לעצב את גודל התיבה",
+  "light {source} to use your {name} key": "הדלק את {source} לשימוש במפתח ה-{name} שלך",
+  "light {source}": "הדלק את {source}",
+  ", or ": ", או ",
+  "{requirement}, or {offer}": "{requirement}, או {offer}",
+  "Expand {name}": "הרחבת {name}",
+  "Collapse {name}": "קיפול {name}",
+  "panel": "פאנל",
+  "Live Flights": "טיסות חיות",
+  "Military Flights": "טיסות צבאיות",
+  "Earthquakes (24h)": "רעידות אדמה (24 שע׳)",
+  "Satellites": "לוויינים",
+  "Space Missions (30d)": "משימות חלל (30 יום)",
+  "Street Traffic": "תנועה ברחובות",
+  "CCTV": "CCTV",
+  "Radio": "רדיו",
+  "Bikeshare": "אופניים שיתופיים",
+  "Live AIS Vessels": "אוניות AIS חיות",
+  "Mapped Installations": "מתקנים ממופים",
+  "Global Context": "הקשר גלובלי",
+  "Datacenters": "מרכזי נתונים",
+  "Dams": "סכרים",
+  "Submarine Cables": "כבלים תת-ימיים",
+  "FIRMS Active Fires": "שריפות פעילות FIRMS",
+  "Local ADS-B": "ADS-B מקומי",
+  "OSM Places": "מקומות OSM",
+  "Transit": "תחבורה ציבורית",
+  "Recent Imagery": "צילומים אחרונים",
+  "Fire Perimeters": "היקפי שריפות",
+  "GNSS Integrity": "שלמות GNSS",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "מרחב אווירי אסור ומוגבל",
+  "S2 GhostMaps": "S2 GhostMaps",
+  "Rain radar": "רדאר גשם",
+  "Lightning density": "צפיפות ברקים",
+  "Cyclone advisories": "עדכוני ציקלונים",
+  "ALPR Cameras": "מצלמות ALPR",
+  "Sea Marks": "סימני ים",
+  "Ski Pistes": "מסלולי סקי",
+  "Live Vessels": "אוניות חיות",
+  "Bike Share": "אופניים שיתופיים",
+  "Cameras": "מצלמות",
+  "Street Level": "Street Level",
+  "Mapped ALPR Cameras": "מצלמות ALPR ממופות",
+  "Data Centers": "מרכזי נתונים",
+  "Active Fires": "שריפות פעילות",
+  "Military aircraft": "מטוסים צבאיים",
+  "Vessels": "אוניות",
+  "CCTV + Street View fallback": "CCTV + גיבוי Street View",
+  "OpenStreetMap + optional Google Maps Places": "OpenStreetMap + Google Maps Places אופציונלי",
+  "GFS / ECMWF IFS · FORECAST": "GFS / ECMWF IFS · תחזית",
+  "NOAA nowCOAST · OBSERVED": "NOAA nowCOAST · נצפה",
+  "NASA FIRMS · LIVE": "NASA FIRMS · חי",
+  "OSM routing": "ניתוב OSM",
+  "data source|Local": "מקומי",
+  "ON": "פעיל",
+  "ENABLING": "מפעיל",
+  "DISABLING": "מכבה",
+  "Movement": "תנועה",
+  "Infrastructure": "תשתיות",
+  "Events": "אירועים",
+  "Wildlife": "חיות בר",
+  "Weather": "מזג אוויר",
+  "Utilities": "כלי עזר",
+  "Audio": "שמע",
+  "UNCERTAIN": "לא ודאי",
+  "Data source unavailable": "מקור הנתונים אינו זמין",
+  "{name}: {state}": "{name}: {state}",
+  "status chip|UNAVAILABLE": "לא זמין",
+  "Other layers": "שכבות אחרות",
+  "{state} · {source}": "{state} · {source}",
+  "UNCERTAIN · {source} · lifecycle state requires reconciliation": "לא ודאי · {source} · מצב מחזור החיים מצריך התאמה",
+  "{state} · {source} · {detail} · retry {seconds}s": "{state} · {source} · {detail} · ניסיון חוזר בעוד {seconds} שנ׳",
+  "{state} · {source} · {detail}": "{state} · {source} · {detail}",
+  "never": "לעולם לא",
+  "{source} · {loadingLabel}": "{source} · {loadingLabel}",
+  "{accepted} of {raw} records accepted": "התקבלו {accepted} מתוך {raw} רשומות",
+  "incomplete snapshot": "תמונת מצב שאינה שלמה",
+  "{state} · {source} · {detail} · {ago}": "{state} · {source} · {detail} · {ago}",
+  "{state} · {source} · {ago} · retrying in {seconds}s": "{state} · {source} · {ago} · מנסה שוב בעוד {seconds} שנ׳",
+  "{state} · {source} · {ago}": "{state} · {source} · {ago}",
+  "{source} · {ago}": "{source} · {ago}",
+  "{count}s ago": "לפני {count} שנ׳",
+  "Local FM stopped: internet radio started": "FM מקומי נעצר: רדיו אינטרנט החל",
+  "IDLE": "אין פעילות",
+  "CONNECTING": "מתחבר",
+  "TUNING": "מכוון",
+  "STREAMING": "זורם",
+  "UNSUPPORTED": "אינו נתמך",
+  "idle": "רדום",
+  "running": "רץ",
+  "suspended": "מושהה",
+  "closed": "סגור",
+  "feed status|live": "חי",
+  "feed status|stale": "מיושן",
+  "feed status|unreachable": "בלתי נגיש",
+  "feed status|invalid": "בלתי תקין",
+  "waiting for IQ": "ממתין ל-IQ",
+  "{count} messages": {
+    "one": "{count} הודעה",
+    "two": "{count} הודעות",
+    "other": "{count} הודעות"
+  },
+  "DSP {count} blocks": {
+    "one": "{count} בלוק DSP",
+    "two": "{count} בלוקים DSP",
+    "other": "{count} בלוקים DSP"
+  },
+  "DSP waiting": "DSP ממתין",
+  "{level} dBFS audio": "{level} dBFS שמע",
+  "audio signal --": "אות שמע --",
+  "audio {state}": "שמע {state}",
+  "{count} HEARD": {
+    "one": "{count} נשמע",
+    "two": "{count} נשמעו",
+    "other": "{count} נשמעו"
+  },
+  "DISCONNECT": "נתק",
+  "CONNECT": "חבר",
+  "LOCATING…": "מאתר…",
+  "LOCATED": "אותר",
+  "LOCATE": "אתר",
+  " · read while Local ADS-B is on": " · נקרא בזמן ש-ADS-B מקומי פעיל",
+  "Decoder feeds: {feeds}": "פידי דקודר: {feeds}",
+  "📍 Location: --": "📍 מיקום: --",
+  "Landmark: --": "ציון דרך: --",
+  "Searched location": "המיקום שחיפשת",
+  "Location not found": "המקום לא נמצא",
+  "Check the spelling and press Enter to search again.": "בדוק את האיות והקש Enter כדי לחפש שוב.",
+  "Search failed": "החיפוש נכשל",
+  "Press Enter to try again.": "הקש Enter לניסיון חוזר.",
+  "Detailed outline unavailable": "קו המתאר המפורט אינו זמין",
+  "Fly to a POI first": "טוס קודם אל נקודת עניין",
+  "{label} unavailable: {hint}": "{label} אינו זמין: {hint}",
+  "MAP": "מפה",
+  "Layers": "שכבות",
+  "Search": "חיפוש",
+  "More": "עוד",
+  "Panel layout updated — positions reset to new defaults": "פריסת הפאנלים עודכנה — המקומות אופסו לברירות המחדל החדשות",
+  "DATA LAYERS": "שכבות נתונים",
+  "UTILITIES": "כלי עזר",
+  "AUTHORING": "יצירה",
+  "DISPLAY": "תצוגה",
+  "WEATHER": "מזג אוויר",
+  "RECENT IMAGERY": "צילומים אחרונים",
+  "STREET LEVEL": "STREET LEVEL",
+  "CONTEXT": "הקשר",
+  "Austin": "אוסטין",
+  "San Francisco": "סן פרנסיסקו",
+  "New York": "ניו יורק",
+  "Tokyo": "טוקיו",
+  "London": "לונדון",
+  "Paris": "פריז",
+  "Dubai": "דובאי",
+  "Washington DC": "וושינגטון די. סי.",
+  "Tallinn": "טאלין",
+  "Los Angeles": "לוס אנג׳לס",
+  "CH {index} / {total}": "ערוץ {index} מתוך {total}",
+  "NO STATIONS": "אין תחנות",
+  "NO STATION AVAILABLE": "אין תחנה זמינה",
+  "{name}, station {index} of {total}": "{name}, תחנה {index} מתוך {total}",
+  "No station available": "אין תחנה זמינה",
+  "OFF AIR": "מחוץ לשידור",
+  "STATION UNAVAILABLE": "התחנה אינה זמינה",
+  "Station unavailable after directory refresh": "התחנה אינה זמינה אחרי רענון המדריך",
+  "Radio could not {action} cleanly": "הרדיו — הפעולה {action} לא הסתיימה כראוי",
+  "SYNC": "סנכרון",
+  "RECONCILE": "התאמה",
+  "DISABLE": "כיבוי",
+  "ENABLE": "הפעלה",
+  "Reconcile Radio — lifecycle uncertain": "התאמת הרדיו — מחזור חיים לא ודאי",
+  "Disable Radio": "כיבוי הרדיו",
+  "Enable Radio": "הפעלת הרדיו",
+  "{category} ({count})": "{category} ({count})",
+  "DIRECTORY BAND": "פס המדריך",
+  "{category} BAND": "פס {category}",
+  "Directory metadata only": "רק מידע מהמדריך",
+  "Loading station directory…": "טוען את מדריך התחנות…",
+  "Choose a globe marker or use next.": "בחר סמן על הגלובוס או השתמש בהבא.",
+  "Play": "נגן",
+  "PAUSE": "השהה",
+  "RESUME": "המשך",
+  "PLAY": "נגן",
+  "selected": "הנבחרת",
+  "nearest": "הקרובה",
+  "{action} {target} radio station": "{action} את תחנת הרדיו {target}",
+  "station": "תחנה",
+  " · stale/degraded directory": " · מדריך מיושן/מופחת",
+  " · degraded directory": " · מדריך מופחת",
+  " · stale directory": " · מדריך מיושן",
+  " · outside current filter": " · מחוץ למסנן הנוכחי",
+  "Ready — playback starts only from your action": "מוכן — ההשמעה תחל רק מהפעולה שלך",
+  "Radio off": "הרדיו כבוי",
+  "Connecting directly to broadcaster…": "מתחבר ישירות למשדר…",
+  "Buffering broadcaster stream…": "אוגר את זרימת המשדר…",
+  "Playing {station}": "מנגן {station}",
+  "Paused {station}": "הושהתה {station}",
+  "Broadcaster stream unavailable": "זרימת המשדר אינה זמינה",
+  " · muted during voice interaction": " · מושתק בזמן אינטראקציה קולית",
+  " · restoring volume after voice": " · מחזיר עוצמה אחרי הקול",
+  " · static indicates no broadcaster audio": " · רעש סטטי מעיד שאין שמע מהמשדר",
+  " · tuning static until broadcaster starts": " · רעש כוונון עד שהמשדר יתחיל לשדר",
+  "Station unavailable after directory refresh — choose another channel": "התחנה אינה זמינה אחרי רענון המדריך — בחר ערוץ אחר",
+  "Radio is enabling…": "הרדיו במהלך הפעלה…",
+  "Radio is disabling…": "הרדיו במהלך כיבוי…",
+  "Radio lifecycle is uncertain — use Enable or Disable to reconcile": "מחזור חיי הרדיו אינו ודאי — השתמש בהפעלה או בכיבוי כדי להתאים",
+  "NO STATION SELECTED": "לא נבחרה תחנה",
+  "TAGS · {tags}": "תגיות · {tags}",
+  "SYNCING": "מסנכרן",
+  "READY": "מוכן",
+  "Clear reading": "ניקוי הקריאה",
+  "Observed history": "היסטוריה נצפית",
+  "Earlier observation": "תצפית קודמת",
+  "Later observation": "תצפית מאוחרת",
+  "Newest frame per product": "השקופית החדשה לכל מוצר",
+  "Latest": "האחרונה",
+  "Replay observed history": "הצגת ההיסטוריה הנצפית שוב",
+  "Imagery on Esri · Google 3D returns when cleared": "צילומים ב-Esri · Google 3D חוזר כשמנקים",
+  "Point the camera at the ground to use the view": "כוון את המצלמה אל הקרקע כדי להשתמש בתצוגה",
+  "That point cannot anchor a box": "אין אפשרות לעגן תיבה באותה נקודה",
+  "Imagery stops at ±{limit}° latitude": "הצילומים נעצרים ברוחב ±{limit}°",
+  "{owner} is using the pointer — close it first": "{owner} משתמש במצביע — סגור אותו תחילה",
+  "Box is {size} wide · limit {limit}": "רוחב התיבה {size} · מגבלה {limit}",
+  "View is {size} wide · limit {limit}": "רוחב התצוגה {size} · מגבלה {limit}",
+  "VS BASEMAP": "מול מפת הבסיס",
+  "A / B": "A / B",
+  "Newest low-cloud day for this box · scene cloud, not box cloud": "היום החדש ביותר עם מעט עננים לתיבה הזאת · עננות הסצנה, לא עננות התיבה",
+  "Newest day covering this box · cloudier than 20%": "היום החדש ביותר המכסה את התיבה הזאת · עננות מעל 20%",
+  "Newest day with imagery for this box · partial coverage": "היום החדש ביותר עם צילומים לתיבה הזאת · כיסוי חלקי",
+  "Newest daily overview for this box": "הסקירה היומית החדשה ביותר לתיבה הזאת",
+  "newest clear day": "היום הבהיר החדש ביותר",
+  "newest day (cloudy)": "היום החדש ביותר (מעונן)",
+  "newest day (partial coverage)": "היום החדש ביותר (כיסוי חלקי)",
+  "newest overview": "הסקירה החדשה ביותר",
+  "No imagery": "אין צילומים",
+  "Loading": "בטעינה",
+  "coverage|full": "מלא",
+  "coverage|partial": "חלקי",
+  "unknown": "לא ידוע",
+  "no imagery": "אין צילומים",
+  "{percent}% cloud": "{percent}% עננות",
+  "{min}–{max}% cloud": "{min}–{max}% עננות",
+  "NO BOX": "אין תיבה",
+  "SEARCHING": "מחפש",
+  "{count} DAYS": {
+    "one": "{count} יום",
+    "two": "{count} ימים",
+    "other": "{count} ימים"
+  },
+  "Zoom in or draw a smaller box": "התקרב או שרטט תיבה קטנה יותר",
+  "Select a box or use the view": "בחר תיבה או השתמש בתצוגה",
+  "Searching the last 30 days": "מחפש ב-30 הימים האחרונים",
+  "No days to show for this box": "אין ימים להצגה לתיבה הזאת",
+  "Drag the divider · SWAP trades sides": "גרור את המפריד · \"החלפה\" מחליפה צדדים",
+  "← → preview · A or B pins the focused day": "← → תצוגה מקדימה · A או B מקבע את היום במוקד",
+  "← → preview the other side · A or B pins it": "← → הצצת הצד השני · A או B מקבעים אותו",
+  "S on another day replaces it · × unpins": "S ביום אחר מחליף אותו · × מסיר את הקיבוע",
+  "← → preview · S shows the focused day": "← → תצוגה מקדימה · S מציג את היום במוקד",
+  "SELECT BOX": "בחירת תיבה",
+  "Drag a box on the map (Esc cancels)": "שרטט תיבה במפה (Esc מבטל)",
+  "USE VIEW": "שימוש בתצוגה",
+  "Use the current view as the box": "שימוש בתצוגה הנוכחית כתיבה",
+  "Forget the box and its images": "שכחת התיבה ותמונותיה",
+  "PREVIEW": "תצוגה מקדימה",
+  "SHOW": "הצגה",
+  "Pin {day} as {slot}": "קיבוע {day} כ-{slot}",
+  "Show {day}": "הצגת {day}",
+  "pinned {slot}": "מקובע {slot}",
+  "shown": "מוצג",
+  "preview": "תצוגה מקדימה",
+  "Checking": "בודק",
+  "Newest day with imagery for this box": "היום החדש ביותר עם צילומים לתיבה הזאת",
+  "start here": "התחל כאן",
+  "No box": "אין תיבה",
+  "Searching": "מחפש",
+  "Every day is empty here": "כל הימים ריקים כאן",
+  "Sources off": "המקורות כבויים",
+  "Not set": "לא הוגדר",
+  "Basemap": "מפת בסיס",
+  "Source off": "מקור כבוי",
+  "VS": "מול",
+  "Unpin {slot}": "הסרת קיבוע {slot}",
+  "Unpin the image": "הסרת קיבוע התמונה",
+  "EXPORT {slot}": "ייצוא {slot}",
+  "EXPORT": "ייצוא",
+  "Download {slot} as a PNG": "הורדת {slot} כקובץ PNG",
+  "Download the image as a PNG": "הורדת התמונה כקובץ PNG",
+  "Box {width} × {height} km": "תיבה {width} × {height} ק\"מ",
+  "Acquired {time}": "צולם {time}",
+  "Coverage {coverage}": "כיסוי {coverage}",
+  "START HERE · {reason}": "התחלה כאן · {reason}",
+  "Daily overview shows little detail in a box this small": "הסקירה היומית מציגה מעט פירוט בתיבה קטנה כל כך",
+  "Imagery: NASA GIBS and Worldview · HLS (Sentinel-2, Landsat 8/9) and VIIRS": "צילומים: NASA GIBS ו-Worldview · HLS (Sentinel-2, Landsat 8/9) ו-VIIRS",
+  "Details": "פרטים",
+  "Times, coverage, sources": "זמנים, כיסוי, מקורות",
+  "HIDE EMPTY DAYS": "הסתרת ימים ריקים",
+  "SHOW EMPTY DAYS · {count}": "הצגת ימים ריקים · {count}",
+  "Days the probe found empty in this box": "הימים שהבדיקה מצאה ריקים בתיבה הזאת",
+  "image": "תמונה",
+  "BASEMAP": "מפת בסיס",
+  "The basemap": "מפת הבסיס",
+  "basemap": "מפת בסיס",
+  "Recent imagery against the basemap divider": "המפריד בין צילומים אחרונים למפת הבסיס",
+  "Recent imagery A and B divider": "המפריד בין צילומים אחרונים A ו-B",
+  "{before} {left} percent, {after} {right} percent": "{before} {left} אחוזים, {after} {right} אחוזים",
+  "Export failed · {error}": "הייצוא נכשל · {error}",
+  "START HERE": "התחלה כאן",
+  "Fly in until the view fits the 1,000 km limit": "טוס פנימה עד שהתצוגה תיכנס למגבלה של 1,000 ק\"מ",
+  "ZOOM IN": "התקרבות",
+  "Imagery days, newest first · arrows move, S or A and B pin": "ימי צילומים, חדש בראש · החצים מזיזים, S או A ו-B מקבעים",
+  "On the map": "על המפה",
+  "Mode": "מצב",
+  "Imagery opacity": "אטימות הצילומים",
+  "Trade the two sides of the divider": "החלפת שני צדי המפריד",
+  "SWAP": "החלפה",
+  "scene|PLAY": "נגן",
+  "Scene action failed": "פעולת הסצנה נכשלה",
+  "New scene name": "שם סצנה חדש",
+  "Delete scene \"{scene}\" and all shots?": "למחוק את הסצנה \"{scene}\" ואת כל השוטים?",
+  "Delete shot \"{shot}\"?": "למחוק את השוט \"{shot}\"?",
+  "Stopped (Esc)": "נעצר (Esc)",
+  "SPARSE": "דליל",
+  "BALANCED": "מאוזן",
+  "{duration}s + {hold}s": "{duration} שנ׳ + {hold} שנ׳",
+  "Cancel": "ביטול",
+  "Shared flight follow expired": "עקיבת הטיסה המשותפת פגה",
+  "Shared military flight follow expired": "עקיבת הטיסה הצבאית המשותפת פגה",
+  "Shared satellite follow expired": "עקיבת הלוויין המשותפת פגה",
+  "Shared flight could not be restored — feed unavailable": "לא ניתן לשחזר את הטיסה המשותפת — הפיד אינו זמין",
+  "Shared military flight could not be restored — feed unavailable": "לא ניתן לשחזר את הטיסה הצבאית המשותפת — הפיד אינו זמין",
+  "Shared satellite could not be restored — feed unavailable": "לא ניתן לשחזר את הלוויין המשותף — הפיד אינו זמין",
+  "Shared flight is unavailable": "הטיסה המשותפת אינה זמינה",
+  "Shared military flight is unavailable": "הטיסה הצבאית המשותפת אינה זמינה",
+  "Shared satellite is unavailable": "הלוויין המשותף אינו זמין",
+  "entity": "עצם",
+  "Shared {subject} follow expired": "עקיבת {subject} המשותף פגה",
+  "Shared {subject} could not be restored — feed unavailable": "לא ניתן לשחזר את {subject} המשותף — הפיד אינו זמין",
+  "Shared {subject} is unavailable": "{subject} המשותף אינו זמין",
+  "{id} isn't reporting now — showing where it was last seen": "{id} לא מדווח עכשיו — מציג היכן נראה לאחרונה",
+  "{id} isn't reporting now — showing where it was at {time}": "{id} לא מדווח עכשיו — מציג היכן היה ב-{time}",
+  "This share link can't be opened": "לא ניתן לפתוח את קישור השיתוף הזה",
+  "Shared vessel is unavailable": "האונייה המשותפת אינה זמינה",
+  "ACQUIRING": "מאתר",
+  "SHARED {subject}": "שיתוף: {subject}",
+  "subject": "עצם",
+  "LOADING LIVE DATA": "טוען נתונים חיים",
+  "LOAD COMPLETE": "הטעינה הושלמה",
+  "LOAD CANCELLED": "הטעינה בוטלה",
+  "LOAD FAILED": "הטעינה נכשלה",
+  "LIVE DATA OFF": "נתונים חיים כבויים",
+  "MAPPED SITES LOADED": "אתרים ממופים נטענו",
+  "RETRYING MAPPED SITES": "מנסה שוב לטעון אתרים ממופים",
+  "FETCHING MAPPED SITES": "שולף אתרים ממופים",
+  "RETRYING ALPR CAMERAS": "מנסה שוב לטעון מצלמות ALPR",
+  "FETCHING ALPR CAMERAS": "שולף מצלמות ALPR",
+  "OVERPASS TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE": "OVERPASS אינו זמין זמנית",
+  "OVERPASS RATE-LIMITED": "OVERPASS מוגבל בקצב",
+  "OVERPASS TIMED OUT": "OVERPASS חרג מהזמן הקצוב",
+  "OVERPASS COULD NOT COMPLETE THE QUERY": "OVERPASS לא השלים את השאילתה",
+  "MAP TILES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE": "אריחי המפה אינם זמינים זמנית",
+  "MAPPED NAMES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE": "השמות הממופים אינם זמינים זמנית",
+  "TURNING OFF LIVE DATA": "מכבה נתונים חיים",
+  "REFRESHING LIVE DATA": "מרענן נתונים חיים",
+  "syncing road network": "מסנכרן את רשת הכבישים",
+  "retry pending": "ניסיון חוזר בתור",
+  "retrying in {seconds}s": "מנסה שוב בעוד {seconds} שנ׳",
+  "ALPR cameras": "מצלמות ALPR",
+  "OpenSky OAuth client missing/invalid": "לקוח ה-OAuth של OpenSky חסר או בלתי תקין",
+  "OpenSky OAuth rejected credentials": "אישורי ה-OAuth של OpenSky נדחו",
+  "OpenSky username/password rejected": "שם המשתמש/סיסמה של OpenSky נדחו",
+  "OpenSky auth missing": "חסר אימות OpenSky",
+  "OpenSky auth required": "נדרש אימות OpenSky",
+  "OpenSky auth invalid": "אימות OpenSky בלתי תקין",
+  "OpenSky auth failed": "אימות OpenSky נכשל",
+  "KartaView answered HTTP {status}": "KartaView השיב HTTP {status}",
+  "Panoramax answered HTTP {status}": "Panoramax השיב HTTP {status}",
+  "KartaView refused the request (code {code})": "KartaView סירב לבקשה (קוד {code})",
+  "Vector tiles unavailable (HTTP {status})": "אריחים וקטוריים אינם זמינים (HTTP {status})",
+  "GNSS feed unavailable (HTTP {status})": "פיד GNSS אינו זמין (HTTP {status})",
+  "{count} CelesTrak groups unavailable": {
+    "one": "{count} קבוצת CelesTrak אינה זמינה",
+    "two": "{count} קבוצות CelesTrak אינן זמינות",
+    "other": "{count} קבוצות CelesTrak אינן זמינות"
+  },
+  "{feed} feed unavailable": "הפיד {feed} אינו זמין",
+  "Source snapshot {minutes} min old": "תמונת המצב של המקור בת {minutes} דק׳",
+  "{source} rate limited (anonymous)": "{source} מוגבל בקצב (אנונימי)",
+  "{source} rate limited": "{source} מוגבל בקצב",
+  "{source} network error": "שגיאת רשת ב-{source}",
+  "Malformed {source} aircraft rows": "שורות המטוסים של {source} פגומות",
+  "Malformed {source} response": "תשובת {source} פגומה",
+  "rate limited": "מוגבל בקצב",
+  "routing service is rate limited": "שירות הניתוב מוגבל בקצב",
+  "route leg too long": "מקטע מסלול ארוך מדי",
+  "route too long": "המסלול ארוך מדי",
+  "routing busy — too many routes at once": "הניתוב עמוס — יותר מדי מסלולים בבת אחת",
+  "route proxy error": "שגיאת פרוקסי בניתוב",
+  "Routing unavailable (HTTP {status})": "הניתוב אינו זמין (HTTP {status})",
+  "Routing failed: {error}": "הניתוב נכשל: {error}",
+  "{error} — try again in a moment": "{error} — נסה שוב בעוד רגע",
+  "entry {n}": "פריט {n}",
+  "feeds {names} stale": {
+    "one": "הפיד {names} מיושן",
+    "two": "הפידים {names} מיושנים",
+    "other": "הפידים {names} מיושנים"
+  },
+  "feeds {names} unreachable": {
+    "one": "הפיד {names} בלתי נגיש",
+    "two": "הפידים {names} בלתי נגישים",
+    "other": "הפידים {names} בלתי נגישים"
+  },
+  "feeds {names} invalid": {
+    "one": "הפיד {names} אינו תקין",
+    "two": "הפידים {names} בלתי תקינים",
+    "other": "הפידים {names} בלתי תקינים"
+  },
+  "Loading {feeds}": "טוען {feeds}",
+  "{count} heard": {
+    "one": "{count} נשמע",
+    "two": "{count} נשמעו",
+    "other": "{count} נשמעו"
+  },
+  "USB {rate} msg/s": "USB {rate} הודעות/שנ׳",
+  "{rate} msg/s": "{rate} הודעות/שנ׳",
+  "{count} feeds live": {
+    "one": "{count} פיד חי",
+    "two": "{count} פידים חיים",
+    "other": "{count} פידים חיים"
+  },
+  "{feed} {count} ({seconds}s old)": "{feed} {count} (בן {seconds} שנ׳)",
+  "Street Level toggle failed": "שינוי המצב של Street Level נכשל",
+  "Street Level could not start": "Street Level לא הצליח להתחיל",
+  "ANY DATE": "תאריך כלשהו",
+  "LAST 10 YEARS": "10 השנים האחרונות",
+  "LAST 5 YEARS": "5 השנים האחרונות",
+  "LAST 3 YEARS": "3 השנים האחרונות",
+  "LAST 2 YEARS": "השנתיים האחרונות",
+  "LAST YEAR": "השנה האחרונה",
+  "LAST 6 MONTHS": "6 החודשים האחרונים",
+  "LAST 3 MONTHS": "3 החודשים האחרונים",
+  "LAST MONTH": "החודש האחרון",
+  "LAST {count} DAYS": {
+    "one": "היום האחרון ({count})",
+    "two": "{count} הימים האחרונים",
+    "other": "{count} הימים האחרונים"
+  },
+  "{window} · SINCE {date}": "{window} · מאז {date}",
+  "Turn Street Level off": "כיבוי Street Level",
+  "Turn Street Level on": "הפעלת Street Level",
+  "{name} imagery on": "צילומי {name} פעילים",
+  "{name} imagery off": "צילומי {name} כבויים",
+  "Image by {creator}": "תמונה מאת {creator}",
+  " or ": " או ",
+  "OPEN {labels}": "פתח {labels}",
+  "Open {names} at the centre of the view": "פתח את {names} במרכז התצוגה",
+  "Zoom in to a street to open {names} here": "התקרב לרחוב כדי לפתוח את {names} כאן",
+  "Switch Street Level on to draw its coverage.": "הפעל Street Level כדי לצייר את כיסויו.",
+  "Every provider is switched off: light a chip to draw its coverage.": "כל הספקים כבויים: הפעל ספק כדי לצייר את הכיסוי שלו.",
+  "Loading this sequence…": "טוען את הרצף הזה…",
+  "{n} images in this sequence · Esc clears": {
+    "one": "{n} תמונה ברצף הזה · Esc מנקה",
+    "two": "{n} תמונות ברצף הזה · Esc מנקה",
+    "other": "{n} תמונות ברצף הזה · Esc מנקה"
+  },
+  "No sequences in view match the filter": "אין רצפים בתצוגה שתואמים את המסנן",
+  "No coverage in view": "אין כיסוי בתצוגה",
+  "{n} streets in view · click a line for its nearest photo": {
+    "one": "{n} רחוב בתצוגה · לחץ על קו לתמונתו הקרובה",
+    "two": "{n} רחובות בתצוגה · לחץ על קו לתמונתו הקרובה",
+    "other": "{n} רחובות בתצוגה · לחץ על קו לתמונתו הקרובה"
+  },
+  "{n} sequences in view · click a line for its nearest photo": {
+    "one": "{n} רצף בתצוגה · לחץ על קו לתמונתו הקרובה",
+    "two": "{n} רצפים בתצוגה · לחץ על קו לתמונתו הקרובה",
+    "other": "{n} רצפים בתצוגה · לחץ על קו לתמונתו הקרובה"
+  },
+  "{n} sequences in view · click a line for its photos": {
+    "one": "{n} רצף בתצוגה · לחץ על קו לתמונותיו",
+    "two": "{n} רצפים בתצוגה · לחץ על קו לתמונותיו",
+    "other": "{n} רצפים בתצוגה · לחץ על קו לתמונותיו"
+  },
+  "km/h": "km/h",
+  "m/s": "m/s",
+  "mph": "mph",
+  "hPa": "hPa",
+  "kt": "kt",
+  "kts": "kts",
+  "ft": "ft",
+  "km": "km",
+  "m": "m",
+  "h": "h",
+  "min": "min",
+  "s": "s",
+  "dB": "dB",
+  "Current cockpit vision style: {style}. Activate for next style.": "סגנון הראייה הנוכחי בתא הטייס: {style}. הפעל למעבר לסגנון הבא.",
+  "Current style: {style} — click for next": "הסגנון הנוכחי: {style} — לחץ לסגנון הבא",
+  "Aircraft cockpit view": "תצוגת תא הטייס",
+  "LEVEL": "מאוזן",
+  "Estimated destination direction": "הכיוון המוערך אל היעד",
+  "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "מישור אופטי · 01",
+  "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "ויזור נעול · פעיל",
+  "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "מהירות קרקע · KTS",
+  "ALTITUDE · FT": "גובה · FT",
+  "FIRST PERSON": "גוף ראשון",
+  "Cockpit vision style": "סגנון הראייה בתא הטייס",
+  "Previous cockpit vision style": "סגנון הראייה הקודם בתא הטייס",
+  "Previous vision style": "סגנון הראייה הקודם",
+  "PREV": "הקודם",
+  "CURRENT": "נוכחי",
+  "Next cockpit vision style": "סגנון הראייה הבא בתא הטייס",
+  "Next vision style": "סגנון הראייה הבא",
+  "Current aircraft heading": "כיוון המטוס הנוכחי",
+  "GROUND SPEED": "מהירות קרקע",
+  "KTS": "KTS",
+  "ALTITUDE": "גובה",
+  "FT": "FT",
+  "ESC EXIT": "יציאה ESC",
+  "View switcher": "מחליף התצוגות",
+  "Resetting cockpit to full globe view": "מאפס את תא הטייס לתצוגת הגלובוס המלאה",
+  "Reset cockpit to full globe view": "איפוס תא הטייס אל תצוגת הגלובוס המלאה",
+  "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "יציאה מתא הטייס וחזרה אל תצוגת הגלובוס המלאה",
+  "RESET": "איפוס",
+  "Exit cockpit view": "יציאה מתצוגת תא הטייס",
+  "EXIT COCKPIT": "יציאה מתא הטייס",
+  "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "פקדי ניווט, קול וערכות ראייה",
+  "VISUAL PRESETS": "ערכות ראייה",
+  "Expand Visual Presets": "הרחבת ערכות הראייה",
+  "Pin visual presets": "הצמדת ערכות הראייה",
+  "Keep visual presets open": "השארת ערכות הראייה פתוחות",
+  "Show the globe without a visual filter.": "הצגת הגלובוס ללא מסנן ראייה.",
+  "Emulate a green phosphor CRT with scanlines and screen curvature.": "הדמיית CRT פוספור ירוק עם קווי סריקה ועקמומיות מסך.",
+  "Simulate night-vision goggles with green intensification and a tube vignette.": "הדמיית משקפי ראיית לילה עם הבהרה ירוקה ווינייטת צינור.",
+  "Simulate FLIR-style thermal contrast. Turn up Ironbow for color.": "הדמיית ניגודיות תרמית דמוית FLIR. הגדל את Ironbow לצבע.",
+  "Apply bright cel-shaded color and illustrated outlines.": "החלת צבעים עזים בסגנון אנימציה וקווי מתאר מאוירים.",
+  "Apply high-contrast monochrome film-noir grading.": "החלת עיבוד צבע חד-צבעי בניגודיות גבוהה, בסגנון פילם נואר.",
+  "MAP SOURCE": "מקור מפה",
+  "Map source": "מקור מפה",
+  "Style": "סגנון",
+  "LOCATION": "מיקום",
+  "Expand LOCATION": "הרחבת מיקום",
+  "Collapse panel": "קיפול הפאנל",
+  "Pin location tray": "הצמדת מגש המיקום",
+  "Keep location tray open": "השארת מגש המיקום פתוח",
+  "Search any location": "חיפוש כל מקום",
+  "Search any location...": "חיפוש כל מקום...",
+  "Search location by name or coordinates": "חיפוש מקום לפי שם או קואורדינטות",
+  "Active weather products": "מוצרי מזג אוויר פעילים",
+  "Imagery days in the box": "ימי הצילומים בתיבה",
+  "Context mode": "מצב ההקשר",
+  "CONTACTS": "מגעים",
+  "Cycles the nearest contacts of whatever type you select — planes, vessels, installations. Satellites track independently.": "עובר בין המגעים הקרובים מהסוג שתבחר — מטוסים, אוניות, מתקנים. לוויינים נעקבים בנפרד.",
+  "SPACE MISSIONS": "משימות חלל",
+  "SELECT CONTEXT": "בחירת ההקשר",
+  "CONTACTS — nearest planes · vessels · sites": "מגעים — המטוסים הקרובים · אוניות · אתרים",
+  "SPACE MISSIONS — launches & orbital assets": "משימות חלל — שיגורים ונכסים במסלול",
+  "Contact Context actions": "פעולות הקשר של מגעים",
+  "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "חיפוש אתרים סמוכים",
+  "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "סיווג מחדש של המגע הנעקב כ-TR-3B",
+  "Restore real aircraft": "שחזור המטוס האמיתי",
+  "Reclassify as TR-3B": "סיווג מחדש כ-TR-3B",
+  "Return UI controls": "החזרת פקדי הממשק",
+  "EXIT CLEAN VIEW": "יציאה מהתצוגה הנקייה",
+  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "דרכי הגעה, שרטוט והקבצים שלך",
+  "Create and edit scenes": "יצירה ועריכה של סצנות",
+  "SCENE": "סצנה",
+  "Scene": "סצנה",
+  "Start a new, empty scene": "התחלת סצנה חדשה וריקה",
+  "NEW SCENE": "סצנה חדשה",
+  "Delete this scene and all of its shots": "מחיקת סצנה זו וכל שוטיה",
+  "DELETE": "מחיקה",
+  "SHOTS": "שוטים",
+  "Add the current view, style and layers as the next shot": "הוספת התצוגה, הסגנון והשכבות הנוכחיים כשוט הבא",
+  "+ CAPTURE SHOT": "+ לכידת שוט",
+  "Replace the selected shot with the current view": "החלפת השוט הנבחר בתצוגה הנוכחית",
+  "UPDATE SHOT": "עדכון שוט",
+  "Click a shot to select it, double-click to rename.": "לחץ על שוט לבחירתו, לחיצה כפולה לשינוי שם.",
+  "Play from this scene through the rest of the project": "נגינה מהסצנה הזאת ועד סוף הפרויקט",
+  "Stop playback (Esc)": "עצירת ההשמעה (Esc)",
+  "STOP": "עצירה",
+  "Play the shot after the selected one, moving on to the next scene when needed": "ניגון השוט שאחרי הנבחר, עם מעבר לסצנה הבאה כשצריך",
+  "SAVE & SHARE": "שמירה ושיתוף",
+  "Download every scene as a JSON file you can import later": "הורדת כל הסצנות בקובץ JSON אחד לייבוא בהמשך",
+  "Load scenes from an exported JSON file": "טעינת סצנות מקובץ JSON שיוצא",
+  "IMPORT": "ייבוא",
+  "Download the timing log of the last play": "הורדת יומן התזמון של הנגינה האחרונה",
+  "RUN LOG": "יומן הריצה",
+  "Edit anchors, data packs and shot details": "עריכת עוגנים, חבילות נתונים ופרטי שוט",
+  "EDIT DETAILS": "עריכת פרטים",
+  "Download this scene as JSON or an asset bundle": "הורדת סצנה זו כ-JSON או כחבילת נכסים",
+  "SHARE SCENE": "שיתוף הסצנה",
+  "The Google Maps key buys the photorealistic planet — everything else stacks on top.": "מפתח Google Maps קונה את כוכב הלכת הפוטוריאליסטי — כל היתר נבנה עליו.",
+  "Remove {title} from this app's saved keys": "הסרת {title} מהמפתחות השמורים של האפליקציה",
+  "POWER UP": "שדרוג",
+  "GROUND STATION · PROVIDER SETTINGS": "תחנת קרקע · הגדרות ספקים",
+  "Close key setup": "סגירת הגדרת המפתח",
+  "Power up the globe": "שדרוג הגלובוס",
+  "The globe already flies keyless. Every key below switches on another real feed — paste one and it's saved into this app's local configuration, then the server restarts itself. Server-side keys stay on this machine; Google Maps and Cesium ion run in the browser and must be provider-restricted. Keys you configured elsewhere are shown but never touched.": "הגלובוס כבר פועל בלי מפתחות. כל מפתח להלן מפעיל פיד אמיתי נוסף — הדבק אחד והוא נשמר לתצורה המקומית של האפליקציה, ואז השרת מאתחל את עצמו. מפתחות של שרת נשארים במכונה הזאת; Google Maps ו-Cesium ion רצים בדפדפן וחייבים הגבלה אצל הספק. מפתחות שהגדרת במקום אחר מוצגים, אך האפליקציה לעולם אינה משנה אותם.",
+  "This key runs in the browser by design — restrict it at the provider (see SECURITY.md)": "מפתח זה רץ בדפדפן מתוך תכנון — הגבל אותו אצל הספק (ראה SECURITY.md)",
+  "browser-side": "בצד הדפדפן",
+  "Supplied by your environment, Keychain, or launcher — change it where it was set": "מסופק על ידי הסביבה, ה-Keychain או מריץ ההפעלה — שנה אותו במקום שבו הוגדר",
+  "configured externally": "מוגדר במקום אחר",
+  "MANAGE ↗": "ניהול ↗",
+  "GET KEY ↗": "השגת מפתח ↗",
+  "{envVar} saved — paste to replace": "נשמר {envVar} — הדבק כדי להחליף",
+  "paste {envVar}": "הדבקת {envVar}",
+  "REMOVE": "הסרה",
+  "VOICE AUTH · CHATGPT OAUTH": "אימות קול · CHATGPT OAUTH",
+  "VOICE AUTH · API KEY": "אימות קול · מפתח API",
+  "Use OPENAI_API_KEY for the next cloud voice session": "שימוש ב-OPENAI_API_KEY להפעלת הקול בענן הבאה",
+  "Use the signed-in local ChatGPT/Codex OAuth session for the next cloud voice session": "שימוש בהפעלת ה-OAuth המקומית המחוברת של ChatGPT/Codex להפעלת הקול בענן הבאה",
+  "USE API KEY": "שימוש במפתח API",
+  "SAVE KEYS": "שמירת מפתחות",
+  "ESC to close": "Esc לסגירה",
+  "Visible map targets": "היעדים הגלויים במפה",
+  "NO PLACE LEFT BEHIND": "בלי מקום שנשאר מאחור",
+  "Rendered globe frames per second · toggle with `": "פריימי גלובוס לשנייה · הצגה/הסתרה עם `",
+  "ACTIVE STYLE": "הסגנון הפעיל",
+  "ORBIT": "הקפה",
+  "No shots yet. Use CAPTURE SHOT to save current look.": "אין עדיין שוטים. השתמש בלכידת שוט כדי לשמור את המראה הנוכחי.",
+  "Double-click to rename": "לחיצה כפולה לשינוי שם",
+  "Shot name": "שם השוט",
+  "LOAD": "טעינה",
+  "DEL": "מחיקה",
+  "MISSION CONTROL · FIRST LAUNCH": "חדר בקרה · שיגור ראשון",
+  "Choose your first view": "בחירת התצוגה הראשונה",
+  "LIVE CONTACTS": "מגעים חיים",
+  "Aircraft, vessels and nearby intelligence": "מטוסים, אוניות ומודיעין סמוך",
+  "Launches, spacecraft and orbital context": "שיגורים, חלליות והקשר המסלולי",
+  "EXPLORE MANUALLY": "חקירה ידנית",
+  "Begin with a clean globe": "התחלה מגלובוס נקי",
+  "Don't show this again": "אל תציג זאת שוב",
+  "ESC to dismiss": "Esc להסתרה",
+  "DISMISS": "הסתרה",
+  "CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF": "הקשר המגעים כבוי",
+  "SELECT CONTACTS TO LOAD OBSERVED / MAPPED PROXIMITY": "בחר מגעים לטעינת קרבה נצפית / ממופה",
+  "Bhote Koshi flood reconstruction controls": "פקדי שחזור השיטפון ב-Bhote Koshi",
+  "EVENT RECONSTRUCTION · 26 AUG 2026": "שחזור האירוע · 26.08.2026",
+  "BHOTE KOSHI OUTBURST FLOOD": "שיטפון ההתפרצות ב-Bhote Koshi",
+  "Close event layer": "סגירת שכבת האירוע",
+  "OBSERVED IMAGERY": "צילומים נצפים",
+  "SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR": "מסדרון סכמטי",
+  "2021 HISTORICAL REFERENCE / 2026 POST-EVENT": "ייחוס היסטורי 2021 / אחרי האירוע 2026",
+  "Historical reference and post-event image split": "הפיצול בין תמונת הייחוס ההיסטורית לתמונה שאחרי האירוע",
+  "Story beat navigation": "ניווט קטעי הסיפור",
+  "Play the next shot and continue through this scene": "נגינת השוט הבא והמשך לאורך הסצנה הזאת",
+  "↗ OPEN ORIGINAL": "↗ פתח את המקור",
+  "⌖ LOWER GORGE": "⌖ הקניון התחתון",
+  "FIELD REPORTS · {count}": "דוחות שטח · {count}",
+  "GEOLOCATIONS · {credit}": "מיקומים גיאוגרפיים · {credit}",
+  "↗ OPEN PUBLIC MAP": "↗ פתח מפה ציבורית",
+  " Clouds are preserved from the source imagery.": " העננים נשמרו מצילומי המקור.",
+  "ACQUIRING FRAME": "טוען שקופית",
+  "CCTV ON": "CCTV פעיל",
+  "CCTV OFF": "CCTV כבוי",
+  "NEAREST": "הקרובה",
+  "CCTV camera": "מצלמת CCTV",
+  "CALIBRATION": "כיול",
+  "Drag the camera in the world: rings rotate, arrows move, handles set range/FOV": "גרור את המצלמה בעולם: טבעות מסובבות, חצים מזיזים, נקודות אחיזה קובעות טווח/FOV",
+  "Camera pose — click a value to type": "מצב המצלמה — לחץ על ערך להקלדה",
+  "Heading (compass °) — click to type": "כיוון (מעלות מצפן) — לחץ להקלדה",
+  "Pitch (° up/down) — click to type": "הטייה (° למעלה/למטה) — לחץ להקלדה",
+  "Horizontal FOV (°) — click to type": "FOV אופקי (°) — לחץ להקלדה",
+  "Range / monitor-plane distance (m) — click to type": "טווח / מרחק למישור המוניטור (מ׳) — לחץ להקלדה",
+  "Mount height above ground (m) — click to type": "גובה ההרכבה מעל הקרקע (מ׳) — לחץ להקלדה",
+  "North offset from catalog position (m) — click to type": "היסט צפונה ממיקום הקטלוג (מ׳) — לחץ להקלדה",
+  "East offset from catalog position (m) — click to type": "היסט מזרחה ממיקום הקטלוג (מ׳) — לחץ להקלדה",
+  "SAVE CAL": "שמירת כיול",
+  "RESET CAL": "איפוס כיול",
+  "SCENE SUMMARY": "סיכום הסצנה",
+  "Fly to Tokyo": "טוס אל טוקיו",
+  "Show live flights": "הצגת טיסות חיות",
+  "AI chat": "צ׳אט AI",
+  "GEV CHAT": "צ׳אט GEV",
+  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "שאל על המפה. הגד לה לאן ללכת.",
+  "Settings": "הגדרות",
+  "Close chat": "סגירת הצ׳אט",
+  "Conversation": "שיחה",
+  "Explore with a question": "חקור באמצעות שאלה",
+  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "מצא מקום, חקור נתונים חיים, או שנה את תצוגתך.",
+  "YOU": "אתה",
+  "Attachments": "קבצים מצורפים",
+  "Remove attachment": "הסרת קובץ מצורף",
+  "Attach a map layer": "צירוף שכבת מפה",
+  "Choose a layer…": "בחר שכבה…",
+  "Attach layer": "צירוף שכבה",
+  "Attach a file": "צירוף קובץ",
+  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON או GeoJSON · עד 10 ק\"ב בסך הכול. הקבצים המצורפים נשלחים לספק ה-AI שלך עם ההודעה.",
+  "Latest AI response": "התשובה האחרונה מה-AI",
+  "Expand conversation": "הרחבת השיחה",
+  "Command suggestions": "הצעות פקודות",
+  "Expand chat": "הרחבת הצ׳אט",
+  "Add attachment": "הוספת קובץ מצורף",
+  "Message GEV": "כתוב אל GEV",
+  "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "שאל את GEV כל דבר על המפה…",
+  "Stop reply": "עצירת תשובה",
+  "Send message": "שליחת הודעה",
+  "Cockpit briefing carousel": "קרוסלת תדריכי תא הטייס",
+  "Cockpit briefing controls": "פקדי תדריכי תא הטייס",
+  "Previous briefing page": "עמוד התדריך הקודם",
+  "Next briefing page": "עמוד התדריך הבא",
+  "Expand cockpit briefing panel": "הרחבת פאנל תדריכי תא הטייס",
+  "Collapse cockpit briefing panel": "קיפול פאנל תדריכי תא הטייס",
+  "Expand briefing panel": "הרחבת פאנל התדריך",
+  "Collapse briefing panel": "קיפול פאנל התדריך",
+  "Live signals": "אותות חיים",
+  "Latest regional news": "חדשות אזוריות אחרונות",
+  "Location-based information": "מידע לפי מקום",
+  "TEMP": "טמפ׳",
+  "WIND": "רוח",
+  "SKY": "שמיים",
+  "PRECIP": "משקעים",
+  "MM": "מ״מ",
+  "Weather data by Open-Meteo.com": "נתוני מזג אוויר מאת Open-Meteo.com",
+  "Cockpit briefing pages": "עמודי התדריך של תא הטייס",
+  "Show Live Signals": "הצגת אותות חיים",
+  "SIG": "אותות",
+  "Show Regional News": "הצגת חדשות אזוריות",
+  "NEWS": "חדשות",
+  "Show Local Info": "הצגת מידע מקומי",
+  "LOCAL": "מקומי",
+  "Disable cockpit weather effects": "כיבוי אפקטי מזג האוויר של תא הטייס",
+  "Enable cockpit weather effects": "הפעלת אפקטי מזג האוויר של תא הטייס",
+  "Contact cockpit summary": "סיכום מגע בתא הטייס",
+  "CONTACT": "מגע",
+  "Contact navigation": "ניווט המגע",
+  "Expand Contact panel": "הרחבת פאנל המגע",
+  "Collapse Contact panel": "קיפול פאנל המגע",
+  "Expand contact panel": "הרחבת פאנל המגע",
+  "Collapse contact panel": "קיפול פאנל המגע",
+  "CONTEXT ONLY": "הקשר בלבד",
+  "Nearby cohort counts": "מניין הקבוצות הסמוכות",
+  "FLT": "FLT",
+  "MIL": "MIL",
+  "SITE": "אתר",
+  "NEAREST OBSERVED / MAPPED": "הנצפים / הממופים הקרובים",
+  "WX": "WX",
+  "Estimated flight plan": "תוכנית הטיסה המשוערת",
+  "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "תוכנית טיסה משוערת",
+  "FROM": "מוצא",
+  "TO": "יעד",
+  "Collapse Cockpit display options": "קיפול אפשרויות התצוגה של תא הטייס",
+  "Expand Cockpit display options": "הרחבת אפשרויות התצוגה של תא הטייס",
+  "Collapse Cockpit Radio controls": "קיפול פקדי הרדיו של תא הטייס",
+  "Expand Cockpit Radio controls": "הרחבת פקדי הרדיו של תא הטייס",
+  "Cockpit display and Radio controls": "פקדי התצוגה והרדיו של תא הטייס",
+  "Cockpit display options": "אפשרויות תצוגה בתא הטייס",
+  "RADIO": "רדיו",
+  "Cockpit compact Radio controls": "פקדי רדיו קומפקטיים בתא הטייס",
+  "Previous filtered radio station": "התחנה הקודמת לפי המסנן",
+  "Play selected radio station": "נגינת התחנה הנבחרת",
+  "Next filtered radio station": "התחנה הבאה לפי המסנן",
+  "VOLUME": "עוצמה",
+  "Cockpit Radio volume": "עוצמת הרדיו בתא הטייס",
+  "Source": "מקור",
+  "Celestial ring — available in Normal style": "הטבעת השמיימית — זמינה בסגנון הרגיל",
+  "Celestial ring — reveal the full globe": "הטבעת השמיימית — חשיפת הגלובוס המלא",
+  "Proximity": "קרבה",
+  "All": "הכול",
+  "Elastic": "גמישה",
+  "Weighted": "משוקללת",
+  "Intelligence HUD (H)": "HUD מודיעין (H)",
+  "Layout": "פריסה",
+  "HUD layout": "פריסת ה-HUD",
+  "Tactical": "טקטי",
+  "Minimal": "מינימלי",
+  "Cyber": "סייבר",
+  "Sonar": "סונאר",
+  "Cyber sonar contact scanner": "סורק הסונאר הסייברי למגעים",
+  "Rings": "טבעות",
+  "Sonar ring count": "מניין טבעות הסונאר",
+  "Range": "טווח",
+  "Sonar ring range": "טווח הטבעות של הסונאר",
+  "Power": "עוצמה",
+  "Sonar intensity": "עצמת הסונאר",
+  "Opacity": "אטימות",
+  "Cyber contact and label opacity": "אטימות המגעים והתוויות הסייבריים",
+  "Minimum opacity for map dots, icons, models, brackets, and labels between sonar passes": "האטימות המזערית לנקודות המפה, סמלים, דגמים, סוגריים ותוויות בין מעברי הסונאר",
+  "Sector": "סקטור",
+  "Sonar sector width": "רוחב סקטור הסונאר",
+  "Detection Overlay (D)": "שכבת הזיהוי (D)",
+  "Detection overlay": "שכבת הזיהוי",
+  "DETECT": "זיהוי",
+  "Density": "צפיפות",
+  "Detection label density": "צפיפות תוויות הזיהוי",
+  "Allocation": "חלוקת המכסה",
+  "Detection label allocation": "חלוקת המכסה לתוויות הזיהוי",
+  "Fade": "התפוגגות",
+  "Detection fade distance": "מרחק התפוגגות הזיהוי",
+  "World-overlay fade distance outside the keyhole as a percentage of its radius": "מרחק התפוגגות שכבות העולם מחוץ לחור המנעול, כאחוז מרדיוסו",
+  "Outside": "בחוץ",
+  "Detection opacity outside the keyhole": "אטימות הזיהוי מחוץ לחור המנעול",
+  "World-overlay label and card opacity beyond the fade distance": "אטימות התוויות והכרטיסים של שכבות העולם מעבר למרחק ההתפוגגות",
+  "PARAMETERS": "פרמטרים",
+  "3D aircraft — flat icons zoomed out, 3D models up close": "מטוסים תלת-ממדיים — סמלים שטוחים בזום החוצה, דגמים תלת-ממדיים מקרוב",
+  "Models": "דגמים",
+  "3D model coverage": "כיסוי דגמים תלת-ממדיים",
+  "Scope — the circular viewport mask": "סקופ — מסכת התצוגה העגולה",
+  "Scope": "סקופ",
+  "Feather": "ריכוך",
+  "Scope edge feather": "ריכוך שפת הסקופ",
+  "Scope edge feather as a percentage of the keyhole radius": "ריכוך שפת הסקופ כאחוז מרדיוס חור המנעול",
+  "Celestial": "שמיימי",
+  "Hide UI chrome": "הסתרת מסגרת הממשק",
+  "Clean UI": "ממשק נקי",
+  "Bloom / Glow": "זוהר",
+  "Bloom intensity": "עוצמת הזוהר",
+  "Sharpening": "חידוד",
+  "Sharpen": "חידוד",
+  "Sharpen intensity": "עוצמת החידוד",
+  "Draw on the world — click vertices, double-click or Enter to finish, Esc to cancel": "שרטוט על העולם — לחץ על קודקודים, לחיצה כפולה או Enter לסיום, Esc לביטול",
+  "Shape to draw": "הצורה לשרטוט",
+  "Colour of the next shape": "הצבע של הצורה הבאה",
+  "Remove every mark from the board": "הסרת כל סימן מהלוח",
+  "Clear": "ניקוי",
+  "Drawn shapes": "צורות ששורטטו",
+  "Show your own GeoJSON, KML, KMZ or GPX files on the globe (or drop them onto it). File bytes stay on this device; overlays can appear in map screenshots shared with voice.": "הצגת קבצי GeoJSON, KML, KMZ או GPX משלך על הגלובוס (או גרירתם אליו). תוכן הקבצים נשאר במכשיר הזה; שכבות-על עשויות להופיע בצילומי מסך המשותפים עם הקול.",
+  "Import": "ייבוא",
+  "Choose GeoJSON, KML, KMZ or GPX files": "בחירת קבצי GeoJSON, KML, KMZ או GPX",
+  "Imported files": "קבצים שיובאו",
+  "Globe actions": "פעולות גלובוס",
+  "Turn off all selected data layers": "כיבוי כל שכבות הנתונים הנבחרות",
+  "Copy share link": "העתקת קישור השיתוף",
+  "Return map to straight-down view": "החזרת המפה לתצוגה ישרה מלמעלה",
+  "Tilt map to oblique view": "הטיית המפה לתצוגה אלכסונית",
+  "Toggle straight-down and tilted map views": "החלפה בין תצוגה ישרה מלמעלה ותצוגה מוטה",
+  "Resetting to full globe view": "מאפס לתצוגת הגלובוס המלאה",
+  "Reset to full globe view": "איפוס לתצוגת הגלובוס המלאה",
+  "Reset camera and return to full globe view": "איפוס המצלמה וחזרה לתצוגת הגלובוס המלאה",
+  "Reset map to north up": "איפוס המפה אל צפון מעלה",
+  "Reset map to north up. Current heading {heading} degrees": "איפוס המפה אל צפון מעלה. הכיוון הנוכחי {heading} מעלות",
+  "Reset map bearing to north": "איפוס כיוון המפה לצפון",
+  "Language: {language}": "שפה: {language}",
+  "Change the interface language": "שינוי שפת הממשק",
+  "Interface language": "שפת הממשק",
+  "Search languages": "חיפוש שפות",
+  "No matching languages": "אין שפות תואמות",
+  "Selected Space Mission": "משימת החלל הנבחרת",
+  "SELECTED SPACE MISSION": "משימת החלל הנבחרת",
+  "Show all missions": "הצגת כל המשימות",
+  "Deselect mission": "ביטול בחירת המשימה",
+  "MISSION": "משימה",
+  "STATUS · ": "מצב · ",
+  "LAUNCH SITE · ": "אתר שיגור · ",
+  "LAUNCH TIME · ": "זמן שיגור · ",
+  "ORBIT · ": "מסלול · ",
+  "ASCENT PATH · ": "מסלול עלייה · ",
+  "CURRENT DISTANCE FROM EARTH · ": "המרחק הנוכחי מכדור הארץ · ",
+  "SATELLITE SPEED · ": "מהירות הלוויין · ",
+  "PAYLOAD": "מטען",
+  "NAME": "שם",
+  "TYPE": "סוג",
+  "DESTINATION": "יעד",
+  "PAYLOAD DATA UNAVAILABLE": "נתוני המטען אינם זמינים",
+  "STAGE / RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY": "שלב / כניסה חוזרת / השבה",
+  "STAGE": "שלב",
+  "STATUS": "מצב",
+  "FINAL POSITION": "המיקום הסופי",
+  "NO STAGE RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY DATA": "אין נתוני כניסה חוזרת / השבת שלב",
+  "REPLAY SPEED": "מהירות ההצגה החוזרת",
+  "Replay speed multiplier": "מכפיל מהירות ההצגה החוזרת",
+  "Replay the estimated ascent with a following camera": "הצגת העלייה המשוערת שוב, עם מצלמה עוקבת",
+  "REPLAY ASCENT": "הצגת העלייה שוב",
+  "Cancel replay": "ביטול ההצגה החוזרת",
+  "Previous mission": "המשימה הקודמת",
+  "Next mission": "המשימה הבאה",
+  "SHOW ALL / DESELECT": "הצגת הכול / ביטול הבחירה",
+  "Available Space Missions": "משימות החלל הזמינות",
+  "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "המשימות הזמינות",
+  "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "בחר משימה לבחינה",
+  "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "טוען את רשימת המשימות ל-30 יום",
+  "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "Tab לתצוגה מקדימה · Enter / מקש הרווח בוחר",
+  "Panel position": "מקום הפאנל",
+  "Move above the dock": "מעבר מעל העגינה",
+  "Dock to the right": "עגינה משמאל",
+  "Expand panel": "הרחבת הפאנל",
+  "Minimize panel": "מזעור הפאנל",
+  "Panels": "פאנלים",
+  "Expand Radio section": "הרחבת מדור הרדיו",
+  "Collapse Radio section": "קיפול מדור הרדיו",
+  "Expand Radio": "הרחבת הרדיו",
+  "Collapse Radio": "קיפול הרדיו",
+  "Internet radio and local SDR": "רדיו אינטרנט ו-SDR מקומי",
+  "STATION TAG": "תגית תחנה",
+  "Filter stations by station tag": "סינון תחנות לפי תגית התחנה",
+  "Enable Radio, then choose a globe marker or use next.": "הפעל את הרדיו, ואז בחר סמן על הגלובוס או השתמש בהבא.",
+  "Radio playback": "נגינת הרדיו",
+  "Previous filtered station": "התחנה הקודמת לפי המסנן",
+  "Play selected station": "נגינת התחנה הנבחרת",
+  "Next filtered station": "התחנה הבאה לפי המסנן",
+  "Stop radio playback": "עצירת נגינת הרדיו",
+  "Radio volume": "עוצמת רדיו",
+  "STATION SITE": "אתר התחנה",
+  "DIRECTORY: RADIO BROWSER": "מדריך: RADIO BROWSER",
+  "Audio connects directly to the broadcaster when you press play, choose a station on the globe or ask voice to play. Your IP is visible to that broadcaster.": "השמע מתחבר ישירות למשדר כשלוחצים על נגן, בוחרים תחנה בגלובוס או מבקשים בקול לנגן. ה-IP שלך גלוי למשדר הזה.",
+  "DRAG TO TUNE": "גרור לכוונון",
+  "Tune available internet radio stations": "כוונון תחנות הרדיו הזמינות באינטרנט",
+  "ALL · DRAG THE NEEDLE": "הכול · גרור את המחט",
+  "SNAPS TO AVAILABLE STATIONS": "נצמד לתחנות הזמינות",
+  "{count} files selected": {
+    "one": "נבחר {count} קובץ",
+    "two": "נבחרו {count} קבצים",
+    "other": "נבחרו {count} קבצים"
+  },
+  "No file chosen": "לא נבחר קובץ",
+  "Choose files": "בחירת קבצים",
+  "Scene actions": "פעולות סצנה",
+  "Local RTL-SDR receiver": "מקלט RTL-SDR מקומי",
+  "LOCAL RTL-SDR": "RTL-SDR מקומי",
+  "Chrome/Edge · WebUSB · one local tuner shared by FM and the Local ADS-B layer.": "Chrome/Edge · WebUSB · מכוון מקומי אחד המשותף ל-FM ולשכבת ADS-B מקומי.",
+  "Use your location for faster ADS-B position decoding": "שימוש במיקומך לפענוח מהיר יותר של מיקומי ADS-B",
+  "Choose a different RTL-SDR or receiver channel": "בחירת RTL-SDR או ערוץ מקלט אחר",
+  "CHANGE DEVICE": "החלפת מכשיר",
+  "RTL-SDR receiver mode": "מצב המקלט RTL-SDR",
+  "GAIN": "הגבר",
+  "RTL-SDR tuner gain for the current mode": "הגבר מכוון ה-RTL-SDR למצב הנוכחי",
+  "AUTO": "אוטומטי",
+  "MSG/S": "MSG/S",
+  "HEARD": "נשמעו",
+  "POSITIONED": "עם מיקום",
+  "FM MHZ": "FM MHZ",
+  "TUNE": "כוונון",
+  "Seek broadcast FM stations": "חיפוש תחנות FM שידוריות",
+  "◀ SEEK": "◀ חיפוש",
+  "SEEK ▶": "חיפוש ▶",
+  "SDR VOL": "עוצמת SDR",
+  "Local SDR volume": "עוצמת ה-SDR המקומי",
+  "Turn Street Level on or off": "הפעלה או כיבוי של Street Level",
+  "FIT": "התאמה",
+  "Fit: show the whole photo, with dark bars where its shape differs from the frame": "התאמה: הצגת התמונה המלאה, בפסים כהים היכן שיחס הצורה שלה שונה מהמסגרת",
+  "FILL": "מילוי",
+  "Fill: fill the frame edge to edge, cropping the photo": "מילוי: מילוי המסגרת מקצה לקצה, תוך חיתוך התמונה",
+  "FLAT": "שטוחה",
+  "Shrink": "כיווץ",
+  "Expand": "הרחבה",
+  "Show the street-level view full screen (Esc shrinks it)": "הצגת תצוגת הרחוב במסך מלא (Esc מכווץ אותה)",
+  "SHRINK": "כיווץ",
+  "EXPAND": "הרחבה",
+  "Image fit": "התאמת התמונה",
+  "Close the image and deselect it on the map": "סגירת התמונה וביטול בחירתה במפה",
+  "Close the street-level image": "סגירת תמונת הרחוב",
+  "Street-level viewer": "מציג תמונות הרחוב",
+  "Open this image on the provider's site": "פתיחת התמונה באתר הספק",
+  "Imagery providers": "ספקי הצילומים",
+  "PROVIDERS": "ספקים",
+  "Imagery filters": "מסנני צילומים",
+  "IMAGERY": "צילומים",
+  "Panorama filter": "מסנן פנורמות",
+  "SINCE": "מאז",
+  "Voice assistant": "עוזר הקול",
+  "VOICE": "קול",
+  "Dismiss voice card": "הסתרת כרטיס הקול",
+  "Plan": "תוכנית",
+  "Referenced items": "הפריטים המוזכרים",
+  "NOTES & SOURCES": "הערות ומקורות",
+  "Voice provider": "ספק הקול",
+  "AI AGENT": "סוכן AI",
+  "Open AI chat": "פתיחת צ׳אט ה-AI",
+  "CHAT": "צ׳אט",
+  "VOICE CONTROL": "שליטה קולית",
+  "Voice Settings": "הגדרות הקול",
+  "Back to chat": "חזרה לצ׳אט",
+  "Back to voice": "חזרה לקול",
+  "Preview": "תצוגה מקדימה",
+  "Close voice panel": "סגירת פאנל הקול",
+  "Latest voice exchange": "חילופי הקול האחרונים",
+  "Try saying": "נסה לומר",
+  "What am I looking at?": "על מה אני מסתכל?",
+  "AI Provider": "ספק AI",
+  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "ספק ה-AI הנבחר משותף לקול ולצ׳אט.",
+  "Show quick commands": "הצגת פקודות מהירות",
+  "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "תשובות הצ׳אט שקטות. אין צורך בגישה למיקרופון.",
+  "Show Voice Preview": "הצגת תצוגה מקדימה לקול",
+  "Voice inactivity timeout": "כיבוי הקול לאחר חוסר פעילות",
+  "Custom": "מותאם",
+  "Minutes": "דקות",
+  "Voice model tier — applies next session": "דרגת מודל הקול — חלה מההפעלה הבאה",
+  "Estimated session cost": "העלות המוערכת של ההפעלה",
+  "Chat": "צ׳אט",
+  "voice|ERROR": "שגיאה",
+  "VOICE SYSTEM ERROR": "שגיאה במערכת הקול",
+  "Check microphone permission and network access, then try again.": "בדוק הרשאת המיקרופון וגישת הרשת, ואז נסה שוב.",
+  "seen {age} ago": "נראה לפני {age}",
+  "observed {age} ago": "נצפה לפני {age}",
+  "Reported by {name} ({entity})": "דווח על ידי {name} ({entity})",
+  "Reported by {name}": "דווח על ידי {name}",
+  "Open {name} on Acartia": "פתיחת {name} ב-Acartia",
+  "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "פתיחת {name} ב-iNaturalist",
+  "Close sighting": "סגירת התצפית",
+  "Loading photo...": "טוען תמונה...",
+  "Photo unavailable": "התמונה אינה זמינה",
+  "Photo of {name}": "תמונה של {name}",
+  "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "המיקום מטושטש לתא של 0.2°",
+  "Acartia": "Acartia",
+  "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
+  "Salish Sea": "Salish Sea",
+  "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
+  "Be Whale Wise": "Be Whale Wise",
+  "Detection overlay: {mode}": "שכבת הזיהוי: {mode}",
+  "Detection overlay: off": "שכבת הזיהוי: כבויה",
+  "Active weather": "מזג אוויר פעיל",
+  "{time} · {minutes} min ago": "{time} · לפני {minutes} דק׳",
+  "LATEST · newest per product": "האחרון · החדש ביותר לכל מוצר",
+  "Forecast · valid {valid} · issued {issued}": "תחזית · תקפה {valid} · פורסמה {issued}",
+  "{detail} · Does not follow history": "{detail} · אינו נע עם ההיסטוריה",
+  "Forecast · valid {valid}": "תחזית · תקפה {valid}",
+  "You can attach up to four items.": "ניתן לצרף עד ארבעה פריטים.",
+  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "הקבצים המצורפים גדולים מדי יחד. השתמש בקבצים קטנים יותר.",
+  "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "בחר קובץ TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON או GeoJSON.",
+  "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "כל קובץ חייב להיות בן 10 ק\"ב לכל היותר.",
+  "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "בחר קובץ טקסט UTF-8 לא ריק.",
+  "Connecting…": "מתחבר…",
+  "Thinking…": "חושב…",
+  "voice|LISTENING": "מקשיב",
+  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "צ׳אט בהקלדה משתמש במפתח ה-OpenAI API שלך. התחברות ChatGPT מכסה קול בלבד.",
+  "Working on the map…": "עובד על המפה…",
+  "Silent chat · microphone off": "צ׳אט שקט · מיקרופון כבוי",
+  "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "התשובה הופסקה. אפשר לנסות שוב.",
+  "Could not connect. Try again.": "לא ניתן היה להתחבר. נסה שוב.",
+  "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "ההפעלה הסתיימה. שלח הודעה כדי להתחיל שיחה חדשה.",
+  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "החיבור חרג מהזמן הקצוב. נסה שוב.",
+  "Chat closed.": "הצ׳אט נסגר.",
+  "Connection stopped.": "החיבור הופסק.",
+  "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "ההודעה והקבצים המצורפים גדולים מדי. הסר קובץ מצורף או קצר את ההודעה.",
+  "Message was not sent. Try again.": "ההודעה לא נשלחה. נסה שוב.",
+  "Reply stopped.": "התשובה נעצרה.",
+  "Reset to globe view": "איפוס לתצוגת הגלובוס",
+  "Show earthquakes": "הצגת רעידות האדמה",
+  "Suggestions": "הצעות",
+  "Recent": "אחרונים",
+  "Quick commands": "פקודות מהירות",
+  "voice|OFF": "כבוי",
+  "voice|CONNECTING": "מתחבר",
+  "voice|EXECUTING": "מבצע",
+  "THIS": "זה",
+  "Changing provider reconnects voice if it is on.": "החלפת הספק מחברת מחדש את הקול אם הוא פעיל.",
+  "STD": "רגיל",
+  "Voice control — activate to toggle voice; hold Space to speak": "שליטה קולית — הפעל כדי להדליק או לכבות את הקול; החזק Space כדי לדבר",
+  "ON/OFF": "פעיל/כבוי",
+  "VOICE STANDBY": "הקול בהמתנה",
+  "Hold Space to speak · tap Space to activate focused controls": "החזק Space לדיבור · הקש Space להפעלת הפקדים במוקד",
+  "Voice replies appear here.": "תשובות הקול מופיעות כאן.",
+  "These preferences stay in this browser.": "העדפות אלה נשארות בדפדפן הזה.",
+  "Gemini returned an oversized audio chunk": "Gemini החזיר מקטע שמע עצום",
+  "Gemini returned an unsupported audio format": "Gemini החזיר תבנית שמע שאינה נתמכת",
+  "Gemini returned an invalid audio sample rate": "Gemini החזיר קצב דגימת שמע בלתי תקין",
+  "Gemini returned incomplete PCM audio": "Gemini החזיר שמע PCM שאינו שלם",
+  "This browser does not support Gemini microphone audio": "הדפדפן הזה אינו תומך בשמע המיקרופון של Gemini",
+  "Microphone audio processing failed": "עיבוד שמע המיקרופון נכשל",
+  "Gemini audio playback fell behind. Reconnect to continue.": "השמעת האודיו של Gemini נשארה מאחור. חבר מחדש כדי להמשיך.",
+  "Gemini token response did not include an ephemeral credential": "תשובת האסימון של Gemini לא כללה פרטי גישה זמניים",
+  "Invalid Gemini connection endpoint": "נקודת החיבור של Gemini בלתי תקינה",
+  "Gemini voice could not connect. Try again.": "הקול של Gemini לא הצליח להתחבר. נסה שוב.",
+  "Gemini voice requires a same-origin app request": "הקול של Gemini דורש בקשה ממקור אחיד",
+  "Add a Gemini API key in Provider Settings": "הוסף מפתח Gemini API בהגדרות הספקים",
+  "The Gemini Live model configuration is invalid": "תצורת מודל Gemini Live בלתי תקינה",
+  "Gemini voice is starting too often. Try again shortly.": "הקול של Gemini מופעל בתדירות גבוהה מדי. נסה שוב בקרוב.",
+  "Gemini quota is unavailable. Try again later.": "המכסה של Gemini אינה זמינה. נסה שוב מאוחר יותר.",
+  "Gemini access was refused. Check the API key and model access.": "הגישה ל-Gemini נדחתה. בדוק את מפתח ה-API ואת גישת המודל.",
+  "Gemini Live is unavailable for the configured model.": "Gemini Live אינו זמין למודל המוגדר.",
+  "Token request is too large": "בקשת האסימון גדולה מדי",
+  "Use an empty JSON token request": "שימוש בבקשת אסימון JSON ריקה",
+  "Release Space to send": "שחרר את Space כדי לשלוח",
+  "Hold Space to talk": "החזק את Space כדי לדבר",
+  "Voice command context is too large": "הקשר פקודת הקול גדול מדי",
+  "Gemini reliable transport exceeded its queue limit. Start voice again.": "הערוץ האמין של Gemini חרג ממגבלת התור. הפעל את הקול שוב.",
+  "Gemini reliable transport did not drain. Start voice again.": "הערוץ האמין של Gemini לא התרוקן. הפעל את הקול שוב.",
+  "Gemini token request failed (HTTP {status})": "בקשת האסימון של Gemini נכשלה (HTTP {status})",
+  "Gemini token response did not include a valid model": "תשובת האסימון של Gemini לא כללה מודל תקין",
+  "Gemini token response did not include session settings": "תשובת האסימון של Gemini לא כללה הגדרות הפעלה",
+  "Gemini session settings do not match the input mode": "הגדרות ההפעלה של Gemini אינן תואמות את מצב הקלט",
+  "Requesting microphone": "מבקש מיקרופון",
+  "Gemini could not submit this input. Start voice again.": "Gemini לא הצליח להגיש את הקלט הזה. הפעל את הקול שוב.",
+  "Connecting to Gemini": "מתחבר ל-Gemini",
+  "Ask or command": "שאל או פקד",
+  "Gemini returned an oversized message": "Gemini החזיר הודעה עצומה",
+  "Gemini Live connection failed. Check network access, then start voice again.": "חיבור Gemini Live נכשל. בדוק גישת רשת, ואז הפעל את הקול שוב.",
+  "Gemini Live connection ended. Start voice again for a new conversation.": "חיבור Gemini Live הסתיים. הפעל את הקול שוב לשיחה חדשה.",
+  "Gemini Live could not start. Start voice again to request a fresh session.": "Gemini Live לא התחיל. הפעל את הקול שוב כדי לבקש הפעלה חדשה.",
+  "Start voice again for a fresh token and a new conversation.": "הפעל את הקול שוב לאסימון חדש ולשיחה חדשה.",
+  "Start voice again to request a fresh session credential.": "הפעל את הקול שוב כדי לבקש פרטי גישה חדשים להפעלה.",
+  "Microphone permission was denied. Allow microphone access and try again.": "הרשאת המיקרופון נדחתה. אפשר גישה למיקרופון ונסה שוב.",
+  "Gemini connection timed out. Try again.": "חיבור Gemini חרג מהזמן הקצוב. נסה שוב.",
+  "Gemini voice could not start": "הקול של Gemini לא הצליח להתחיל",
+  "Gemini did not finish the interrupted reply. Start voice again.": "Gemini לא סיים את התשובה שהופסקה. הפעל את הקול שוב.",
+  "Gemini session expiring; finishing the current reply": "הפעלת Gemini עומדת לפוג; מסיים את התשובה הנוכחית",
+  "Gemini rejected the voice session. Start voice again to request a fresh session.": "Gemini דחה את הפעלת הקול. הפעל את הקול שוב לבקשת הפעלה חדשה.",
+  "Start voice again for a fresh session credential. If it repeats, check Gemini model and API access.": "הפעל את הקול שוב לפרטי גישה חדשים. אם זה חוזר, בדוק את גישת המודל וה-API של Gemini.",
+  "Gemini action history is full. Start voice again for a fresh session.": "היסטוריית הפעולות של Gemini מלאה. הפעל את הקול שוב להפעלה חדשה.",
+  "Gemini requested too many simultaneous actions": "Gemini ביקש יותר מדי פעולות במקביל",
+  "Running command": "מריץ פקודה",
+  "Voice text command is too long": "פקודת הטקסט הקולית ארוכה מדי",
+  "Gemini voice is not connected": "הקול של Gemini אינו מחובר",
+  "Gemini interrupted input exceeded its buffer or wait limit. Start voice again.": "הקלט שהופסק של Gemini חרג מהחוצץ או ממגבלת ההמתנה. הפעל את הקול שוב.",
+  "Gemini Live connection is expiring. Start voice again for a new conversation.": "חיבור Gemini Live עומד לפוג. הפעל את הקול שוב לשיחה חדשה.",
+  "Voice off": "הקול כבוי",
+  "Gemini voice sessions have a time limit. When a session expires, start voice again for a new conversation.": "הפעלות הקול של Gemini מוגבלות בזמן. כשההפעלה פגה, הפעל את הקול שוב לשיחה חדשה.",
+  "Stopped by voice": "נעצר בקול",
+  "Automatic stop is unavailable for this voice connection.": "העצירה האוטומטית אינה זמינה לחיבור קול זה.",
+  "Preview is off.": "התצוגה המקדימה כבויה.",
+  "Your choice applies now, but could not be saved.": "הבחירה שלך חלה עכשיו, אך לא נשמרה.",
+  "WebRTC microphone support unavailable": "תמיכת מיקרופון WebRTC אינה זמינה",
+  "VOICE UNAVAILABLE": "הקול אינו זמין",
+  "VOICE ACTIVE": "הקול פעיל",
+  "Voice session could not be started.": "לא ניתן היה להתחיל את הפעלת הקול.",
+  "MINI": "מיני",
+  "Next session: {pendingId} — this session stays on {modelId}": "ההפעלה הבאה: {pendingId} — ההפעלה הזאת נשארת על {modelId}",
+  "Voice model: {pendingId} — click to switch to {target}; applies next session": "מודל הקול: {pendingId} — לחץ למעבר אל {target}; חל מההפעלה הבאה",
+  "standard": "רגיל",
+  "mini": "מיני",
+  "COST UNKNOWN": "העלות לא ידועה",
+  "ChatGPT OAuth session: {responses} response(s), {input} input and {output} output tokens, {captions} caption transcription(s) reported.": "הפעלת OAuth של ChatGPT: {responses} תשובות, {input} אסימוני קלט ו-{output} אסימוני פלט, {captions} תמלולי כתוביות שדווחו.",
+  "USD cost and the API spend cap are unavailable for this auth mode.": "העלות ב-USD ותקרת ההוצאה של ה-API אינן זמינות במצב האימות הזה.",
+  "Usage is incomplete because a response was still in flight when the session ended.": "השימוש חסר כי תשובה עוד הייתה בעיצומה כשההפעלה הסתיימה.",
+  "Estimated session cost on {modelId} — {responses} response(s). Warns at {warn}, ends the session at {cap}.": "עלות ההפעלה המוערכת על {modelId} — {responses} תשובות. מזהיר ב-{warn}, מסיים את ההפעלה ב-{cap}.",
+  "Estimate is incomplete — a response was still in flight when the session ended, so its usage was never reported.": "ההערכה חסרה — תשובה עוד הייתה בעיצומה כשההפעלה הסתיימה, ולכן השימוש שלה לא דווח מעולם.",
+  "STANDARD": "רגיל",
+  "{tier} applies next session": "{tier} חל מההפעלה הבאה",
+  "Session ended — cost cap {cost}": "ההפעלה הסתיימה — תקרת עלות {cost}",
+  "MIC": "MIC",
+  "Radio did not start": "הרדיו לא החל",
+  "state or province": "מדינה או מחוז",
+  "county or district": "נפה או פלך",
+  "neighbourhood": "שכונה",
+  "natural region": "אזור טבעי",
+  "Which {place}?": "איזו {place}?",
+  "Which place?": "איזה מקום?",
+  "{n} aircraft": {
+    "one": "{n} מטוס",
+    "two": "{n} מטוסים",
+    "other": "{n} מטוסים"
+  },
+  "{n} military aircraft": {
+    "one": "{n} מטוס צבאי",
+    "two": "{n} מטוסים צבאיים",
+    "other": "{n} מטוסים צבאיים"
+  },
+  "{n} ships": {
+    "one": "{n} אוניות",
+    "two": "{n} אוניות",
+    "other": "{n} אוניות"
+  },
+  "{n} satellites": {
+    "one": "{n} לוויינים",
+    "two": "{n} לוויינים",
+    "other": "{n} לוויינים"
+  },
+  "{n} launches": {
+    "one": "{n} שיגורים",
+    "two": "{n} שיגורים",
+    "other": "{n} שיגורים"
+  },
+  "{n} earthquakes": {
+    "one": "{n} רעידות אדמה",
+    "two": "{n} רעידות אדמה",
+    "other": "{n} רעידות אדמה"
+  },
+  "{n} fire perimeters": {
+    "one": "{n} היקף שריפה",
+    "two": "{n} היקפי שריפות",
+    "other": "{n} היקפי שריפות"
+  },
+  "{n} cyclones": {
+    "one": "{n} ציקלונים",
+    "two": "{n} ציקלונים",
+    "other": "{n} ציקלונים"
+  },
+  "{n} buses": {
+    "one": "{n} אוטובוסים",
+    "two": "{n} אוטובוסים",
+    "other": "{n} אוטובוסים"
+  },
+  "{n} bike share": {
+    "one": "{n} אופניים שיתופיים",
+    "two": "{n} אופניים שיתופיים",
+    "other": "{n} אופניים שיתופיים"
+  },
+  "{n} flock cameras": {
+    "one": "{n} מצלמות Flock",
+    "two": "{n} מצלמות Flock",
+    "other": "{n} מצלמות Flock"
+  },
+  "{n} military bases": {
+    "one": "{n} בסיסים צבאיים",
+    "two": "{n} בסיסים צבאיים",
+    "other": "{n} בסיסים צבאיים"
+  },
+  "{n} datacenters": {
+    "one": "{n} מרכזי נתונים",
+    "two": "{n} מרכזי נתונים",
+    "other": "{n} מרכזי נתונים"
+  },
+  "{n} dams": {
+    "one": "{n} סכרים",
+    "two": "{n} סכרים",
+    "other": "{n} סכרים"
+  },
+  "{n} air quality": {
+    "one": "{n} תחנת איכות אוויר",
+    "two": "{n} תחנות איכות אוויר",
+    "other": "{n} תחנות איכות אוויר"
+  },
+  "{n} results": {
+    "one": "{n} תוצאות",
+    "two": "{n} תוצאות",
+    "other": "{n} תוצאות"
+  },
+  "anywhere in the loaded data": "בכל רחבי הנתונים שנטענו",
+  "in view": "בתצוגה",
+  "within {radius} of the view centre": "בטווח {radius} ממרכז התצוגה",
+  "within {radius} of {place} (Contacts window)": "בטווח {radius} מ-{place} (חלון המגעים)",
+  "within {radius} of {place}": "בטווח {radius} מ-{place}",
+  "within {radius}": "בטווח {radius}",
+  "over {region}": "מעל {region}",
+  "At least {items}": "לפחות {items}",
+  "{items} {scope}": "{items} {scope}",
+  "last 24 h": "24 השעות האחרונות",
+  "past 30 d and upcoming": "30 הימים האחרונים והקרובים",
+  "the flights layer loads by viewport": "שכבת הטיסות נטענת לפי אזור התצוגה",
+  "distance is ground distance, not overhead": "המרחק הוא מרחק קרקע, לא ישירות מלמעלה",
+  "the count is a lower bound because at least one layer reached its retained limit.": "המניין הוא גבול תחתון כי לפחות שכבה אחת הגיעה למגבלת השמירה שלה.",
+  "buffer sized to the place": "חיץ בגודל המקום",
+  "enclosing mapped area": "מקיף את הסביבה הממופה",
+  "the map was cleared while looking it up": "המפה נוקתה בזמן החיפוש",
+  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "כיסוי OpenStreetMap משתנה ממקום למקום",
+  "the catalog covers the last 30 days": "הקטלוג מכסה את 30 הימים האחרונים",
+  "there are more": "יש נוספים",
+  "{label} off": "{label} כבוי",
+  "{label} loading": "{label} בטעינה",
+  "{label} error": "{label} שגיאה",
+  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} מ׳ סביב ציון הדרך",
+  "{count} parts": {
+    "one": "{count} חלק",
+    "two": "{count} חלקים",
+    "other": "{count} חלקים"
+  },
+  "{drawn} of {total} parts drawn": {
+    "one": "שורטט {drawn} מתוך {total} חלק",
+    "two": "חלקים ששורטטו: {drawn} מתוך {total}",
+    "other": "חלקים ששורטטו: {drawn} מתוך {total}"
+  },
+  "{count} duplicate mappings merged": {
+    "one": "מוזג {count} מיפוי כפול",
+    "two": "מוזגו {count} מיפויים כפולים",
+    "other": "מוזגו {count} מיפויים כפולים"
+  },
+  "listed the first {limit}": "הוצגו {limit} הראשונים",
+  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "נספר לפי תיבת ההקפה של {area}, לא לפי קו המתאר שלה",
+  "counted the first {returned} loaded records": "נספרו {returned} הרשומות הראשונות הטעונות",
+  "counted {returned} of {total} loaded records": "נספרו {returned} מתוך {total} רשומות טעונות",
+  "{layers} just turned on — still loading, counts will rise": "{layers} הופעלו זה עתה — עדיין בטעינה, המניינים יגדלו",
+  "Contacts panel snapshot at {time} — the same retained cohort supplies the card, speech, and follow-up memory": "תמונת מצב של פאנל המגעים ב-{time} — אותה קבוצה שמורה מספקת את הכרטיס, הדיבור והזיכרון להמשך",
+  "Contacts panel snapshot — the same retained cohort supplies the card, speech, and follow-up memory": "תמונת מצב של פאנל המגעים — אותה קבוצה שמורה מספקת את הכרטיס, הדיבור והזיכרון להמשך",
+  "Fly below {km} km to a covered region": "טוס מתחת ל-{km} ק\"מ אל אזור עם כיסוי",
+  "No feed here yet · {n} regions available": {
+    "one": "אין עדיין פיד כאן · {n} אזור זמין",
+    "two": "אין עדיין פיד כאן · {n} אזורים זמינים",
+    "other": "אין עדיין פיד כאן · {n} אזורים זמינים"
+  },
+  "degraded": "מופחת",
+  "stale": "מיושן",
+  "partial": "חלקי",
+  "fallback": "חלופה",
+  "unavailable": "לא זמין",
+  "Not answered: {layers}": "לא נענו: {layers}",
+  "voice area|Area": "אזור",
+  "Not drawn: {parts}": "לא שורטטו: {parts}",
+  "approximate": "משוער",
+  "{pct}% cloud": "{pct}% עננות",
+  "Over {area}": "מעל {area}",
+  "{count} of {total} acquisitions match": {
+    "one": "{count} מתוך {total} אחזורים תואמים",
+    "two": "{count} מתוך {total} אחזורים תואמים",
+    "other": "{count} מתוך {total} אחזורים תואמים"
+  },
+  "{n} acquisitions searched": {
+    "one": "נסרקו {n} אחזורים",
+    "two": "נסרקו {n} אחזורים",
+    "other": "נסרקו {n} אחזורים"
+  },
+  "No matching imagery": "אין צילומים תואמים",
+  "Unknown number of {kind}": "מספר לא ידוע של {kind}",
+  "About {count} {kind}": "כ-{count} {kind}",
+  "At least {count} {kind}": "לפחות {count} {kind}",
+  "{count} {kind}": "{count} {kind}",
+  "In {area}": "ב-{area}",
+  "Toggle voice control": "הפעלה או כיבוי של השליטה הקולית",
+  "Activate to toggle voice": "הפעל כדי להדליק או לכבות את הקול",
+  "Voice active": "הקול פעיל",
+  "Voice could not be started.": "לא ניתן היה להתחיל את הקול.",
+  "{value} feet": "{value} רגל",
+  "Fire · FRP {frp} MW": "שריפה · FRP {frp} MW",
+  "The flights layer is not enabled": "שכבת הטיסות אינה מופעלת",
+  "The military layer is not enabled": "שכבת הטיסות הצבאיות אינה מופעלת",
+  "The satellites layer is not enabled": "שכבת הלוויינים אינה מופעלת",
+  "The ais-live-vessels layer is not enabled": "שכבת אוניות ה-AIS החיות אינה מופעלת",
+  "Could not enable the requested layer": "לא ניתן להפעיל את השכבה המבוקשת",
+  "Could not disable the requested layer": "לא ניתן לכבות את השכבה המבוקשת",
+  "Radio layer unavailable": "שכבת הרדיו אינה זמינה",
+  "Camera navigation is unavailable in the current view": "ניווט המצלמה אינו זמין בתצוגה הנוכחית",
+  "Camera navigation policy unavailable": "מדיניות ניווט המצלמה אינה זמינה",
+  "Nearest-aircraft selection supports Flights or Military Flights only": "בחירת המטוס הקרוב תומכת בטיסות או בטיסות צבאיות בלבד",
+  "Nearest-aircraft selection needs a preset, place name, or latitude and longitude": "בחירת המטוס הקרוב דורשת ערך מוגדר מראש, שם מקום, או קו רוחב וקו אורך",
+  "Could not arrive at the requested place": "לא ניתן להגיע למקום המבוקש",
+  "The nearest airborne aircraft could not be selected": "לא ניתן לבחור את המטוס הקרוב באוויר",
+  "No flights within {radius} of the current view": "אין טיסות בטווח {radius} מהתצוגה הנוכחית",
+  "No military within {radius} of the current view": "אין טיסות צבאיות בטווח {radius} מהתצוגה הנוכחית",
+  "No satellites within {radius} of the current view": "אין לוויינים בטווח {radius} מהתצוגה הנוכחית",
+  "No vessels within {radius} of the current view": "אין אוניות בטווח {radius} מהתצוגה הנוכחית",
+  "{layer} is enabled on the {source} feed, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the {place} view yet": "השכבה {layer} מופעלת בפיד {source}, אך עדיין לא נטענו מטוסים באוויר בתצוגת {place}",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the {place} view yet": "השכבה {layer} מופעלת, אך עדיין לא נטענו מטוסים באוויר בתצוגת {place}",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but its aircraft feed is unavailable": "השכבה {layer} מופעלת, אך פיד המטוסים שלה אינו זמין",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but its destination refresh did not complete": "השכבה {layer} מופעלת, אך רענון היעד שלה לא הושלם",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but {source} is unavailable": "השכבה {layer} מופעלת, אך המקור {source} אינו זמין",
+  "Could not arrive at {place}": "לא ניתן להגיע אל {place}",
+  "{name} is no longer loaded": "{name} אינו טעון עוד",
+  "Unknown target layer: {target}": "שכבת יעד בלתי מוכרת: {target}",
+  "nominal": "רגיל",
+  "{label} on": "{label} פעיל",
+  "Frame aircraft": "מסגור המטוסים",
+  "Frame military aircraft": "מסגור המטוסים הצבאיים",
+  "Frame ships": "מסגור האוניות",
+  "Frame satellites": "מסגור הלוויינים",
+  "Frame contacts": "מסגור המגעים",
+  "{count} aircraft in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} מטוס במסגרת",
+    "two": "{count} מטוסים במסגרת",
+    "other": "{count} מטוסים במסגרת"
+  },
+  "{count} military aircraft in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} מטוס צבאי במסגרת",
+    "two": "{count} מטוסים צבאיים במסגרת",
+    "other": "{count} מטוסים צבאיים במסגרת"
+  },
+  "{count} ships in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} אוניות במסגרת",
+    "two": "{count} אוניות במסגרת",
+    "other": "{count} אוניות במסגרת"
+  },
+  "{count} satellites in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} לוויינים במסגרת",
+    "two": "{count} לוויינים במסגרת",
+    "other": "{count} לוויינים במסגרת"
+  },
+  "{count} contacts in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} מגעים במסגרת",
+    "two": "{count} מגעים במסגרת",
+    "other": "{count} מגעים במסגרת"
+  },
+  "Nearest military aircraft": "המטוס הצבאי הקרוב",
+  "Nearest ships": "האוניות הקרובות",
+  "Nearest satellites": "הלוויינים הקרובים",
+  "Nearest aircraft": "המטוס הקרוב",
+  "{first} and {second}": "{first} ו-{second}",
+  "Layer": "שכבה",
+  "there": "שם",
+  "Camera range {range}": "טווח המצלמה {range}",
+  "Within {radius} of the view": "בטווח {radius} מהתצוגה",
+  "Labels on": "התוויות פעילות",
+  "Framing uses the nearest 80 loaded contacts": "המסגור משתמש ב-80 המגעים הקרובים הטעונים",
+  "{distance} from {location}": "{distance} מ-{location}",
+  "Altitude {altitude}": "גובה {altitude}",
+  "{origin} to {destination}": "מ-{origin} אל {destination}",
+  "from {origin}": "מ-{origin}",
+  "to {destination}": "אל {destination}",
+  "Registration {registration}": "רישום {registration}",
+  "View state": "מצב התצוגה",
+  "Marked {count} places": {
+    "one": "סומן {count} מקום",
+    "two": "סומנו {count} מקומות",
+    "other": "סומנו {count} מקומות"
+  },
+  "Nothing marked": "לא סומן דבר",
+  "Not found: {places}": "לא נמצאו: {places}",
+  "Tracing outlines": "משרטט קווי מתאר",
+  "Frame flights": "מסגור הטיסות",
+  "Frame military": "מסגור הצבאיים",
+  "Frame vessels": "מסגור האוניות",
+  "Frame {target}": "מסגור {target}",
+  "Zoom out to globe": "זום החוצה אל הגלובוס",
+  "Open data layers": "פתיחת שכבות נתונים",
+  "Open or close a panel": "פתיחה או סגירה של פאנל",
+  "Change context mode": "שינוי מצב ההקשר",
+  "Control cockpit": "שליטה בתא הטייס",
+  "Change visual style": "שינוי סגנון הראייה",
+  "Adjust HUD": "כוונון ה-HUD",
+  "Adjust cyber sonar": "כוונון הסונאר הסייברי",
+  "Adjust detection overlay": "כוונון שכבת הזיהוי",
+  "Change map stack": "שינוי ערכת המפות",
+  "Adjust post-processing": "כוונון העיבוד שלאחר הרינדור",
+  "Control scene": "שליטה בסצנה",
+  "Control CCTV": "שליטה ב-CCTV",
+  "Control radio": "שליטה ברדיו",
+  "Track contact": "עקיבה אחר המגע",
+  "Stop tracking": "עצירת העקיבה",
+  "Clear marks": "ניקוי סימונים",
+  "Move camera": "הזזת המצלמה",
+  "Fly route": "טיסה לאורך המסלול",
+  "Analyst query": "שאילתת אנליסט",
+  "Next ISS pass": "המעבר הבא של ISS",
+  "Next satellite pass": "המעבר הבא של הלוויין",
+  "Mark the map": "סימון המפה",
+  "Mark {targets} +{more}": "סימון {targets} +{more}",
+  "Mark {targets}": "סימון {targets}",
+  "Fly to {place}": "טיסה אל {place}",
+  "Fly to Location": "טיסה אל המיקום",
+  "Nearest aircraft to {place}": "המטוס הקרוב ביותר אל {place}",
+  "Nearest aircraft to Here": "המטוס הקרוב ביותר לכאן",
+  "Layer on": "השכבה פעילה",
+  "Layer off": "השכבה כבויה",
+  "Zoom out": "התרחקות",
+  "Zoom in": "התקרבות",
+  "Read the view": "קריאת התצוגה",
+  "Check view state": "בדיקת מצב התצוגה",
+  "Area around {place}": "האזור סביב {place}",
+  "Area around landmark": "האזור סביב ציון הדרך",
+  "Outline {place}": "קו המתאר של {place}",
+  "Outline area": "קו המתאר של האזור",
+  "Find {place}": "חיפוש {place}",
+  "Find area": "חיפוש אזור",
+  "Find recent imagery": "חיפוש צילומים אחרונים",
+  "Find {what}": "חיפוש {what}",
+  "Find places": "חיפוש מקומות",
+  "Action": "פעולה",
+  "Finding places": "מחפש מקומות",
+  "Tracing outline": "משרטט קו מתאר",
+  "Looking up place": "מאתר מקום",
+  "Flying": "טס",
+  "Turning on layer": "מפעיל את השכבה",
+  "Loading aircraft": "טוען מטוסים",
+  "Picking nearest": "בוחר את הקרוב",
+  "Drawing outline": "מצייר קו מתאר",
+  "Searching imagery catalog": "מחפש בקטלוג הצילומים",
+  "Loading imagery": "טוען צילומים",
+  "Searching OpenStreetMap": "מחפש ב-OpenStreetMap",
+  "Working": "עובד",
+  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "צ׳אט בהקלדה אינו זמין בזמן ש-GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH דורש OAuth של ChatGPT.",
+  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "הספק דחה את מפתח ה-API. בדוק אותו בהגדרות הספקים.",
+  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "הספק סירב לאשר גישה למפתח הזה. בדוק את הפרויקט, האזור או ההרשאות של המפתח.",
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "לחשבון הספק נגמרה היתרה. בדוק את החיוב שלו, או בחר ספק AI אחר בהגדרות.",
+  "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "יותר מדי בקשות צ׳אט. נסה שוב בעוד {seconds} שנ׳.",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "הבקשה הזאת דרשה יותר מדי צעדים. השינויים שכבר בוצעו במפה נשארים במקומם.",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "הבקשה הזאת דרשה יותר מדי צעדים. נסה בקשה פשוטה יותר.",
+  "in progress": "בעבודה",
+  "done": "הושלם",
+  "failed": "נכשל",
+  "cancelled": "בוטל",
+  "Outline traced": "קו המתאר שורטט",
+  "Outline unavailable": "קו המתאר אינו זמין",
+  "Source: {label}": "מקור: {label}",
+  "WORKING": "עובד",
+  "DONE": "הושלם",
+  "Recent speech": "דיבור אחרון",
+  "HERE": "כאן",
+  "Initializing photorealistic world...": "מאתחל את העולם הפוטוריאליסטי...",
+  "Event age": "גיל האירוע",
+  "event age filter|All": "הכול",
+  "{days}d": "{days} ימ׳",
+  "Show markers of every age": "הצגת סמנים בכל גיל",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "גיל אירוע מרבי: {days} ימ׳; סמנים ללא תאריך נשמרים",
+  "All markers": "כל הסמנים",
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "גיל האירוע: {days} ימ׳ · ללא תאריך נשמרים",
+  "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "רשימת המשימות ל-30 יום אינה זמינה",
+  "STATIONS": "תחנות",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "תחנות מאוישות והחלליות המבקרות בהן",
+  "IMAGING": "צילום",
+  "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "תצפית כדור הארץ: אופטי, רדאר, מזג אוויר ומדע",
+  "TELECOM": "תקשורת",
+  "Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted": "לווייני תקשורת וניווט, למעט Starlink",
+  "STARLINK": "STARLINK",
+  "The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)": "קונסטלציית Starlink (אלפי נקודות נוספות)",
+  "PROBES": "גשושיות",
+  "Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads": "מדע בחלל, הדגמות טכנולוגיה ומטענים אחרים",
+  "DEBRIS": "פסולת חלל",
+  "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "גופי משגרים, שברים ולוויינים מתים",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "הסיווגים עשויים לפגר: SATCAT הוא עותק מהמטמון",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "הסיווגים עשויים לפגר: SATCAT אינו זמין",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT נותן לכל עצם סוג ומצב. בלי עותק עדכני הסיווגים נשענים על מאגר UCS, השמות וקבוצות CelesTrak, ולכן לוויין שמת מאז עשוי עדיין להיראות פעיל.",
+  "Lines": "קווים",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "קווי כבישים בצבע לפי זרימה חיה: מירוק לאדום",
+  "Dots": "נקודות",
+  "Moving dots colored by live flow": "נקודות נעות בצבע לפי זרימה חיה",
+  "Moving dots": "נקודות נעות",
+  "Monthly traffic allowance used": "הקצבה החודשית לתנועה נוצלה",
+  "Traffic rate limit reached": "הגעת למגבלת הקצב של שירות התנועה",
+  "Traffic service unavailable": "שירות התנועה אינו זמין",
+  "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "מבט ימינה {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "מבט שמאלה {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK ASTERN": "מבט אחורה",
+  "UP {angle}°": "מעלה {angle}°",
+  "DOWN {angle}°": "מטה {angle}°",
+  "{direction} · {elevation}": "{direction} · {elevation}",
+  "LOOK {elevation}": "מבט {elevation}",
+  "{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}": "{vesselType} · {feedState} · גובה עין {height}",
+  "LIVE AIS": "AIS חי",
+  "CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF": "ניווט המגעים כבוי",
+  "THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL": "הגשר נשאר עם האונייה הנבחרת",
+  "{range} NM": "{range} NM",
+  "AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED": "יעד AIS · דווח על ידי הצוות",
+  "FWD": "קדימה",
+  "AFT": "אחורה",
+  "RIGHT": "ימין",
+  "LEFT": "שמאל",
+  "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "סטייה מהנדיר {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "BRIDGE": "גשר",
+  "{label} · NADIR VIEW": "{label} · תצוגת נדיר",
+  "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · כיוון {heading}°",
+  "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · ללא כיוון",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "משימות החלל אינן זמינות: טעינת רשימת המשימות נכשלה. נסה שוב מאוחר יותר.",
+  "Close camera preview": "סגירת תצוגת המצלמה",
+  "Refresh map still": "רענון תמונת המפה",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "תמונת המפה נשלפת בבקשה נפרדת ועשויה להראות רגע שונה.",
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "הווידאו זורם מ-Québec 511, שרואה את כתובת ה-IP שלך.",
+  "Ship bridge view": "תצוגת גשר האונייה",
+  "Satellite orbital view": "התצוגה המסלולית של הלוויין",
+  "Exit bridge view": "יציאה מתצוגת הגשר",
+  "Exit orbital view": "יציאה מהתצוגה המסלולית",
+  "EXIT BRIDGE": "יציאה מהגשר",
+  "EXIT ORBIT": "יציאה מהמסלול",
+  "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "חלון הגשר · קדימה",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "החזקת מהלך · AIS",
+  "HEADING HOLD · AIS": "החזקת כיוון · AIS",
+  "NO HEADING · AIS": "ללא כיוון · AIS",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS": "מהירות מעל הקרקע · KTS",
+  "BRIDGE VIEW": "תצוגת הגשר",
+  "Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow": "מבט קדימה: החזרת תצוגת הגשר אל החרטום",
+  "Look ahead (Home or 0)": "מבט קדימה (Home או 0)",
+  "LOOK AHEAD": "מבט קדימה",
+  "Current vessel heading": "הכיוון הנוכחי של האונייה",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND": "מהירות מעל הקרקע",
+  "COURSE OVER GROUND": "מהלך מעל הקרקע",
+  "ARROWS LOOK": "חצים למבט",
+  "HOME RESET": "Home מאפס",
+  "+/− ZOOM": "+/− זום",
+  "ARROWS TILT": "חצים להטיה",
+  "HOME NADIR": "Home אל הנדיר",
+  "ZOOM {zoom}×": "זום {zoom}×",
+  "SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "רוחב רצועת החיישן ≈ {value} ק\"מ",
+  "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "רוחב רצועת החיישן {value} ק\"מ",
+  "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "רוחב רצועה ≈ {value} ק\"מ",
+  "SWATH {value} KM": "רוחב רצועה {value} ק\"מ",
+  "{division}, {country}": "{division}, {country}",
+  "{region} · near {place}": "{region} · קרוב אל {place}",
+  "NORAD {id}": "NORAD {id}",
+  "EPOCH {time}": "EPOCH {time}",
+  "<1 H OLD": "לפני פחות משעה",
+  "{value} H OLD": "לפני {value} שע׳",
+  "{value} D OLD": "לפני {value} ימ׳",
+  "Orbital view": "תצוגה מסלולית",
+  "CURRENTLY OVER": "כעת מעל",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR": "תצוגה מסלולית · סטייה מהנדיר",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR": "תצוגה מסלולית · נדיר",
+  "Hide the two-line element set": "הסתרת ערכת האלמנטים הדו-שורתית",
+  "Show the two-line element set": "הצגת ערכת האלמנטים הדו-שורתית",
+  "TLE": "TLE",
+  "Two-line element set": "ערכת אלמנטים דו-שורתית",
+  "ORBITAL VELOCITY": "מהירות מסלולית",
+  "SUB-SATELLITE POINT": "נקודת תת-הלוויין",
+  "TRACK UP": "מסלול מעלה",
+  "NORTH UP": "צפון מעלה",
+  "Return the view to nadir": "החזרת התצוגה אל הנדיר",
+  "Return to nadir (Home or 0)": "חזרה אל הנדיר (Home או 0)",
+  "NADIR": "נדיר",
+  "Zoom out (−)": "התרחקות (−)",
+  "Zoom in (+)": "התקרבות (+)",
+  "Zoom to the imaging sensor swath": "זום אל רצועת הסריקה של חיישן הצילום",
+  "SENSOR": "חיישן",
+  "RINGS {spacing} NM": "טבעות {spacing} NM",
+  "{count} CONTACTS": {
+    "one": "{count} מגע",
+    "two": "{count} מגעים",
+    "other": "{count} מגעים"
+  },
+  "Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.": "טווח הרדאר {range}. בחר כדי לעבור לטווח הבא.",
+  "Bridge radar": "רדאר הגשר",
+  "Reported voyage": "הפלגה שדווחה",
+  "REPORTED VOYAGE": "הפלגה שדווחה",
+  "1 min/s": "דקה/שנ׳",
+  "Photo © {photographer}": "צילום © {photographer}",
+  "1 h/s": "שעה/שנ׳",
+  "1 d/s": "יום/שנ׳",
+  "1 wk/s": "שבוע/שנ׳",
+  "World time": "הזמן העולמי",
+  "Play speed": "מהירות הנגינה",
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "גלילה או צביטה לזום, גרירה להזזה לאורך · לחיצה כפולה לתצוגה המלאה",
+  "Live": "חי",
+  "Back to live": "חזרה לזמן אמת",
+  "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
+  "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
+  "SITES STANDBY": "האתרים בהמתנה",
+  "ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS": "הפעל את המתקנים הממופים כדי לקבל פינגים של אתרים",
+  "Unnamed site": "אתר ללא שם",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "סטייה מהנדיר {angle}°",
+  "Release the camera from {name}": "שחרור המצלמה מ-{name}",
+  "Keep the camera on {name}": "השארת המצלמה על {name}",
+  "RETURN · {name}": "חזרה · {name}",
+  "PREVIOUS SATELLITE": "הלוויין הקודם",
+  "Return to {name}": "חזרה אל {name}",
+  "SATELLITE": "לוויין",
+  "Ride {name}": "רכיבה על {name}",
+  "FOCUS · {name}": "מוקד · {name}",
+  "Place names": "שמות מקומות",
+  "Fly below {km} km to a covered city": "טוס מתחת ל-{km} ק\"מ אל עיר עם כיסוי",
+  "No bike share here yet · {n} systems available": {
+    "one": "אין עדיין שיתוף אופניים כאן · {n} מערכת זמינה",
+    "two": "אין עדיין שיתוף אופניים כאן · {n} מערכות זמינות",
+    "other": "אין עדיין שיתוף אופניים כאן · {n} מערכות זמינות"
+  },
+  "Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles": "נקודות עימות מדויקות בשכבת החדשות, לצד הכתבות של GDELT",
+  "Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view": "מקומי בשכבת החדשות: חדשות היום מכלי התקשורת של המדינה שבתצוגה",
+  "News feed unavailable": "פיד החדשות אינו זמין",
+  "{provider} limit reached for today": "המכסה היומית של {provider} נוצלה",
+  "News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan": "החדשות יחזרו מחר, או עם תוכנית בתשלום",
+  "{provider} refused its key": "{provider} דחה את המפתח",
+  "Check {envVars} in Provider Settings": "בדקו את {envVars} בהגדרות הספקים",
+  "{provider} key required": "נדרש מפתח של {provider}",
+  "Developing: {name}": "מתפתח: {name}",
+  "{count} events today": {
+    "one": "אירוע {count} היום",
+    "two": "{count} אירועים היום",
+    "other": "{count} אירועים היום"
+  },
+  "{count} reports today": {
+    "one": "דיווח {count} היום",
+    "two": "{count} דיווחים היום",
+    "other": "{count} דיווחים היום"
+  },
+  "Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "חדשות 24 השעות האחרונות. כל דיווח מקשר למפרסם שלו; מקומות וקטגוריות נקראים אוטומטית מהטקסט ומהנתונים ועלולים להיות שגויים. תוויות הצד, כשהן מוצגות, מתארות את המקור ולא אם הדיווח נכון.",
+  "Disputed: {name}": "שטח במחלוקת: {name}",
+  "via {source}": "דרך {source}",
+  "Video": "וידאו",
+  "Photos": "תמונות",
+  "Claimed by {who}": "נטען על ידי {who}",
+  "Claimed": "נטען",
+  "Not yet confirmed by others": "טרם אושר על ידי אחרים",
+  "Reported by {side} sources": "דווח על ידי מקורות {side}",
+  "Reported by {sides}": "דווח על ידי {sides}",
+  "{side} sources": "מקורות {side}",
+  "Official": "רשמי",
+  "Reported by both sides": "דווח על ידי שני הצדדים",
+  "Independently reported": "דווח באופן עצמאי",
+  "Single source": "מקור יחיד",
+  "International": "בינלאומי",
+  "Independent": "עצמאי",
+  "Unattributed": "ללא ייחוס",
+  "Outside party": "צד חיצוני",
+  "Ukraine–Russia": "אוקראינה–רוסיה",
+  "Israel–Gaza–Lebanon": "ישראל–עזה–לבנון",
+  "Iran–Hormuz": "איראן–הורמוז",
+  "Yemen–Red Sea": "תימן–הים האדום",
+  "Sudan": "סודאן",
+  "Sahel": "סאהל",
+  "Elsewhere": "במקומות אחרים",
+  "Worldwide": "כל העולם",
+  "{region}, {country}": "{region}, {country}",
+  "Strike": "תקיפה",
+  "Alert": "התרעה",
+  "Air defence": "הגנה אווירית",
+  "Ground fighting": "לחימה קרקעית",
+  "Casualties": "נפגעים",
+  "Humanitarian": "הומניטרי",
+  "Disaster": "אסון",
+  "Protest": "מחאה",
+  "Political": "פוליטי",
+  "Economy": "כלכלה",
+  "No physical event": "ללא אירוע פיזי",
+  "Minor incident": "תקרית קלה",
+  "Significant": "משמעותי",
+  "Major": "חמור",
+  "age|now": "עכשיו",
+  "{minutes} min": "{minutes} דק׳",
+  "{hours} h": "{hours} שע׳",
+  "{count} sources": {
+    "one": "מקור {count}",
+    "two": "{count} מקורות",
+    "other": "{count} מקורות"
+  },
+  "News key required": "נדרש מפתח חדשות",
+  "News feed not configured on this server": "פיד החדשות אינו מוגדר בשרת זה",
+  "Malformed news hotspots response": "תגובת מוקדי החדשות פגומה",
+  "Malformed news feed response": "תגובת פיד החדשות פגומה",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a news report": "צאו מתא הטייס כדי לטוס אל דיווח חדשותי",
+  "{source} · LAST {hours} H": "{source} · {hours} השעות האחרונות",
+  "CACHED · REFRESH FAILED": "מהמטמון · הרענון נכשל",
+  "{source} · CACHED {age}": "{source} · מהמטמון {age}",
+  "NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H": "אין חדשות ב־{hours} השעות האחרונות",
+  "{place} (placed by model)": "{place} (מוקם על ידי המודל)",
+  "English headline by the model": "כותרת באנגלית מאת המודל",
+  "Not placed on the map": "לא מוקם על המפה",
+  "Close": "סגירה",
+  "Conflicts": "עימותים",
+  "Local": "מקומי",
+  "Any severity": "כל חומרה",
+  "{severity} and above": "{severity} ומעלה",
+  "{severity} only": "{severity} בלבד",
+  "All categories": "כל הקטגוריות",
+  "Last {hours} h": "{hours} שע׳ אחרונות",
+  "News from {area}": "חדשות מ{area}",
+  "Within {km} km of the view centre": "בטווח {km} ק״מ ממרכז התצוגה",
+  "Reading the news…": "קורא את החדשות…",
+  "News, last {hours} hours": "חדשות, {hours} השעות האחרונות",
+  "Time window": "חלון זמן",
+  "News sections": "מדורי חדשות",
+  "Hotspots": "מוקדים",
+  "Severity": "חומרה",
+  "Category": "קטגוריה",
+  "Zoom in to see local news": "התקרבו כדי לראות חדשות מקומיות",
+  "Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h": "לא דווח דבר בסביבה ב־{hours} השעות האחרונות",
+  "Latest news": "חדשות אחרונות",
+  "No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h": "אין חדשות התואמות למסננים אלה ב־{hours} השעות האחרונות",
+  "Load older news": "טעינת חדשות ישנות יותר",
+  "How to read the map": "איך לקרוא את המפה",
+  "Colour: severity · icon: type of event": "צבע: חומרה · סמל: סוג האירוע",
+  "Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.": "מסגרת מלאה: דווח על ידי שני הצדדים או באופן עצמאי. מסגרת מקווקוות: טענה. מסגרת דקה: מקור יחיד, או התקשורת של אחד הצדדים.",
+  "Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.": "גדול יותר: יותר מקורות · דהוי יותר: ישן יותר. כרטיס תמונה: אירוע חמור או מתפתח במהירות עם שני מקורות או יותר.",
+  "Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "תוויות הצד מתארות את המקור, לא אם הדיווח נכון.",
+  "News items in the feed": "פריטי חדשות בפיד",
+  "Shipwrecks": "ספינות טרופות",
+  "Before 1900": "לפני 1900",
+  "1900–1945": "1900–1945",
+  "After 1945": "אחרי 1945",
+  "Date unknown": "תאריך לא ידוע",
+  "Position: centre of the protected area": "מיקום: מרכז השטח המוגן",
+  "Position approximate (within about {km} km)": "מיקום משוער (בטווח של כ־{km} ק״מ)",
+  "Position surveyed (within about {m} m)": "מיקום שנמדד (בטווח של כ־{m} מ׳)",
+  "Shipwreck": "ספינה טרופה",
+  "Fatalities: {count}": "הרוגים: {count}",
+  "Survivors: {count}": "ניצולים: {count}",
+  "Vessel: {value}": "כלי שיט: {value}",
+  "What happened: {value}": "מה קרה: {value}",
+  "Depth: {m} m ({quality})": "עומק: {m} מ׳ ({quality})",
+  "Depth: {m} m": "עומק: {m} מ׳",
+  "Notes: {value}": "הערות: {value}",
+  "Cargo or finds: {value}": "מטען או ממצאים: {value}",
+  "Protected wreck": "ספינה טרופה מוגנת",
+  "Source: {value}": "מקור: {value}",
+  "Click the card to open EMODnet ↗": "לחץ על הכרטיס כדי לפתוח את EMODnet ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the article ↗": "לחץ על הכרטיס כדי לפתוח את הערך ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the source ↗": "לחץ על הכרטיס כדי לפתוח את המקור ↗",
+  "All years": "כל השנים",
+  "Period": "תקופה",
+  "From": "מ־",
+  "First year of the shipwreck period": "השנה הראשונה בתקופת הטביעות",
+  "To": "עד",
+  "Last year of the shipwreck period": "השנה האחרונה בתקופת הטביעות",
+  "Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only": "ויקינתונים אינו זמין; מוצג EMODnet בלבד",
+  "EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only": "EMODnet אינו זמין; מוצג ויקינתונים בלבד",
+  "Shipwrecks unavailable": "ספינות טרופות לא זמינות",
+  "{count} wrecks": {
+    "one": "{count} ספינה טרופה",
+    "two": "{count} ספינות טרופות",
+    "other": "{count} ספינות טרופות"
+  },
+  "EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)": "EMODnet (מימי אירופה) · ויקינתונים (כל העולם)",
+  "European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.": "ספינות טרופות אירופיות בעלות ערך מורשת מגיעות מ־EMODnet Human Activities; ספינות טרופות בולטות מכל העולם מגיעות מוויקינתונים. הצבע מראה מתי הספינה טבעה; הסמן גדל ככל שמספר ההרוגים עולה. לחץ על סמן כדי לפתוח את הכרטיס שלו."
+}
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 8122e2c47..329a1fd87 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -1,4 +1,94 @@
 {
+  "News feed unavailable": "Feed delle notizie non disponibile",
+  "Developing: {name}": "In sviluppo: {name}",
+  "{count} events today": {
+    "one": "{count} evento oggi",
+    "many": "{count} eventi oggi",
+    "other": "{count} eventi oggi"
+  },
+  "{count} reports today": {
+    "one": "{count} notizia oggi",
+    "many": "{count} notizie oggi",
+    "other": "{count} notizie oggi"
+  },
+  "Disputed: {name}": "Conteso: {name}",
+  "Video": "Video",
+  "Photos": "Foto",
+  "Claimed by {who}": "Secondo {who}",
+  "Claimed": "Affermazione",
+  "Not yet confirmed by others": "Non ancora confermato da altri",
+  "Reported by {side} sources": "Riportato da fonti {side}",
+  "Reported by {sides}": "Riportato da {sides}",
+  "{side} sources": "fonti {side}",
+  "Official": "Ufficiale",
+  "Reported by both sides": "Riportato da entrambe le parti",
+  "Independently reported": "Riportato in modo indipendente",
+  "Single source": "Fonte unica",
+  "International": "Internazionale",
+  "Independent": "Indipendente",
+  "Unattributed": "Non attribuito",
+  "Outside party": "Parte esterna",
+  "Ukraine–Russia": "Ucraina–Russia",
+  "Israel–Gaza–Lebanon": "Israele–Gaza–Libano",
+  "Iran–Hormuz": "Iran–Hormuz",
+  "Yemen–Red Sea": "Yemen–Mar Rosso",
+  "Sudan": "Sudan",
+  "Sahel": "Sahel",
+  "Elsewhere": "Altrove",
+  "Strike": "Attacco",
+  "Alert": "Allerta",
+  "Air defence": "Difesa aerea",
+  "Ground fighting": "Combattimenti a terra",
+  "Casualties": "Vittime",
+  "Humanitarian": "Umanitario",
+  "Disaster": "Disastro",
+  "Protest": "Protesta",
+  "Political": "Politica",
+  "No physical event": "Nessun evento fisico",
+  "Minor incident": "Incidente minore",
+  "Significant": "Rilevante",
+  "Major": "Grave",
+  "age|now": "ora",
+  "{minutes} min": "{minutes} min",
+  "{hours} h": "{hours} h",
+  "{count} sources": {
+    "one": "{count} fonte",
+    "many": "{count} fonti",
+    "other": "{count} fonti"
+  },
+  "News feed not configured on this server": "Feed delle notizie non configurato su questo server",
+  "Malformed news hotspots response": "Risposta dei focolai di notizie non valida",
+  "Malformed news feed response": "Risposta del feed delle notizie non valida",
+  "{place} (placed by model)": "{place} (collocato dal modello)",
+  "English headline by the model": "Titolo inglese del modello",
+  "Not placed on the map": "Non collocato sulla mappa",
+  "Close": "Chiudi",
+  "Any severity": "Qualsiasi gravità",
+  "{severity} and above": "{severity} e oltre",
+  "{severity} only": "Solo {severity}",
+  "All categories": "Tutte le categorie",
+  "Reading the news…": "Lettura delle notizie…",
+  "News, last {hours} hours": "Notizie delle ultime {hours} ore",
+  "Last {hours} h": "Ultime {hours} h",
+  "Time window": "Periodo",
+  "Conflicts": "Conflitti",
+  "Local": "Locale",
+  "News sections": "Sezioni notizie",
+  "Zoom in to see local news": "Ingrandisci per vedere le notizie locali",
+  "Hotspots": "Focolai",
+  "Severity": "Gravità",
+  "Category": "Categoria",
+  "Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h": "Nulla segnalato qui vicino nelle ultime {hours} h",
+  "Latest news": "Ultime notizie",
+  "No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h": "Nessuna notizia delle ultime {hours} h corrisponde a questi filtri",
+  "Load older news": "Carica notizie precedenti",
+  "How to read the map": "Come leggere la mappa",
+  "Colour: severity · icon: type of event": "Colore: gravità · icona: tipo di evento",
+  "Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.": "Bordo pieno: riportato da entrambe le parti o in modo indipendente. Bordo tratteggiato: un’affermazione. Bordo sottile: una fonte, o la stampa di una parte.",
+  "Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.": "Più grande: più fonti · più tenue: più vecchio. Scheda con immagine: un evento grave o in rapida crescita con due o più fonti.",
+  "Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Le etichette di parte descrivono la fonte, non se la notizia è vera.",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a news report": "Esci dalla cabina per volare a una notizia",
+  "News items in the feed": "Notizie nel feed",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "Scegli una forma, poi fai clic sulla mappa.",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Premi Enter per posizionare il segnaposto, Esc per annullare.",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "Fai clic dove va il segnaposto.",
@@ -329,6 +419,7 @@
   "LOADING": "CARICAMENTO",
   "DEGRADED": "DEGRADATO",
   "STALE": "OBSOLETO",
+  "SIGNAL LOST · {time}": "SEGNALE PERSO · {time}",
   "PARTIAL": "PARZIALE",
   "FALLBACK": "RISERVA",
   "view band|STREET": "STRADA",
@@ -734,6 +825,7 @@
   "loading...": "caricamento...",
   "KEY REQUIRED": "CHIAVE RICHIESTA",
   "LIVE · updated {age}": "LIVE · aggiornato {age}",
+  "24 h to {day} {time} UTC": "24 h fino al {day} {time} UTC",
   "Source snapshot time unavailable": "Ora dello snapshot della fonte non disponibile",
   "Live data unavailable": "Dati live non disponibili",
   "Intel Picture": "Quadro intelligence",
@@ -1689,14 +1781,15 @@
   "Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way.": "Scorri automaticamente le pagine del briefing ogni 9 secondi (Segnali → Notizie → Locale). Lo scorrimento si interrompe quando passi sul pannello o lo selezioni. I dati dei segnali live si aggiornano comunque di continuo.",
   "ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS": "ACQUISIZIONE NOTIZIE REGIONALI",
   "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "NOTIZIE REGIONALI NON DISPONIBILI",
+  "CACHED · REFRESH FAILED": "IN CACHE · AGGIORNAMENTO NON RIUSCITO",
   "RESOLVING REGION": "IDENTIFICAZIONE REGIONE",
   "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "REGIONE NON DISPONIBILE",
-  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "NESSUNA CORRISPONDENZA RECENTE PER POSIZIONE",
+  "NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H": "NESSUNA NOTIZIA NELLE ULTIME {hours} H",
   "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
   "{value} KM/H": "{value} KM/H",
   "CLOUD {pct}%": "NUVOLE {pct}%",
   "CLOUD UNKNOWN": "NUVOLE N/D",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · QUERY PER POSIZIONE",
+  "{source} · CACHED {age}": "{source} · IN CACHE {age}",
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "NOTIZIE REGIONALI",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · ARIA/MARE {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · SITI {coverage}",
@@ -1762,7 +1855,7 @@
   "OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS": "PING OSSERVATI / MAPPATI",
   "SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS": "EVENTI DA FONTI · NESSUNA NOTIZIA SINTETICA",
   "LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING": "ULTIME NOTIZIE PER POSIZIONE",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · QUERY PER POSIZIONE · RECENTI",
+  "{source} · LAST {hours} H": "{source} · ULTIME {hours} H",
   "LOCAL INFO": "INFO LOCALI",
   "PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION": "LUOGO / CONDIZIONI / POSIZIONE",
   "TIME UNKNOWN": "ORA SCONOSCIUTA",
@@ -3280,6 +3373,59 @@
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Troppe richieste di chat. Riprova tra {seconds} s.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Il provider ha negato l'accesso per questa chiave. Controlla progetto, regione o autorizzazioni della chiave.",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "L'account del provider ha esaurito il credito. Controlla la fatturazione o scegli un altro provider IA in Impostazioni.",
+  "Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Ultime 24 h di notizie. Ogni notizia rimanda al suo editore; luoghi e categorie sono letti automaticamente dal testo e dai dati e possono essere errati. Le etichette di parte, dove presenti, descrivono la fonte, non se la notizia è vera.",
+  "Economy": "Economia",
+  "News from {area}": "Notizie: {area}",
+  "Within {km} km of the view centre": "Entro {km} km dal centro della vista",
+  "{region}, {country}": "{region}, {country}",
+  "via {source}": "tramite {source}",
+  "Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view": "Locale nel livello Notizie: le notizie del giorno dalle testate del paese inquadrato",
+  "{provider} refused its key": "{provider} ha rifiutato la chiave",
+  "Check {envVars} in Provider Settings": "Controlla {envVars} in Impostazioni provider",
+  "{provider} key required": "Chiave {provider} richiesta",
+  "{provider} limit reached for today": "{provider} ha raggiunto il limite di oggi",
+  "News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan": "Le notizie riprendono domani, o con un piano a pagamento",
+  "News key required": "Chiave per le notizie richiesta",
+  "Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles": "Punti di conflitto precisi nel livello Notizie, accanto agli articoli di GDELT",
+  "Worldwide": "Mondo",
+  "Shipwrecks": "Relitti",
+  "Before 1900": "Prima del 1900",
+  "After 1945": "Dopo il 1945",
+  "Date unknown": "Data sconosciuta",
+  "Position: centre of the protected area": "Posizione: centro dell'area protetta",
+  "Position approximate (within about {km} km)": "Posizione approssimativa (entro circa {km} km)",
+  "Position surveyed (within about {m} m)": "Posizione rilevata (entro circa {m} m)",
+  "Vessel: {value}": "Imbarcazione: {value}",
+  "What happened: {value}": "Cosa è successo: {value}",
+  "Depth: {m} m ({quality})": "Profondità: {m} m ({quality})",
+  "Depth: {m} m": "Profondità: {m} m",
+  "Notes: {value}": "Note: {value}",
+  "Cargo or finds: {value}": "Carico o reperti: {value}",
+  "Protected wreck": "Relitto protetto",
+  "Source: {value}": "Fonte: {value}",
+  "Click the card to open EMODnet ↗": "Fai clic sulla scheda per aprire EMODnet ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the source ↗": "Fai clic sulla scheda per aprire la fonte ↗",
+  "Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only": "Wikidata non disponibile; solo EMODnet",
+  "EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only": "EMODnet non disponibile; solo Wikidata",
+  "Shipwrecks unavailable": "Relitti non disponibili",
+  "EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)": "EMODnet (acque europee) · Wikidata (mondo)",
+  "{count} wrecks": {
+    "one": "{count} relitto",
+    "many": "{count} di relitti",
+    "other": "{count} relitti"
+  },
+  "1900–1945": "1900–1945",
+  "Shipwreck": "Naufragio",
+  "Fatalities: {count}": "Vittime: {count}",
+  "Survivors: {count}": "Sopravvissuti: {count}",
+  "Click the card to open the article ↗": "Fai clic sulla scheda per aprire l'articolo ↗",
+  "European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.": "I relitti storici europei provengono da EMODnet Human Activities; i relitti noti di tutto il mondo da Wikidata. Il colore indica quando la nave è affondata; l'indicatore cresce con il numero di vittime. Fai clic su un indicatore per la sua scheda.",
+  "All years": "Tutti gli anni",
+  "Period": "Periodo",
+  "From": "Dal",
+  "To": "Al",
+  "First year of the shipwreck period": "Primo anno del periodo dei naufragi",
+  "Last year of the shipwreck period": "Ultimo anno del periodo dei naufragi",
   "SIGHTING": "AVVISTAMENTO",
   "Show {name} sighting": "Mostra avvistamento di {name}",
   "seen {age} ago": "avvistato {age} fa",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 9c716ec48..d7164c2e6 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -1,4 +1,88 @@
 {
+  "News feed unavailable": "ニュースフィードを利用できません",
+  "Developing: {name}": "進行中: {name}",
+  "{count} events today": {
+    "other": "本日の出来事 {count}件"
+  },
+  "{count} reports today": {
+    "other": "本日の報道 {count}件"
+  },
+  "Disputed: {name}": "係争地: {name}",
+  "Video": "動画",
+  "Photos": "写真",
+  "Claimed by {who}": "{who}の主張",
+  "Claimed": "主張",
+  "Not yet confirmed by others": "他からの確認はまだない",
+  "Reported by {side} sources": "{side}側の情報源が報道",
+  "Reported by {sides}": "報道: {sides}",
+  "{side} sources": "{side}側の情報源",
+  "Official": "公式",
+  "Reported by both sides": "双方が報道",
+  "Independently reported": "独立した報道あり",
+  "Single source": "単一の情報源",
+  "International": "国際",
+  "Independent": "独立系",
+  "Unattributed": "出所不明",
+  "Outside party": "第三者",
+  "Ukraine–Russia": "ウクライナ–ロシア",
+  "Israel–Gaza–Lebanon": "イスラエル–ガザ–レバノン",
+  "Iran–Hormuz": "イラン–ホルムズ",
+  "Yemen–Red Sea": "イエメン–紅海",
+  "Sudan": "スーダン",
+  "Sahel": "サヘル",
+  "Elsewhere": "その他の地域",
+  "Strike": "攻撃",
+  "Alert": "警報",
+  "Air defence": "防空",
+  "Ground fighting": "地上戦",
+  "Casualties": "死傷者",
+  "Humanitarian": "人道",
+  "Disaster": "災害",
+  "Protest": "抗議",
+  "Political": "政治",
+  "No physical event": "物理的な事象なし",
+  "Minor incident": "小規模な事案",
+  "Significant": "重大",
+  "Major": "深刻",
+  "age|now": "今",
+  "{minutes} min": "{minutes}分",
+  "{hours} h": "{hours}時間",
+  "{count} sources": {
+    "other": "情報源 {count}件"
+  },
+  "News feed not configured on this server": "このサーバーではニュースフィードが設定されていません",
+  "Malformed news hotspots response": "ニュースのホットスポット応答の形式が不正です",
+  "Malformed news feed response": "ニュースフィードの応答の形式が不正です",
+  "{place} (placed by model)": "{place}（モデルが推定）",
+  "English headline by the model": "モデルによる英語の見出し",
+  "Not placed on the map": "地図上に配置されていません",
+  "Close": "閉じる",
+  "Any severity": "すべての深刻度",
+  "{severity} and above": "{severity}以上",
+  "{severity} only": "{severity}のみ",
+  "All categories": "すべてのカテゴリ",
+  "Reading the news…": "ニュースを読み込み中…",
+  "News, last {hours} hours": "直近{hours}時間のニュース",
+  "Last {hours} h": "直近{hours}時間",
+  "Time window": "期間",
+  "Conflicts": "紛争",
+  "Local": "ローカル",
+  "News sections": "ニュースの区分",
+  "Zoom in to see local news": "拡大するとローカルニュースが表示されます",
+  "Hotspots": "ホットスポット",
+  "Severity": "深刻度",
+  "Category": "カテゴリ",
+  "Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h": "直近{hours}時間、この付近の報道はありません",
+  "Latest news": "最新ニュース",
+  "No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h": "直近{hours}時間で条件に合うニュースはありません",
+  "Load older news": "以前のニュースを読み込む",
+  "How to read the map": "地図の見方",
+  "Colour: severity · icon: type of event": "色: 深刻度 · アイコン: 出来事の種類",
+  "Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.": "実線の縁: 双方または独立した情報源が報道。破線の縁: 主張。細い縁: 単一の情報源、または一方の陣営のメディア。",
+  "Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.": "大きい: 情報源が多い · 薄い: 古い。画像カード: 情報源が2件以上ある深刻な、または急拡大中の出来事。",
+  "Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "陣営ラベルは情報源を示すもので、報道の真偽ではありません。",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a news report": "ニュースへ移動するにはコックピットを終了してください",
+  "News items in the feed": "フィード内のニュース数",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "図形を選んでから、地図をクリックしてください。",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Enterでピンを配置、Escでキャンセル。",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "ピンを置く場所をクリックしてください。",
@@ -323,6 +407,7 @@
   "LOADING": "読込中",
   "DEGRADED": "性能低下",
   "STALE": "更新遅延",
+  "SIGNAL LOST · {time}": "信号途絶 · {time}",
   "PARTIAL": "部分的",
   "FALLBACK": "フォールバック",
   "view band|STREET": "街路",
@@ -716,6 +801,7 @@
   "loading...": "読込中…",
   "KEY REQUIRED": "キーが必要",
   "LIVE · updated {age}": "ライブ · 更新 {age}",
+  "24 h to {day} {time} UTC": "{day} {time} UTC までの24時間",
   "Source snapshot time unavailable": "ソースのスナップショット時刻を取得できません",
   "Live data unavailable": "ライブデータを利用できません",
   "Intel Picture": "情勢図",
@@ -1641,14 +1727,15 @@
   "Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way.": "9秒ごとにブリーフィングページを自動で切り替えます（シグナル → ニュース → ローカル）。パネルにカーソルを合わせるかフォーカスしている間は一時停止します。ライブシグナルのデータは、どちらの場合も継続的に更新されます。",
   "ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS": "地域ニュースを取得中",
   "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "地域ニュースを取得できません",
+  "CACHED · REFRESH FAILED": "キャッシュ · 更新失敗",
   "RESOLVING REGION": "地域を特定中",
   "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "地域を取得できません",
-  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "この地域の最近のニュースなし",
+  "NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H": "過去{hours}時間のニュースなし",
   "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
   "{value} KM/H": "{value} km/h",
   "CLOUD {pct}%": "雲量 {pct}%",
   "CLOUD UNKNOWN": "雲量不明",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · 位置クエリ",
+  "{source} · CACHED {age}": "{source} · キャッシュ {age}",
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "地域ニュース",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · 航空機/船舶の範囲 {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · 施設 {coverage}",
@@ -1712,7 +1799,7 @@
   "OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS": "観測 / マップ済みピング",
   "SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS": "出典付きイベントのみ · 合成ニュースなし",
   "LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING": "位置に一致する最新の報道",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · 位置クエリ · 最近",
+  "{source} · LAST {hours} H": "{source} · 過去{hours}時間",
   "LOCAL INFO": "ローカル情報",
   "PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION": "場所 / 天候 / 位置",
   "TIME UNKNOWN": "時刻不明",
@@ -3126,6 +3213,57 @@
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "チャットのリクエストが多すぎます。{seconds}秒後にもう一度お試しください。",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "プロバイダーがこのキーでのアクセスを拒否しました。キーのプロジェクト、リージョン、権限を確認してください。",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "プロバイダーアカウントのクレジットが不足しています。課金状況を確認するか、設定で別のAIプロバイダーを選んでください。",
+  "Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "直近24時間のニュース。各報道は発信元にリンクします。場所とカテゴリは本文とデータから自動で読み取るため誤りがあり得ます。陣営ラベルは、表示される場合、情報源を示すもので、報道の真偽ではありません。",
+  "Economy": "経済",
+  "News from {area}": "{area}のニュース",
+  "Within {km} km of the view centre": "表示中心から{km} km以内",
+  "{region}, {country}": "{country}・{region}",
+  "via {source}": "{source}経由",
+  "Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view": "ニュースレイヤーのローカル：表示中の国のメディアによる今日のニュース",
+  "{provider} refused its key": "{provider}がキーを拒否しました",
+  "Check {envVars} in Provider Settings": "プロバイダー設定で{envVars}を確認してください",
+  "{provider} key required": "{provider}のキーが必要です",
+  "{provider} limit reached for today": "{provider}の本日の上限に達しました",
+  "News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan": "ニュースは明日、または有料プランで再開します",
+  "News key required": "ニュースのキーが必要です",
+  "Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles": "ニュースレイヤーの正確な紛争地点（GDELTの記事に加えて）",
+  "Worldwide": "世界",
+  "Shipwrecks": "難破船",
+  "Before 1900": "1900年以前",
+  "After 1945": "1945年以降",
+  "Date unknown": "日付不明",
+  "Position: centre of the protected area": "位置: 保護区域の中心",
+  "Position approximate (within about {km} km)": "おおよその位置（誤差約{km} km）",
+  "Position surveyed (within about {m} m)": "測量された位置（誤差約{m} m）",
+  "Vessel: {value}": "船種: {value}",
+  "What happened: {value}": "経緯: {value}",
+  "Depth: {m} m ({quality})": "水深: {m} m（{quality}）",
+  "Depth: {m} m": "水深: {m} m",
+  "Notes: {value}": "備考: {value}",
+  "Cargo or finds: {value}": "積荷・遺物: {value}",
+  "Protected wreck": "保護対象の難破船",
+  "Source: {value}": "出典: {value}",
+  "Click the card to open EMODnet ↗": "カードをクリックしてEMODnetを開く ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the source ↗": "カードをクリックして出典を開く ↗",
+  "Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only": "Wikidataを利用できません。EMODnetのみ表示しています",
+  "EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only": "EMODnetを利用できません。Wikidataのみ表示しています",
+  "Shipwrecks unavailable": "難破船データを利用できません",
+  "EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)": "EMODnet（欧州海域）· Wikidata（世界）",
+  "{count} wrecks": {
+    "other": "難破船 {count}件"
+  },
+  "1900–1945": "1900–1945",
+  "Shipwreck": "難破",
+  "Fatalities: {count}": "死者: {count}",
+  "Survivors: {count}": "生存者: {count}",
+  "Click the card to open the article ↗": "カードをクリックして記事を開く ↗",
+  "European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.": "欧州の歴史的な難破船はEMODnet Human Activities、世界の著名な難破船はWikidataによります。色は沈没した時期を示し、マーカーは死者数に応じて大きくなります。マーカーをクリックするとカードが開きます。",
+  "All years": "全期間",
+  "Period": "期間",
+  "From": "開始",
+  "To": "終了",
+  "First year of the shipwreck period": "難破の期間の開始年",
+  "Last year of the shipwreck period": "難破の期間の終了年",
   "SIGHTING": "目撃情報",
   "Show {name} sighting": "{name}の目撃情報を表示",
   "seen {age} ago": "{age}前に目撃",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 1afd6d382..e4b376011 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -1,4 +1,94 @@
 {
+  "News feed unavailable": "Feed de notícias indisponível",
+  "Developing: {name}": "Em desenvolvimento: {name}",
+  "{count} events today": {
+    "one": "{count} evento hoje",
+    "many": "{count} eventos hoje",
+    "other": "{count} eventos hoje"
+  },
+  "{count} reports today": {
+    "one": "{count} notícia hoje",
+    "many": "{count} notícias hoje",
+    "other": "{count} notícias hoje"
+  },
+  "Disputed: {name}": "Em disputa: {name}",
+  "Video": "Vídeo",
+  "Photos": "Fotos",
+  "Claimed by {who}": "Segundo {who}",
+  "Claimed": "Alegação",
+  "Not yet confirmed by others": "Ainda não confirmado por outros",
+  "Reported by {side} sources": "Noticiado por fontes de {side}",
+  "Reported by {sides}": "Noticiado por {sides}",
+  "{side} sources": "fontes de {side}",
+  "Official": "Oficial",
+  "Reported by both sides": "Noticiado por ambos os lados",
+  "Independently reported": "Noticiado de forma independente",
+  "Single source": "Fonte única",
+  "International": "Internacional",
+  "Independent": "Independente",
+  "Unattributed": "Sem atribuição",
+  "Outside party": "Parte externa",
+  "Ukraine–Russia": "Ucrânia–Rússia",
+  "Israel–Gaza–Lebanon": "Israel–Gaza–Líbano",
+  "Iran–Hormuz": "Irã–Ormuz",
+  "Yemen–Red Sea": "Iêmen–Mar Vermelho",
+  "Sudan": "Sudão",
+  "Sahel": "Sahel",
+  "Elsewhere": "Outros lugares",
+  "Strike": "Ataque",
+  "Alert": "Alerta",
+  "Air defence": "Defesa aérea",
+  "Ground fighting": "Combates terrestres",
+  "Casualties": "Vítimas",
+  "Humanitarian": "Humanitário",
+  "Disaster": "Desastre",
+  "Protest": "Protesto",
+  "Political": "Político",
+  "No physical event": "Sem evento físico",
+  "Minor incident": "Incidente menor",
+  "Significant": "Significativo",
+  "Major": "Grave",
+  "age|now": "agora",
+  "{minutes} min": "{minutes} min",
+  "{hours} h": "{hours} h",
+  "{count} sources": {
+    "one": "{count} fonte",
+    "many": "{count} fontes",
+    "other": "{count} fontes"
+  },
+  "News feed not configured on this server": "Feed de notícias não configurado neste servidor",
+  "Malformed news hotspots response": "Resposta de focos de notícias malformada",
+  "Malformed news feed response": "Resposta do feed de notícias malformada",
+  "{place} (placed by model)": "{place} (localizado pelo modelo)",
+  "English headline by the model": "Manchete em inglês do modelo",
+  "Not placed on the map": "Não localizado no mapa",
+  "Close": "Fechar",
+  "Any severity": "Qualquer gravidade",
+  "{severity} and above": "{severity} ou mais",
+  "{severity} only": "Apenas {severity}",
+  "All categories": "Todas as categorias",
+  "Reading the news…": "Lendo as notícias…",
+  "News, last {hours} hours": "Notícias das últimas {hours} horas",
+  "Last {hours} h": "Últimas {hours} h",
+  "Time window": "Período",
+  "Conflicts": "Conflitos",
+  "Local": "Local",
+  "News sections": "Secções de notícias",
+  "Zoom in to see local news": "Aproxime para ver notícias locais",
+  "Hotspots": "Focos",
+  "Severity": "Gravidade",
+  "Category": "Categoria",
+  "Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h": "Nada noticiado aqui perto nas últimas {hours} h",
+  "Latest news": "Últimas notícias",
+  "No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h": "Nenhuma notícia das últimas {hours} h corresponde a estes filtros",
+  "Load older news": "Carregar notícias anteriores",
+  "How to read the map": "Como ler o mapa",
+  "Colour: severity · icon: type of event": "Cor: gravidade · ícone: tipo de evento",
+  "Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.": "Borda contínua: noticiado por ambos os lados ou de forma independente. Borda tracejada: uma alegação. Borda fina: uma fonte, ou a imprensa de um lado.",
+  "Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.": "Maior: mais fontes · mais tênue: mais antigo. Cartão com imagem: um evento grave ou em rápido crescimento com duas ou mais fontes.",
+  "Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Os rótulos de lado descrevem a fonte, não se a notícia é verdadeira.",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a news report": "Saia da cabine para voar até uma notícia",
+  "News items in the feed": "Notícias no feed",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "Escolha uma forma e clique no mapa.",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Enter para colocar o marcador, Esc para cancelar.",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "Clique onde o marcador deve ficar.",
@@ -329,6 +419,7 @@
   "LOADING": "CARREGANDO",
   "DEGRADED": "DEGRADADO",
   "STALE": "DESATUALIZADO",
+  "SIGNAL LOST · {time}": "SINAL PERDIDO · {time}",
   "PARTIAL": "PARCIAL",
   "FALLBACK": "ALTERNATIVO",
   "view band|STREET": "RUA",
@@ -732,6 +823,7 @@
   "loading...": "carregando...",
   "KEY REQUIRED": "CHAVE NECESSÁRIA",
   "LIVE · updated {age}": "AO VIVO · atualizado {age}",
+  "24 h to {day} {time} UTC": "24 h até {day} {time} UTC",
   "Source snapshot time unavailable": "Horário do snapshot da fonte indisponível",
   "Live data unavailable": "Dados ao vivo indisponíveis",
   "Intel Picture": "Panorama de inteligência",
@@ -1689,14 +1781,15 @@
   "Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way.": "Alternar as páginas do briefing automaticamente a cada 9 segundos (Sinais → Notícias → Local). A alternância pausa enquanto você passa o mouse ou foca o painel. Os dados de sinais ao vivo continuam sendo atualizados de qualquer forma.",
   "ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS": "OBTENDO NOTÍCIAS DA ÁREA",
   "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "NOTÍCIAS DA ÁREA INDISPONÍVEIS",
+  "CACHED · REFRESH FAILED": "EM CACHE · FALHA AO ATUALIZAR",
   "RESOLVING REGION": "IDENTIFICANDO REGIÃO",
   "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "REGIÃO INDISPONÍVEL",
-  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "NENHUMA CORRESPONDÊNCIA RECENTE COM O LOCAL",
+  "NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H": "SEM NOTÍCIAS NAS ÚLTIMAS {hours} H",
   "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
   "{value} KM/H": "{value} KM/H",
   "CLOUD {pct}%": "NUVENS {pct}%",
   "CLOUD UNKNOWN": "NEBULOSIDADE DESCONHECIDA",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · CONSULTA POR LOCAL",
+  "{source} · CACHED {age}": "{source} · EM CACHE {age}",
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "NOTÍCIAS DA ÁREA",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · AR/MAR {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · INSTALAÇÕES: {coverage}",
@@ -1762,7 +1855,7 @@
   "OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS": "PINGS OBSERVADOS / MAPEADOS",
   "SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS": "EVENTOS COM FONTE · SEM NOTÍCIAS SINTÉTICAS",
   "LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING": "ÚLTIMAS NOTÍCIAS DO LOCAL",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · CONSULTA POR LOCAL · RECENTE",
+  "{source} · LAST {hours} H": "{source} · ÚLTIMAS {hours} H",
   "LOCAL INFO": "INFO LOCAL",
   "PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION": "LUGAR / CONDIÇÕES / POSIÇÃO",
   "TIME UNKNOWN": "HORA DESCONHECIDA",
@@ -3280,6 +3373,59 @@
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Chat: limite de requisições atingido. Tente novamente em {seconds} s.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "O provedor negou o acesso para esta chave. Verifique o projeto, a região ou as permissões da chave.",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "A conta do provedor está sem crédito. Verifique o faturamento ou escolha outro provedor de IA em \"Configurações\".",
+  "Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Últimas 24 h de notícias. Cada notícia leva ao seu editor; locais e categorias são lidos do texto e dos dados automaticamente e podem estar errados. Os rótulos de lado, quando exibidos, descrevem a fonte, não se a notícia é verdadeira.",
+  "Economy": "Economia",
+  "News from {area}": "Notícias: {area}",
+  "Within {km} km of the view centre": "Até {km} km do centro da vista",
+  "{region}, {country}": "{region}, {country}",
+  "via {source}": "via {source}",
+  "Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view": "Local na camada de notícias: as notícias do dia dos veículos do país em vista",
+  "{provider} refused its key": "{provider} recusou a chave",
+  "Check {envVars} in Provider Settings": "Verifique {envVars} em \"Configurações de provedores\"",
+  "{provider} key required": "Chave do {provider} necessária",
+  "{provider} limit reached for today": "{provider} atingiu o limite de hoje",
+  "News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan": "As notícias voltam amanhã, ou com um plano pago",
+  "News key required": "Chave de notícias necessária",
+  "Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles": "Pontos de conflito precisos na camada de notícias, ao lado dos artigos do GDELT",
+  "Worldwide": "Mundo",
+  "Shipwrecks": "Naufrágios",
+  "Before 1900": "Antes de 1900",
+  "After 1945": "Depois de 1945",
+  "Date unknown": "Data desconhecida",
+  "Position: centre of the protected area": "Posição: centro da área protegida",
+  "Position approximate (within about {km} km)": "Posição aproximada (margem de cerca de {km} km)",
+  "Position surveyed (within about {m} m)": "Posição levantada (margem de cerca de {m} m)",
+  "Vessel: {value}": "Embarcação: {value}",
+  "What happened: {value}": "O que aconteceu: {value}",
+  "Depth: {m} m ({quality})": "Profundidade: {m} m ({quality})",
+  "Depth: {m} m": "Profundidade: {m} m",
+  "Notes: {value}": "Notas: {value}",
+  "Cargo or finds: {value}": "Carga ou achados: {value}",
+  "Protected wreck": "Naufrágio protegido",
+  "Source: {value}": "Fonte: {value}",
+  "Click the card to open EMODnet ↗": "Clique na ficha para abrir o EMODnet ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the source ↗": "Clique na ficha para abrir a fonte ↗",
+  "Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only": "Wikidata indisponível; mostrando só o EMODnet",
+  "EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only": "EMODnet indisponível; mostrando só o Wikidata",
+  "Shipwrecks unavailable": "Naufrágios indisponíveis",
+  "EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)": "EMODnet (águas europeias) · Wikidata (mundo)",
+  "{count} wrecks": {
+    "one": "{count} naufrágio",
+    "many": "{count} de naufrágios",
+    "other": "{count} naufrágios"
+  },
+  "1900–1945": "1900–1945",
+  "Shipwreck": "Naufrágio",
+  "Fatalities: {count}": "Mortos: {count}",
+  "Survivors: {count}": "Sobreviventes: {count}",
+  "Click the card to open the article ↗": "Clique na ficha para abrir o artigo ↗",
+  "European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.": "Os naufrágios históricos europeus vêm do EMODnet Human Activities; os naufrágios notáveis do mundo vêm do Wikidata. A cor mostra quando o navio afundou; o marcador cresce com o número de mortos. Clique num marcador para ver a ficha.",
+  "All years": "Todos os anos",
+  "Period": "Período",
+  "From": "Início",
+  "To": "Fim",
+  "First year of the shipwreck period": "Primeiro ano do período dos naufrágios",
+  "Last year of the shipwreck period": "Último ano do período dos naufrágios",
   "SIGHTING": "AVISTAMENTO",
   "Show {name} sighting": "Mostrar avistamento de {name}",
   "seen {age} ago": "visto há {age}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index d6af529c0..78622d3e3 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -1,4 +1,97 @@
 {
+  "News feed unavailable": "Лента новостей недоступна",
+  "Developing: {name}": "Развивается: {name}",
+  "{count} events today": {
+    "one": "{count} событие сегодня",
+    "few": "{count} события сегодня",
+    "many": "{count} событий сегодня",
+    "other": "{count} события сегодня"
+  },
+  "{count} reports today": {
+    "one": "{count} сообщение сегодня",
+    "few": "{count} сообщения сегодня",
+    "many": "{count} сообщений сегодня",
+    "other": "{count} сообщения сегодня"
+  },
+  "Disputed: {name}": "Спорная территория: {name}",
+  "Video": "Видео",
+  "Photos": "Фото",
+  "Claimed by {who}": "Заявление: {who}",
+  "Claimed": "Заявление",
+  "Not yet confirmed by others": "Пока не подтверждено другими",
+  "Reported by {side} sources": "Сообщают источники {side}",
+  "Reported by {sides}": "Сообщают: {sides}",
+  "{side} sources": "источники {side}",
+  "Official": "Официально",
+  "Reported by both sides": "Сообщают обе стороны",
+  "Independently reported": "Подтверждено независимыми источниками",
+  "Single source": "Один источник",
+  "International": "Международные",
+  "Independent": "Независимые",
+  "Unattributed": "Без атрибуции",
+  "Outside party": "Внешняя сторона",
+  "Ukraine–Russia": "Украина–Россия",
+  "Israel–Gaza–Lebanon": "Израиль–Газа–Ливан",
+  "Iran–Hormuz": "Иран–Ормуз",
+  "Yemen–Red Sea": "Йемен–Красное море",
+  "Sudan": "Судан",
+  "Sahel": "Сахель",
+  "Elsewhere": "Другие места",
+  "Strike": "Удар",
+  "Alert": "Тревога",
+  "Air defence": "ПВО",
+  "Ground fighting": "Наземные бои",
+  "Casualties": "Жертвы",
+  "Humanitarian": "Гуманитарное",
+  "Disaster": "Бедствие",
+  "Protest": "Протест",
+  "Political": "Политика",
+  "No physical event": "Без физического события",
+  "Minor incident": "Незначительный инцидент",
+  "Significant": "Значительный",
+  "Major": "Крупный",
+  "age|now": "сейчас",
+  "{minutes} min": "{minutes} мин",
+  "{hours} h": "{hours} ч",
+  "{count} sources": {
+    "one": "{count} источник",
+    "few": "{count} источника",
+    "many": "{count} источников",
+    "other": "{count} источника"
+  },
+  "News feed not configured on this server": "Лента новостей не настроена на этом сервере",
+  "Malformed news hotspots response": "Некорректный ответ горячих точек новостей",
+  "Malformed news feed response": "Некорректный ответ ленты новостей",
+  "{place} (placed by model)": "{place} (место определила модель)",
+  "English headline by the model": "Английский заголовок от модели",
+  "Not placed on the map": "Не отмечено на карте",
+  "Close": "Закрыть",
+  "Any severity": "Любая тяжесть",
+  "{severity} and above": "{severity} и выше",
+  "{severity} only": "Только {severity}",
+  "All categories": "Все категории",
+  "Reading the news…": "Читаем новости…",
+  "News, last {hours} hours": "Новости за последние {hours} ч",
+  "Last {hours} h": "За {hours} ч",
+  "Time window": "Период",
+  "Conflicts": "Конфликты",
+  "Local": "Местные",
+  "News sections": "Разделы новостей",
+  "Zoom in to see local news": "Приблизьте карту, чтобы увидеть местные новости",
+  "Hotspots": "Горячие точки",
+  "Severity": "Тяжесть",
+  "Category": "Категория",
+  "Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h": "За последние {hours} ч поблизости ничего не сообщалось",
+  "Latest news": "Последние новости",
+  "No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h": "За последние {hours} ч нет новостей по этим фильтрам",
+  "Load older news": "Загрузить более ранние новости",
+  "How to read the map": "Как читать карту",
+  "Colour: severity · icon: type of event": "Цвет: тяжесть · значок: тип события",
+  "Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.": "Сплошной обод: сообщают обе стороны или независимые источники. Пунктирный обод: заявление. Тонкий обод: один источник или пресса одной стороны.",
+  "Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.": "Крупнее: больше источников · бледнее: старше. Карточка с фото: крупное или быстро растущее событие от двух и более источников.",
+  "Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Метки сторон описывают источник, а не достоверность сообщения.",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a news report": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к сообщению",
+  "News items in the feed": "Новостей в ленте",
   "Flying to Austin, TX...": "Перелёт в Остин, Техас...",
   "Restoring shared view...": "Восстановление общего вида...",
   "Initializing systems...": "Инициализация систем...",
@@ -143,10 +236,12 @@
   "{count}h ago": "{count} ч назад",
   "STALE · cached {age}": "УСТАРЕЛ · кэш {age}",
   "STALE": "УСТАРЕЛ",
+  "SIGNAL LOST · {time}": "СИГНАЛ ПОТЕРЯН · {time}",
   "refreshing...": "обновление...",
   "loading...": "загрузка...",
   "KEY REQUIRED": "ТРЕБУЕТСЯ КЛЮЧ",
   "LIVE · updated {age}": "ОНЛАЙН · обновлено {age}",
+  "24 h to {day} {time} UTC": "24 ч до {day} {time} UTC",
   "Retrying mapped sites…": "Повторный запрос объектов…",
   "Fetching mapped sites…": "Загрузка объектов…",
   "Zoom in to search mapped installations": "Приблизьте, чтобы искать картографированные объекты",
@@ -398,10 +493,11 @@
   "OVERCAST": "ПАСМУРНО",
   "ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS": "ЗАГРУЗКА РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ НОВОСТЕЙ",
   "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ НОВОСТИ НЕДОСТУПНЫ",
+  "CACHED · REFRESH FAILED": "КЭШ · ОБНОВЛЕНИЕ НЕ УДАЛОСЬ",
   "RESOLVING REGION": "ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ РЕГИОНА",
   "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "РЕГИОН НЕДОСТУПЕН",
   "FOG": "ТУМАН",
-  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "НЕТ СВЕЖИХ СОВПАДЕНИЙ ПО МЕСТУ",
+  "NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H": "НЕТ НОВОСТЕЙ ЗА {hours} Ч",
   "DRIZZLE": "МОРОСЬ",
   "RAIN": "ДОЖДЬ",
   "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
@@ -413,7 +509,7 @@
   "CLOUD {pct}%": "ОБЛАЧНОСТЬ {pct}%",
   "CLOUD UNKNOWN": "ОБЛАЧНОСТЬ НЕИЗВЕСТНА",
   "MIXED CONDITIONS": "СМЕШАННЫЕ УСЛОВИЯ",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · ЗАПРОС ПО МЕСТУ",
+  "{source} · CACHED {age}": "{source} · КЭШ {age}",
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "НОВОСТИ РЕГИОНА",
   "CYCLE ON": "АВТО: ВКЛ",
   "CYCLE OFF": "АВТО: ВЫКЛ",
@@ -2040,7 +2136,7 @@
   "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "ВОЕННЫЙ ПОТОК ВЫКЛ · КАРТИНА НЕПОЛНАЯ",
   "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "ПОТОК РЕЙСОВ ВЫКЛ · КАРТИНА НЕПОЛНАЯ",
   "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "БЛИЖНИЕ ВОЗДУШНЫЕ СУДА: ДАННЫЕ НЕПОЛНЫЕ · ОТСУТСТВИЕ УГРОЗ НЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · ЗАПРОС ПО МЕСТУ · НЕДАВНИЕ",
+  "{source} · LAST {hours} H": "{source} · ЗА {hours} Ч",
   "ft": "фт",
   "kts": "уз",
   "PAUSE": "ПАУЗА",
@@ -3357,6 +3453,60 @@
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Слишком много запросов в чате. Повторите попытку через {seconds} с.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Провайдер отказал этому ключу в доступе. Проверьте проект, регион или разрешения ключа.",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "На вашем счёте у провайдера закончились средства. Проверьте оплату или выберите другого провайдера ИИ в настройках.",
+  "Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Новости за последние 24 ч. Каждое сообщение ведёт к своему изданию; места и категории определяются по тексту и данным автоматически и могут быть ошибочны. Метки сторон, где они есть, описывают источник, а не достоверность сообщения.",
+  "Economy": "Экономика",
+  "News from {area}": "Новости: {area}",
+  "Within {km} km of the view centre": "В радиусе {km} км от центра карты",
+  "{region}, {country}": "{region}, {country}",
+  "via {source}": "через {source}",
+  "Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view": "Местное в слое новостей: новости дня от СМИ страны в кадре",
+  "{provider} refused its key": "{provider} отклонил ключ",
+  "Check {envVars} in Provider Settings": "Проверьте {envVars} в «Настройках провайдеров»",
+  "{provider} key required": "Нужен ключ {provider}",
+  "{provider} limit reached for today": "{provider}: дневной лимит исчерпан",
+  "News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan": "Новости вернутся завтра или с платным тарифом",
+  "News key required": "Нужен ключ новостей",
+  "Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles": "Точные точки конфликтов в слое новостей, вдобавок к статьям GDELT",
+  "Worldwide": "Весь мир",
+  "Shipwrecks": "Кораблекрушения",
+  "Before 1900": "До 1900",
+  "After 1945": "После 1945",
+  "Date unknown": "Дата неизвестна",
+  "Position: centre of the protected area": "Положение: центр охраняемой зоны",
+  "Position approximate (within about {km} km)": "Положение приблизительное (точность около {km} км)",
+  "Position surveyed (within about {m} m)": "Положение измерено (точность около {m} м)",
+  "Vessel: {value}": "Судно: {value}",
+  "What happened: {value}": "Что произошло: {value}",
+  "Depth: {m} m ({quality})": "Глубина: {m} м ({quality})",
+  "Depth: {m} m": "Глубина: {m} м",
+  "Notes: {value}": "Примечания: {value}",
+  "Cargo or finds: {value}": "Груз или находки: {value}",
+  "Protected wreck": "Охраняемый объект",
+  "Source: {value}": "Источник: {value}",
+  "Click the card to open EMODnet ↗": "Нажмите на карточку, чтобы открыть EMODnet ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the source ↗": "Нажмите на карточку, чтобы открыть источник ↗",
+  "Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only": "Wikidata недоступна; показан только EMODnet",
+  "EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only": "EMODnet недоступен; показана только Wikidata",
+  "Shipwrecks unavailable": "Данные о кораблекрушениях недоступны",
+  "EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)": "EMODnet (воды Европы) · Wikidata (весь мир)",
+  "{count} wrecks": {
+    "one": "{count} затонувшее судно",
+    "few": "{count} затонувших судна",
+    "many": "{count} затонувших судов",
+    "other": "{count} затонувшего судна"
+  },
+  "1900–1945": "1900–1945",
+  "Shipwreck": "Кораблекрушение",
+  "Fatalities: {count}": "Погибших: {count}",
+  "Survivors: {count}": "Выживших: {count}",
+  "Click the card to open the article ↗": "Нажмите на карточку, чтобы открыть статью ↗",
+  "European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.": "Исторические затонувшие суда Европы — из EMODnet Human Activities, известные кораблекрушения по всему миру — из Wikidata. Цвет показывает, когда судно затонуло; маркер растёт с числом погибших. Нажмите на маркер, чтобы открыть карточку.",
+  "All years": "Все годы",
+  "Period": "Период",
+  "From": "С",
+  "To": "По",
+  "First year of the shipwreck period": "Первый год периода кораблекрушений",
+  "Last year of the shipwreck period": "Последний год периода кораблекрушений",
   "SIGHTING": "НАБЛЮДЕНИЕ",
   "Show {name} sighting": "Показать наблюдение: {name}",
   "seen {age} ago": "замечено {age} назад",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 6826eb2fa..08d6417df 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -1,4 +1,97 @@
 {
+  "News feed unavailable": "Стрічка новин недоступна",
+  "Developing: {name}": "Розвивається: {name}",
+  "{count} events today": {
+    "one": "{count} подія сьогодні",
+    "few": "{count} події сьогодні",
+    "many": "{count} подій сьогодні",
+    "other": "{count} події сьогодні"
+  },
+  "{count} reports today": {
+    "one": "{count} повідомлення сьогодні",
+    "few": "{count} повідомлення сьогодні",
+    "many": "{count} повідомлень сьогодні",
+    "other": "{count} повідомлення сьогодні"
+  },
+  "Disputed: {name}": "Спірна територія: {name}",
+  "Video": "Відео",
+  "Photos": "Фото",
+  "Claimed by {who}": "Заява: {who}",
+  "Claimed": "Заява",
+  "Not yet confirmed by others": "Поки не підтверджено іншими",
+  "Reported by {side} sources": "Повідомляють джерела {side}",
+  "Reported by {sides}": "Повідомляють: {sides}",
+  "{side} sources": "джерела {side}",
+  "Official": "Офіційно",
+  "Reported by both sides": "Повідомляють обидві сторони",
+  "Independently reported": "Підтверджено незалежними джерелами",
+  "Single source": "Одне джерело",
+  "International": "Міжнародні",
+  "Independent": "Незалежні",
+  "Unattributed": "Без атрибуції",
+  "Outside party": "Зовнішня сторона",
+  "Ukraine–Russia": "Україна–Росія",
+  "Israel–Gaza–Lebanon": "Ізраїль–Газа–Ліван",
+  "Iran–Hormuz": "Іран–Ормуз",
+  "Yemen–Red Sea": "Ємен–Червоне море",
+  "Sudan": "Судан",
+  "Sahel": "Сахель",
+  "Elsewhere": "Інші місця",
+  "Strike": "Удар",
+  "Alert": "Тривога",
+  "Air defence": "ППО",
+  "Ground fighting": "Наземні бої",
+  "Casualties": "Жертви",
+  "Humanitarian": "Гуманітарне",
+  "Disaster": "Лихо",
+  "Protest": "Протест",
+  "Political": "Політика",
+  "No physical event": "Без фізичної події",
+  "Minor incident": "Незначний інцидент",
+  "Significant": "Значний",
+  "Major": "Великий",
+  "age|now": "зараз",
+  "{minutes} min": "{minutes} хв",
+  "{hours} h": "{hours} год",
+  "{count} sources": {
+    "one": "{count} джерело",
+    "few": "{count} джерела",
+    "many": "{count} джерел",
+    "other": "{count} джерела"
+  },
+  "News feed not configured on this server": "Стрічку новин не налаштовано на цьому сервері",
+  "Malformed news hotspots response": "Некоректна відповідь гарячих точок новин",
+  "Malformed news feed response": "Некоректна відповідь стрічки новин",
+  "{place} (placed by model)": "{place} (місце визначила модель)",
+  "English headline by the model": "Англійський заголовок від моделі",
+  "Not placed on the map": "Не позначено на мапі",
+  "Close": "Закрити",
+  "Any severity": "Будь-яка тяжкість",
+  "{severity} and above": "{severity} і вище",
+  "{severity} only": "Лише {severity}",
+  "All categories": "Усі категорії",
+  "Reading the news…": "Читаємо новини…",
+  "News, last {hours} hours": "Новини за останні {hours} год",
+  "Last {hours} h": "За {hours} год",
+  "Time window": "Період",
+  "Conflicts": "Конфлікти",
+  "Local": "Місцеві",
+  "News sections": "Розділи новин",
+  "Zoom in to see local news": "Наблизьте мапу, щоб побачити місцеві новини",
+  "Hotspots": "Гарячі точки",
+  "Severity": "Тяжкість",
+  "Category": "Категорія",
+  "Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h": "За останні {hours} год поблизу нічого не повідомлялося",
+  "Latest news": "Останні новини",
+  "No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h": "За останні {hours} год немає новин за цими фільтрами",
+  "Load older news": "Завантажити давніші новини",
+  "How to read the map": "Як читати мапу",
+  "Colour: severity · icon: type of event": "Колір: тяжкість · значок: тип події",
+  "Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.": "Суцільний обідок: повідомляють обидві сторони або незалежні джерела. Пунктирний обідок: заява. Тонкий обідок: одне джерело або преса однієї сторони.",
+  "Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.": "Більше: більше джерел · блідіше: давніше. Картка з фото: велика або швидко зростаюча подія з двох і більше джерел.",
+  "Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Позначки сторін описують джерело, а не правдивість повідомлення.",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a news report": "Вийдіть із кабіни, щоб перелетіти до повідомлення",
+  "News items in the feed": "Новин у стрічці",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "Виберіть фігуру й клацніть на карті.",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Enter — поставити мітку, Esc — скасувати.",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "Клацніть там, де має бути мітка.",
@@ -332,6 +425,7 @@
   "LOADING": "ЗАВАНТАЖЕННЯ",
   "DEGRADED": "ПЕРЕБОЇ",
   "STALE": "ЗАСТАРІЛО",
+  "SIGNAL LOST · {time}": "СИГНАЛ ВТРАЧЕНО · {time}",
   "PARTIAL": "ЧАСТКОВО",
   "FALLBACK": "РЕЗЕРВ",
   "view band|STREET": "ВУЛИЦЯ",
@@ -742,6 +836,7 @@
   "loading...": "завантаження...",
   "KEY REQUIRED": "ПОТРІБЕН КЛЮЧ",
   "LIVE · updated {age}": "ОНЛАЙН · оновлено {age}",
+  "24 h to {day} {time} UTC": "24 год до {day} {time} UTC",
   "Source snapshot time unavailable": "Час знімка джерела невідомий",
   "Live data unavailable": "Дані в реальному часі недоступні",
   "Intel Picture": "Розвідувальна обстановка",
@@ -1712,14 +1807,15 @@
   "Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way.": "Автоматично гортає сторінки брифінгу кожні 9 секунд (Сигнали → Новини → Місцеві дані). Пауза, доки ви наводите вказівник на панель або вона у фокусі. Дані сигналів у реальному часі однаково оновлюються безперервно.",
   "ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS": "ОТРИМАННЯ РЕГІОНАЛЬНИХ НОВИН",
   "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "РЕГІОНАЛЬНІ НОВИНИ НЕДОСТУПНІ",
+  "CACHED · REFRESH FAILED": "КЕШ · ОНОВЛЕННЯ НЕ ВДАЛОСЯ",
   "RESOLVING REGION": "ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ РЕГІОНУ",
   "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "РЕГІОН НЕДОСТУПНИЙ",
-  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "НЕМАЄ СВІЖИХ ЗБІГІВ ЗА РОЗТАШУВАННЯМ",
+  "NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H": "НЕМАЄ НОВИН ЗА {hours} ГОД",
   "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
   "{value} KM/H": "{value} КМ/ГОД",
   "CLOUD {pct}%": "ХМАРНІСТЬ {pct}%",
   "CLOUD UNKNOWN": "ХМАРНІСТЬ НЕВІДОМА",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · ЗАПИТ ЗА РОЗТАШУВАННЯМ",
+  "{source} · CACHED {age}": "{source} · КЕШ {age}",
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "РЕГІОНАЛЬНІ НОВИНИ",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · РЕЙСИ / СУДНА · РАДІУС {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · ОБʼЄКТИ: {coverage}",
@@ -1786,7 +1882,7 @@
   "OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS": "СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНІ / НАНЕСЕНІ КОНТАКТИ",
   "SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS": "ПОДІЇ ПІДТВЕРДЖЕНІ ДЖЕРЕЛАМИ · БЕЗ ІМІТОВАНИХ НОВИН",
   "LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING": "ОСТАННІ ПУБЛІКАЦІЇ ЗА РОЗТАШУВАННЯМ",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · ЗАПИТ ЗА РОЗТАШУВАННЯМ · НЕЩОДАВНІ",
+  "{source} · LAST {hours} H": "{source} · ЗА {hours} ГОД",
   "LOCAL INFO": "МІСЦЕВІ ДАНІ",
   "PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION": "МІСЦЕ / УМОВИ / ПОЗИЦІЯ",
   "TIME UNKNOWN": "ЧАС НЕВІДОМИЙ",
@@ -3357,6 +3453,60 @@
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Забагато запитів до чату. Спробуйте ще раз через {seconds} с.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Постачальник відмовив цьому ключу в доступі. Перевірте проєкт, регіон або дозволи ключа.",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "На вашому рахунку в постачальника закінчилися кошти. Перевірте оплату або виберіть іншого постачальника ШІ в налаштуваннях.",
+  "Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "Новини за останні 24 год. Кожне повідомлення веде до свого видання; місця й категорії визначаються з тексту й даних автоматично і можуть бути хибними. Позначки сторін, де вони є, описують джерело, а не правдивість повідомлення.",
+  "Economy": "Економіка",
+  "News from {area}": "Новини: {area}",
+  "Within {km} km of the view centre": "У радіусі {km} км від центру мапи",
+  "{region}, {country}": "{region}, {country}",
+  "via {source}": "через {source}",
+  "Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view": "Місцеве в шарі новин: новини дня від медіа країни в кадрі",
+  "{provider} refused its key": "{provider} відхилив ключ",
+  "Check {envVars} in Provider Settings": "Перевірте {envVars} у «Налаштуваннях постачальників»",
+  "{provider} key required": "Потрібен ключ {provider}",
+  "{provider} limit reached for today": "{provider}: денний ліміт вичерпано",
+  "News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan": "Новини повернуться завтра або з платним тарифом",
+  "News key required": "Потрібен ключ новин",
+  "Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles": "Точні точки конфліктів у шарі новин, на додачу до статей GDELT",
+  "Worldwide": "Увесь світ",
+  "Shipwrecks": "Корабельні аварії",
+  "Before 1900": "До 1900",
+  "After 1945": "Після 1945",
+  "Date unknown": "Дата невідома",
+  "Position: centre of the protected area": "Положення: центр охоронної зони",
+  "Position approximate (within about {km} km)": "Положення приблизне (точність близько {km} км)",
+  "Position surveyed (within about {m} m)": "Положення виміряно (точність близько {m} м)",
+  "Vessel: {value}": "Судно: {value}",
+  "What happened: {value}": "Що сталося: {value}",
+  "Depth: {m} m ({quality})": "Глибина: {m} м ({quality})",
+  "Depth: {m} m": "Глибина: {m} м",
+  "Notes: {value}": "Примітки: {value}",
+  "Cargo or finds: {value}": "Вантаж або знахідки: {value}",
+  "Protected wreck": "Охоронюваний об'єкт",
+  "Source: {value}": "Джерело: {value}",
+  "Click the card to open EMODnet ↗": "Натисніть картку, щоб відкрити EMODnet ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the source ↗": "Натисніть картку, щоб відкрити джерело ↗",
+  "Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only": "Wikidata недоступна; показано лише EMODnet",
+  "EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only": "EMODnet недоступний; показано лише Wikidata",
+  "Shipwrecks unavailable": "Дані про корабельні аварії недоступні",
+  "EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)": "EMODnet (води Європи) · Wikidata (увесь світ)",
+  "{count} wrecks": {
+    "one": "{count} затонуле судно",
+    "few": "{count} затонулі судна",
+    "many": "{count} затонулих суден",
+    "other": "{count} затонулого судна"
+  },
+  "1900–1945": "1900–1945",
+  "Shipwreck": "Корабельна аварія",
+  "Fatalities: {count}": "Загиблих: {count}",
+  "Survivors: {count}": "Тих, хто вижив: {count}",
+  "Click the card to open the article ↗": "Натисніть картку, щоб відкрити статтю ↗",
+  "European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.": "Історичні затонулі судна Європи — з EMODnet Human Activities, відомі корабельні аварії світу — з Wikidata. Колір показує, коли судно затонуло; маркер збільшується з кількістю загиблих. Натисніть маркер, щоб відкрити картку.",
+  "All years": "Усі роки",
+  "Period": "Період",
+  "From": "З",
+  "To": "По",
+  "First year of the shipwreck period": "Перший рік періоду корабельних аварій",
+  "Last year of the shipwreck period": "Останній рік періоду корабельних аварій",
   "SIGHTING": "СПОСТЕРЕЖЕННЯ",
   "Show {name} sighting": "Показати спостереження: {name}",
   "seen {age} ago": "помічено {age} тому",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index d0af7ee5e..503a6716e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -1,4 +1,88 @@
 {
+  "News feed unavailable": "新闻源不可用",
+  "Developing: {name}": "事态发展：{name}",
+  "{count} events today": {
+    "other": "今日 {count} 起事件"
+  },
+  "{count} reports today": {
+    "other": "今日 {count} 条报道"
+  },
+  "Disputed: {name}": "争议地区：{name}",
+  "Video": "视频",
+  "Photos": "照片",
+  "Claimed by {who}": "{who}声称",
+  "Claimed": "声称",
+  "Not yet confirmed by others": "尚未获他方证实",
+  "Reported by {side} sources": "{side}方来源报道",
+  "Reported by {sides}": "报道来源：{sides}",
+  "{side} sources": "{side}方来源",
+  "Official": "官方",
+  "Reported by both sides": "双方均有报道",
+  "Independently reported": "有独立来源报道",
+  "Single source": "单一来源",
+  "International": "国际",
+  "Independent": "独立",
+  "Unattributed": "未注明来源",
+  "Outside party": "外部方",
+  "Ukraine–Russia": "乌克兰–俄罗斯",
+  "Israel–Gaza–Lebanon": "以色列–加沙–黎巴嫩",
+  "Iran–Hormuz": "伊朗–霍尔木兹",
+  "Yemen–Red Sea": "也门–红海",
+  "Sudan": "苏丹",
+  "Sahel": "萨赫勒",
+  "Elsewhere": "其他地区",
+  "Strike": "打击",
+  "Alert": "警报",
+  "Air defence": "防空",
+  "Ground fighting": "地面战斗",
+  "Casualties": "伤亡",
+  "Humanitarian": "人道",
+  "Disaster": "灾害",
+  "Protest": "抗议",
+  "Political": "政治",
+  "No physical event": "无实际事件",
+  "Minor incident": "轻微事件",
+  "Significant": "重大",
+  "Major": "严重",
+  "age|now": "刚刚",
+  "{minutes} min": "{minutes} 分钟",
+  "{hours} h": "{hours} 小时",
+  "{count} sources": {
+    "other": "{count} 个来源"
+  },
+  "News feed not configured on this server": "此服务器未配置新闻源",
+  "Malformed news hotspots response": "新闻热点响应格式错误",
+  "Malformed news feed response": "新闻源响应格式错误",
+  "{place} (placed by model)": "{place}（由模型定位）",
+  "English headline by the model": "模型生成的英文标题",
+  "Not placed on the map": "未在地图上标出",
+  "Close": "关闭",
+  "Any severity": "任意严重程度",
+  "{severity} and above": "{severity}及以上",
+  "{severity} only": "仅{severity}",
+  "All categories": "所有类别",
+  "Reading the news…": "正在读取新闻…",
+  "News, last {hours} hours": "最近 {hours} 小时的新闻",
+  "Last {hours} h": "最近 {hours} 小时",
+  "Time window": "时间范围",
+  "Conflicts": "冲突",
+  "Local": "本地",
+  "News sections": "新闻分区",
+  "Zoom in to see local news": "放大地图以查看本地新闻",
+  "Hotspots": "热点",
+  "Severity": "严重程度",
+  "Category": "类别",
+  "Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h": "最近 {hours} 小时附近无报道",
+  "Latest news": "最新新闻",
+  "No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h": "最近 {hours} 小时没有符合这些筛选条件的新闻",
+  "Load older news": "加载更早的新闻",
+  "How to read the map": "如何解读地图",
+  "Colour: severity · icon: type of event": "颜色：严重程度 · 图标：事件类型",
+  "Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.": "实线边框：双方或独立来源均有报道。虚线边框：一方声称。细边框：单一来源，或一方自身的媒体。",
+  "Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.": "越大：来源越多 · 越淡：越早。图片卡片：有两个或以上来源的严重或快速发展的事件。",
+  "Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "阵营标签描述的是来源，而非报道是否属实。",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a news report": "退出驾驶舱以飞往新闻报道",
+  "News items in the feed": "列表中的新闻数",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "先选择形状，再在地图上点击。",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "按 Enter 放置图钉，按 Esc 取消。",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "点击图钉的放置位置。",
@@ -323,6 +407,7 @@
   "LOADING": "加载中",
   "DEGRADED": "降级",
   "STALE": "过期",
+  "SIGNAL LOST · {time}": "信号丢失 · {time}",
   "PARTIAL": "部分",
   "FALLBACK": "备用",
   "view band|STREET": "街道",
@@ -716,6 +801,7 @@
   "loading...": "加载中…",
   "KEY REQUIRED": "需要密钥",
   "LIVE · updated {age}": "实时 · 更新于 {age}",
+  "24 h to {day} {time} UTC": "截至 {day} {time} UTC 的 24 小时",
   "Source snapshot time unavailable": "来源快照时间不可用",
   "Live data unavailable": "实时数据不可用",
   "Low-accuracy score < 2%": "低精度评分 < 2%",
@@ -1617,14 +1703,15 @@
   "Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way.": "每 9 秒自动轮换简报页面（信号 → 新闻 → 本地）。悬停或聚焦面板时暂停。无论是否轮换，实时信号数据都会持续刷新。",
   "ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS": "正在获取地区新闻",
   "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "地区新闻不可用",
+  "CACHED · REFRESH FAILED": "缓存 · 刷新失败",
   "RESOLVING REGION": "正在解析区域",
   "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "区域不可用",
-  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "暂无近期位置匹配结果",
+  "NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H": "过去 {hours} 小时无新闻",
   "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
   "{value} KM/H": "{value} km/h",
   "CLOUD {pct}%": "云量 {pct}%",
   "CLOUD UNKNOWN": "云量未知",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · 位置查询",
+  "{source} · CACHED {age}": "{source} · 缓存 {age}",
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "地区新闻",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · {radius} 空/海监视窗口",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · 设施 {coverage}",
@@ -1688,7 +1775,7 @@
   "OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS": "观测 / 地图标注目标",
   "SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS": "来源可查的事件 · 无合成新闻",
   "LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING": "当前地区最新报道",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · 位置查询 · 近期",
+  "{source} · LAST {hours} H": "{source} · 过去 {hours} 小时",
   "LOCAL INFO": "本地信息",
   "PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION": "地点 / 状况 / 位置",
   "TIME UNKNOWN": "时间未知",
@@ -3126,6 +3213,57 @@
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "聊天请求过多。请在 {seconds} 秒后重试。",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "服务商拒绝了此密钥的访问请求。请检查该密钥所属的项目、区域或权限。",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "服务商账户余额不足。请检查账户的计费信息，或在设置中选择其他 AI 服务商。",
+  "Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "最近 24 小时的新闻。每条报道都链接到其发布者；地点和类别由文本和数据自动读取，可能有误。阵营标签（如有显示）描述的是来源，而非报道是否属实。",
+  "Economy": "经济",
+  "News from {area}": "{area}新闻",
+  "Within {km} km of the view centre": "视图中心 {km} 公里范围内",
+  "{region}, {country}": "{country}{region}",
+  "via {source}": "来自 {source}",
+  "Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view": "新闻图层的本地：视野中国家的媒体当天的新闻",
+  "{provider} refused its key": "{provider} 拒绝了密钥",
+  "Check {envVars} in Provider Settings": "请在服务商设置中检查 {envVars}",
+  "{provider} key required": "需要 {provider} 密钥",
+  "{provider} limit reached for today": "{provider} 已达今日上限",
+  "News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan": "新闻将于明天恢复，或升级付费套餐",
+  "News key required": "需要新闻密钥",
+  "Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles": "新闻图层中精确的冲突地点，与 GDELT 的文章并列",
+  "Worldwide": "全球",
+  "Shipwrecks": "沉船",
+  "Before 1900": "1900年以前",
+  "After 1945": "1945年以后",
+  "Date unknown": "日期不详",
+  "Position: centre of the protected area": "位置：保护区中心",
+  "Position approximate (within about {km} km)": "大致位置（误差约 {km} 公里）",
+  "Position surveyed (within about {m} m)": "实测位置（误差约 {m} 米）",
+  "Vessel: {value}": "船只：{value}",
+  "What happened: {value}": "经过：{value}",
+  "Depth: {m} m ({quality})": "深度：{m} 米（{quality}）",
+  "Depth: {m} m": "深度：{m} 米",
+  "Notes: {value}": "备注：{value}",
+  "Cargo or finds: {value}": "货物或出水文物：{value}",
+  "Protected wreck": "受保护沉船",
+  "Source: {value}": "来源：{value}",
+  "Click the card to open EMODnet ↗": "点击卡片打开 EMODnet ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the source ↗": "点击卡片打开来源 ↗",
+  "Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only": "Wikidata 不可用；仅显示 EMODnet",
+  "EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only": "EMODnet 不可用；仅显示 Wikidata",
+  "Shipwrecks unavailable": "沉船数据不可用",
+  "EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)": "EMODnet（欧洲海域）· Wikidata（全球）",
+  "{count} wrecks": {
+    "other": "{count} 艘沉船"
+  },
+  "1900–1945": "1900–1945",
+  "Shipwreck": "沉船",
+  "Fatalities: {count}": "遇难：{count}",
+  "Survivors: {count}": "幸存者：{count}",
+  "Click the card to open the article ↗": "点击卡片打开文章 ↗",
+  "European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.": "欧洲历史沉船来自 EMODnet Human Activities；全球知名沉船来自 Wikidata。颜色表示船只沉没的时期，标记大小随遇难人数增加。点击标记查看卡片。",
+  "All years": "所有年份",
+  "Period": "时段",
+  "From": "起",
+  "To": "止",
+  "First year of the shipwreck period": "沉船时段的起始年份",
+  "Last year of the shipwreck period": "沉船时段的结束年份",
   "SIGHTING": "目击",
   "Show {name} sighting": "显示{name}目击",
   "seen {age} ago": "{age}前目击",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index c0e22141b..c2a279684 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -1,4 +1,88 @@
 {
+  "News feed unavailable": "新聞來源無法使用",
+  "Developing: {name}": "事態發展：{name}",
+  "{count} events today": {
+    "other": "今日 {count} 起事件"
+  },
+  "{count} reports today": {
+    "other": "今日 {count} 則報導"
+  },
+  "Disputed: {name}": "爭議地區：{name}",
+  "Video": "影片",
+  "Photos": "照片",
+  "Claimed by {who}": "{who}聲稱",
+  "Claimed": "聲稱",
+  "Not yet confirmed by others": "尚未獲他方證實",
+  "Reported by {side} sources": "{side}方來源報導",
+  "Reported by {sides}": "報導來源：{sides}",
+  "{side} sources": "{side}方來源",
+  "Official": "官方",
+  "Reported by both sides": "雙方均有報導",
+  "Independently reported": "有獨立來源報導",
+  "Single source": "單一來源",
+  "International": "國際",
+  "Independent": "獨立",
+  "Unattributed": "未註明來源",
+  "Outside party": "外部方",
+  "Ukraine–Russia": "烏克蘭–俄羅斯",
+  "Israel–Gaza–Lebanon": "以色列–加薩–黎巴嫩",
+  "Iran–Hormuz": "伊朗–荷莫茲",
+  "Yemen–Red Sea": "葉門–紅海",
+  "Sudan": "蘇丹",
+  "Sahel": "薩赫爾",
+  "Elsewhere": "其他地區",
+  "Strike": "打擊",
+  "Alert": "警報",
+  "Air defence": "防空",
+  "Ground fighting": "地面戰鬥",
+  "Casualties": "傷亡",
+  "Humanitarian": "人道",
+  "Disaster": "災害",
+  "Protest": "抗議",
+  "Political": "政治",
+  "No physical event": "無實際事件",
+  "Minor incident": "輕微事件",
+  "Significant": "重大",
+  "Major": "嚴重",
+  "age|now": "剛剛",
+  "{minutes} min": "{minutes} 分鐘",
+  "{hours} h": "{hours} 小時",
+  "{count} sources": {
+    "other": "{count} 個來源"
+  },
+  "News feed not configured on this server": "此伺服器未設定新聞來源",
+  "Malformed news hotspots response": "新聞熱點回應格式錯誤",
+  "Malformed news feed response": "新聞來源回應格式錯誤",
+  "{place} (placed by model)": "{place}（由模型定位）",
+  "English headline by the model": "模型產生的英文標題",
+  "Not placed on the map": "未在地圖上標出",
+  "Close": "關閉",
+  "Any severity": "任意嚴重程度",
+  "{severity} and above": "{severity}及以上",
+  "{severity} only": "僅{severity}",
+  "All categories": "所有類別",
+  "Reading the news…": "正在讀取新聞…",
+  "News, last {hours} hours": "最近 {hours} 小時的新聞",
+  "Last {hours} h": "最近 {hours} 小時",
+  "Time window": "時間範圍",
+  "Conflicts": "衝突",
+  "Local": "本地",
+  "News sections": "新聞分區",
+  "Zoom in to see local news": "放大地圖以查看本地新聞",
+  "Hotspots": "熱點",
+  "Severity": "嚴重程度",
+  "Category": "類別",
+  "Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h": "最近 {hours} 小時附近無報導",
+  "Latest news": "最新新聞",
+  "No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h": "最近 {hours} 小時沒有符合這些篩選條件的新聞",
+  "Load older news": "載入更早的新聞",
+  "How to read the map": "如何解讀地圖",
+  "Colour: severity · icon: type of event": "顏色：嚴重程度 · 圖示：事件類型",
+  "Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.": "實線邊框：雙方或獨立來源均有報導。虛線邊框：一方聲稱。細邊框：單一來源，或一方自身的媒體。",
+  "Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.": "越大：來源越多 · 越淡：越早。圖片卡片：有兩個或以上來源的嚴重或快速發展的事件。",
+  "Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "陣營標籤描述的是來源，而非報導是否屬實。",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a news report": "退出駕駛艙以飛往新聞報導",
+  "News items in the feed": "列表中的新聞數",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "先選擇形狀，再在地圖上點擊。",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "按 Enter 放置圖釘，按 Esc 取消。",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "點擊圖釘的放置位置。",
@@ -323,6 +407,7 @@
   "LOADING": "加載中",
   "DEGRADED": "降級",
   "STALE": "過期",
+  "SIGNAL LOST · {time}": "訊號遺失 · {time}",
   "PARTIAL": "部分",
   "FALLBACK": "備用",
   "view band|STREET": "街道",
@@ -711,6 +796,7 @@
   "loading...": "加載中…",
   "KEY REQUIRED": "需要密鑰",
   "LIVE · updated {age}": "實時 · 更新於 {age}",
+  "24 h to {day} {time} UTC": "截至 {day} {time} UTC 的 24 小時",
   "Source snapshot time unavailable": "來源快照時間不可用",
   "Live data unavailable": "實時數據不可用",
   "Low-accuracy score < 2%": "低精度評分 < 2%",
@@ -1607,14 +1693,15 @@
   "Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way.": "每 9 秒自動輪換簡報頁面（信號 → 新聞 → 本地）。懸停或聚焦面板時暫停。無論是否輪換，實時信號數據都會持續刷新。",
   "ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS": "正在獲取地區新聞",
   "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "地區新聞不可用",
+  "CACHED · REFRESH FAILED": "快取 · 重新整理失敗",
   "RESOLVING REGION": "正在解析區域",
   "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "區域不可用",
-  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "暫無近期位置匹配結果",
+  "NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H": "過去 {hours} 小時無新聞",
   "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
   "{value} KM/H": "{value} km/h",
   "CLOUD {pct}%": "雲量 {pct}%",
   "CLOUD UNKNOWN": "雲量未知",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · 位置查詢",
+  "{source} · CACHED {age}": "{source} · 快取 {age}",
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "地區新聞",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · {radius} 空/海監視窗口",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · 設施 {coverage}",
@@ -1678,7 +1765,7 @@
   "OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS": "觀測 / 地圖標註目標",
   "SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS": "來源可查的事件 · 無合成新聞",
   "LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING": "當前地區最新報道",
-  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · 位置查詢 · 近期",
+  "{source} · LAST {hours} H": "{source} · 過去 {hours} 小時",
   "LOCAL INFO": "本地信息",
   "PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION": "地點 / 狀況 / 位置",
   "TIME UNKNOWN": "時間未知",
@@ -3126,6 +3213,57 @@
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "聊天請求過多。請在 {seconds} 秒後重試。",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "服務商拒絕了此密鑰的訪問請求。請檢查該密鑰所屬的項目、區域或權限。",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "服務商賬戶餘額不足。請檢查賬戶的計費信息，或在設置中選擇其他 AI 服務商。",
+  "Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.": "最近 24 小時的新聞。每則報導都連結至其發布者；地點與類別由文字與資料自動判讀，可能有誤。陣營標籤（如有顯示）描述的是來源，而非報導是否屬實。",
+  "Economy": "經濟",
+  "News from {area}": "{area}新聞",
+  "Within {km} km of the view centre": "視圖中心 {km} 公里範圍內",
+  "{region}, {country}": "{country}{region}",
+  "via {source}": "來自 {source}",
+  "Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view": "新聞圖層的本地：視野中國家的媒體當天的新聞",
+  "{provider} refused its key": "{provider} 拒絕了金鑰",
+  "Check {envVars} in Provider Settings": "請在服務商設置中檢查 {envVars}",
+  "{provider} key required": "需要 {provider} 金鑰",
+  "{provider} limit reached for today": "{provider} 已達今日上限",
+  "News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan": "新聞將於明天恢復，或升級付費方案",
+  "News key required": "需要新聞金鑰",
+  "Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles": "新聞圖層中精確的衝突地點，與 GDELT 的文章並列",
+  "Worldwide": "全球",
+  "Shipwrecks": "沉船",
+  "Before 1900": "1900年以前",
+  "After 1945": "1945年以後",
+  "Date unknown": "日期不詳",
+  "Position: centre of the protected area": "位置：保護區中心",
+  "Position approximate (within about {km} km)": "大致位置（誤差約 {km} 公里）",
+  "Position surveyed (within about {m} m)": "實測位置（誤差約 {m} 公尺）",
+  "Vessel: {value}": "船隻：{value}",
+  "What happened: {value}": "經過：{value}",
+  "Depth: {m} m ({quality})": "深度：{m} 公尺（{quality}）",
+  "Depth: {m} m": "深度：{m} 公尺",
+  "Notes: {value}": "備註：{value}",
+  "Cargo or finds: {value}": "貨物或出水文物：{value}",
+  "Protected wreck": "受保護沉船",
+  "Source: {value}": "來源：{value}",
+  "Click the card to open EMODnet ↗": "點擊卡片開啟 EMODnet ↗",
+  "Click the card to open the source ↗": "點擊卡片開啟來源 ↗",
+  "Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only": "Wikidata 無法使用；僅顯示 EMODnet",
+  "EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only": "EMODnet 無法使用；僅顯示 Wikidata",
+  "Shipwrecks unavailable": "沉船資料無法使用",
+  "EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)": "EMODnet（歐洲海域）· Wikidata（全球）",
+  "{count} wrecks": {
+    "other": "{count} 艘沉船"
+  },
+  "1900–1945": "1900–1945",
+  "Shipwreck": "沉船",
+  "Fatalities: {count}": "罹難：{count}",
+  "Survivors: {count}": "倖存者：{count}",
+  "Click the card to open the article ↗": "點擊卡片開啟文章 ↗",
+  "European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.": "歐洲歷史沉船來自 EMODnet Human Activities；全球知名沉船來自 Wikidata。顏色表示船隻沉沒的時期，標記大小隨罹難人數增加。點擊標記查看卡片。",
+  "All years": "所有年份",
+  "Period": "時段",
+  "From": "起",
+  "To": "迄",
+  "First year of the shipwreck period": "沉船時段的起始年份",
+  "Last year of the shipwreck period": "沉船時段的結束年份",
   "SIGHTING": "目擊",
   "Show {name} sighting": "顯示{name}目擊",
   "seen {age} ago": "{age}前目擊",
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index 458354169..0e5988d11 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "ar": [
     "1090 MHz",
+    "1900–1945",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@
   ],
   "de": [
     "1090 MHz",
+    "1900–1945",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
@@ -99,6 +101,7 @@
     "House",
     "Hybrid",
     "Indie",
+    "International",
     "Ironbow",
     "Jazz",
     "LIVE",
@@ -145,6 +148,7 @@
     "Pin",
     "Plan",
     "Pop",
+    "Protest",
     "Punk",
     "RADAR · {units}",
     "RADIO",
@@ -172,6 +176,7 @@
     "STD",
     "SW",
     "SYNC",
+    "Sahel",
     "San Francisco",
     "Scanlines",
     "Scope",
@@ -180,6 +185,7 @@
     "Soul",
     "Station",
     "Station {id}",
+    "Sudan",
     "T minus {seconds}",
     "TAGS · {tags}",
     "TANKER",
@@ -192,6 +198,7 @@
     "Turboprop",
     "UPSTREAM",
     "Upstream HTTP {status}",
+    "Video",
     "Vignette",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "WIND",
@@ -217,6 +224,7 @@
     "view band|GLOBAL",
     "{city} CCTV",
     "{county} County",
+    "{region}, {country}",
     "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{division}, {country}",
@@ -235,6 +243,7 @@
   "es": [
     "1 min/s",
     "1090 MHz",
+    "1900–1945",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
@@ -286,6 +295,7 @@
     "Jazz",
     "LOCAL",
     "Landsat 8/9",
+    "Local",
     "MIC",
     "MIL",
     "MINI",
@@ -329,6 +339,7 @@
     "STARLINK ···",
     "STARLINK ✕",
     "STD",
+    "Sahel",
     "San Francisco",
     "Sector",
     "Sonar",
@@ -362,10 +373,13 @@
     "panel",
     "view band|GLOBAL",
     "voice|ERROR",
+    "{hours} h",
+    "{minutes} min",
     "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{division}, {country}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
+    "{region}, {country}",
     "{speed} kn",
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "{value} KM",
@@ -386,6 +400,7 @@
   "fr": [
     "1 min/s",
     "1090 MHz",
+    "1900–1945",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "ALTITUDE",
     "ALTITUDE · FT",
@@ -462,6 +477,7 @@
     "LOCAL",
     "Landsat 8/9",
     "Landsat 8/9 via HLS",
+    "Local",
     "Los Angeles",
     "MIC",
     "MIL",
@@ -497,6 +513,7 @@
     "PROPAGATION",
     "Paris",
     "Pause",
+    "Photos",
     "Plan",
     "Pop",
     "Punk",
@@ -523,6 +540,7 @@
     "STATION",
     "STATIONS",
     "STD",
+    "Sahel",
     "San Francisco",
     "Satellites",
     "Saturation",
@@ -567,17 +585,22 @@
     "satellite",
     "standard",
     "station",
+    "via {source}",
     "voice|OFF",
     "{count} CONTACTS",
     "{count} MSGS",
     "{count} SOURCES",
     "{count} messages",
+    "{count} sources",
+    "{hours} h",
+    "{minutes} min",
     "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{division}, {country}",
     "{n} cyclones",
     "{n} satellites",
     "{rate} msg/s",
+    "{region}, {country}",
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
@@ -592,6 +615,7 @@
   "it": [
     "1 min/s",
     "1090 MHz",
+    "1900–1945",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AFRICA",
     "AIS: --",
@@ -651,6 +675,7 @@
     "Hip-Hop",
     "House",
     "Indie",
+    "Iran–Hormuz",
     "Ironbow",
     "Jazz",
     "KTS",
@@ -709,11 +734,13 @@
     "STD",
     "STOP",
     "SYNC",
+    "Sahel",
     "San Francisco",
     "Scope",
     "Sentinel-2",
     "Sonar",
     "Soul",
+    "Sudan",
     "TELECOM",
     "TEMP",
     "TIMEOUT",
@@ -732,6 +759,7 @@
     "VIEWSHED ON",
     "VOLUME",
     "VS",
+    "Video",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "Washington DC",
     "World",
@@ -757,10 +785,13 @@
     "{count} MSGS",
     "{count} feeds live",
     "{count} scenes",
+    "{hours} h",
+    "{minutes} min",
     "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{division}, {country}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
+    "{region}, {country}",
     "{scene} / {pack}: {status}. File: {path}. {attribution} · {license}",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
     "{speed} kn",
@@ -783,6 +814,7 @@
   ],
   "ja": [
     "1090 MHz",
+    "1900–1945",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
@@ -846,6 +878,7 @@
   "pt": [
     "1 min/s",
     "1090 MHz",
+    "1900–1945",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
@@ -901,6 +934,7 @@
     "Landsat 8/9",
     "Landsat 8/9 via HLS",
     "Layout",
+    "Local",
     "Los Angeles",
     "MIC",
     "MIL",
@@ -943,6 +977,7 @@
     "STARLINK ✕",
     "STATUS",
     "STATUS · ",
+    "Sahel",
     "Sentinel-2",
     "Sentinel-2 via HLS",
     "Sonar",
@@ -975,11 +1010,15 @@
     "mini",
     "mph",
     "nominal",
+    "via {source}",
     "view band|GLOBAL",
+    "{hours} h",
+    "{minutes} min",
     "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{division}, {country}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
+    "{region}, {country}",
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/H",
@@ -995,6 +1034,7 @@
     "iNaturalist"
   ],
   "ru": [
+    "1900–1945",
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
     "Acartia",
@@ -1018,6 +1058,7 @@
     "TLE",
     "VS",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "{region}, {country}",
     "acartia.io ↗",
     "iNaturalist",
     "iNaturalist ↗",
@@ -1026,6 +1067,7 @@
     "{division}, {country}"
   ],
   "uk": [
+    "1900–1945",
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
     "Acartia",
@@ -1044,6 +1086,7 @@
     "STARLINK ✕",
     "TLE",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "{region}, {country}",
     "acartia.io ↗",
     "iNaturalist",
     "iNaturalist ↗",
@@ -1053,6 +1096,7 @@
   ],
   "zh-CN": [
     "1090 MHz",
+    "1900–1945",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
@@ -1123,6 +1167,7 @@
   ],
   "zh-Hant": [
     "1090 MHz",
+    "1900–1945",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
@@ -1190,5 +1235,102 @@
     "acartia.io ↗",
     "iNaturalist ↗",
     "iNaturalist"
+  ],
+  "he": [
+    "{speed} kn",
+    "GEO",
+    "SAR",
+    "EARTH WATCH",
+    "CRT",
+    "NVG",
+    "FLIR",
+    "AIS: --",
+    "REC",
+    "HDG {value}°",
+    "BRG {value}°",
+    "BRG —",
+    "CRS {value}°",
+    "FOV {value}°",
+    "CAL {value}",
+    "SRC {value}",
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "≥ {value} MW",
+    "Intel Picture",
+    "Kinetic 30d",
+    "Border Crisis",
+    "Iran Picture",
+    "Iran Kinetic",
+    "Yemen FLOT",
+    "Latest Drop",
+    "1090 MHz",
+    "978 MHz UAT",
+    "ALT {altitude} FT · GS {speed} KT · TRK {track}",
+    "V/S {rate} FPM",
+    "Sentinel-2",
+    "Landsat 8/9",
+    "Google Street View",
+    "GOOGLE STREET VIEW",
+    "AIS: {name}",
+    "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
+    "POS: {time}Z",
+    "{source} HTTP {status}",
+    "NNE",
+    "NE",
+    "ENE",
+    "ESE",
+    "SE",
+    "SSE",
+    "SSW",
+    "SW",
+    "WSW",
+    "WNW",
+    "NW",
+    "NNW",
+    "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "HDG",
+    "FOV",
+    "HGT",
+    "ΔN",
+    "ΔE",
+    "CAL · {badge}",
+    "DEST ---°",
+    "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
+    "DEST {bearing}",
+    "CCTV",
+    "S2 GhostMaps",
+    "Street Level",
+    "STREET LEVEL",
+    "km/h",
+    "mph",
+    "hPa",
+    "kt",
+    "kts",
+    "ft",
+    "km",
+    "min",
+    "dB",
+    "KTS",
+    "FT",
+    "FLT",
+    "MIL",
+    "WX",
+    "MSG/S",
+    "FM MHZ",
+    "Acartia",
+    "CC BY 4.0",
+    "Salish Sea",
+    "iNaturalist",
+    "Be Whale Wise",
+    "MIC",
+    "STARLINK",
+    "STARLINK ···",
+    "STARLINK ✕",
+    "{range} NM",
+    "NORAD {id}",
+    "EPOCH {time}",
+    "TLE",
+    "{value} KM",
+    "{value} KM/S",
+    "Ironbow"
   ]
 }
diff --git a/src/keySetupCore.mjs b/src/keySetupCore.mjs
index d8ccc048d..2ef722cd5 100644
--- a/src/keySetupCore.mjs
+++ b/src/keySetupCore.mjs
@@ -89,6 +89,26 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
     envVars: Object.freeze(['FIRMS_MAP_KEY']),
     tier: 'free',
   }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    id: 'liveuamap',
+    title: 'LIVEUAMAP', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+    unlocks: msg(
+      'Precise conflict points in the News layer, beside GDELT’s articles',
+    ),
+    getUrl: 'https://liveuamap.com/promo/api',
+    envVars: Object.freeze(['LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY']),
+    tier: 'metered',
+  }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    id: 'worldnewsapi',
+    title: 'WORLD NEWS API', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+    unlocks: msg(
+      'Local in the News layer: the day’s news from the outlets of the country in view',
+    ),
+    getUrl: 'https://worldnewsapi.com/console/',
+    envVars: Object.freeze(['WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY']),
+    tier: 'free',
+  }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'tomtom',
     title: 'TOMTOM', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
diff --git a/src/layers/alpr/records.js b/src/layers/alpr/records.js
index 10cd88062..cb9bbcec3 100644
--- a/src/layers/alpr/records.js
+++ b/src/layers/alpr/records.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+import { normalizeDisplayText } from '../../data/displayText.js';
 import { QUERY_LIMIT, QUERY_SNAP_DEGREES } from './policy.js';
 
 function textTag(value) {
-  const t = String(value ?? '').trim();
+  const t = normalizeDisplayText(value);
   return t || null;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/panel.js b/src/layers/awareness/panel.js
index fbc9725c9..182baa6e1 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/panel.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/panel.js
@@ -198,9 +198,10 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, parts }) {
       width: photo.width ?? null,
       height: photo.height ?? null,
       link: photo.link,
-      credit: t('Photo © {photographer}', {
-        photographer: photo.photographer,
-      }),
+      // A photo whose answer names no photographer shows no credit line.
+      credit: photo.photographer
+        ? t('Photo © {photographer}', { photographer: photo.photographer })
+        : '',
     };
   }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/panel.test.mjs b/src/layers/awareness/panel.test.mjs
index 4fa2c448c..ec361080d 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/panel.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/panel.test.mjs
@@ -87,6 +87,17 @@ test('the Contacts view carries the tracked flight’s photo with its credit', (
   });
 });
 
+test('the Contacts view shows an uncredited photo with no credit line', () => {
+  const view = photoView(FLIGHT, {
+    layerId: 'flights',
+    id: 'abc123',
+    photo: { ...PHOTO, photographer: '' },
+  });
+  assert.equal(view.photo.src, PHOTO.src);
+  assert.equal(view.photo.link, PHOTO.link);
+  assert.equal(view.photo.credit, '');
+});
+
 test('the Contacts view has no photo without one, or with another subject’s', () => {
   assert.equal(photoView(FLIGHT, null).photo, null);
   assert.equal(
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js b/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js
index cb9dbd72f..d70d52d46 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ import { fireDetectionKey } from '../../data/firmsLabels.js';
 import { filterFires } from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
 import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
+/** A time a Date can print: epoch ms within JavaScript's date range. */
+const isSnapshotEnd = (value) =>
+  Number.isFinite(value) && Math.abs(value) <= 8_640_000_000_000_000;
+
 export function createIngestion({
   layerState,
   services,
@@ -32,6 +36,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
         return;
       if (payload.keyRequired) {
         layerState._keyRequired = true;
+        layerState._at = null;
         layerState._error = null;
         layerState._stale = false;
         return;
@@ -39,6 +44,9 @@ export function createIngestion({
       layerState._keyRequired = false;
       layerState._error = null;
       layerState._stale = Boolean(payload?.stale);
+      // A snapshot of the 24 hours to a set time names it; one of the
+      // trailing 24 hours to now does not.
+      layerState._at = isSnapshotEnd(payload?.at) ? payload.at : null;
       const previousSelection = layerState._selectedFire;
       layerState._selectedFire = null;
       layerState._allFires = adaptFirmsRecords(payload?.fires);
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
index 90d9cc217..d106ed5ad 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._rowControlsListener = null;
       layerState._cellCount = 0;
       layerState._lastUpdate = null;
+      layerState._at = null;
       layerState._keyRequired = false;
       layerState._stale = false;
       layerState._error = null;
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/queries.js b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
index 34040ea43..c6cf70d4e 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   rampTrackGradient,
   sliderPositionForFrp,
 } from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
-import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatNumber, formatUtcDayMonth, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { LOD_LEVELS, REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS } from './policy.js';
 
 /** Slider resolution: whole-percent positions along the log axis. */
@@ -190,8 +190,9 @@ export function createQueries({
      * Layer stats for the data panel. Degraded feed states surface through
      * `error` (established qa-failstate pattern: a dead feed must never look
      * like a healthy empty layer) with a matching human `loadingLabel`:
-     * 'LIVE · updated Xm ago' fresh, 'STALE · cached Xh' when the proxy
-     * served past-TTL cache, 'KEY REQUIRED' keyless.
+     * 'LIVE · updated Xm ago' fresh, '24 h to MM-DD HH:MM UTC' for a
+     * snapshot that ends at a set time (`at`), 'STALE · cached Xh' when the
+     * proxy served past-TTL cache, 'KEY REQUIRED' keyless.
      */
     getStats() {
       const now = Date.now();
@@ -213,6 +214,11 @@ export function createQueries({
         loadingLabel = staleText;
       } else if (layerState._error) {
         loadingLabel = layerState._error;
+      } else if (Number.isFinite(layerState._at)) {
+        loadingLabel = t('24 h to {day} {time} UTC', {
+          day: formatUtcDayMonth(layerState._at),
+          time: new Date(layerState._at).toISOString().slice(11, 16),
+        });
       } else if (layerState._lastUpdate) {
         loadingLabel = t('LIVE · updated {age}', {
           age: components.model.formatAgoMinutes(now - layerState._lastUpdate),
@@ -226,6 +232,11 @@ export function createQueries({
         lastUpdate: layerState._lastUpdate,
         loading: layerState._loading,
         stale: layerState._stale,
+        // The end of the 24 hours shown when the snapshot ends at a set time;
+        // null for the trailing 24 hours to now. Such a snapshot is not live,
+        // so the row names the provider without the catalog's "LIVE".
+        at: Number.isFinite(layerState._at) ? layerState._at : null,
+        ...(Number.isFinite(layerState._at) ? { source: 'NASA FIRMS' } : {}),
         // The machine-readable half of the keyless state, ahead of the human
         // strings below: without it "no key configured" is indistinguishable
         // from a broken feed, and the row reads as a fault instead of a step
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/state.js b/src/layers/firms/state.js
index 0b96c53ea..8c34528ad 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/state.js
@@ -77,6 +77,8 @@ export function createFirmsState({ services, config }) {
 
   layerState._lastUpdate = null;
 
+  layerState._at = null;
+
   layerState._currentLodId = null;
 
   layerState._currentLodIndex = -1;
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/windowLabel.test.mjs b/src/layers/firms/windowLabel.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8113db14d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/firms/windowLabel.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { getLocale, setLocale } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { createModel } from './model.js';
+import { createQueries } from './queries.js';
+
+test('a FIRMS snapshot that ends at a set time names it instead of LIVE', (context) => {
+  const now = 1800000000000;
+  context.mock.method(Date, 'now', () => now);
+  const previousLocale = getLocale();
+  const at = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 21, 15);
+  const layerState = {
+    _loading: false,
+    _stale: false,
+    _keyRequired: false,
+    _error: null,
+    _lastUpdate: now - 120000,
+    _at: at,
+    _count: 1,
+    _cellCount: 0,
+    _fires: [],
+  };
+  const model = createModel({ services: { anchors: {} } });
+  const { methods } = createQueries({
+    layerState,
+    components: { model },
+    config: {},
+  });
+  try {
+    setLocale('en');
+    assert.equal(methods.getStats().loadingLabel, '24 h to 10-21 15:00 UTC');
+    assert.equal(methods.getStats().at, at);
+    assert.equal(methods.getStats().source, 'NASA FIRMS', 'the row drops LIVE');
+    setLocale('de');
+    assert.equal(
+      methods.getStats().loadingLabel,
+      '24 Std. bis 21.10. 15:00 UTC',
+    );
+    layerState._at = null;
+    setLocale('en');
+    assert.equal(methods.getStats().loadingLabel, 'LIVE · updated 2m ago');
+    assert.equal(methods.getStats().at, null);
+    assert.equal(methods.getStats().source, undefined);
+  } finally {
+    setLocale(previousLocale);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/motion.js b/src/layers/flights/motion.js
index c09522153..ecfb26d7f 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/motion.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/motion.js
@@ -5,11 +5,15 @@ import {
   lerpAngleDeg,
   speedRamp,
   courseBetweenCartesians,
+  floorCoastedPosition,
   staleCoastLimitSeconds,
+  staleCoastSecondsFrom,
+  staleHoldsForFix,
   arcOffsetEnu,
   courseSlewCapDps,
   limitCourseStep,
   corridorPathLatLon,
+  COAST_MAX_SPEED_MPS,
 } from '../../data/motionModel.js';
 import { CLASS_SCALE_2D } from '../../data/aircraftClass.js';
 import {
@@ -248,30 +252,88 @@ export function createMotion({
       );
     }
 
-    // Newest POSITION is older than renderTime. OpenSky can still be receiving
-    // fresh contact/kinematic messages for that aircraft; freezing at a hard
-    // 60 s-after-position boundary produced the visible stop → catch-up → stop
-    // cadence. Coast through the latest real contact plus a bounded grace
-    // window, with an absolute cap so a stale cached feed cannot drift forever.
+    // Newest POSITION is older than renderTime. Coast on the last speed and
+    // heading for five minutes past it, then stop, dimmed as SIGNAL LOST.
+    // A contact last heard on or near the ground holds there instead, and a
+    // coast never goes below the ground.
+    const { coastSec } = _coastPlan(newest, info, elapsedSec);
+    _extrapolateFix(
+      newest,
+      info,
+      coastSec,
+      out,
+      (info && info.turnRateDps) || 0,
+    );
+    return coastSec > 0 ? floorCoastedPosition(out, cachedGroundFloor) : out;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * How far a contact coasts past its newest fix at a display time
+   * `elapsedSec` after it: up to five minutes, or not at all for a contact
+   * that holds at a report on or near the ground. The hold decision is made once
+   * per report and kept on it.
+   * @param {{epochMs?: number, time: Cesium.JulianDate}} newest
+   * @param {object|undefined} info - The contact's record.
+   * @param {number} elapsedSec
+   * @returns {{coastSec: number, holds: boolean}}
+   */
+  function _coastPlan(newest, info, elapsedSec) {
     const coastLimitSec = staleCoastLimitSeconds({
       // `epochMs` is captured once when the poll is normalized. Avoid allocating
-      // a Date per aircraft on every 12 Hz fleet tick.
+      // a Date per aircraft on every fleet tick.
       fixEpochMs: Number.isFinite(newest.epochMs)
         ? newest.epochMs
         : Cesium.JulianDate.toDate(newest.time).getTime(),
       lastContactEpochMs: info?.lastContactEpochMs,
-      // Permit one minute of contact grace but cap any cached-feed drift at
-      // five minutes. Source backoff is exposed separately as a STALE cue.
-      minimumSec: 60,
+      // A plane that stops reporting keeps flying for five minutes, whatever
+      // its contact time, then stops dimmed as SIGNAL LOST. A missed update
+      // shows STALE throughout.
+      minimumSec: 300,
       maximumSec: 300,
     });
-    return _extrapolateFix(
+    const holds = staleHoldsForFix(newest, {
+      onGround: info?.onGround,
+      cachedGroundFloor,
+    });
+    return {
+      coastSec: staleCoastSecondsFrom({
+        newest,
+        elapsedSec,
+        coastLimitSec,
+        holds,
+      }),
+      holds,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Whether a contact has stopped where its coast ended (or held at its last
+   * report) with no newer report, and since when it has had none.
+   * @param {string} icao24
+   * @returns {{reportEpochMs: number, holds: boolean}|null} Null while a
+   *   report is ahead of the display time or the contact is still coasting.
+   */
+  function _signalLost(icao24) {
+    const newest = flightState._positionHistory.get(icao24)?.at(-1);
+    if (!newest) return null;
+    const newestMs = Number.isFinite(newest.epochMs)
+      ? newest.epochMs
+      : Cesium.JulianDate.toDate(newest.time).getTime();
+    const elapsedSec =
+      (flightState.now() - RENDER_DELAY_SEC * 1000 - newestMs) / 1000;
+    if (!(elapsedSec > 0)) return null;
+    const { coastSec, holds } = _coastPlan(
       newest,
-      info,
-      Math.min(elapsedSec, coastLimitSec),
-      out,
-      (info && info.turnRateDps) || 0,
+      flightState.records.data.get(icao24),
+      elapsedSec,
     );
+    if (!(elapsedSec > coastSec)) return null;
+    return {
+      reportEpochMs: Number.isFinite(newest.reportEpochMs)
+        ? newest.reportEpochMs
+        : newestMs,
+      holds,
+    };
   }
 
   /**
@@ -286,9 +348,12 @@ export function createMotion({
    */
 
   function _extrapolateFix(fix, info, dt, out, turnRateDps = 0) {
-    const speed = Number.isFinite(fix.velocity)
-      ? fix.velocity
-      : (info && info.velocity) || 0;
+    const speed = Math.min(
+      Number.isFinite(fix.velocity)
+        ? fix.velocity
+        : (info && info.velocity) || 0,
+      COAST_MAX_SPEED_MPS,
+    );
     const heading = Number.isFinite(fix.track)
       ? fix.track
       : (info && info.true_track) || 0;
@@ -1131,6 +1196,7 @@ export function createMotion({
   return {
     _refloorStaleGroundedContacts,
     _deadReckon,
+    _signalLost,
     _extrapolateFix,
     _isTrackWarmingUp,
     _trackedFocusSizePx,
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/policy.js b/src/layers/flights/policy.js
index de44b806a..2e450d6d5 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/policy.js
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ export const TRAIL_COLOR = '#00d4ff';
 
 /** @constant {number} Combined cap on trail vertices (backfill + live accumulation). */
 
-export const TRAIL_MAX_POINTS = 400;
+export const TRAIL_MAX_POINTS = 2000;
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Render-behind smoothing (PRD WS-C C2 — approved product decision):
@@ -471,3 +471,6 @@ export const FLOOR_SEED_GRACE_MS = 90_000;
  *  reloads synchronously. */
 
 export const IR_RELOAD_BATCH = 40;
+
+/** Alpha of a contact that has missed an update or lost its signal: the stale fade, for the fleet and the tracked aircraft alike. */
+export const STALE_ALPHA = 0.45;
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.js b/src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.js
index e269639d0..7ce36d302 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.js
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ export const LANDED_MISSING_POLL_LIMIT = 1;
 
 export const MISSING_POLL_LIMIT = 3;
 
+/** The tracked contact is kept this long after its newest fix: five minutes
+ *  coasting, then five stopped as SIGNAL LOST. */
+export const TRACKED_RETENTION_MS = 10 * 60_000;
+
 /** Cooldown in milliseconds after a transient source error. */
 export const ERROR_BACKOFF_INTERVAL = 20000;
 
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/records.js b/src/layers/flights/records.js
index fdd2d67c8..2636ed47a 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/records.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/records.js
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
   GROUND_FLOOR_WARM_MAX_ALT_M,
   LANDED_MISSING_POLL_LIMIT,
   MISSING_POLL_LIMIT,
+  TRACKED_RETENTION_MS,
 } from './recordPolicy.js';
 
 /** Source-independent aircraft metadata and bounded missing-poll retention. */
@@ -23,10 +24,45 @@ export class FlightRecords {
     };
     this.data = new Map();
     this.missingPolls = new Map();
+    // Contacts whose last poll re-sent a fix no newer than the one before.
+    this.fixRepeated = new Set();
+    this.lastSnapshotMs = null;
+    this.snapshotAdvanced = true;
     this.geoidNCache = new Map();
     this.geoidReady = false;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Start reading a snapshot taken at `observedAtMs`. A fix re-sent in a
+   * newer snapshot marks its contact as not updated; the same snapshot read
+   * again does not.
+   * @param {number} observedAtMs
+   */
+  beginSnapshot(observedAtMs) {
+    this.snapshotAdvanced =
+      !Number.isFinite(observedAtMs) ||
+      !Number.isFinite(this.lastSnapshotMs) ||
+      observedAtMs > this.lastSnapshotMs;
+    if (Number.isFinite(observedAtMs))
+      this.lastSnapshotMs = Math.max(
+        this.lastSnapshotMs ?? -Infinity,
+        observedAtMs,
+      );
+  }
+
+  /** Note a received fix: the newest fix time, and whether it advanced. */
+  _noteFix(id, prevMeta, fixEpochMs) {
+    const prevFixMs = prevMeta?.newestFixMs;
+    // A fix counts as new only when it moves on by a second: feeds that
+    // derive fix time from receipt (readsb `now − seen_pos`, 0.1 s) jitter.
+    if (!Number.isFinite(prevFixMs) || fixEpochMs >= prevFixMs + 1000) {
+      this.fixRepeated.delete(id);
+      return fixEpochMs;
+    }
+    if (this.snapshotAdvanced) this.fixRepeated.add(id);
+    return prevFixMs;
+  }
+
   receive(
     observation,
     { viewerLatDeg, viewerLonDeg, trackedId, floorWarmPoints },
@@ -158,6 +194,12 @@ export class FlightRecords {
     //   (2) otherwise the SAME default policy `alt` already uses, so the two
     //       never disagree on the genuine "no data yet" case (a never-reported
     //       aircraft has no prior render height, so it lands here unchanged).
+    // Neither altitude this poll nor a held render height: the height below
+    // is the airborne default, invented. The tracked trail keeps no point there.
+    const renderAltitudeInvented =
+      pickedAltM == null &&
+      !onGround &&
+      !Number.isFinite(prevMeta?.renderAltitudeM);
     let renderAltitudeM;
     if (pickedAltM != null) {
       renderAltitudeM = pickedAltM;
@@ -204,9 +246,15 @@ export class FlightRecords {
     const routeHeld =
       Boolean(prevMeta?.routeCallsign) &&
       prevMeta.routeCallsign === nextCallsign.toUpperCase();
+    const fixEpochMs =
+      Number.isFinite(observation.positionTimeMs) &&
+      observation.positionTimeMs > 0
+        ? observation.positionTimeMs
+        : Date.now();
     const meta = {
       sourceReference: observation.reference,
       observedReceiptMs: Date.now(),
+      newestFixMs: this._noteFix(icao24, prevMeta, fixEpochMs),
       callsign: nextCallsign,
       altitude: alt,
       // geoAltitudeM/renderAltitudeM are ADDITIVE fields alongside the
@@ -215,6 +263,7 @@ export class FlightRecords {
       // still read `altitude`/baro).
       geoAltitudeM,
       renderAltitudeM,
+      renderAltitudeInvented,
       onGround,
       // Round 7: sticky airborne history — the landed fast-cull only
       // applies to contacts that actually flew this session.
@@ -276,15 +325,25 @@ export class FlightRecords {
     };
     this.data.set(icao24, meta);
 
-    const fixEpochMs =
-      Number.isFinite(observation.positionTimeMs) &&
-      observation.positionTimeMs > 0
-        ? observation.positionTimeMs
-        : Date.now();
     return { icao24, prevMeta, meta, groundFlipped, fixEpochMs };
   }
 
-  absence(id, { complete, retainIds, likelyLanded }) {
+  absence(id, { complete, retainIds, likelyLanded, tracked = false }) {
+    const misses = (this.missingPolls.get(id) || 0) + 1;
+    // The tracked contact has missed an update: it is stale from the first
+    // one, and kept (so the camera keeps its target) until ten minutes after
+    // its newest fix, whatever the snapshot says. With no fix time known it
+    // takes the ordinary limits below.
+    const meta = this.data.get(id);
+    const fixMs = meta?.newestFixMs ?? meta?.observedReceiptMs;
+    if (tracked && Number.isFinite(fixMs)) {
+      if (Date.now() - fixMs < TRACKED_RETENTION_MS) {
+        this.missingPolls.set(id, misses);
+        return 'stale';
+      }
+      this.missingPolls.delete(id);
+      return 'remove';
+    }
     // Partial admissions and position-less rows do not prove absence, but
     // retention remains bounded; a likely-landed position-less contact
     // still takes the landed limit.
@@ -293,7 +352,6 @@ export class FlightRecords {
       Date.now() - (this.data.get(id)?.observedReceiptMs ?? 0) < 300000
     )
       return 'retain';
-    const misses = (this.missingPolls.get(id) || 0) + 1;
     const limit = likelyLanded ? LANDED_MISSING_POLL_LIMIT : MISSING_POLL_LIMIT;
     if (misses < limit) {
       this.missingPolls.set(id, misses);
@@ -306,6 +364,7 @@ export class FlightRecords {
   forget(id) {
     this.data.delete(id);
     this.missingPolls.delete(id);
+    this.fixRepeated.delete(id);
     this.geoidNCache.delete(id);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/records.test.mjs b/src/layers/flights/records.test.mjs
index f74574e96..9fab9e129 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/records.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/flights/records.test.mjs
@@ -164,3 +164,99 @@ test('a route belongs to its callsign: a new callsign drops it, a blank one keep
   assert.equal(next.meta.airline, null);
   assert.equal(next.meta.routeCallsign, null);
 });
+
+test('a contact with no altitude yet is marked as drawn at an invented height; a held one is not', () => {
+  const store = records();
+  const none = store.receive(
+    observation({ baroAltitudeM: null, ellipsoidAltitudeM: null }),
+    view(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(none.meta.renderAltitudeInvented, true);
+  const known = store.receive(
+    observation({ positionTimeMs: 1700000005000 }),
+    view(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(known.meta.renderAltitudeInvented, false);
+  const held = store.receive(
+    observation({
+      baroAltitudeM: null,
+      ellipsoidAltitudeM: null,
+      positionTimeMs: 1700000010000,
+    }),
+    view(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(held.meta.renderAltitudeInvented, false);
+  const parked = records().receive(
+    observation({ id: 'abc124', baroAltitudeM: null, onGround: true }),
+    view(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(parked.meta.renderAltitudeInvented, false);
+});
+
+test('the tracked contact is stale from its first missed update and kept until ten minutes after its newest fix', () => {
+  const realNow = Date.now;
+  const fixMs = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  let clock = fixMs + 5_000;
+  Date.now = () => clock;
+  try {
+    for (const snapshot of [
+      { complete: true },
+      { complete: true, retainIds: new Set(['abc123']) },
+      { complete: false },
+    ]) {
+      const store = records();
+      store.receive(observation({ positionTimeMs: fixMs }), view());
+      const absent = (tracked) =>
+        store.absence('abc123', { ...snapshot, likelyLanded: false, tracked });
+      clock = fixMs + 15_000;
+      assert.equal(absent(true), 'stale');
+      assert.equal(store.missingPolls.get('abc123'), 1);
+      // Kept long after the untracked limits, measured from the fix time.
+      clock = fixMs + 9 * 60_000;
+      assert.equal(absent(true), 'stale');
+      clock = fixMs + 10 * 60_000 - 1;
+      assert.equal(absent(true), 'stale');
+      clock = fixMs + 10 * 60_000;
+      assert.equal(absent(true), 'remove');
+      assert.equal(store.missingPolls.has('abc123'), false);
+    }
+    // Untracked contacts keep their own limits.
+    const store = records();
+    store.receive(observation({ positionTimeMs: fixMs }), view());
+    clock = fixMs + 15_000;
+    const untracked = (snapshot) =>
+      store.absence('abc123', { ...snapshot, likelyLanded: false });
+    assert.equal(untracked({ complete: false }), 'retain');
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      [1, 2, 3].map(() => untracked({ complete: true })),
+      ['stale', 'stale', 'remove'],
+    );
+  } finally {
+    Date.now = realNow;
+  }
+});
+
+test('a repeated fix time marks the contact as not updated; removal is unchanged', () => {
+  const store = records();
+  const fixMs = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  store.beginSnapshot(fixMs + 2_000);
+  store.receive(observation({ positionTimeMs: fixMs }), view());
+  assert.equal(store.fixRepeated.has('abc123'), false);
+  // The next poll re-sends the same position.
+  store.beginSnapshot(fixMs + 12_000);
+  store.receive(observation({ positionTimeMs: fixMs }), view());
+  assert.equal(store.fixRepeated.has('abc123'), true);
+  assert.equal(store.missingPolls.has('abc123'), false);
+  // The same snapshot read again is not a missed update.
+  store.beginSnapshot(fixMs + 12_000);
+  store.receive(observation({ positionTimeMs: fixMs }), view());
+  assert.equal(store.fixRepeated.has('abc123'), true);
+  // A newer fix clears it.
+  store.beginSnapshot(fixMs + 22_000);
+  store.receive(observation({ positionTimeMs: fixMs + 10_000 }), view());
+  assert.equal(store.fixRepeated.has('abc123'), false);
+  store.beginSnapshot(fixMs + 32_000);
+  store.receive(observation({ positionTimeMs: fixMs + 10_000 }), view());
+  store.forget('abc123');
+  assert.equal(store.fixRepeated.has('abc123'), false);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/rendering.js b/src/layers/flights/rendering.js
index 333935bc1..dfc46a553 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/rendering.js
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import {
   COURSE_MAX_DPS,
   HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS,
   hiddenContactDrPhase,
+  STALE_ALPHA,
 } from './policy.js';
 import { AIRCRAFT_ENVIRONMENT_MAP_OPTIONS } from '../../data/aircraftModelLighting.js';
 
@@ -680,6 +681,19 @@ export function createRendering({
    *  follow-camera's bounding sphere is ALWAYS ready — toggling 3D, or tracking while already zoomed
    *  in, can never stall or freeze the centering (the old model-graphic-on-entity failure mode). */
 
+  /** Fade the tracked 3D model like the billboard while the plane is stale. */
+
+  function _applyTrackedModelFade(model) {
+    const alpha = parts.tracking._trackedStaleCue?.(flightState._trackedIcao)
+      ?.dimmed
+      ? STALE_ALPHA
+      : 1;
+    if (model.color?.alpha === alpha) return;
+    model.color = (
+      flightState._irBoost ? Cesium.Color.WHITE : Cesium.Color.CYAN
+    ).withAlpha(alpha);
+  }
+
   function _updateTrackedModel() {
     const active =
       flightState._trackedIcao &&
@@ -823,6 +837,7 @@ export function createRendering({
         parts.motion._trackedDisplayCourse(),
         flightState._trackedModel.modelMatrix,
       );
+      _applyTrackedModelFade(flightState._trackedModel);
       if (!flightState._trackedModel.ready) return;
       const spec = _modelSpec(
         flightState.records.data.get(flightState._trackedIcao)?.klass,
@@ -849,6 +864,13 @@ export function createRendering({
   }
 
   function _fleetTick() {
+    // Every frame, shown or not: the tracked trail records where its icon is
+    // drawn and moves its body on (the head callback only reads the result),
+    // and the tracked label's stale cue follows the clock.
+    if (flightState._viewer) {
+      parts.tracking._trailTick?.();
+      parts.tracking._staleCueTick?.();
+    }
     if (
       !flightState._viewer ||
       !flightState._billboardCollection ||
@@ -1081,7 +1103,9 @@ export function createRendering({
           flightState._cockpitContactMode && !isCockpitNear
             ? 1
             : _fleetBillboardScale(icao24, info?.klass),
-        baseAlpha: flightState.records.missingPolls.get(icao24) ? 0.45 : 1,
+        baseAlpha: flightState.records.missingPolls.get(icao24)
+          ? STALE_ALPHA
+          : 1,
         baseColor,
         focusFactor: focus.factor,
         cameraDistanceM,
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/snapshotRenderer.js b/src/layers/flights/snapshotRenderer.js
index 414e6a0f6..1ef928562 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/snapshotRenderer.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/snapshotRenderer.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { cyberSonarBaseAlpha } from '../../cyberSonar.js';
 import {
   turnRateFromFixHistory,
   liftRepeatedGroundFix,
+  staleHoldsForFix,
   synthesizeForwardKinematicsFix,
 } from '../../data/motionModel.js';
 import { aircraftIcon } from '../../data/aircraftIcons.js';
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
   queries,
 }) {
   const { refreshMilitaryRegistryIfStale, isMilitaryIcao } = militaryRegistry;
-  const { warmGroundFloor } = groundFloor;
+  const { warmGroundFloor, cachedGroundFloor } = groundFloor;
   const { sampleMeshFloorCells } = meshFloor;
   return function applySnapshot(snapshot, viewer) {
     const currentIcaos = new Set();
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
       ? Cesium.Math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.longitude)
       : null;
     const floorWarmPoints = [];
+    records.beginSnapshot(snapshot.observedAtMs);
 
     // Classification and display policy consume source-independent observations.
     refreshMilitaryRegistryIfStale();
@@ -112,6 +114,9 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
           position: position.clone(),
           velocity: meta.velocity,
           track: meta.true_track,
+          // Drawn at an invented height: a trail seeded from history keeps no
+          // position for it.
+          inventedHeight: meta.renderAltitudeInvented === true,
         });
         if (history.length > POSITION_HISTORY_LIMIT) {
           history.shift();
@@ -125,7 +130,10 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
         // Round 2 (owner): ground traffic appends too — taxi history stays
         // live after touchdown (grounded flights positions are already
         // surface-clamped via the surfaceM chain, so the ground leg drapes).
-        if (isTracked) tracking._appendTrailFix(position.clone());
+        if (isTracked)
+          tracking._appendTrailFix(position.clone(), fixEpochMs, {
+            nullAltitude: meta.renderAltitudeInvented === true,
+          });
       } else {
         const modelOwnsGroundVisual = rendering._modelOwnsVisual(icao24);
         if (!modelOwnsGroundVisual) {
@@ -133,21 +141,28 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
         }
         // Apply fresh kinematics only from a forward synthetic fix. Mutating
         // the historical fix reprojects the entire stale interval and snaps
-        // the rendered aircraft when course or speed changes late.
+        // the rendered aircraft when course or speed changes late. The stale
+        // rules apply: none for a contact that holds at its report, a coast
+        // capped from the real report, never below the ground. It is a motion
+        // aid, not a report, so it never joins the trail.
         const kinematicsChanged =
           newest.velocity !== meta.velocity || newest.track !== meta.true_track;
-        if (kinematicsChanged) {
+        const holds = staleHoldsForFix(newest, {
+          onGround: meta.onGround,
+          cachedGroundFloor,
+        });
+        if (kinematicsChanged && !holds) {
           const synthetic = synthesizeForwardKinematicsFix(newest, {
             epochMs: Date.now(),
             velocity: meta.velocity,
             track: meta.true_track,
             turnRateDps: meta.turnRateDps,
+            cachedGroundFloor,
           });
           if (synthetic) {
             history.push(synthetic);
             if (history.length > POSITION_HISTORY_LIMIT) history.shift();
             meta.turnRateDps = turnRateFromFixHistory(history);
-            if (isTracked) tracking._appendTrailFix(synthetic.position.clone());
           }
         }
       }
@@ -252,6 +267,7 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
         complete: snapshot.complete,
         retainIds: snapshot.retainIds,
         likelyLanded: queries._likelyLanded(icao24),
+        tracked: icao24 === flightState._trackedIcao,
       });
       if (absence === 'retain') continue;
       if (absence === 'stale') {
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/snapshotStale.test.mjs b/src/layers/flights/snapshotStale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1f4a7278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/flights/snapshotStale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createFlightSnapshotRenderer } from './snapshotRenderer.js';
+
+// A poll that repeats a contact's last position with new speed or course
+// must not move it past where the stale rules allow, and never adds a
+// report to the tracked trail.
+
+const ICAO = '00a002';
+const SEC = 1000;
+
+/** Any property is a no-op function unless given. */
+function stub(overrides = {}) {
+  return new Proxy(overrides, {
+    get: (target, key) => (key in target ? target[key] : () => undefined),
+  });
+}
+
+function harness({ ground = () => null }) {
+  const appended = [];
+  const history = [];
+  const flightState = {
+    _trackedIcao: ICAO,
+    _trackedEntity: null,
+    _positionHistory: new Map([[ICAO, history]]),
+    _billboards: new Map([[ICAO, { position: new Cesium.Cartesian3() }]]),
+    _billboardCollection: stub(),
+    _cullPositions: new Map(),
+    _displayCourse: new Map(),
+    _groundSnap: stub(),
+    _displayFloorState: new Map(),
+    _models: new Map(),
+    _viewer: null,
+    _cockpitContactMode: false,
+    records: { data: new Map() },
+  };
+  let meta = null;
+  let fixEpochMs = 0;
+  const records = stub({
+    receive: () => {
+      flightState.records.data.set(ICAO, meta);
+      return { prevMeta: meta, meta, groundFlipped: false, fixEpochMs };
+    },
+    absence: () => 'retain',
+  });
+  const apply = createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
+    flightState,
+    records,
+    militaryRegistry: stub({ isMilitaryIcao: () => false }),
+    groundFloor: stub({ cachedGroundFloor: ground }),
+    meshFloor: stub(),
+    rendering: stub({
+      _modelOwnsVisual: () => false,
+      _fleetBillboardColor: () => Cesium.Color.WHITE,
+    }),
+    tracking: stub({
+      _militaryLayerSuppresses: () => false,
+      _appendTrailFix: (position, epochMs) =>
+        appended.push({ position, epochMs }),
+    }),
+    motion: stub(),
+    enrichment: stub(),
+    queries: stub({ _likelyLanded: () => false }),
+  });
+  return {
+    history,
+    appended,
+    poll(nextMeta, epochMs) {
+      meta = nextMeta;
+      fixEpochMs = epochMs;
+      apply({ records: [{ id: ICAO }], complete: true }, null);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+const lightAircraft = (velocity, track) => ({
+  rawLat: 38.1436,
+  rawLon: -122.5561,
+  renderAltitudeM: 10,
+  altitude: 40,
+  velocity,
+  true_track: track,
+  onGround: false,
+  wasAirborne: true,
+  klass: 'light',
+});
+
+test('a low contact whose position repeats while its speed changes is not moved and adds nothing to the trail', (t) => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date'], now: t0 });
+  const h = harness({ ground: () => -30 });
+  h.poll(lightAircraft(36.4, 63), t0);
+  const first = h.history[0].position;
+  for (const [i, velocity] of [30, 22, 14, 9].entries()) {
+    t.mock.timers.tick(10 * SEC);
+    h.poll(lightAircraft(velocity, 63 + i * 20), t0);
+  }
+  assert.equal(h.history.length, 1, 'a synthetic fix moved a holding contact');
+  assert.equal(h.history[0].position, first);
+  assert.equal(h.appended.length, 1, 'only the real report joins the trail');
+});
+
+test('a cruising contact whose position repeats coasts no further than the stale cap, and the synthetic fix is not a report', (t) => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date'], now: t0 });
+  const h = harness({});
+  const cruise = (velocity, track) => ({
+    rawLat: 36,
+    rawLon: -115,
+    renderAltitudeM: 9_000,
+    altitude: 9_000,
+    velocity,
+    true_track: track,
+    onGround: false,
+    wasAirborne: true,
+    klass: 'jet',
+  });
+  h.poll(cruise(220, 90), t0);
+  const report = h.history[0].position;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(300 * SEC);
+  h.poll(cruise(200, 100), t0);
+  assert.equal(h.history.length, 2);
+  const moved = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(report, h.history[1].position);
+  assert.ok(
+    moved <= 220 * 300 + 1,
+    `the synthetic fix coasted ${moved.toFixed(0)} m`,
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.appended.length, 1, 'the synthetic fix joined the trail');
+});
+
+test('a report drawn at an invented height says so on its history fix', (t) => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date'], now: t0 });
+  const h = harness({});
+  h.poll({ ...lightAircraft(60, 90), renderAltitudeInvented: true }, t0);
+  h.poll({ ...lightAircraft(60, 90), rawLon: -122.55 }, t0 + 10 * SEC);
+  assert.equal(h.history[0].inventedHeight, true);
+  assert.equal(h.history[1].inventedHeight, false);
+});
+
+test('with the ground unknown, a low barometric altitude alone does not hold a contact', (t) => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date'], now: t0 });
+  const h = harness({});
+  h.poll(lightAircraft(36.4, 63), t0);
+  t.mock.timers.tick(10 * SEC);
+  h.poll(lightAircraft(30, 80), t0);
+  // It coasts under the stale cap instead.
+  assert.equal(h.history.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(h.history[0].staleHolds, false);
+  assert.equal(h.appended.length, 1);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/staleHold.test.mjs b/src/layers/flights/staleHold.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15c41342b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/flights/staleHold.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createMotion } from './motion.js';
+import { createFlightState } from './state.js';
+import { createTracking } from './tracking.js';
+import {
+  staleCoastSeconds,
+  staleHoldsAtLastReport,
+} from '../../data/motionModel.js';
+import { TRAIL_CONTINUITY_MAX_SPEED_KT } from '../../data/trailContinuity.js';
+import { RENDER_DELAY_SEC } from './policy.js';
+
+const SEC = 1000;
+// Ellipsoidal ground at a sea-level airfield (geoid about -32 m).
+const FIELD_GROUND_M = -30;
+
+/** A motion module over one contact's history, with a fixed clock. */
+function motionFixture({ info, fixes, nowMs, ground = () => null }) {
+  const flightState = {
+    records: { data: new Map([['00a001', info]]) },
+    _positionHistory: new Map([['00a001', fixes]]),
+    _focusEvidenceIds: new Set(),
+    _scratchArc: {},
+    _scratchOffset: new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    _scratchRenderTime: new Cesium.JulianDate(),
+    _scratchCoastCarto: new Cesium.Cartographic(),
+    now: () => nowMs,
+  };
+  const motion = createMotion({
+    flightState,
+    services: {
+      groundFloor: {
+        cachedGroundFloor: ground,
+        floorAltitudeM: (alt, g) =>
+          Number.isFinite(g) ? Math.max(alt, g + 1.5) : alt,
+      },
+      camera: {},
+      focus: {},
+    },
+    parts: {},
+  });
+  return { flightState, motion };
+}
+
+function fix(timeMs, lat, lon, heightM, velocity, track) {
+  return {
+    time: Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(timeMs)),
+    epochMs: timeMs,
+    position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, heightM),
+    velocity,
+    track,
+  };
+}
+
+const height = (position) => Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position).height;
+
+test('a stale contact holds at its last report when it reported on the ground or low', () => {
+  assert.equal(staleHoldsAtLastReport({ onGround: true }), true);
+  // A light aircraft on final: -30 m barometric, its render height 1.5 m above the known ground.
+  assert.equal(
+    staleHoldsAtLastReport({
+      onGround: false,
+      heightM: FIELD_GROUND_M + 1.5,
+      groundM: FIELD_GROUND_M,
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
+  // Ground unknown: a low barometric altitude alone does not hold it; it
+  // coasts under the cap.
+  assert.equal(
+    staleHoldsAtLastReport({ onGround: false, heightM: 120 }),
+    false,
+  );
+  // A high airfield: 1,600 m barometric but 60 m above its ground.
+  assert.equal(
+    staleHoldsAtLastReport({
+      onGround: false,
+      heightM: 1_660,
+      groundM: 1_600,
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    staleHoldsAtLastReport({
+      onGround: false,
+      heightM: 10_000,
+      groundM: 20,
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+});
+
+test('a stale contact coasts up to its source limit at any speed, and a holding one not at all', () => {
+  const coast = (over) =>
+    staleCoastSeconds({
+      elapsedSec: 400,
+      coastLimitSec: 300,
+      speedMps: 230,
+      holds: false,
+      ...over,
+    });
+  assert.equal(coast(), 300);
+  assert.equal(coast({ elapsedSec: 200 }), 200);
+  assert.equal(coast({ coastLimitSec: 60 }), 60);
+  assert.equal(coast({ speedMps: 1_000 }), 300);
+  assert.equal(coast({ holds: true }), 0);
+  assert.equal(coast({ elapsedSec: -5 }), 0);
+});
+
+test('a light aircraft on short final goes stale after a low, slow, descending report, the icon holds at that report, not below the ground', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(t0, 38.1279, -122.5425, 122, 40, 340),
+    fix(t0 + 30 * SEC, 38.133, -122.5494, 38, 37, 10),
+    fix(t0 + 60 * SEC, 38.1436, -122.5561, FIELD_GROUND_M + 1.5, 36.4, 63),
+  ];
+  const info = {
+    altitude: -30,
+    renderAltitudeM: FIELD_GROUND_M + 1.5,
+    rawLat: 38.1436,
+    rawLon: -122.5561,
+    velocity: 36.4,
+    true_track: 63,
+    onGround: false,
+    wasAirborne: true,
+    lastContactEpochMs: t0 + 60 * SEC,
+  };
+  for (const afterSec of [5, 45, 90, 240]) {
+    const nowMs = t0 + 60 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + afterSec * SEC;
+    const { motion } = motionFixture({
+      info,
+      fixes,
+      nowMs,
+      ground: () => FIELD_GROUND_M,
+    });
+    const drawn = motion._deadReckon('00a001', new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(drawn, fixes[2].position) < 0.01,
+      `${afterSec} s after the report the icon is at the report`,
+    );
+    assert.ok(height(drawn) >= FIELD_GROUND_M);
+  }
+});
+
+function cruiser(lastContactAfterSec) {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(t0, 40, -100, 10_000, 230, 90),
+    fix(t0 + 15 * SEC, 40, -99.96, 10_000, 230, 90),
+  ];
+  const info = {
+    altitude: 10_000,
+    renderAltitudeM: 10_000,
+    rawLat: 40,
+    rawLon: -99.96,
+    velocity: 230,
+    true_track: 90,
+    onGround: false,
+    wasAirborne: true,
+    lastContactEpochMs: t0 + 15 * SEC + lastContactAfterSec * SEC,
+  };
+  const at = (afterSec) => {
+    const nowMs = t0 + 15 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + afterSec * SEC;
+    const { motion } = motionFixture({ info, fixes, nowMs });
+    return motion._deadReckon('00a001', new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  };
+  const d = (p) => Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, fixes[1].position);
+  return { at, d };
+}
+
+test('a cruising contact still heard after its last position coasts past 90 s, for up to 5 minutes, then stops', () => {
+  // Contact kept arriving for four minutes after the last position.
+  const { at, d } = cruiser(240);
+  const near = (got, want) => Math.abs(got - want) < want * 0.005 + 50;
+  assert.ok(near(d(at(90)), 230 * 90));
+  assert.ok(near(d(at(200)), 230 * 200), 'still moving at 200 s');
+  assert.ok(near(d(at(300)), 230 * 300));
+  assert.ok(near(d(at(400)), 230 * 300), 'stopped at 300 s');
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(at(400), at(600)) < 0.01);
+});
+
+test('a cruising contact that stops reporting coasts five minutes, then stops', () => {
+  const { at, d } = cruiser(0);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(d(at(60)) - 230 * 60) < 120);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(d(at(300)) - 230 * 300) < 600);
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(at(301), at(420)) < 0.01);
+});
+
+test('a bad reported speed coasts no faster than the 1,500 kt continuity limit', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  // 2,000 m/s (about 3,900 kt): a corrupt velocity, not a real aircraft.
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(t0, 40, -100, 10_000, 2_000, 90),
+    fix(t0 + 15 * SEC, 40, -99.96, 10_000, 2_000, 90),
+  ];
+  const info = {
+    altitude: 10_000,
+    renderAltitudeM: 10_000,
+    rawLat: 40,
+    rawLon: -99.96,
+    velocity: 2_000,
+    true_track: 90,
+    onGround: false,
+    wasAirborne: true,
+  };
+  const nowMs = t0 + 15 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + 300 * SEC;
+  const { motion } = motionFixture({ info, fixes, nowMs });
+  const drawn = motion._deadReckon('00a001', new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  const limitMps = (TRAIL_CONTINUITY_MAX_SPEED_KT * 1852) / 3600;
+  const d = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(drawn, fixes[1].position);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(d - limitMps * 300) < 1_500, `${d.toFixed(0)} m`);
+});
+
+test('coasting never takes a contact below the ground', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(t0, 39.7, -105.5, 3_400, 80, 270),
+    fix(t0 + 15 * SEC, 39.7, -105.514, 3_400, 80, 270),
+  ];
+  const info = {
+    altitude: 3_400,
+    renderAltitudeM: 3_400,
+    rawLat: 39.7,
+    rawLon: -105.514,
+    velocity: 80,
+    true_track: 270,
+    onGround: false,
+    wasAirborne: true,
+  };
+  // 3,000 m under the report, rising to 3,600 m along the coast west.
+  const nowMs = t0 + 15 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + 60 * SEC;
+  const { motion } = motionFixture({
+    info,
+    fixes,
+    nowMs,
+    ground: (lat, lon) => (lon < -105.52 ? 3_600 : 3_000),
+  });
+  const drawn = motion._deadReckon('00a001', new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  assert.ok(height(drawn) >= 3_600, `height ${height(drawn)}`);
+});
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The trail and head across a stale gap.
+
+function services(trail) {
+  const names = [
+    'picking',
+    'sprites',
+    'aircraftPresentation',
+    'camera',
+    'militaryRegistry',
+    'labels',
+    'meshFloor',
+    'focus',
+    'readout',
+    'context',
+    'render',
+    'recession',
+  ];
+  return {
+    ...Object.fromEntries(names.map((name) => [name, {}])),
+    groundSnap: { createGroundSnap: () => ({ clear() {} }) },
+    trails: trail,
+    geoid: { ensureGeoidReady: async () => {}, geoidHeight: () => 0 },
+    groundFloor: {
+      resolveGroundFloorCellsBounded: async () => {},
+      cachedGroundFloor: () => null,
+      floorAltitudeM: (alt) => alt,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function trailHarness({ fixes, nowMs, head }) {
+  const calls = [];
+  const trail = {
+    createTrail: () => ({
+      setSegments(segments) {
+        calls.push(segments.map((segment) => segment.slice()));
+      },
+      setPositions(positions) {
+        calls.push([positions.slice()]);
+      },
+      setVisible() {},
+      clear() {},
+      destroy() {},
+    }),
+  };
+  const svc = services(trail);
+  const flightState = createFlightState({
+    services: svc,
+    source: { label: 'Fixture aircraft' },
+  });
+  const added = [];
+  flightState._viewer = {
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+    entities: {
+      add(definition) {
+        added.push(definition);
+        return definition;
+      },
+      remove() {},
+    },
+  };
+  flightState._trackedIcao = '00a001';
+  let clock = nowMs;
+  flightState.now = () => clock;
+  flightState._positionHistory.set('00a001', fixes);
+  let headPosition = head;
+  const tracking = createTracking({
+    flightState,
+    services: svc,
+    parts: {
+      motion: {
+        _isTrackWarmingUp: () => false,
+        _trackedTrailCached: () => headPosition,
+        _trackedDisplayPosition: () => headPosition,
+        _trackedModelCenterWorld: () => null,
+        _trackedModelEnvelopeM: () => null,
+      },
+    },
+    layer: {},
+  });
+  const headEntity = () =>
+    added.find((definition) =>
+      String(definition.id).startsWith('gev-trail:fl-head-'),
+    );
+  return {
+    tracking,
+    flightState,
+    drawn: () => (calls.at(-1) ?? []).flat(),
+    head: () => headEntity().polyline.positions.getValue(),
+    setClock: (ms) => {
+      clock = ms;
+    },
+    setHead: (position) => {
+      headPosition = position;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('a holding contact draws no head, and the trail ends at the last report, never past the icon', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(t0, 38.1678, -122.527, 303, 45, 200),
+    fix(t0 + 30 * SEC, 38.1279, -122.5425, 122, 40, 340),
+    fix(t0 + 60 * SEC, 38.133, -122.5494, 38, 37, 10),
+    fix(t0 + 90 * SEC, 38.1436, -122.5561, 0, 36.4, 63),
+  ];
+  const last = fixes.at(-1).position;
+  // The display time is long past the last report; the icon holds there.
+  const h = trailHarness({
+    fixes,
+    nowMs: t0 + 90 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + 120 * SEC,
+    head: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(last),
+  });
+  h.tracking._startTrail('00a001');
+  // Every report, including the last, is in the trail: the head no longer
+  // cuts from the one before it to the icon.
+  assert.equal(h.drawn().length, 4);
+  assert.equal(h.drawn().at(-1), h.flightState._trailFixes.at(-1).position);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.head(), []);
+});
+
+test('while the display is between reports, the trail stops at the report behind the icon', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  // Reports every 10 s; the icon is drawn 30 s behind, between the 2nd and 3rd.
+  const fixes = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].map((i) =>
+    fix(t0 + i * 10 * SEC, 40, -100 + i * 0.03, 10_000, 230, 90),
+  );
+  const nowMs = t0 + 25 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC;
+  const icon = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-100 + 0.075, 40, 10_000);
+  const h = trailHarness({ fixes, nowMs, head: icon });
+  h.tracking._startTrail('00a001');
+  // Reports at 0, 10 and 20 s are behind the icon (display time 25 s).
+  assert.equal(h.drawn().length, 3);
+  const head = h.head();
+  assert.equal(head.length, 2);
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(head[0], fixes[2].position) < 0.01);
+});
+
+test('the hold-or-coast decision is made once per report: a floor that resolves mid-coast does not snap the icon back', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(t0, 39.7, -104.6, 1_900, 70, 270),
+    fix(t0 + 15 * SEC, 39.7, -104.6123, 1_900, 70, 270),
+  ];
+  const info = {
+    altitude: 1_950,
+    renderAltitudeM: 1_900,
+    rawLat: 39.7,
+    rawLon: -104.6123,
+    velocity: 70,
+    true_track: 270,
+    onGround: false,
+    wasAirborne: true,
+    lastContactEpochMs: t0 + 15 * SEC + 120 * SEC,
+  };
+  // No floor known when the contact goes stale: baro says well clear of the
+  // ground, so it coasts. Mid-coast the floor resolves 100 m under the report.
+  let ground = () => null;
+  const at = (afterSec) => {
+    const nowMs = t0 + 15 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + afterSec * SEC;
+    const { motion } = motionFixture({
+      info,
+      fixes,
+      nowMs,
+      ground: (lat, lon) => ground(lat, lon),
+    });
+    return motion._deadReckon('00a001', new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  };
+  const d = (p) => Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, fixes[1].position);
+  const before = d(at(30));
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(before - 70 * 30) < 50, `coasted ${before.toFixed(0)} m`);
+  ground = () => 1_800;
+  const after = d(at(31));
+  assert.ok(
+    after > before,
+    `the icon went from ${before.toFixed(0)} m to ${after.toFixed(0)} m`,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/state.js b/src/layers/flights/state.js
index 81b849f4b..4b58f54fb 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/state.js
@@ -195,9 +195,32 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   flightState._trailHeadSeq = 0;
 
-  /** @type {Cesium.Cartesian3[]} Chronological tracked-aircraft fixes (oldest first) */
+  /** @type {{position: Cesium.Cartesian3|null, timeMs: number, nullAltitude: boolean, breakBefore: boolean, drawn?: boolean}[]}
+   *  Chronological tracked-aircraft trail (oldest first): reports, and
+   *  (`drawn`) where the icon was drawn between them; `breakBefore` starts a
+   *  new segment. */
 
-  flightState._trailPositions = [];
+  flightState._trailFixes = [];
+
+  /** @type {number} Body fixes drawn: those at or before the display time. */
+
+  flightState._trailBodyCount = 0;
+
+  /** @type {Cesium.Cartesian3|null} Where the tracked icon was last recorded into the trail. */
+
+  flightState._trailRecordPosition = null;
+
+  /** @type {number} Display time (epoch ms) of that recording. */
+
+  flightState._trailRecordMs = -Infinity;
+
+  /** @type {string|undefined} The stale cue last written into the tracked label (see `_staleCueTick`). */
+
+  flightState._trackedStaleCueText = undefined;
+
+  /** @type {{key: string, cue: {text: string, dimmed: boolean}}|null} This frame's tracked stale cue (see `_trackedStaleCue`). */
+
+  flightState._trackedStaleCueCache = null;
 
   /** @type {number} Monotonic token — invalidates in-flight backfill responses */
 
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/tracking.js b/src/layers/flights/tracking.js
index 9fbde6a3f..a4faa8329 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/tracking.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/tracking.js
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { julianAt } from '../../time/julian.js';
 import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { unitLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 import { nextCockpitNearContacts } from '../../data/cockpitAirLod.js';
@@ -21,12 +20,31 @@ import {
   TRACKED_MODEL_MAX_LOAD_FAILS,
   TRACKED_MODEL_RETRY_BACKOFF_MS,
   TRAIL_MAX_POINTS,
+  DR_CORRECTION_MS,
   RENDER_DELAY_SEC,
   TRAIL_COLOR,
   CYAN_TRANSPARENT,
+  STALE_ALPHA,
 } from './policy.js';
+import {
+  drawTrailSegments,
+  historyFixEpochMs,
+  insertTrailFix,
+  joinTrailBackfill,
+  recordTrailPoint,
+  trailBackfillFixes,
+  trailBodyCount,
+  trailBodyCountOutsideModel,
+  trailBodySegments,
+  trailHeadStartFix,
+  trailRecordingBlocked,
+  TRAIL_RECORD_STEP_M,
+  TRAIL_RECORD_STEP_MS,
+} from '../../data/trailContinuity.js';
 import { roundHeadingDegrees } from '../../data/headingDegrees.js';
 
+const STALE_CYAN = Cesium.Color.CYAN.withAlpha(STALE_ALPHA);
+
 export function createTracking({
   flightState,
   services,
@@ -333,18 +351,81 @@ export function createTracking({
   }
 
   /**
-   * Append one fix to the tracked aircraft's trail accumulation and refresh
-   * the rendered trail. Caller passes an owned (cloned) Cartesian3.
-   * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} position - New fix position, appended at the head.
+   * Put one report into the tracked aircraft's trail, in time order, and
+   * refresh the rendered trail. Caller passes an owned (cloned) Cartesian3. A
+   * report that breaks from its neighbour starts a new segment (see
+   * trailContinuity).
+   * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} position - The report's position.
+   * @param {number} [epochMs] - The report's time; defaults to the tracked
+   *   aircraft's newest position-history fix, which every caller has just pushed.
+   * @param {{nullAltitude?: boolean}} [options] - `nullAltitude`: the report
+   *   had no altitude, so its position is not kept and the line breaks there.
+   *   A report for a time the display has already passed replaces what was
+   *   drawn after it (see `insertTrailFix`).
    */
 
-  function _appendTrailFix(position) {
-    flightState._trailPositions.push(position);
-    if (flightState._trailPositions.length > TRAIL_MAX_POINTS)
-      flightState._trailPositions.shift();
+  function _appendTrailFix(position, epochMs, { nullAltitude = false } = {}) {
+    const history = flightState._positionHistory.get(flightState._trackedIcao);
+    const timeMs = Number.isFinite(epochMs)
+      ? epochMs
+      : historyFixEpochMs(history?.[history.length - 1]);
+    insertTrailFix(
+      flightState._trailFixes,
+      position,
+      timeMs,
+      TRAIL_MAX_POINTS,
+      {
+        nullAltitude,
+        displayMs: flightState.now() - RENDER_DELAY_SEC * 1000,
+        settleMs: DR_CORRECTION_MS,
+      },
+    );
     _refreshTrailDisplay();
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Per-frame trail work, run from the layer's preRender pass whether or not
+   * the head is visible: record where the tracked icon is drawn (at most once
+   * a second or every 150 m) and move the body on as the display time passes
+   * reports. The head callback only reads the result.
+   */
+
+  function _trailTick() {
+    if (!flightState._trackedIcao || !flightState._trail) return;
+    const displayMs = flightState.now() - RENDER_DELAY_SEC * 1000;
+    let changed = false;
+    if (
+      flightState._trailFixes.length &&
+      !parts.motion._isTrackWarmingUp() &&
+      !trailRecordingBlocked(flightState._trailFixes, displayMs)
+    ) {
+      const drawn = parts.motion._trackedDisplayPosition(
+        flightState._trackedIcao,
+      );
+      const last = flightState._trailRecordPosition;
+      if (
+        drawn &&
+        (!last ||
+          displayMs - flightState._trailRecordMs >= TRAIL_RECORD_STEP_MS ||
+          Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(last, drawn) >= TRAIL_RECORD_STEP_M)
+      ) {
+        flightState._trailRecordMs = displayMs;
+        flightState._trailRecordPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(
+          drawn,
+          flightState._trailRecordPosition ?? undefined,
+        );
+        changed = recordTrailPoint(
+          flightState._trailFixes,
+          Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(drawn),
+          displayMs,
+          TRAIL_MAX_POINTS,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+    if (changed || _trailBodyCountNow() !== flightState._trailBodyCount)
+      _refreshTrailDisplay();
+  }
+
   /**
    * Renders the trail with its head clamped to the render-behind display
    * position. Raw newest fixes run up to RENDER_DELAY_SEC ahead of the
@@ -354,17 +435,33 @@ export function createTracking({
    */
 
   function _refreshTrailDisplay() {
-    // The trail BODY is the accumulated fixes EXCLUDING the newest raw one — that newest
-    // fix is at ~now, ~one poll interval AHEAD of the delayed icon (rendered at
-    // now − RENDER_DELAY_SEC), so drawing it would push the trail in front of the plane.
-    // The cheap per-frame _trailHeadEntity segment bridges the last body point to the
-    // delayed dead-reckoned head, so the body primitive only rebuilds on a real fix
-    // (poll cadence), never at motion cadence.
+    // The trail BODY is the accumulated fixes at or before the delayed display time
+    // (now − RENDER_DELAY_SEC); newer fixes are AHEAD of the icon, so drawing them
+    // would push the trail in front of the plane. The cheap per-frame
+    // _trailHeadEntity segment bridges the last body point to the delayed
+    // dead-reckoned head, so the body rebuilds only on a real fix or when the
+    // display time passes one, never at motion cadence.
+    // A break lifts the pen: each segment is its own line, nothing between them.
     if (!flightState._trail) return;
-    flightState._trail.setPositions(
-      flightState._trailPositions.length > 1
-        ? flightState._trailPositions.slice(0, -1)
-        : flightState._trailPositions,
+    flightState._trailBodyCount = _trailBodyCountNow();
+    drawTrailSegments(
+      flightState._trail,
+      trailBodySegments(flightState._trailFixes, flightState._trailBodyCount),
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Fixes at or before the time the aircraft is drawn (now − RENDER_DELAY_SEC),
+   *  less the newest recorded points inside its 3D model. */
+
+  function _trailBodyCountNow() {
+    return trailBodyCountOutsideModel(
+      flightState._trailFixes,
+      trailBodyCount(
+        flightState._trailFixes,
+        flightState.now() - RENDER_DELAY_SEC * 1000,
+      ),
+      parts.motion._trackedModelCenterWorld(),
+      parts.motion._trackedModelEnvelopeM(),
     );
   }
 
@@ -377,21 +474,24 @@ export function createTracking({
 
   function _startTrail(icao24) {
     flightState._trailBackfillToken += 1;
-    flightState._trailPositions = [];
+    flightState._trailFixes = [];
+    flightState._trailRecordPosition = null;
+    flightState._trailRecordMs = -Infinity;
     const history = flightState._positionHistory.get(icao24) || [];
-    // Seed only fixes at/behind the DELAYED display time (now − RENDER_DELAY_SEC). The
-    // newest ~RENDER_DELAY_SEC of fixes are AHEAD of the displayed icon; including them
-    // would draw the trail in front of the plane. They join the trail via _appendTrailFix
-    // as they age past the delay.
-    const seedRenderTime = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(
-      julianAt(flightState.now()),
-      -RENDER_DELAY_SEC,
-      flightState._scratchWarmupTime,
-    );
+    // Seed every report. The body only draws those at or before the delayed
+    // display time (now − RENDER_DELAY_SEC); newer ones join it as the display
+    // passes them. A synthetic forward fix (it carries `reportEpochMs`) is a
+    // motion aid, never a report. A report drawn at an invented height keeps
+    // no position and breaks the line.
     for (const fix of history) {
-      if (Cesium.JulianDate.lessThanOrEquals(fix.time, seedRenderTime)) {
-        flightState._trailPositions.push(Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(fix.position));
-      }
+      if (Number.isFinite(fix.reportEpochMs)) continue;
+      insertTrailFix(
+        flightState._trailFixes,
+        Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(fix.position),
+        historyFixEpochMs(fix),
+        TRAIL_MAX_POINTS,
+        { nullAltitude: fix.inventedHeight === true },
+      );
     }
     if (!flightState._trail && flightState._viewer) {
       flightState._trail = createTrail(flightState._viewer, {
@@ -412,14 +512,13 @@ export function createTracking({
         show: !flightState._cockpitContactMode,
         polyline: {
           positions: new Cesium.CallbackProperty(() => {
-            // Need ≥2 accumulated points: the body draws all-but-newest, so the head must
-            // start at the last DISPLAYED body point (index n−2). With a single fix that
-            // point would be the sole raw fix — which is ~now, AHEAD of the delayed icon —
-            // so the segment would draw IN FRONT of the plane. Likewise during warm-up the
-            // icon predates all real history, so there is no valid body point behind it.
+            // The head starts at the last DISPLAYED body point, the newest fix at or
+            // before the delayed display time; a fix ahead of the icon would draw the
+            // segment IN FRONT of the plane. During warm-up the icon predates all real
+            // history, so there is no valid body point behind it.
             if (
               !flightState._trackedIcao ||
-              flightState._trailPositions.length < 2 ||
+              !flightState._trailFixes.length ||
               parts.motion._isTrackWarmingUp()
             )
               return [];
@@ -427,12 +526,19 @@ export function createTracking({
               parts.motion._trackedTrailCached() ||
               parts.motion._trackedDisplayPosition(flightState._trackedIcao);
             if (!head) return [];
-            // body[n−2] (last displayed body point) → delayed head: runs FORWARD, never a
-            // backward/reversing segment.
-            const start =
-              flightState._trailPositions[
-                flightState._trailPositions.length - 2
-              ];
+            // The last body point (a report, or where the icon was drawn a
+            // moment ago) → the icon. The body is moved on by _trailTick, never
+            // here: a callback must not add or remove entities.
+            // No head across a break: a body point more than 150 km away, or
+            // too long ago or too far to be one path, stays detached; none while
+            // the aircraft holds at its last point.
+            const last = trailHeadStartFix(
+              flightState._trailFixes,
+              head,
+              flightState.now(),
+              flightState._trailBodyCount,
+            );
+            if (!last) return [];
             // On a contact that has not moved this segment runs from inside the
             // model out to its own anchor — a line through the fuselage. The END
             // never gives, so a moving trail still terminates on the tail; the
@@ -441,7 +547,7 @@ export function createTracking({
             // See trailHeadStart. Read `head` in place and clone only on the draw
             // path — a suppressed parked contact runs this every frame.
             const from = trailHeadStart(
-              start,
+              last.position,
               head,
               parts.motion._trackedModelCenterWorld(),
               parts.motion._trackedModelEnvelopeM(),
@@ -520,7 +626,13 @@ export function createTracking({
       const time = observedAtMs / 1000;
       if (!Number.isFinite(lat) || !Number.isFinite(lon)) continue;
       if (!Number.isFinite(time) || time >= oldestFixEpochSec) continue;
-      parsed.push({ lat, lon, baroAlt });
+      parsed.push({
+        lat,
+        lon,
+        baroAlt,
+        onGround: waypoint.onGround === true,
+        timeMs: observedAtMs,
+      });
     }
     if (!parsed.length) return;
 
@@ -543,27 +655,30 @@ export function createTracking({
     )
       return;
 
-    const older = [];
-    let lastAltM = null; // carry-forward for no-baro points whose cell isn't warm yet
-    for (const { lat, lon, baroAlt } of parsed) {
-      const baroM = Number.isFinite(baroAlt)
-        ? baroAlt + geoidHeight(lat, lon)
-        : null;
-      let altM = floorAltitudeM(baroM, cachedGroundFloor(lat, lon));
-      // No baro + unresolved floor: hold the previous waypoint's altitude
-      // (continuity — never a dive/spike to a made-up height). Leading points
-      // with nothing to carry keep the old 10 km airborne default.
-      if (altM == null) altM = lastAltM != null ? lastAltM : 10000;
-      lastAltM = altM;
-      older.push(Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, altM));
-    }
-
-    flightState._trailPositions = older.concat(flightState._trailPositions);
-    if (flightState._trailPositions.length > TRAIL_MAX_POINTS) {
-      flightState._trailPositions = flightState._trailPositions.slice(
-        flightState._trailPositions.length - TRAIL_MAX_POINTS,
-      );
-    }
+    // Every waypoint is kept, each leg its own segment. A ground waypoint is
+    // at altitude 0, floored at the ground. A waypoint with no altitude is a
+    // break on both sides: it sits on the ground where the floor is known and
+    // is skipped otherwise; a skipped point still breaks the line.
+    const backfill = trailBackfillFixes(
+      parsed.map(({ lat, lon, baroAlt, onGround, timeMs }) => {
+        const known = Number.isFinite(baroAlt) ? baroAlt : onGround ? 0 : null;
+        const altM = floorAltitudeM(
+          known == null ? null : known + geoidHeight(lat, lon),
+          cachedGroundFloor(lat, lon),
+        );
+        return {
+          position:
+            altM == null ? null : Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, altM),
+          timeMs,
+          nullAltitude: known == null,
+        };
+      }),
+    );
+    flightState._trailFixes = joinTrailBackfill(
+      backfill,
+      flightState._trailFixes,
+      TRAIL_MAX_POINTS,
+    );
     _refreshTrailDisplay();
   }
 
@@ -573,7 +688,9 @@ export function createTracking({
 
   function _clearTrail() {
     flightState._trailBackfillToken += 1;
-    flightState._trailPositions = [];
+    flightState._trailFixes = [];
+    flightState._trailRecordPosition = null;
+    flightState._trailRecordMs = -Infinity;
     if (flightState._trail) flightState._trail.clear();
     if (
       flightState._trailHeadEntity &&
@@ -737,14 +854,90 @@ export function createTracking({
     flightState._pendingTrackingRestore = null;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The tracked plane's stale cue and whether it is drawn with the stale fade.
+   * - SIGNAL LOST · <time since its last report>, dimmed: its coast has ended
+   *   (or it holds at its last report after a missed update) and no newer
+   *   report has come.
+   * - STALE, dimmed: it has missed an update and still coasts, or the whole
+   *   feed is backing off.
+   * @param {string} icao24
+   * @returns {{text: string, dimmed: boolean}}
+   */
+
+  function _trackedStaleCue(icao24) {
+    const records = flightState.records;
+    const misses = records.missingPolls.get(icao24) || 0;
+    const repeated = records.fixRepeated?.has(icao24) === true;
+    const backoff = flightState.feed._backoff === true;
+    // Computed once per frame for the label, the icon colour and the model
+    // fade; a poll between frames changes the key.
+    const frame = flightState._viewer?.scene?.frameState?.frameNumber;
+    const key = Number.isFinite(frame)
+      ? `${frame}|${icao24}|${misses}|${repeated}|${backoff}`
+      : null;
+    const cached = flightState._trackedStaleCueCache;
+    if (key !== null && cached?.key === key) return cached.cue;
+    const cue = _computeTrackedStaleCue(
+      icao24,
+      misses > 0 || repeated,
+      backoff,
+    );
+    flightState._trackedStaleCueCache = key === null ? null : { key, cue };
+    return cue;
+  }
+
+  /** `_trackedStaleCue` without the per-frame cache. A repeated fix counts as missed. */
+
+  function _computeTrackedStaleCue(icao24, missed, backoff) {
+    const lost = parts.motion._signalLost(icao24);
+    if (lost && (missed || !lost.holds)) {
+      const sec = Math.max(
+        0,
+        Math.floor((flightState.now() - lost.reportEpochMs) / 1000),
+      );
+      const time =
+        sec < 60
+          ? `${formatNumber(sec, { useGrouping: false })} ${unitLabel('s')}`
+          : `${formatNumber(Math.floor(sec / 60), { useGrouping: false })} ${unitLabel('min')}`;
+      return { text: t('SIGNAL LOST · {time}', { time }), dimmed: true };
+    }
+    // A missed update or a stalled feed: no newer position is coming in.
+    if (missed || backoff) return { text: t('STALE'), dimmed: true };
+    return { text: '', dimmed: false };
+  }
+
+  /** The tracked billboard's colour: cyan, faded while stale, clear while the 3D model is the visual. */
+
+  function _trackedIconColor() {
+    if (parts.rendering._modelOwnsVisual(flightState._trackedIcao))
+      return CYAN_TRANSPARENT;
+    return _trackedStaleCue(flightState._trackedIcao).dimmed
+      ? STALE_CYAN
+      : Cesium.Color.CYAN;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Re-word the tracked label when its stale cue changes (STALE, SIGNAL LOST,
+   * each new second or minute of it). Run from the layer's per-frame pass.
+   */
+
+  function _staleCueTick() {
+    const icao24 = flightState._trackedIcao;
+    if (!icao24 || !flightState._trackedEntity) return;
+    const text = _trackedStaleCue(icao24).text;
+    if (text === flightState._trackedStaleCueText) return;
+    flightState._trackedStaleCueText = text;
+    _updateTrackedLabelModel(icao24);
+  }
+
   /** Multi-line tracked presentation text: "CS · FL · kts" + "Airline · Type" +
    *  "ORIG → DEST". The route line is gated by
    *  routePlausible so a wrong-leg adsbdb route is hidden, not displayed.
-   *  While the plane is in its missed-poll grace (coasting on dead reckoning
-   *  with sticky metadata), the first line carries a "· STALE" cue — the fleet's
-   *  45%-alpha billboard fade doesn't apply to the tracked plane (its entity
-   *  owns the visual), so without this the readout would present last-known
-   *  velocity/altitude as live. */
+   *  The first line carries the stale cue (`_trackedStaleCue`): STALE while
+   *  the plane coasts on dead reckoning after a missed update, SIGNAL LOST
+   *  once the coast has ended, so last-known velocity/altitude are never
+   *  presented as live. */
 
   function _trackedLabelText(icao24) {
     const info = flightState.records.data.get(icao24);
@@ -765,10 +958,7 @@ export function createTracking({
     const spd = info.velocity
       ? quantity(Math.round(info.velocity * 1.944), 'kts')
       : '';
-    const stale =
-      flightState.records.missingPolls.get(icao24) || flightState.feed._backoff
-        ? t('STALE')
-        : '';
+    const stale = _trackedStaleCue(icao24).text;
     const lines = [[cs, fl, spd, stale].filter(Boolean).join(' · ')];
     // Converted contacts report their class as TR-3B and nothing else — the
     // operator/type identity is exactly what the Easter egg is replacing.
@@ -967,15 +1157,9 @@ export function createTracking({
           CLASS_SCALE_2D[
             flightState.records.data.get(flightState._trackedIcao)?.klass
           ] || 1,
-        // Solid cyan when the billboard is the visual (zoomed out, 3D off, or model still loading);
-        // transparent once the STANDALONE tracked model is actually up (ready + shown).
-        color: new Cesium.CallbackProperty(
-          () =>
-            parts.rendering._modelOwnsVisual(flightState._trackedIcao)
-              ? CYAN_TRANSPARENT
-              : Cesium.Color.CYAN,
-          false,
-        ),
+        // Solid cyan (faded while stale) when the billboard is the visual (zoomed out, 3D off,
+        // or model still loading); transparent once the STANDALONE tracked model is actually up.
+        color: new Cesium.CallbackProperty(_trackedIconColor, false),
         sizeInMeters: false,
         scaleByDistance: new Cesium.NearFarScalar(1000, 3.0, 8000000, 0.5),
         alignedAxis: Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO,
@@ -1257,6 +1441,7 @@ export function createTracking({
     _trackedModelRegimeActive,
     _syncTracked2dRotation,
     _appendTrailFix,
+    _trailTick,
     _refreshTrailDisplay,
     _startTrail,
     _backfillTrail,
@@ -1267,6 +1452,9 @@ export function createTracking({
     _applyPendingTrackingRestore,
     _cancelPendingTrackingRestore,
     _trackedLabelText,
+    _trackedStaleCue,
+    _trackedIconColor,
+    _staleCueTick,
     _updateTrackedLabelModel,
     _syncTrackedBillboardImage,
     _refreshTr3bContact,
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/trail.test.mjs b/src/layers/flights/trail.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..200f97db0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/flights/trail.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createFlightState } from './state.js';
+import { createTracking } from './tracking.js';
+import { TRAIL_MAX_POINTS } from './policy.js';
+import { trailHeadJoins, trailPairBreaks } from '../../data/trailContinuity.js';
+
+const MINUTE = 60_000;
+const HOUR = 60 * MINUTE;
+const NM = 1852;
+
+function services({ trails, floor = () => null } = {}) {
+  const names = [
+    'picking',
+    'sprites',
+    'aircraftPresentation',
+    'camera',
+    'militaryRegistry',
+    'labels',
+    'meshFloor',
+    'focus',
+    'readout',
+    'context',
+    'render',
+    'recession',
+  ];
+  return {
+    ...Object.fromEntries(names.map((name) => [name, {}])),
+    groundSnap: { createGroundSnap: () => ({ clear() {} }) },
+    trails,
+    geoid: { ensureGeoidReady: async () => {}, geoidHeight: () => 0 },
+    groundFloor: {
+      resolveGroundFloorCellsBounded: async () => {},
+      cachedGroundFloor: floor,
+      floorAltitudeM: (alt, ground) =>
+        Number.isFinite(alt)
+          ? alt
+          : Number.isFinite(ground)
+            ? ground + 1
+            : null,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/** A fake trail that records every segment list it is given. */
+function recordingTrail() {
+  const calls = [];
+  return {
+    calls,
+    // What draws: a lone point is a segment with no line.
+    last: () =>
+      (calls[calls.length - 1] ?? []).filter((segment) => segment.length >= 2),
+    createTrail: () => ({
+      setSegments(segments) {
+        calls.push(segments.map((segment) => segment.slice()));
+      },
+      setPositions(positions) {
+        calls.push([positions.slice()]);
+      },
+      setVisible() {},
+      clear() {
+        calls.push([]);
+      },
+      destroy() {},
+    }),
+  };
+}
+
+function viewer() {
+  const added = [];
+  return {
+    added,
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+    entities: {
+      add(definition) {
+        added.push(definition);
+        return definition;
+      },
+      remove() {},
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * A tracked aircraft whose live history holds `liveFixes` ({timeMs, lat, lon}),
+ * with a track endpoint answering `waypoints`.
+ */
+function trackedHarness({
+  liveFixes = [],
+  waypoints = null,
+  nowMs,
+  floor,
+  head = null,
+} = {}) {
+  const trail = recordingTrail();
+  const svc = services({ trails: trail, floor });
+  const flightState = createFlightState({
+    services: svc,
+    source: {
+      label: 'Fixture aircraft',
+      async getTrack() {
+        if (!waypoints) throw new Error('404');
+        return { records: waypoints };
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const v = viewer();
+  flightState._viewer = v;
+  flightState._trackedIcao = 'abc123';
+  flightState.now = () => nowMs;
+  flightState._positionHistory.set(
+    'abc123',
+    liveFixes.map((fix) => ({
+      time: Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(fix.timeMs)),
+      epochMs: fix.timeMs,
+      position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(fix.lon, fix.lat, 10_000),
+    })),
+  );
+  const tracking = createTracking({
+    flightState,
+    services: svc,
+    parts: {
+      motion: {
+        _isTrackWarmingUp: () => false,
+        _trackedTrailCached: () => head,
+        _trackedDisplayPosition: () => head,
+        _trackedModelCenterWorld: () => null,
+        _trackedModelEnvelopeM: () => null,
+      },
+    },
+    layer: {},
+  });
+  return { trail, tracking, flightState, viewer: v };
+}
+
+const settle = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+
+function waypoint(timeMs, lat, lon, baroAltitudeM = 10_000) {
+  return { observedAtMs: timeMs, latitude: lat, longitude: lon, baroAltitudeM };
+}
+
+/** `count` waypoints one minute apart flying east at ~420 kt from (lat, lon). */
+function leg(startMs, lat, lon, count) {
+  return Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) =>
+    waypoint(startMs + i * MINUTE, lat, lon + i * 0.12),
+  );
+}
+
+function headPositions(v) {
+  const entity = v.added.find((definition) =>
+    String(definition.id).startsWith('gev-trail:fl-head-'),
+  );
+  return entity.polyline.positions.getValue();
+}
+
+test('a pair 40 minutes and 300 km apart stays joined', () => {
+  assert.equal(trailPairBreaks(40 * MINUTE, 300_000), false);
+});
+
+test('a pair 1 minute and 200 km apart breaks: faster than 1,500 kt', () => {
+  assert.equal(trailPairBreaks(MINUTE, 200_000), true);
+});
+
+test('a gap longer than 48 minutes breaks, and time that does not advance breaks', () => {
+  assert.equal(trailPairBreaks(49 * MINUTE, 10_000), true);
+  assert.equal(trailPairBreaks(48 * MINUTE, 10_000), false);
+  assert.equal(trailPairBreaks(0, 0), true);
+  assert.equal(trailPairBreaks(-MINUTE, 100), true);
+});
+
+test('a parked aircraft two hours apart within 0.1 nm stays joined', () => {
+  assert.equal(trailPairBreaks(2 * HOUR, 0.09 * NM), false);
+  assert.equal(trailPairBreaks(3 * HOUR + MINUTE, 0.09 * NM), true);
+  assert.equal(trailPairBreaks(2 * HOUR, 0.2 * NM), true);
+});
+
+test('the head joins within 150 km under the time and speed test', () => {
+  assert.equal(trailHeadJoins(30_000, 5_000), true);
+  assert.equal(trailHeadJoins(30 * MINUTE, 151_000), false);
+  assert.equal(trailHeadJoins(HOUR, 5_000), false);
+});
+
+test('a backfill with gaps of 10 h, 2 h, 1.2 h and 6.5 h draws five segments and no line across a gap', async () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 8, 0, 0);
+  const legs = [];
+  let start = t0;
+  const gaps = [10 * HOUR, 2 * HOUR, 1.2 * HOUR, 6.5 * HOUR];
+  const anchors = [
+    [30, 31],
+    [12, 0],
+    [14, -15],
+    [20, -40],
+    [35, -75],
+  ];
+  for (let i = 0; i < anchors.length; i++) {
+    const points = leg(start, anchors[i][0], anchors[i][1], 6);
+    legs.push(points);
+    start = points[points.length - 1].observedAtMs + (gaps[i] ?? 0);
+  }
+  const waypoints = legs.flat();
+  const lastLeg = legs[legs.length - 1];
+  const liveStart = lastLeg[lastLeg.length - 1].observedAtMs + MINUTE;
+  const liveFixes = [0, 1, 2].map((i) => ({
+    timeMs: liveStart + i * MINUTE,
+    lat: 35,
+    lon: -75 + 0.72 + i * 0.12,
+  }));
+  const nowMs = liveStart + 3 * MINUTE;
+  const { trail, tracking, flightState } = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    waypoints,
+    nowMs,
+  });
+  tracking._startTrail('abc123');
+  await settle();
+
+  assert.equal(flightState._trailFixes.length, waypoints.length + 3);
+  const segments = trail.last();
+  assert.equal(segments.length, 5);
+  const bodyCount = segments.reduce((sum, segment) => sum + segment.length, 0);
+  // The body draws every fix at or before the display time: all of them here.
+  assert.equal(bodyCount, waypoints.length + 3);
+  for (const [index, segment] of segments.entries()) {
+    const expected = legs[index].map((point) =>
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(point.longitude, point.latitude, 10_000),
+    );
+    for (const position of segment.slice(0, expected.length)) {
+      assert.ok(
+        expected.some((e) => Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(e, position) < 1),
+        `segment ${index} holds a point from another leg`,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test('a null-altitude waypoint breaks the line, and nothing is drawn at 10 km', async () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 8, 0, 0);
+  const waypoints = leg(t0, 40, 10, 6);
+  waypoints[3] = waypoint(waypoints[3].observedAtMs, 40, 10.36, null);
+  const nowMs = t0 + 8 * MINUTE;
+  const liveFixes = [
+    { timeMs: t0 + 6 * MINUTE, lat: 40, lon: 10.72 },
+    { timeMs: t0 + 7 * MINUTE, lat: 40, lon: 10.84 },
+  ];
+
+  // Unknown floor: the null point is skipped, and the line still breaks there.
+  const skipped = trackedHarness({ liveFixes, waypoints, nowMs });
+  skipped.tracking._startTrail('abc123');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    skipped.flightState._trailFixes.length,
+    waypoints.length - 1 + 2,
+  );
+  const segments = skipped.trail.last();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    segments.map((segment) => segment.length),
+    [3, 4],
+  );
+  for (const segment of segments) {
+    for (const position of segment) {
+      const height = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position).height;
+      assert.ok(Math.abs(height - 10_000) < 1, 'only real altitudes drawn');
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Known floor: the point is kept on the ground, alone, joined to nothing.
+  const grounded = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    waypoints,
+    nowMs,
+    floor: () => 120,
+  });
+  grounded.tracking._startTrail('abc123');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(grounded.flightState._trailFixes.length, waypoints.length + 2);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    grounded.trail.last().map((segment) => segment.length),
+    [3, 4],
+  );
+  const kept = grounded.flightState._trailFixes[3];
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(kept.position).height - 121) < 1,
+  );
+});
+
+test('a history tail far from the first live fix does not connect to it', async () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 8, 0, 0);
+  // History ends 20 minutes before the first live fix, 1,400 km away.
+  const waypoints = leg(t0, 50, 0, 5);
+  const liveStart = t0 + 24 * MINUTE;
+  const liveFixes = [0, 1, 2].map((i) => ({
+    timeMs: liveStart + i * MINUTE,
+    lat: 50,
+    lon: 20 + i * 0.12,
+  }));
+  const { trail, tracking } = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    waypoints,
+    nowMs: liveStart + 3 * MINUTE,
+  });
+  tracking._startTrail('abc123');
+  await settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    trail.last().map((segment) => segment.length),
+    [5, 3],
+  );
+});
+
+test('the head is drawn to a nearby aircraft and not to one more than 150 km away', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 8, 0, 0);
+  const liveFixes = [0, 1, 2].map((i) => ({
+    timeMs: t0 + i * MINUTE,
+    lat: 50,
+    lon: 1 + i * 0.12,
+  }));
+  const near = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(1.3, 50, 10_000);
+  const joined = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    nowMs: t0 + 3 * MINUTE,
+    head: near,
+  });
+  joined.tracking._startTrail('abc123');
+  const drawn = headPositions(joined.viewer);
+  assert.equal(drawn.length, 2);
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(drawn[1], near) < 1e-6);
+
+  const far = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(4, 50, 10_000);
+  const detached = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    nowMs: t0 + 3 * MINUTE,
+    head: far,
+  });
+  detached.tracking._startTrail('abc123');
+  assert.deepEqual(headPositions(detached.viewer), []);
+
+  // An hour without a fix: the head no longer joins the last body point.
+  const stale = trackedHarness({ liveFixes, nowMs: t0 + HOUR, head: near });
+  stale.tracking._startTrail('abc123');
+  assert.deepEqual(headPositions(stale.viewer), []);
+});
+
+test('a live fix after a one-hour feed gap starts a new segment', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 8, 0, 0);
+  const liveFixes = [0, 1, 2].map((i) => ({
+    timeMs: t0 + i * MINUTE,
+    lat: 50,
+    lon: 1 + i * 0.12,
+  }));
+  const { trail, tracking, flightState } = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    nowMs: t0 + 3 * MINUTE,
+  });
+  tracking._startTrail('abc123');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    trail.last().map((segment) => segment.length),
+    [3],
+  );
+  const later = t0 + 2 * MINUTE + HOUR;
+  // The display time moves past the new fixes.
+  flightState.now = () => later + 3 * MINUTE;
+  for (const [i, lon] of [3, 3.12, 3.24].entries()) {
+    tracking._appendTrailFix(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, 50, 10_000),
+      later + i * MINUTE,
+    );
+  }
+  assert.equal(flightState._trailFixes.length, 6);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    trail.last().map((segment) => segment.length),
+    [3, 3],
+  );
+});
+
+test('every waypoint of a 24 h history survives, and the trail stays within TRAIL_MAX_POINTS', async () => {
+  // A full day at one fix per minute.
+  const day = 24 * 60;
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 8, 0, 0);
+  const full = leg(t0, 10, -100, day);
+  const liveStart = t0 + day * MINUTE;
+  const liveFixes = [{ timeMs: liveStart, lat: 10, lon: -100 + day * 0.12 }];
+  const kept = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    waypoints: full,
+    nowMs: liveStart + MINUTE,
+  });
+  kept.tracking._startTrail('abc123');
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(TRAIL_MAX_POINTS >= day + 500);
+  assert.equal(kept.flightState._trailFixes.length, full.length + 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    kept.trail.last().map((segment) => segment.length),
+    [day + 1],
+  );
+
+  const count = TRAIL_MAX_POINTS + 120;
+  const large = leg(
+    liveStart - count * MINUTE,
+    10,
+    -100 + (day - count) * 0.12,
+    count,
+  );
+  const capped = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    waypoints: large,
+    nowMs: liveStart + MINUTE,
+  });
+  capped.tracking._startTrail('abc123');
+  await settle();
+  const fixes = capped.flightState._trailFixes;
+  assert.equal(fixes.length, TRAIL_MAX_POINTS);
+  // The oldest go first: the newest live fix is still the last point.
+  assert.equal(fixes[fixes.length - 1].timeMs, liveStart);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/trailRecord.test.mjs b/src/layers/flights/trailRecord.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39ffa74d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/flights/trailRecord.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,866 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createMotion } from './motion.js';
+import { createFlightState } from './state.js';
+import { createTracking } from './tracking.js';
+import { RENDER_DELAY_SEC, STALE_ALPHA } from './policy.js';
+
+// Between reports, a tracked trail is the path the icon was actually drawn
+// along: the real display position, recorded as the frames go by. These tests
+// drive the real motion and display path frame by frame.
+
+const SEC = 1000;
+const ICAO = '00a001';
+const T0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 21, 0);
+
+function fix(timeMs, lat, lon, heightM, velocity, track) {
+  return {
+    time: Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(timeMs)),
+    epochMs: timeMs,
+    position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, heightM),
+    velocity,
+    track,
+  };
+}
+
+function services(trail, ground) {
+  const names = [
+    'picking',
+    'sprites',
+    'aircraftPresentation',
+    'camera',
+    'militaryRegistry',
+    'labels',
+    'meshFloor',
+    'focus',
+    'readout',
+    'context',
+    'render',
+    'recession',
+  ];
+  return {
+    ...Object.fromEntries(names.map((name) => [name, {}])),
+    aircraftPresentation: {
+      isTr3b: () => false,
+      tr3bTypeLabel: (id, label) => label,
+    },
+    focus: {
+      nearFarScalarValueAtDistance: () => 1,
+      clearFocusTarget() {},
+      publishFocusTargetFromCachedPosition() {},
+    },
+    groundSnap: { createGroundSnap: () => ({ clear() {} }) },
+    trails: trail,
+    geoid: { ensureGeoidReady: async () => {}, geoidHeight: () => 0 },
+    groundFloor: {
+      resolveGroundFloorCellsBounded: async () => {},
+      cachedGroundFloor: ground,
+      stickyFloorCell: (lat, lon) => ({ lat, lon }),
+      neighborFloorM: () => null,
+      floorAltitudeM: (alt, g) =>
+        Number.isFinite(g) && Number.isFinite(alt)
+          ? Math.max(alt, g + 1.5)
+          : alt,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Real motion, real display position and real tracking over one contact.
+ * `frame()` runs one rendered frame: the layer's preRender work, then the
+ * head callback, as Cesium does.
+ */
+function harness({
+  fixes,
+  info,
+  nowMs,
+  ground = () => null,
+  envelopeM = null,
+}) {
+  const segmentsCalls = [];
+  let inHead = false;
+  const trail = {
+    createTrail: () => ({
+      setSegments(segments) {
+        assert.ok(
+          !inHead,
+          'the trail body was rebuilt inside the head callback',
+        );
+        segmentsCalls.push(segments.map((segment) => segment.slice()));
+      },
+      setPositions(positions) {
+        assert.ok(
+          !inHead,
+          'the trail body was rebuilt inside the head callback',
+        );
+        segmentsCalls.push([positions.slice()]);
+      },
+      setVisible() {},
+      clear() {},
+      destroy() {},
+    }),
+  };
+  const svc = services(trail, ground);
+  const flightState = createFlightState({
+    services: svc,
+    source: { label: 'Fixture aircraft' },
+  });
+  flightState.records.data.set(ICAO, info);
+  let frameNumber = 0;
+  const added = [];
+  let entityChanges = 0;
+  flightState._viewer = {
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+    scene: {
+      frameState: {
+        get frameNumber() {
+          return frameNumber;
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    entities: {
+      add(definition) {
+        entityChanges += 1;
+        added.push(definition);
+        return definition;
+      },
+      remove() {
+        entityChanges += 1;
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  flightState._trackedIcao = ICAO;
+  let clock = nowMs;
+  flightState.now = () => clock;
+  flightState._positionHistory.set(ICAO, fixes);
+  const parts = {
+    rendering: { _modelOwnsVisual: () => false, _modelSpec: () => ({}) },
+    queries: { _contactLabel: (id, info) => info?.callsign || id },
+  };
+  parts.motion = createMotion({ flightState, services: svc, parts });
+  if (envelopeM != null) {
+    // A 3D model is the visual: its centre is the drawn position.
+    parts.motion._trackedModelCenterWorld = () =>
+      parts.motion._trackedDisplayCached();
+    parts.motion._trackedModelEnvelopeM = () => envelopeM;
+  }
+  const tracking = createTracking({
+    flightState,
+    services: svc,
+    parts,
+    layer: {},
+  });
+  parts.tracking = tracking;
+  const realDateNow = Date.now;
+  Date.now = () => clock;
+  const headEntity = () =>
+    added.find((definition) =>
+      String(definition.id).startsWith('gev-trail:fl-head-'),
+    );
+  const head = () => {
+    const before = entityChanges;
+    inHead = true;
+    try {
+      return headEntity().polyline.positions.getValue();
+    } finally {
+      inHead = false;
+      assert.equal(
+        entityChanges,
+        before,
+        'the head callback added or removed an entity',
+      );
+    }
+  };
+  /** Drawn icon positions, one per frame. */
+  const drawn = [];
+  const frame = ({ readHead = true } = {}) => {
+    frameNumber += 1;
+    tracking._trailTick();
+    const icon = parts.motion._trackedDisplayPosition(ICAO);
+    if (icon) drawn.push(Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(icon));
+    if (readHead) head();
+  };
+  const run = (toMs, { frameMs = 100, readHead = true } = {}) => {
+    while (clock < toMs) {
+      clock = Math.min(toMs, clock + frameMs);
+      frame({ readHead });
+    }
+  };
+  return {
+    flightState,
+    tracking,
+    motion: parts.motion,
+    head,
+    drawn,
+    run,
+    body: () => segmentsCalls.at(-1) ?? [],
+    bodyPoints: () => (segmentsCalls.at(-1) ?? []).flat(),
+    restore: () => {
+      Date.now = realDateNow;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/** Distance from p to the nearest point of a polyline. */
+function distanceToPath(p, path) {
+  let best = Infinity;
+  const ab = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  const ap = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  const closest = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  if (path.length === 1) return Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, path[0]);
+  for (let i = 1; i < path.length; i++) {
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(path[i], path[i - 1], ab);
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(p, path[i - 1], ap);
+    const len2 = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitudeSquared(ab);
+    const t =
+      len2 > 0
+        ? Math.max(0, Math.min(1, Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(ap, ab) / len2))
+        : 0;
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.add(
+      path[i - 1],
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(ab, t, closest),
+      closest,
+    );
+    best = Math.min(best, Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, closest));
+  }
+  return best;
+}
+
+/** No vertex turns the line back sharper than 120° over a short step. */
+function assertNoSpur(line, label) {
+  const u = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  const v = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  for (let i = 1; i < line.length - 1; i++) {
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(line[i], line[i - 1], u);
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(line[i + 1], line[i], v);
+    const lu = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(u);
+    const lv = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(v);
+    if (!(lu > 0 && lv > 0) || Math.min(lu, lv) > 500) continue;
+    const cos = Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(u, v) / (lu * lv);
+    assert.ok(
+      cos >= -0.5,
+      `${label}: spur at vertex ${i} of ${line.length} (turn ${(
+        (Math.acos(cos) * 180) /
+        Math.PI
+      ).toFixed(0)}°)`,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+const indexOfPoint = (line, p) =>
+  line.findIndex((q) => Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, q) < 0.01);
+
+// A departing jet: four northbound climb reports, then a left turn through
+// west to south with no report while the icon flies it.
+function departure() {
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(T0, 37.6329, -122.3661, 213, 85, 8),
+    fix(T0 + 30 * SEC, 37.6542, -122.3616, 495, 95, 0),
+    fix(T0 + 60 * SEC, 37.6813, -122.3615, 808, 104, 350),
+    fix(T0 + 90 * SEC, 37.7066, -122.3755, 1257, 112, 340),
+  ];
+  const info = {
+    altitude: 1257,
+    renderAltitudeM: 1257,
+    rawLat: 37.7066,
+    rawLon: -122.3755,
+    velocity: 112,
+    true_track: 340,
+    turnRateDps: -2,
+    onGround: false,
+    wasAirborne: true,
+    lastContactEpochMs: T0 + 200 * SEC,
+  };
+  return { fixes, info };
+}
+
+test('a report newer than the display time arrives mid-turn: the trail between the two reports stays on the drawn arc', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = departure();
+  const start = T0 + 90 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: start });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    // 40 s of turn with no new report: the icon flies the arc.
+    h.run(start + 40 * SEC);
+    const arc = h.drawn.slice();
+    // The next report is where the plane really was 60 s after the last one,
+    // still ahead of the display time (normal 30 s delay, slow feed). The icon
+    // now interpolates the straight line between the two reports and is eased
+    // onto it.
+    const at60 = h.motion._deadReckon(
+      ICAO,
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(T0 + 150 * SEC)),
+    );
+    const c = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(at60);
+    const report = fix(
+      T0 + 150 * SEC,
+      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.latitude),
+      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.longitude),
+      c.height,
+      112,
+      220,
+    );
+    fixes.push(report);
+    info.true_track = 220;
+    h.tracking._appendTrailFix(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(report.position),
+      report.epochMs,
+    );
+    // The display passes the new report.
+    h.run(start + 75 * SEC);
+    const line = h.bodyPoints();
+    const from = indexOfPoint(line, fixes[3].position);
+    const to = indexOfPoint(line, report.position);
+    assert.ok(from >= 0 && to > from, 'both reports are on the trail');
+    const between = line.slice(from, to + 1);
+    // Every vertex between the reports is where the icon was drawn...
+    const drawnPath = [fixes[3].position, ...h.drawn, report.position];
+    for (const vertex of between) {
+      const off = distanceToPath(vertex, drawnPath);
+      assert.ok(
+        off < 50,
+        `trail vertex ${off.toFixed(0)} m off the drawn path`,
+      );
+    }
+    // ...and the arc the icon flew is still there: no straight chord. (The
+    // arc strays far from the chord, so a chord would fail this.)
+    const chord = [fixes[3].position, report.position];
+    assert.ok(Math.max(...arc.map((p) => distanceToPath(p, chord))) > 300);
+    // The last 10 s of the arc are exempt: the correction pulled the icon back
+    // over them, and keeping them would fold the line back on itself.
+    for (const point of arc.slice(0, -100)) {
+      const off = distanceToPath(point, between);
+      assert.ok(off < 50, `drawn arc point ${off.toFixed(0)} m from the trail`);
+    }
+    assertNoSpur(line, 'trail');
+    assertNoSpur(h.head(), 'head');
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('a fresh report after a hold resumes with no backward spur', () => {
+  const fixes = [0, 1, 2, 3].map((i) =>
+    fix(T0 + i * 15 * SEC, 40, -100 + i * 0.04, 10_000, 230, 90),
+  );
+  const info = {
+    altitude: 10_000,
+    renderAltitudeM: 10_000,
+    rawLat: 40,
+    rawLon: -100 + 0.12,
+    velocity: 230,
+    true_track: 90,
+    turnRateDps: 0,
+    onGround: false,
+    wasAirborne: true,
+    lastContactEpochMs: T0 + 45 * SEC,
+  };
+  const start = T0 + 45 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: start });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    // The contact coasts five minutes, then holds; recording stops while it
+    // holds.
+    h.run(start + 320 * SEC);
+    const held = h.bodyPoints().length;
+    h.run(start + 360 * SEC);
+    assert.equal(h.bodyPoints().length, held, 'the trail grew during a hold');
+    // A fresh report, a little north of the track, ahead of the display.
+    const display = start + 360 * SEC - RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC;
+    // Just past where it held: five minutes and ten seconds at 230 m/s.
+    const aheadDeg = (230 * 310) / (111_320 * Math.cos((40 * Math.PI) / 180));
+    const fresh = fix(
+      display + 10 * SEC,
+      40.01,
+      -100 + 0.12 + aheadDeg,
+      10_000,
+      230,
+      80,
+    );
+    fixes.push(fresh);
+    info.lastContactEpochMs = fresh.epochMs;
+    h.tracking._appendTrailFix(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(fresh.position),
+      fresh.epochMs,
+    );
+    h.run(start + 390 * SEC);
+    assertNoSpur(h.bodyPoints(), 'trail');
+    assertNoSpur(h.head(), 'head');
+    assert.ok(indexOfPoint(h.bodyPoints(), fresh.position) >= 0);
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('with the head hidden the body keeps advancing, and untracking clears the recording', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = departure();
+  const start = T0 + 90 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: start });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(start + 5 * SEC);
+    const before = h.bodyPoints().at(-1);
+    // Cockpit view: the head is hidden and its callback never runs.
+    h.run(start + 30 * SEC, { readHead: false });
+    // The body's end keeps following the icon; straight stretches are thinned.
+    const end = h.bodyPoints().at(-1);
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(end, before) > 1_000,
+      'the body stopped advancing',
+    );
+    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(end, h.drawn.at(-1)) < 300);
+    h.tracking._clearTrail();
+    assert.equal(h.flightState._trailFixes.length, 0);
+    // A new track of the same plane starts from reports only.
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    assert.equal(
+      h.flightState._trailFixes.filter((entry) => entry.drawn).length,
+      0,
+    );
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('a live fix with no altitude breaks the line and puts no point at an invented height', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = departure();
+  const start = T0 + 90 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: start });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    const invented = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-122.38, 37.71, 10_000);
+    h.tracking._appendTrailFix(invented, T0 + 95 * SEC, { nullAltitude: true });
+    const later = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-122.39, 37.715, 1400);
+    h.tracking._appendTrailFix(later, T0 + 100 * SEC);
+    h.run(T0 + 100 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + SEC, { frameMs: 500 });
+    for (const point of h.bodyPoints())
+      assert.ok(Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(point).height < 5_000);
+    // The reports on either side of it are not joined.
+    const segments = h.body();
+    const holding = (p) =>
+      segments.findIndex((segment) =>
+        segment.some((q) => Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, q) < 0.01),
+      );
+    assert.notEqual(holding(fixes[3].position), holding(later));
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('with a 3D model as the visual, the trail stops outside the model and the head runs from there to the plane', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = departure();
+  info.turnRateDps = 0;
+  const start = T0 + 90 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC;
+  const envelopeM = 300;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: start, envelopeM });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(start + 30 * SEC);
+    const icon = h.drawn.at(-1);
+    const body = h.bodyPoints();
+    const head = h.head();
+    assert.ok(head.length >= 2, 'no head is drawn');
+    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(head.at(-1), icon) < 0.01);
+    // No trail point inside the model, and the head starts where the body ends.
+    for (const point of body)
+      assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(point, icon) >= envelopeM - 1);
+    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(head[0], body.at(-1)) < 0.01);
+    // Body and head together follow where the icon was drawn.
+    const line = body.concat(head);
+    for (const point of h.drawn) {
+      const off = distanceToPath(point, line);
+      assert.ok(off < 35, `drawn icon ${off.toFixed(0)} m off the trail`);
+    }
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('a report the display already passed replaces the guess drawn after it, with no spike', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = departure();
+  const start = T0 + 90 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: start });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(start + 40 * SEC);
+    const displayMs = T0 + 130 * SEC;
+    // A report for 10 s before the display time, 400 m inside the drawn arc.
+    const guess = h.motion._deadReckon(
+      ICAO,
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(T0 + 120 * SEC)),
+    );
+    const c = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(guess);
+    const report = fix(
+      T0 + 120 * SEC,
+      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.latitude) - 400 / 111_320,
+      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.longitude),
+      c.height,
+      112,
+      250,
+    );
+    fixes.push(report);
+    info.true_track = 250;
+    h.tracking._appendTrailFix(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(report.position),
+      report.epochMs,
+    );
+    h.run(start + 55 * SEC);
+    const recorded = h.flightState._trailFixes.filter((entry) => entry.drawn);
+    // Nothing recorded between the report and the end of the ease.
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      recorded
+        .filter(
+          (entry) =>
+            entry.timeMs > report.epochMs && entry.timeMs < displayMs + 900,
+        )
+        .map((entry) => entry.timeMs - T0),
+      [],
+    );
+    const line = h.bodyPoints();
+    assert.ok(indexOfPoint(line, report.position) >= 0);
+    assertNoSpur(line, 'trail');
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('a history report at an invented height is seeded with no position, and nothing is recorded next to it', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = departure();
+  fixes[3].inventedHeight = true;
+  const start = T0 + 90 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: start });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    const seeded = h.flightState._trailFixes.find(
+      (entry) => entry.timeMs === fixes[3].epochMs,
+    );
+    assert.equal(seeded.position, null);
+    assert.equal(seeded.nullAltitude, true);
+    h.run(start + 10 * SEC);
+    assert.equal(
+      h.flightState._trailFixes.filter((entry) => entry.drawn).length,
+      0,
+    );
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+// A turboprop at FL210 flying east out of receiver coverage: its last
+// position is at T0 + 30 s, and contact goes on for four more minutes.
+function outOfCoverage() {
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(T0, 43, -108.1, 6_400, 140, 90),
+    fix(T0 + 30 * SEC, 43, -108.05, 6_400, 140, 90),
+  ];
+  const info = {
+    altitude: 6_400,
+    renderAltitudeM: 6_400,
+    rawLat: 43,
+    rawLon: -108.05,
+    velocity: 140,
+    true_track: 90,
+    callsign: 'TEST7',
+    turnRateDps: 0,
+    onGround: false,
+    wasAirborne: true,
+    lastContactEpochMs: T0 + 30 * SEC + 240 * SEC,
+  };
+  return { fixes, info };
+}
+
+/** Display time (ms) `afterSec` past the last report. */
+const pastReport = (afterSec) =>
+  T0 + 30 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + afterSec * SEC;
+
+test('a plane that stops reporting keeps moving dimmed as STALE from its first missed update, then stops as SIGNAL LOST', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: pastReport(-5) });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(pastReport(30));
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: '',
+      dimmed: false,
+    });
+    assert.equal(h.tracking._trackedIconColor().alpha, 1);
+    // The first missed update.
+    h.flightState.records.missingPolls.set(ICAO, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: 'STALE',
+      dimmed: true,
+    });
+    assert.match(h.tracking._trackedLabelText(ICAO), /STALE/);
+    // Drawn with the fleet's stale fade.
+    assert.equal(h.tracking._trackedIconColor().alpha, STALE_ALPHA);
+    // Still moving well past 90 s.
+    h.run(pastReport(200));
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(h.drawn.at(-1), h.drawn.at(-11)) > 100,
+    );
+    // The coast ends 300 s past the report; the plane stops there.
+    h.run(pastReport(310));
+    const recorded = h.flightState._trailFixes.filter((e) => e.drawn).length;
+    h.run(pastReport(330));
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(h.drawn.at(-1), h.drawn.at(-50)) < 0.01,
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      h.flightState._trailFixes.filter((e) => e.drawn).length,
+      recorded,
+      'the trail kept recording a stopped plane',
+    );
+    // 330 s of display past the report is 330 s + the display delay of wall time.
+    const minutes = Math.floor((330 + RENDER_DELAY_SEC) / 60);
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: `SIGNAL LOST · ${minutes} min`,
+      dimmed: true,
+    });
+    assert.match(
+      h.tracking._trackedLabelText(ICAO),
+      new RegExp(`SIGNAL LOST · ${minutes} min`),
+    );
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('a plane held at its last report shows SIGNAL LOST in seconds under a minute', () => {
+  // Its last report is 100 m above a known ground height: it holds there.
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  const h = harness({
+    fixes,
+    info,
+    nowMs: pastReport(-5),
+    ground: () => 6_300,
+  });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.flightState.records.missingPolls.set(ICAO, 1);
+    h.run(pastReport(10));
+    assert.ok(10 + RENDER_DELAY_SEC < 60);
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: `SIGNAL LOST · ${10 + RENDER_DELAY_SEC} s`,
+      dimmed: true,
+    });
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('a report arriving 200 s into a coast: the plane eases onto it and the trail drops what was drawn after it', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: pastReport(-5) });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(pastReport(200));
+    // Heard again: the report is for 10 s before the display time, 2 km north
+    // of where the coast put it.
+    const at = T0 + 30 * SEC + 190 * SEC;
+    const guess = h.motion._deadReckon(
+      ICAO,
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(at)),
+    );
+    const c = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(guess);
+    const report = fix(
+      at,
+      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.latitude) + 2_000 / 111_320,
+      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.longitude),
+      c.height,
+      140,
+      90,
+    );
+    fixes.push(report);
+    h.tracking._appendTrailFix(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(report.position),
+      report.epochMs,
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      h.flightState._trailFixes.filter(
+        (e) => e.drawn && e.timeMs > report.epochMs,
+      ),
+      [],
+    );
+    const from = h.drawn.length;
+    h.run(pastReport(203));
+    const after = h.drawn.slice(from - 1);
+    for (let i = 1; i < after.length; i++)
+      assert.ok(
+        Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(after[i], after[i - 1]) < 400,
+        'the plane jumped instead of easing',
+      );
+    // Eased onto the path from the report: 13 s on from it at 140 m/s.
+    const off = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(after.at(-1), report.position);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(off - 140 * 13) < 150,
+      `${off.toFixed(0)} m from the report`,
+    );
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('a tracked plane that stops reporting: STALE from the first missed poll, SIGNAL LOST after the five-minute coast, kept at 9 min, removed at 10 min', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  const fixMs = fixes.at(-1).epochMs;
+  // Contact stops with the position: the plane left coverage.
+  info.lastContactEpochMs = fixMs;
+  info.newestFixMs = fixMs;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: fixMs + 5 * SEC });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    const records = h.flightState.records;
+    const polls = new Map();
+    let removedAtSec = null;
+    // A poll every 10 s that lists the plane without a position.
+    for (let afterSec = 10; afterSec <= 660; afterSec += 10) {
+      h.run(fixMs + afterSec * SEC, { frameMs: 500, readHead: false });
+      const result = records.absence(ICAO, {
+        complete: true,
+        retainIds: new Set([ICAO]),
+        likelyLanded: false,
+        tracked: true,
+      });
+      if (result === 'remove') {
+        removedAtSec = afterSec;
+        break;
+      }
+      polls.set(afterSec, {
+        cue: h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO),
+        drawn: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(h.drawn.at(-1)),
+      });
+    }
+    // Wall time when the display reaches the end of the coast.
+    const coastEndSec = 300 + RENDER_DELAY_SEC;
+    for (const [afterSec, { cue }] of polls) {
+      if (afterSec <= coastEndSec) {
+        assert.deepEqual(cue, { text: 'STALE', dimmed: true }, `${afterSec} s`);
+      } else {
+        assert.deepEqual(
+          cue,
+          {
+            text: `SIGNAL LOST · ${Math.floor(afterSec / 60)} min`,
+            dimmed: true,
+          },
+          `${afterSec} s`,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+    const moved = (a, b) =>
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(polls.get(a).drawn, polls.get(b).drawn);
+    // Moving through the coast, still at its last speed at four minutes.
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(moved(230, 240) - 140 * 10) < 20);
+    // Stopped once the coast has ended.
+    const after = Math.ceil(coastEndSec / 10) * 10;
+    assert.ok(moved(after, 540) < 0.01);
+    assert.equal(polls.get(300).cue.text, 'STALE');
+    assert.deepEqual(polls.get(540).cue, {
+      text: 'SIGNAL LOST · 9 min',
+      dimmed: true,
+    });
+    assert.equal(removedAtSec, 600);
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('a repeated old fix counts as a missed update for the tracked plane', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: pastReport(-5) });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(pastReport(-2));
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: '',
+      dimmed: false,
+    });
+    // The feed re-sends the last position: its fix time did not advance.
+    h.flightState.records.fixRepeated.add(ICAO);
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: 'STALE',
+      dimmed: true,
+    });
+    assert.equal(h.tracking._trackedIconColor().alpha, STALE_ALPHA);
+    assert.equal(h.flightState.records.missingPolls.has(ICAO), false);
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('a stalled feed dims the tracked plane as STALE', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: pastReport(-5) });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(pastReport(-2));
+    // The whole feed is backing off: no poll counts a miss, and no newer
+    // position is coming in.
+    h.flightState.feed._backoff = true;
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: 'STALE',
+      dimmed: true,
+    });
+    assert.equal(h.tracking._trackedIconColor().alpha, STALE_ALPHA);
+    assert.equal(h.flightState.records.missingPolls.has(ICAO), false);
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('a report arriving after the plane has stopped: it eases in with no spur, and the trail keeps everything up to the stop', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  info.lastContactEpochMs = fixes.at(-1).epochMs;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: pastReport(-5) });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(pastReport(360));
+    const stop = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(h.drawn.at(-1));
+    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(stop, h.drawn.at(-100)) < 0.01);
+    const kept = h.flightState._trailFixes
+      .filter((e) => e.drawn)
+      .map((e) => Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(e.position));
+    // The thinned straight coast, recorded up to where the plane stopped.
+    assert.ok(kept.length >= 2);
+    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(kept.at(-1), stop) < 300);
+    // Heard again, for 20 s before the display time: the plane flew on, a
+    // little north of its old heading.
+    const at = T0 + 30 * SEC + 340 * SEC;
+    const lonDeg =
+      -108.05 + (140 * 340) / (111_320 * Math.cos((43 * Math.PI) / 180));
+    const report = fix(at, 43 + 1_000 / 111_320, lonDeg, 6_400, 140, 90);
+    fixes.push(report);
+    h.tracking._appendTrailFix(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(report.position),
+      report.epochMs,
+    );
+    // Nothing was recorded after the stop, so nothing is dropped.
+    const after = h.flightState._trailFixes
+      .filter((e) => e.drawn)
+      .map((e) => e.position);
+    assert.equal(after.length, kept.length);
+    kept.forEach((p, i) =>
+      assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, after[i]) < 0.01),
+    );
+    const from = h.drawn.length;
+    h.run(pastReport(365));
+    const eased = h.drawn.slice(from - 1);
+    const jump = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(eased[0], eased.at(-1));
+    for (let i = 1; i < eased.length; i++)
+      assert.ok(
+        Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(eased[i], eased[i - 1]) < jump / 2,
+        'the plane jumped instead of easing',
+      );
+    // On the path from the report: 25 s on from it at 140 m/s.
+    const off = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(eased.at(-1), report.position);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(off - 140 * 25) < 150, `${off.toFixed(0)} m`);
+    assertNoSpur(h.bodyPoints(), 'trail');
+    assertNoSpur(h.head(), 'head');
+    assert.ok(indexOfPoint(h.bodyPoints(), report.position) >= 0);
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/military/motion.js b/src/layers/military/motion.js
index a13508e54..6a01e6c49 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/motion.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/motion.js
@@ -5,10 +5,14 @@ import {
   speedRamp,
   courseBetweenCartesians,
   COURSE_HOLD_SPEED_MPS,
+  floorCoastedPosition,
   staleCoastLimitSeconds,
+  staleCoastSecondsFrom,
+  staleHoldsForFix,
   arcOffsetEnu,
   courseSlewCapDps,
   limitCourseStep,
+  COAST_MAX_SPEED_MPS,
 } from '../../data/motionModel.js';
 import { CLASS_SCALE_2D } from '../../data/aircraftClass.js';
 import {
@@ -141,23 +145,86 @@ export function createMotion({
       );
     }
 
-    // Continue through fresh adsb.lol contacts even when the position epoch has
-    // not advanced, but keep an absolute stale-feed drift ceiling.
+    // Coast on the last speed and heading for five minutes past the newest
+    // fix, then stop, dimmed as SIGNAL LOST. A contact last heard on or near
+    // the ground holds there instead, and a coast never goes below the ground.
+    const { coastSec } = _coastPlan(newest, info, elapsedSec);
+    const cachedGroundFloor = services.groundFloor?.cachedGroundFloor;
+    _extrapolateFix(
+      newest,
+      info,
+      coastSec,
+      out,
+      (info && info.turnRateDps) || 0,
+    );
+    return coastSec > 0 ? floorCoastedPosition(out, cachedGroundFloor) : out;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * How far a contact coasts past its newest fix at a display time
+   * `elapsedSec` after it: up to five minutes, or not at all for a contact
+   * that holds at a report on or near the ground. The hold decision is made once
+   * per report and kept on it.
+   * @param {{epochMs?: number, time: Cesium.JulianDate}} newest
+   * @param {object|undefined} info - The contact's record.
+   * @param {number} elapsedSec
+   * @returns {{coastSec: number, holds: boolean}}
+   */
+  function _coastPlan(newest, info, elapsedSec) {
     const coastLimitSec = staleCoastLimitSeconds({
-      // Captured at poll normalization so the fleet tick does not allocate a
-      // Date for every aircraft twelve times per second.
+      // `epochMs` is captured once when the poll is normalized. Avoid allocating
+      // a Date per aircraft on every fleet tick.
       fixEpochMs: Number.isFinite(newest.epochMs)
         ? newest.epochMs
         : Cesium.JulianDate.toDate(newest.time).getTime(),
       lastContactEpochMs: info?.lastContactEpochMs,
+      // Five minutes of flight after the last report, as flights.
+      minimumSec: 300,
+      maximumSec: 300,
     });
-    return _extrapolateFix(
+    const holds = staleHoldsForFix(newest, {
+      onGround: info?.onGround,
+      cachedGroundFloor: services.groundFloor?.cachedGroundFloor,
+    });
+    return {
+      coastSec: staleCoastSecondsFrom({
+        newest,
+        elapsedSec,
+        coastLimitSec,
+        holds,
+      }),
+      holds,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Whether a contact has stopped where its coast ended (or held at its last
+   * report) with no newer report, and since when it has had none.
+   * @param {string} icao24
+   * @returns {{reportEpochMs: number, holds: boolean}|null} Null while a
+   *   report is ahead of the display time or the contact is still coasting.
+   */
+  function _signalLost(icao24) {
+    const newest = flightState._positionHistory.get(icao24)?.at(-1);
+    if (!newest) return null;
+    const newestMs = Number.isFinite(newest.epochMs)
+      ? newest.epochMs
+      : Cesium.JulianDate.toDate(newest.time).getTime();
+    const elapsedSec =
+      (flightState.now() - RENDER_DELAY_SEC * 1000 - newestMs) / 1000;
+    if (!(elapsedSec > 0)) return null;
+    const { coastSec, holds } = _coastPlan(
       newest,
-      info,
-      Math.min(elapsedSec, coastLimitSec),
-      out,
-      (info && info.turnRateDps) || 0,
+      flightState.records.data.get(icao24),
+      elapsedSec,
     );
+    if (!(elapsedSec > coastSec)) return null;
+    return {
+      reportEpochMs: Number.isFinite(newest.reportEpochMs)
+        ? newest.reportEpochMs
+        : newestMs,
+      holds,
+    };
   }
 
   /**
@@ -172,9 +239,12 @@ export function createMotion({
    */
 
   function _extrapolateFix(fix, info, dt, out, turnRateDps = 0) {
-    const speed = Number.isFinite(fix.velocity)
-      ? fix.velocity
-      : (info && info.speedMps) || 0;
+    const speed = Math.min(
+      Number.isFinite(fix.velocity)
+        ? fix.velocity
+        : (info && info.speedMps) || 0,
+      COAST_MAX_SPEED_MPS,
+    );
     const heading = Number.isFinite(fix.track)
       ? fix.track
       : (info && info.track) || 0;
@@ -514,6 +584,7 @@ export function createMotion({
   }
   return {
     _deadReckon,
+    _signalLost,
     _extrapolateFix,
     _isTrackWarmingUp,
     _trackedFocusSizePx,
diff --git a/src/layers/military/policy.js b/src/layers/military/policy.js
index bb1d89127..da67bc9b6 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/policy.js
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ export const TRAIL_COLOR = '#FFB800';
 
 /** @constant {number} Combined cap on trail vertices (backfill + live accumulation). */
 
-export const TRAIL_MAX_POINTS = 400;
+export const TRAIL_MAX_POINTS = 2000;
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Render-behind smoothing (mirrors flights.js): the fleet renders at
@@ -271,3 +271,6 @@ export const TRACKED_MODEL_RETRY_BACKOFF_MS = 1500;
  *  synchronously (single primitive). */
 
 export const IR_RELOAD_BATCH = 40;
+
+/** Alpha of a contact that has missed an update or lost its signal: the stale fade, for the fleet and the tracked aircraft alike. */
+export const STALE_ALPHA = 0.45;
diff --git a/src/layers/military/recordPolicy.js b/src/layers/military/recordPolicy.js
index 18f4a488d..3a72fa8ad 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/recordPolicy.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/recordPolicy.js
@@ -6,4 +6,8 @@ export const LANDED_MISSING_POLL_LIMIT = 1;
 
 export const MISSING_POLL_LIMIT = 3;
 
+/** The tracked contact is kept this long after its newest fix: five minutes
+ *  coasting, then five stopped as SIGNAL LOST. */
+export const TRACKED_RETENTION_MS = 10 * 60_000;
+
 export const ERROR_BACKOFF_INTERVAL = 20000;
diff --git a/src/layers/military/records.js b/src/layers/military/records.js
index 7198d62da..7b48e6f8b 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/records.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/records.js
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   GROUND_FLOOR_WARM_MAX_ALT_M,
   LANDED_MISSING_POLL_LIMIT,
   MISSING_POLL_LIMIT,
+  TRACKED_RETENTION_MS,
 } from './recordPolicy.js';
 
 /** Portable military aircraft metadata and bounded missing-poll retention. */
@@ -14,9 +15,44 @@ export class MilitaryFlightRecords {
     this.services = { geoidHeight, cachedGroundFloor, floorAltitudeM };
     this.data = new Map();
     this.missingPolls = new Map();
+    // Contacts whose last poll re-sent a fix no newer than the one before.
+    this.fixRepeated = new Set();
+    this.lastSnapshotMs = null;
+    this.snapshotAdvanced = true;
     this.geoidNCache = new Map();
     this.geoidReady = false;
   }
+  /**
+   * Start reading a snapshot taken at `observedAtMs`. A fix re-sent in a
+   * newer snapshot marks its contact as not updated; the same snapshot read
+   * again does not.
+   * @param {number} observedAtMs
+   */
+  beginSnapshot(observedAtMs) {
+    this.snapshotAdvanced =
+      !Number.isFinite(observedAtMs) ||
+      !Number.isFinite(this.lastSnapshotMs) ||
+      observedAtMs > this.lastSnapshotMs;
+    if (Number.isFinite(observedAtMs))
+      this.lastSnapshotMs = Math.max(
+        this.lastSnapshotMs ?? -Infinity,
+        observedAtMs,
+      );
+  }
+
+  /** Note a received fix: the newest fix time, and whether it advanced. */
+  _noteFix(id, prevMeta, fixEpochMs) {
+    const prevFixMs = prevMeta?.newestFixMs;
+    // A fix counts as new only when it moves on by a second: feeds that
+    // derive fix time from receipt (readsb `now − seen_pos`, 0.1 s) jitter.
+    if (!Number.isFinite(prevFixMs) || fixEpochMs >= prevFixMs + 1000) {
+      this.fixRepeated.delete(id);
+      return fixEpochMs;
+    }
+    if (this.snapshotAdvanced) this.fixRepeated.add(id);
+    return prevFixMs;
+  }
+
   receive(
     aircraft,
     { observedAtMs, floorWarmPoints: _floorWarmPoints, modelOwnsVisual },
@@ -88,6 +124,10 @@ export class MilitaryFlightRecords {
     // already uses (which also carries the on-ground 0 m / last-known-baro
     // case), so the two never disagree on the "no data yet" case.
     let renderAltitudeM = pickedAltM != null ? pickedAltM : altitudeM;
+    // No altitude for an airborne contact: the height is the airborne
+    // default, invented. The tracked trail keeps no point there.
+    const renderAltitudeInvented =
+      pickedAltM == null && !onGround && aircraft.baroAltitudeM == null;
     // Field-test fix (RS46 heli-in-hillside, 2026-07-06): a baro-only
     // AIRBORNE contact near steep terrain can compute a render height
     // BELOW the local surface (no alt_geom; baro+N carries QNH error
@@ -127,9 +167,11 @@ export class MilitaryFlightRecords {
     // Sticky merge — adsb.lol intermittently drops flight/t/r/ownOp; hold
     // last-known-good (bounded by the layer's eviction, which deletes the entry).
     const stickyType = stickyText(type, prevMeta?.type);
+    const fixEpochMs = aircraft.positionTimeMs ?? observedAtMs;
     const meta = {
       sourceReference: aircraft.reference,
       observedReceiptMs: Date.now(),
+      newestFixMs: this._noteFix(icao24, prevMeta, fixEpochMs),
       callsign: stickyText(callsign, prevMeta?.callsign),
       type: stickyType,
       // Type outranks category automatically inside classifyAircraft.
@@ -146,6 +188,7 @@ export class MilitaryFlightRecords {
       // altitudeFt/baro).
       geoAltitudeM,
       renderAltitudeM,
+      renderAltitudeInvented,
       // A poll that omits track/speed holds the last values, like the civil
       // records; 0 only until one is known. A grounded row without a speed
       // reads 0, so a parked plane never coasts at its landing speed.
@@ -184,10 +227,25 @@ export class MilitaryFlightRecords {
       prevMeta,
       meta,
       groundFlipped,
-      fixEpochMs: aircraft.positionTimeMs ?? observedAtMs,
+      fixEpochMs,
     };
   }
-  absence(id, { complete, retainIds, likelyLanded }) {
+  absence(id, { complete, retainIds, likelyLanded, tracked = false }) {
+    const misses = (this.missingPolls.get(id) || 0) + 1;
+    // The tracked contact has missed an update: it is stale from the first
+    // one, and kept (so the camera keeps its target) until ten minutes after
+    // its newest fix, whatever the snapshot says. With no fix time known it
+    // takes the ordinary limits below.
+    const meta = this.data.get(id);
+    const fixMs = meta?.newestFixMs ?? meta?.observedReceiptMs;
+    if (tracked && Number.isFinite(fixMs)) {
+      if (Date.now() - fixMs < TRACKED_RETENTION_MS) {
+        this.missingPolls.set(id, misses);
+        return 'stale';
+      }
+      this.missingPolls.delete(id);
+      return 'remove';
+    }
     // Partial admissions and position-less rows do not prove absence, but
     // retention remains bounded; a likely-landed position-less contact
     // still takes the landed limit.
@@ -196,7 +254,6 @@ export class MilitaryFlightRecords {
       Date.now() - (this.data.get(id)?.observedReceiptMs ?? 0) < 300000
     )
       return 'retain';
-    const misses = (this.missingPolls.get(id) || 0) + 1;
     const limit = likelyLanded ? LANDED_MISSING_POLL_LIMIT : MISSING_POLL_LIMIT;
     if (misses < limit) {
       this.missingPolls.set(id, misses);
@@ -208,6 +265,7 @@ export class MilitaryFlightRecords {
   forget(id) {
     this.data.delete(id);
     this.missingPolls.delete(id);
+    this.fixRepeated.delete(id);
     this.geoidNCache.delete(id);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/military/records.test.mjs b/src/layers/military/records.test.mjs
index 65a3b76c9..3d72aed21 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/records.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/military/records.test.mjs
@@ -174,3 +174,98 @@ test('military records hold the last track and speed when a poll omits them', ()
   assert.equal(parked.meta.speedMps, 0);
   assert.equal(parked.meta.track, 90);
 });
+
+test('an airborne military contact reported with no altitude is marked as drawn at an invented height', () => {
+  const records = store();
+  const none = records.receive(
+    observation({ baroAltitudeM: null, ellipsoidAltitudeM: null }),
+    context(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(none.meta.renderAltitudeInvented, true);
+  const known = records.receive(
+    observation({ positionTimeMs: 1700000005000 }),
+    context(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(known.meta.renderAltitudeInvented, false);
+  const parked = store().receive(
+    observation({ baroAltitudeM: null, onGround: true }),
+    context(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(parked.meta.renderAltitudeInvented, false);
+});
+
+test('the tracked military contact is stale from its first missed update and kept until ten minutes after its newest fix', () => {
+  const realNow = Date.now;
+  const fixMs = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  let clock = fixMs + 5_000;
+  Date.now = () => clock;
+  try {
+    for (const snapshot of [
+      { complete: true },
+      { complete: true, retainIds: new Set(['aaa001']) },
+      { complete: false },
+    ]) {
+      const records = store();
+      records.receive(
+        observation({ positionTimeMs: fixMs }),
+        context({ observedAtMs: fixMs + 1_000 }),
+      );
+      const absent = (tracked) =>
+        records.absence('aaa001', {
+          ...snapshot,
+          likelyLanded: false,
+          tracked,
+        });
+      clock = fixMs + 15_000;
+      assert.equal(absent(true), 'stale');
+      assert.equal(records.missingPolls.get('aaa001'), 1);
+      clock = fixMs + 9 * 60_000;
+      assert.equal(absent(true), 'stale');
+      clock = fixMs + 10 * 60_000 - 1;
+      assert.equal(absent(true), 'stale');
+      clock = fixMs + 10 * 60_000;
+      assert.equal(absent(true), 'remove');
+      assert.equal(records.missingPolls.has('aaa001'), false);
+    }
+    const records = store();
+    records.receive(
+      observation({ positionTimeMs: fixMs }),
+      context({ observedAtMs: fixMs + 1_000 }),
+    );
+    clock = fixMs + 15_000;
+    const untracked = (snapshot) =>
+      records.absence('aaa001', { ...snapshot, likelyLanded: false });
+    assert.equal(untracked({ complete: false }), 'retain');
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      [1, 2, 3].map(() => untracked({ complete: true })),
+      ['stale', 'stale', 'remove'],
+    );
+  } finally {
+    Date.now = realNow;
+  }
+});
+
+test('a repeated military fix time marks the contact as not updated; removal is unchanged', () => {
+  const records = store();
+  const fixMs = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  const poll = (snapshotMs, positionTimeMs) => {
+    records.beginSnapshot(snapshotMs);
+    records.receive(
+      observation({ positionTimeMs }),
+      context({ observedAtMs: snapshotMs }),
+    );
+  };
+  poll(fixMs + 2_000, fixMs);
+  assert.equal(records.fixRepeated.has('aaa001'), false);
+  // adsb.lol re-sends the last position for up to a minute.
+  poll(fixMs + 12_000, fixMs);
+  assert.equal(records.fixRepeated.has('aaa001'), true);
+  assert.equal(records.missingPolls.has('aaa001'), false);
+  poll(fixMs + 12_000, fixMs);
+  assert.equal(records.fixRepeated.has('aaa001'), true);
+  poll(fixMs + 22_000, fixMs + 10_000);
+  assert.equal(records.fixRepeated.has('aaa001'), false);
+  poll(fixMs + 32_000, fixMs + 10_000);
+  records.forget('aaa001');
+  assert.equal(records.fixRepeated.has('aaa001'), false);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/military/rendering.js b/src/layers/military/rendering.js
index 504d79c80..d783bd4a4 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/rendering.js
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ import {
   COURSE_SLEW_DT_MAX_SEC,
   ROTATION_REFRESH_MS,
   COURSE_MAX_DPS,
+  STALE_ALPHA,
 } from './policy.js';
 import { AIRCRAFT_ENVIRONMENT_MAP_OPTIONS } from '../../data/aircraftModelLighting.js';
 
@@ -640,6 +641,19 @@ export function createRendering({
   /** Per-frame driver for the standalone tracked model (see flights.js for the rationale). The
    *  tracked entity stays a pure billboard, so the follow-camera never stalls/freezes on 3D-toggle. */
 
+  /** Fade the tracked 3D model like the billboard while the plane is stale. */
+
+  function _applyTrackedModelFade(model) {
+    const alpha = parts.tracking._trackedStaleCue?.(flightState._trackedIcao)
+      ?.dimmed
+      ? STALE_ALPHA
+      : 1;
+    if (model.color?.alpha === alpha) return;
+    model.color = (
+      flightState._irBoost ? Cesium.Color.WHITE : TRACKED_ICON_COLOR
+    ).withAlpha(alpha);
+  }
+
   function _updateTrackedModel() {
     const active =
       flightState._trackedIcao &&
@@ -787,6 +801,7 @@ export function createRendering({
         flightState._trackedModel.modelMatrix,
         spec.headingOffsetDeg,
       );
+      _applyTrackedModelFade(flightState._trackedModel);
       if (!flightState._trackedModel.ready) return;
       flightState._trackedModel.scale = trackedModelScaleForPixelCap({
         baseScale: spec.scale,
@@ -814,6 +829,13 @@ export function createRendering({
    */
 
   function _fleetTick() {
+    // Every frame, shown or not: the tracked trail records where its icon is
+    // drawn and moves its body on (the head callback only reads the result),
+    // and the tracked label's stale cue follows the clock.
+    if (flightState._viewer) {
+      parts.tracking._trailTick?.();
+      parts.tracking._staleCueTick?.();
+    }
     if (
       !flightState._viewer ||
       !flightState._billboardCollection ||
@@ -989,7 +1011,9 @@ export function createRendering({
           flightState._cockpitContactMode && !isCockpitNear
             ? 1
             : _militaryBillboardScale(icao24),
-        baseAlpha: flightState.records.missingPolls.get(icao24) ? 0.45 : 1,
+        baseAlpha: flightState.records.missingPolls.get(icao24)
+          ? STALE_ALPHA
+          : 1,
         baseColor,
         focusFactor: focus.factor,
         cameraDistanceM,
diff --git a/src/layers/military/snapshotRenderer.js b/src/layers/military/snapshotRenderer.js
index eb3a341f8..e674cc456 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/snapshotRenderer.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/snapshotRenderer.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { CLASS_SCALE_2D } from '../../data/aircraftClass.js';
 import {
   turnRateFromFixHistory,
   liftRepeatedGroundFix,
+  staleHoldsForFix,
   synthesizeForwardKinematicsFix,
 } from '../../data/motionModel.js';
 import { aircraftIcon } from '../../data/aircraftIcons.js';
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
   return function applySnapshot(snapshot, viewer) {
     const currentIcaos = new Set();
     const receiptNowMs = snapshot.observedAtMs;
+    records.beginSnapshot(snapshot.observedAtMs);
     // Field-test fix (RS46): coarse floor cells to warm for the below-ground
     // clamp — collected during the loop (low airborne contacts only),
     // batch-resolved once after it. Never a fetch inside the loop.
@@ -83,6 +85,9 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
           position: position.clone(),
           velocity: meta.speedMps,
           track: meta.track,
+          // Drawn at an invented height: a trail seeded from history keeps no
+          // position for it.
+          inventedHeight: meta.renderAltitudeInvented === true,
         });
         if (history.length > POSITION_HISTORY_LIMIT) {
           history.shift();
@@ -95,26 +100,36 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
         // (owner): ground traffic appends too — taxi history stays live
         // after touchdown; _appendTrailFix floors grounded positions at
         // the surface so the ground leg drapes instead of diving.
-        if (isTracked) tracking._appendTrailFix(position.clone());
+        if (isTracked)
+          tracking._appendTrailFix(position.clone(), fixEpochMs, {
+            nullAltitude: meta.renderAltitudeInvented === true,
+          });
       } else {
         const modelOwnsGroundVisual = rendering._modelOwnsVisual(icao24);
         if (!modelOwnsGroundVisual) {
           liftRepeatedGroundFix(newest, position, meta.onGround);
         }
+        // A forward synthetic fix follows the stale rules (none while the
+        // contact holds at its report, a coast capped from the real report,
+        // never below the ground) and is a motion aid, never a trail report.
         const kinematicsChanged =
           newest.velocity !== meta.speedMps || newest.track !== meta.track;
-        if (kinematicsChanged) {
+        const holds = staleHoldsForFix(newest, {
+          onGround: meta.onGround,
+          cachedGroundFloor,
+        });
+        if (kinematicsChanged && !holds) {
           const synthetic = synthesizeForwardKinematicsFix(newest, {
             epochMs: Date.now(),
             velocity: meta.speedMps,
             track: meta.track,
             turnRateDps: meta.turnRateDps,
+            cachedGroundFloor,
           });
           if (synthetic) {
             history.push(synthetic);
             if (history.length > POSITION_HISTORY_LIMIT) history.shift();
             meta.turnRateDps = turnRateFromFixHistory(history);
-            if (isTracked) tracking._appendTrailFix(synthetic.position.clone());
           }
         }
       }
@@ -261,6 +276,7 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
         complete: snapshot.complete,
         retainIds: snapshot.retainIds,
         likelyLanded: queries._likelyLanded(icao24),
+        tracked: icao24 === flightState._trackedIcao,
       });
       if (absence === 'retain') continue;
       if (absence === 'stale') {
diff --git a/src/layers/military/snapshotStale.test.mjs b/src/layers/military/snapshotStale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13720b5d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/military/snapshotStale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createMilitarySnapshotRenderer } from './snapshotRenderer.js';
+
+// A poll that repeats a contact's last position with new speed or course
+// must not move it past where the stale rules allow, and never adds a
+// report to the tracked trail.
+
+const ICAO = '00a005';
+const SEC = 1000;
+
+/** Any property is a no-op function unless given. */
+function stub(overrides = {}) {
+  return new Proxy(overrides, {
+    get: (target, key) => (key in target ? target[key] : () => undefined),
+  });
+}
+
+function harness({ ground = () => null }) {
+  const appended = [];
+  const history = [];
+  const flightState = {
+    _trackedIcao: ICAO,
+    _trackedEntity: null,
+    _positionHistory: new Map([[ICAO, history]]),
+    _billboards: new Map([[ICAO, { position: new Cesium.Cartesian3() }]]),
+    _billboardCollection: stub(),
+    _cullPositions: new Map(),
+    _displayCourse: new Map(),
+    _groundSnap: stub(),
+    _displayFloorState: new Map(),
+    _models: new Map(),
+    _viewer: null,
+    _cockpitContactMode: false,
+    records: { data: new Map() },
+  };
+  let meta = null;
+  let fixEpochMs = 0;
+  const records = stub({
+    receive: () => {
+      flightState.records.data.set(ICAO, meta);
+      return { prevMeta: meta, meta, groundFlipped: false, fixEpochMs };
+    },
+    absence: () => 'retain',
+  });
+  const apply = createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
+    flightState,
+    records,
+    militaryRegistry: stub(),
+    groundFloor: stub({ cachedGroundFloor: ground }),
+    meshFloor: stub(),
+    rendering: stub({
+      _modelOwnsVisual: () => false,
+      _fleetBillboardColor: () => Cesium.Color.WHITE,
+    }),
+    tracking: stub({
+      _militaryLayerSuppresses: () => false,
+      _appendTrailFix: (position, epochMs) =>
+        appended.push({ position, epochMs }),
+    }),
+    motion: stub(),
+    enrichment: stub(),
+    queries: stub({ _likelyLanded: () => false }),
+  });
+  return {
+    history,
+    appended,
+    poll(nextMeta, epochMs) {
+      meta = nextMeta;
+      fixEpochMs = epochMs;
+      apply({ records: [{ id: ICAO }], complete: true }, null);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+const lightAircraft = (velocity, track) => ({
+  rawLat: 38.1436,
+  rawLon: -122.5561,
+  renderAltitudeM: 10,
+  altitudeFt: 130,
+  speedMps: velocity,
+  track,
+  onGround: false,
+  wasAirborne: true,
+  klass: 'light',
+});
+
+test('military: a low contact whose position repeats while its speed changes is not moved and adds nothing to the trail', (t) => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date'], now: t0 });
+  const h = harness({ ground: () => -30 });
+  h.poll(lightAircraft(36.4, 63), t0);
+  const first = h.history[0].position;
+  for (const [i, velocity] of [30, 22, 14, 9].entries()) {
+    t.mock.timers.tick(10 * SEC);
+    h.poll(lightAircraft(velocity, 63 + i * 20), t0);
+  }
+  assert.equal(h.history.length, 1, 'a synthetic fix moved a holding contact');
+  assert.equal(h.history[0].position, first);
+  assert.equal(h.appended.length, 1, 'only the real report joins the trail');
+});
+
+test('military: a cruising contact whose position repeats coasts no further than the stale cap, and the synthetic fix is not a report', (t) => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date'], now: t0 });
+  const h = harness({});
+  const cruise = (velocity, track) => ({
+    rawLat: 36,
+    rawLon: -115,
+    renderAltitudeM: 9_000,
+    altitudeFt: 29_500,
+    speedMps: velocity,
+    track,
+    onGround: false,
+    wasAirborne: true,
+    klass: 'jet',
+  });
+  h.poll(cruise(220, 90), t0);
+  const report = h.history[0].position;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(300 * SEC);
+  h.poll(cruise(200, 100), t0);
+  assert.equal(h.history.length, 2);
+  const moved = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(report, h.history[1].position);
+  assert.ok(
+    moved <= 220 * 300 + 1,
+    `the synthetic fix coasted ${moved.toFixed(0)} m`,
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.appended.length, 1, 'the synthetic fix joined the trail');
+});
+
+test('military: a report drawn at an invented height says so on its history fix', (t) => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date'], now: t0 });
+  const h = harness({});
+  h.poll({ ...lightAircraft(60, 90), renderAltitudeInvented: true }, t0);
+  h.poll({ ...lightAircraft(60, 90), rawLon: -122.55 }, t0 + 10 * SEC);
+  assert.equal(h.history[0].inventedHeight, true);
+  assert.equal(h.history[1].inventedHeight, false);
+});
+
+test('military: with the ground unknown, a low barometric altitude alone does not hold a contact', (t) => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date'], now: t0 });
+  const h = harness({});
+  h.poll(lightAircraft(36.4, 63), t0);
+  t.mock.timers.tick(10 * SEC);
+  h.poll(lightAircraft(30, 80), t0);
+  assert.equal(h.history.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(h.history[0].staleHolds, false);
+  assert.equal(h.appended.length, 1);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/military/staleHold.test.mjs b/src/layers/military/staleHold.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ca4295af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/military/staleHold.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createMotion } from './motion.js';
+import { createFlightState } from './state.js';
+import { createTracking } from './tracking.js';
+import { TRAIL_CONTINUITY_MAX_SPEED_KT } from '../../data/trailContinuity.js';
+import { RENDER_DELAY_SEC } from './policy.js';
+
+const SEC = 1000;
+
+function motionFixture({ info, fixes, nowMs, ground = () => null }) {
+  const flightState = {
+    records: { data: new Map([['00a003', info]]) },
+    _positionHistory: new Map([['00a003', fixes]]),
+    _scratchArc: {},
+    _scratchOffset: new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    _scratchEnu: new Cesium.Matrix4(),
+    _scratchRenderTime: new Cesium.JulianDate(),
+    now: () => nowMs,
+  };
+  const motion = createMotion({
+    flightState,
+    services: {
+      groundFloor: { cachedGroundFloor: ground },
+      camera: {},
+      focus: {},
+    },
+    parts: {},
+  });
+  return motion;
+}
+
+function fix(timeMs, lat, lon, heightM, velocity, track) {
+  return {
+    time: Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(timeMs)),
+    epochMs: timeMs,
+    position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, heightM),
+    velocity,
+    track,
+  };
+}
+
+test('a military contact stale after a low approach holds at its last report', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  const ground = 1_590; // An airbase, ellipsoidal.
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(t0, 35.03, -106.58, ground + 300, 75, 260),
+    fix(t0 + 10 * SEC, 35.03, -106.588, ground + 40, 70, 260),
+  ];
+  const info = {
+    altitudeFt: 5_350,
+    renderAltitudeM: ground + 40,
+    rawLat: 35.03,
+    rawLon: -106.588,
+    speedMps: 70,
+    track: 260,
+    onGround: false,
+  };
+  for (const afterSec of [10, 60, 200]) {
+    const motion = motionFixture({
+      info,
+      fixes,
+      nowMs: t0 + 10 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + afterSec * SEC,
+      ground: () => ground,
+    });
+    const drawn = motion._deadReckon('00a003', new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(drawn, fixes[1].position) < 0.01);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a cruising military contact still heard after its last position coasts past 90 s, for up to 5 minutes, then stops', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(t0, 36, -115, 9_000, 220, 90),
+    fix(t0 + 10 * SEC, 36, -114.975, 9_000, 220, 90),
+  ];
+  const info = {
+    altitudeFt: 29_500,
+    renderAltitudeM: 9_000,
+    rawLat: 36,
+    rawLon: -114.975,
+    speedMps: 220,
+    track: 90,
+    onGround: false,
+    lastContactEpochMs: t0 + 10 * SEC + 300 * SEC,
+  };
+  const at = (afterSec) =>
+    motionFixture({
+      info,
+      fixes,
+      nowMs: t0 + 10 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + afterSec * SEC,
+    })._deadReckon('00a003', new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  const d = (p) => Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, fixes[1].position);
+  const near = (got, want) => Math.abs(got - want) < want * 0.005 + 50;
+  assert.ok(near(d(at(45)), 220 * 45));
+  assert.ok(near(d(at(250)), 220 * 250), 'still moving at 250 s');
+  assert.ok(near(d(at(400)), 220 * 300), 'stopped at 300 s');
+});
+
+test('a bad military speed coasts no faster than the 1,500 kt continuity limit', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(t0, 36, -115, 9_000, 2_000, 90),
+    fix(t0 + 10 * SEC, 36, -114.975, 9_000, 2_000, 90),
+  ];
+  const info = {
+    altitudeFt: 29_500,
+    renderAltitudeM: 9_000,
+    rawLat: 36,
+    rawLon: -114.975,
+    speedMps: 2_000,
+    track: 90,
+    onGround: false,
+  };
+  const drawn = motionFixture({
+    info,
+    fixes,
+    nowMs: t0 + 10 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + 300 * SEC,
+  })._deadReckon('00a003', new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  const limitMps = (TRAIL_CONTINUITY_MAX_SPEED_KT * 1852) / 3600;
+  const d = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(drawn, fixes[1].position);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(d - limitMps * 300) < 1_500, `${d.toFixed(0)} m`);
+});
+
+test('a holding military contact draws no head and its trail ends at the last report', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 20, 0);
+  const fixes = [0, 1, 2].map((i) =>
+    fix(t0 + i * 10 * SEC, 35.03, -106.57 - i * 0.008, 1_700, 70, 260),
+  );
+  const svc = {
+    ...Object.fromEntries(
+      [
+        'picking',
+        'sprites',
+        'aircraftPresentation',
+        'camera',
+        'militaryRegistry',
+        'labels',
+        'meshFloor',
+        'focus',
+        'readout',
+        'context',
+        'render',
+        'recession',
+      ].map((name) => [name, {}]),
+    ),
+    groundSnap: { createGroundSnap: () => ({ clear() {} }) },
+    geoid: { ensureGeoidReady: async () => {}, geoidHeight: () => 0 },
+    groundFloor: {
+      resolveGroundFloorCellsBounded: async () => {},
+      cachedGroundFloor: () => null,
+      floorAltitudeM: (alt) => alt,
+    },
+  };
+  const calls = [];
+  svc.trails = {
+    createTrail: () => ({
+      setSegments: (segments) => calls.push(segments.flat()),
+      setPositions: (positions) => calls.push(positions.slice()),
+      setVisible() {},
+      clear() {},
+      destroy() {},
+    }),
+  };
+  const flightState = createFlightState({ services: svc, source: {} });
+  const added = [];
+  flightState._viewer = {
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+    entities: {
+      add: (definition) => (added.push(definition), definition),
+      remove() {},
+    },
+  };
+  flightState._trackedIcao = '00a003';
+  flightState.now = () => t0 + 20 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + 120 * SEC;
+  flightState._positionHistory.set('00a003', fixes);
+  const last = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(fixes[2].position);
+  const tracking = createTracking({
+    flightState,
+    services: svc,
+    parts: {
+      motion: {
+        _isTrackWarmingUp: () => false,
+        _trackedTrailCached: () => last,
+        _trackedDisplayPosition: () => last,
+        _trackedModelCenterWorld: () => null,
+        _trackedModelEnvelopeM: () => null,
+      },
+    },
+    layer: {},
+  });
+  tracking._startTrail('00a003');
+  assert.equal(calls.at(-1).length, 3);
+  const head = added.find((d) =>
+    String(d.id).startsWith('gev-trail:mil-head-'),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(head.polyline.positions.getValue(), []);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/military/state.js b/src/layers/military/state.js
index f27595d2b..23f8f053c 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/state.js
@@ -178,9 +178,32 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   flightState._trailHeadSeq = 0;
 
-  /** @type {Cesium.Cartesian3[]} Chronological tracked-aircraft fixes (oldest first) */
+  /** @type {{position: Cesium.Cartesian3|null, timeMs: number, nullAltitude: boolean, breakBefore: boolean, drawn?: boolean}[]}
+   *  Chronological tracked-aircraft trail (oldest first): reports, and
+   *  (`drawn`) where the icon was drawn between them; `breakBefore` starts a
+   *  new segment. */
 
-  flightState._trailPositions = [];
+  flightState._trailFixes = [];
+
+  /** @type {number} Body fixes drawn: those at or before the display time. */
+
+  flightState._trailBodyCount = 0;
+
+  /** @type {Cesium.Cartesian3|null} Where the tracked icon was last recorded into the trail. */
+
+  flightState._trailRecordPosition = null;
+
+  /** @type {number} Display time (epoch ms) of that recording. */
+
+  flightState._trailRecordMs = -Infinity;
+
+  /** @type {string|undefined} The stale cue last written into the tracked label (see `_staleCueTick`). */
+
+  flightState._trackedStaleCueText = undefined;
+
+  /** @type {{key: string, cue: {text: string, dimmed: boolean}}|null} This frame's tracked stale cue (see `_trackedStaleCue`). */
+
+  flightState._trackedStaleCueCache = null;
 
   /** @type {number} Monotonic token — invalidates in-flight backfill responses */
 
diff --git a/src/layers/military/tracking.js b/src/layers/military/tracking.js
index ed40ff4ac..a834c2446 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/tracking.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/tracking.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { julianAt } from '../../time/julian.js';
-import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { unitLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 import { nextCockpitNearContacts } from '../../data/cockpitAirLod.js';
 import { aircraftIcon, TRACKED_ICON_PX } from '../../data/aircraftIcons.js';
 import { trackedModelZoomActive } from '../../data/trackedModelRegime.js';
@@ -19,14 +19,33 @@ import {
   TRACKED_MODEL_MAX_LOAD_FAILS,
   TRACKED_MODEL_RETRY_BACKOFF_MS,
   TRAIL_MAX_POINTS,
+  DR_CORRECTION_MS,
   RENDER_DELAY_SEC,
   TRAIL_COLOR,
   BILLBOARD_SCALE,
   GROUND_SCALE,
   AMBER_TRANSPARENT,
   TRACKED_ICON_COLOR,
+  STALE_ALPHA,
 } from './policy.js';
 import { roundHeadingDegrees } from '../../data/headingDegrees.js';
+import {
+  drawTrailSegments,
+  historyFixEpochMs,
+  insertTrailFix,
+  joinTrailBackfill,
+  recordTrailPoint,
+  trailBackfillFixes,
+  trailBodyCount,
+  trailBodyCountOutsideModel,
+  trailBodySegments,
+  trailHeadStartFix,
+  trailRecordingBlocked,
+  TRAIL_RECORD_STEP_M,
+  TRAIL_RECORD_STEP_MS,
+} from '../../data/trailContinuity.js';
+
+const STALE_TRACKED_COLOR = TRACKED_ICON_COLOR.withAlpha(STALE_ALPHA);
 
 export function createTracking({
   flightState,
@@ -206,24 +225,98 @@ export function createTracking({
     _setCockpitContactMode(active);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The tracked plane's stale cue and whether it is drawn with the stale fade.
+   * - SIGNAL LOST · <time since its last report>, dimmed: its coast has ended
+   *   (or it holds at its last report after a missed update) and no newer
+   *   report has come.
+   * - STALE, dimmed: it has missed an update and still coasts, or the whole
+   *   feed is backing off.
+   * @param {string} icao24
+   * @returns {{text: string, dimmed: boolean}}
+   */
+
+  function _trackedStaleCue(icao24) {
+    const records = flightState.records;
+    const misses = records.missingPolls.get(icao24) || 0;
+    const repeated = records.fixRepeated?.has(icao24) === true;
+    const backoff = flightState.feed._backoff === true;
+    // Computed once per frame for the label, the icon colour and the model
+    // fade; a poll between frames changes the key.
+    const frame = flightState._viewer?.scene?.frameState?.frameNumber;
+    const key = Number.isFinite(frame)
+      ? `${frame}|${icao24}|${misses}|${repeated}|${backoff}`
+      : null;
+    const cached = flightState._trackedStaleCueCache;
+    if (key !== null && cached?.key === key) return cached.cue;
+    const cue = _computeTrackedStaleCue(
+      icao24,
+      misses > 0 || repeated,
+      backoff,
+    );
+    flightState._trackedStaleCueCache = key === null ? null : { key, cue };
+    return cue;
+  }
+
+  /** `_trackedStaleCue` without the per-frame cache. A repeated fix counts as missed. */
+
+  function _computeTrackedStaleCue(icao24, missed, backoff) {
+    const lost = parts.motion._signalLost(icao24);
+    if (lost && (missed || !lost.holds)) {
+      const sec = Math.max(
+        0,
+        Math.floor((flightState.now() - lost.reportEpochMs) / 1000),
+      );
+      const time =
+        sec < 60
+          ? `${formatNumber(sec, { useGrouping: false })} ${unitLabel('s')}`
+          : `${formatNumber(Math.floor(sec / 60), { useGrouping: false })} ${unitLabel('min')}`;
+      return { text: t('SIGNAL LOST · {time}', { time }), dimmed: true };
+    }
+    // A missed update or a stalled feed: no newer position is coming in.
+    if (missed || backoff) return { text: t('STALE'), dimmed: true };
+    return { text: '', dimmed: false };
+  }
+
+  /** The tracked billboard's colour: amber, faded while stale, clear while the 3D model is the visual. */
+
+  function _trackedIconColor() {
+    if (parts.rendering._modelOwnsVisual(flightState._trackedIcao))
+      return AMBER_TRANSPARENT;
+    return _trackedStaleCue(flightState._trackedIcao).dimmed
+      ? STALE_TRACKED_COLOR
+      : TRACKED_ICON_COLOR;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Re-word the tracked label when its stale cue changes (STALE, SIGNAL LOST,
+   * each new second or minute of it). Run from the layer's per-frame pass.
+   */
+
+  function _staleCueTick() {
+    const icao24 = flightState._trackedIcao;
+    if (!icao24 || !flightState._trackedEntity) return;
+    const text = _trackedStaleCue(icao24).text;
+    if (text === flightState._trackedStaleCueText) return;
+    flightState._trackedStaleCueText = text;
+    _updateTrackedLabelModel(icao24);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Build the multi-line presentation text for the protected tracked host card.
    * Lines: callsign, type/registration, operator/altitude.
-   * While the plane is in its missed-poll grace (coasting on dead reckoning
-   * with sticky metadata) the first line carries a "· STALE" cue — the fleet's
-   * 45%-alpha billboard fade doesn't apply to the tracked plane (its entity
-   * owns the visual), so without this the readout would present last-known
-   * altitude/speed as live.
+   * The first line carries the stale cue (`_trackedStaleCue`): STALE while
+   * the plane coasts on dead reckoning after a missed update, SIGNAL LOST
+   * once the coast has ended, so last-known altitude/speed are never
+   * presented as live.
    * @param {Object|null} info - Flight metadata from _flightData
    * @param {string} icao24 - ICAO hex identifier (fallback display name)
    * @returns {string} Newline-separated label text
    */
 
   function _buildTrackedLabel(info, icao24) {
-    const stale =
-      flightState.records.missingPolls.get(icao24) || flightState.feed._backoff
-        ? ` · ${t('STALE')}`
-        : '';
+    const cue = _trackedStaleCue(icao24).text;
+    const stale = cue ? ` · ${cue}` : '';
     const callsign =
       (parts.queries._toCleanText(info?.callsign) ||
         parts.queries._toCleanText(info?.registration) ||
@@ -456,33 +549,112 @@ export function createTracking({
   }
 
   /**
-   * Append one fix to the tracked aircraft's trail accumulation and refresh
-   * the rendered trail. Caller passes an owned (cloned) Cartesian3.
-   * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} position - New fix position, appended at the head.
+   * Put one report into the tracked aircraft's trail, in time order, and
+   * refresh the rendered trail. Caller passes an owned (cloned) Cartesian3. A
+   * report that breaks from its neighbour starts a new segment (see
+   * trailContinuity).
+   * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} position - The report's position.
+   * @param {number} [epochMs] - The report's time; defaults to the tracked
+   *   aircraft's newest position-history fix, which every caller has just pushed.
+   * @param {{nullAltitude?: boolean}} [options] - `nullAltitude`: the report
+   *   had no altitude, so its position is not kept and the line breaks there.
+   *   A report for a time the display has already passed replaces what was
+   *   drawn after it (see `insertTrailFix`).
    */
 
-  function _appendTrailFix(position) {
-    flightState._trailPositions.push(_trailFloorPosition(position));
-    if (flightState._trailPositions.length > TRAIL_MAX_POINTS)
-      flightState._trailPositions.shift();
+  function _appendTrailFix(position, epochMs, { nullAltitude = false } = {}) {
+    const history = flightState._positionHistory.get(flightState._trackedIcao);
+    const timeMs = Number.isFinite(epochMs)
+      ? epochMs
+      : historyFixEpochMs(history?.[history.length - 1]);
+    insertTrailFix(
+      flightState._trailFixes,
+      _trailFloorPosition(position),
+      timeMs,
+      TRAIL_MAX_POINTS,
+      {
+        nullAltitude,
+        displayMs: flightState.now() - RENDER_DELAY_SEC * 1000,
+        settleMs: DR_CORRECTION_MS,
+      },
+    );
     _refreshTrailDisplay();
   }
 
   /**
-   * Renders the trail BODY — the accumulated fixes EXCLUDING the newest raw one. That
-   * newest fix is at ~now, ~one poll interval AHEAD of the delayed icon (rendered at
-   * now − RENDER_DELAY_SEC), so drawing it would push the trail in FRONT of the plane.
-   * The cheap per-frame _trailHeadEntity segment bridges the last body point to the
-   * delayed dead-reckoned head, so this primitive only rebuilds on a real fix (poll
-   * cadence), never at motion cadence.
+   * Per-frame trail work, run from the layer's preRender pass whether or not
+   * the head is visible: record where the tracked icon is drawn (at most once
+   * a second or every 150 m, floored like the head) and move the body on as
+   * the display time passes reports. The head callback only reads the result.
+   */
+
+  function _trailTick() {
+    if (!flightState._trackedIcao || !flightState._trail) return;
+    const displayMs = flightState.now() - RENDER_DELAY_SEC * 1000;
+    let changed = false;
+    if (
+      flightState._trailFixes.length &&
+      !parts.motion._isTrackWarmingUp() &&
+      !trailRecordingBlocked(flightState._trailFixes, displayMs)
+    ) {
+      const drawn = parts.motion._trackedDisplayPosition(
+        flightState._trackedIcao,
+      );
+      const last = flightState._trailRecordPosition;
+      if (
+        drawn &&
+        (!last ||
+          displayMs - flightState._trailRecordMs >= TRAIL_RECORD_STEP_MS ||
+          Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(last, drawn) >= TRAIL_RECORD_STEP_M)
+      ) {
+        flightState._trailRecordMs = displayMs;
+        flightState._trailRecordPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(
+          drawn,
+          flightState._trailRecordPosition ?? undefined,
+        );
+        changed = recordTrailPoint(
+          flightState._trailFixes,
+          _trailFloorPosition(Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(drawn)),
+          displayMs,
+          TRAIL_MAX_POINTS,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+    if (changed || _trailBodyCountNow() !== flightState._trailBodyCount)
+      _refreshTrailDisplay();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Renders the trail BODY — the accumulated fixes at or before the delayed display
+   * time (now − RENDER_DELAY_SEC). Newer fixes are AHEAD of the icon, so drawing them
+   * would push the trail in FRONT of the plane. The cheap per-frame _trailHeadEntity
+   * segment bridges the last body point to the delayed dead-reckoned head, so the
+   * body rebuilds only on a real fix or when the display time passes one, never at
+   * motion cadence. A break lifts the pen: each segment is
+   * its own line, nothing between them.
    */
 
   function _refreshTrailDisplay() {
     if (!flightState._trail) return;
-    flightState._trail.setPositions(
-      flightState._trailPositions.length > 1
-        ? flightState._trailPositions.slice(0, -1)
-        : flightState._trailPositions,
+    flightState._trailBodyCount = _trailBodyCountNow();
+    drawTrailSegments(
+      flightState._trail,
+      trailBodySegments(flightState._trailFixes, flightState._trailBodyCount),
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Fixes at or before the time the aircraft is drawn (now − RENDER_DELAY_SEC),
+   *  less the newest recorded points inside its 3D model. */
+
+  function _trailBodyCountNow() {
+    return trailBodyCountOutsideModel(
+      flightState._trailFixes,
+      trailBodyCount(
+        flightState._trailFixes,
+        flightState.now() - RENDER_DELAY_SEC * 1000,
+      ),
+      parts.motion._trackedModelCenterWorld(),
+      parts.motion._trackedModelEnvelopeM(),
     );
   }
 
@@ -495,25 +667,27 @@ export function createTracking({
 
   function _startTrail(icao24) {
     flightState._trailBackfillToken += 1;
-    flightState._trailPositions = [];
+    flightState._trailFixes = [];
+    flightState._trailRecordPosition = null;
+    flightState._trailRecordMs = -Infinity;
     const history = flightState._positionHistory.get(icao24) || [];
-    // Seed only fixes at/behind the DELAYED display time (now − RENDER_DELAY_SEC). The
-    // newest ~RENDER_DELAY_SEC of fixes are AHEAD of the displayed icon; including them
-    // would draw the trail in front of the plane. They join via _appendTrailFix as they age.
-    const seedRenderTime = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(
-      julianAt(flightState.now()),
-      -RENDER_DELAY_SEC,
-      flightState._scratchWarmupTime,
-    );
+    // Seed every report. The body only draws those at or before the delayed
+    // display time (now − RENDER_DELAY_SEC); newer ones join it as the display
+    // passes them. A synthetic forward fix (it carries `reportEpochMs`) is a
+    // motion aid, never a report. A report drawn at an invented height keeps
+    // no position and breaks the line.
     for (const fix of history) {
-      if (Cesium.JulianDate.lessThanOrEquals(fix.time, seedRenderTime)) {
-        // Floor grounded-history seeds (round 2): a grounded contact's stored
-        // fixes carry the pre-datum default height — the trail copy sits on
-        // the surface instead (pure lift; airborne fixes pass through).
-        flightState._trailPositions.push(
-          _trailFloorPosition(Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(fix.position)),
-        );
-      }
+      if (Number.isFinite(fix.reportEpochMs)) continue;
+      // Floor grounded-history seeds (round 2): a grounded contact's stored
+      // fixes carry the pre-datum default height — the trail copy sits on
+      // the surface instead (pure lift; airborne fixes pass through).
+      insertTrailFix(
+        flightState._trailFixes,
+        _trailFloorPosition(Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(fix.position)),
+        historyFixEpochMs(fix),
+        TRAIL_MAX_POINTS,
+        { nullAltitude: fix.inventedHeight === true },
+      );
     }
     if (!flightState._trail && flightState._viewer) {
       flightState._trail = createTrail(flightState._viewer, {
@@ -534,14 +708,13 @@ export function createTracking({
         show: !flightState._cockpitContactMode,
         polyline: {
           positions: new Cesium.CallbackProperty(() => {
-            // Need ≥2 accumulated points: the body draws all-but-newest, so the head must
-            // start at the last DISPLAYED body point (index n−2). With a single fix that
-            // point would be the sole raw fix — ~now, AHEAD of the delayed icon — so the
-            // segment would draw IN FRONT of the plane. Likewise during warm-up the icon
-            // predates all real history, so there is no valid body point behind it.
+            // The head starts at the last DISPLAYED body point, the newest fix at or
+            // before the delayed display time; a fix ahead of the icon would draw the
+            // segment IN FRONT of the plane. During warm-up the icon predates all real
+            // history, so there is no valid body point behind it.
             if (
               !flightState._trackedIcao ||
-              flightState._trailPositions.length < 2 ||
+              !flightState._trailFixes.length ||
               parts.motion._isTrackWarmingUp()
             )
               return [];
@@ -549,12 +722,20 @@ export function createTracking({
               parts.motion._trackedTrailCached() ||
               parts.motion._trackedDisplayPosition(flightState._trackedIcao);
             if (!head) return [];
-            // body[n−2] (last displayed body point) → delayed head: runs FORWARD, never a
-            // backward/reversing segment.
-            const start =
-              flightState._trailPositions[
-                flightState._trailPositions.length - 2
-              ];
+            // The last body point (a report, or where the icon was drawn a
+            // moment ago) → the icon. The body is moved on by _trailTick, never
+            // here: a callback must not add or remove entities.
+            // No head across a break: a body point more than 150 km away, or
+            // too long ago or too far to be one path, stays detached; none while
+            // the aircraft holds at its last point.
+            const last = trailHeadStartFix(
+              flightState._trailFixes,
+              head,
+              flightState.now(),
+              flightState._trailBodyCount,
+            );
+            if (!last) return [];
+            const start = last.position;
             // Floor the head too (round 2): a grounded tracked contact's DR
             // display height is the pre-datum default — without this the last
             // segment dives underground while taxiing.
@@ -595,10 +776,10 @@ export function createTracking({
   }
 
   /**
-   * Fire-and-forget optional source history backfill (PRD F2). Trace points are
-   * stride-thinned to the remaining vertex budget, then spliced strictly older
-   * than the oldest seeded fix AHEAD of the locally accumulated fine segment,
-   * capped at TRAIL_MAX_POINTS (newest kept). Any failure (404/timeout/
+   * Fire-and-forget optional source history backfill (PRD F2). Every trace
+   * point strictly older than the oldest seeded fix is spliced AHEAD of the
+   * locally accumulated fine segment, each leg its own segment, capped at
+   * TRAIL_MAX_POINTS (newest kept). Any failure (404/timeout/
    * malformed) silently keeps the local-only trail.
    * @param {string} icao24 - ICAO hex identifier being tracked.
    * @param {number} token - Backfill token captured at request time.
@@ -644,7 +825,13 @@ export function createTracking({
         lon = point.longitude;
       if (!Number.isFinite(lat) || !Number.isFinite(lon)) continue;
       if (!Number.isFinite(t) || t >= oldestFixEpochSec) continue;
-      parsed.push({ lat, lon, baroAltitudeM: point.baroAltitudeM });
+      parsed.push({
+        lat,
+        lon,
+        baroAltitudeM: point.baroAltitudeM,
+        onGround: point.onGround === true,
+        timeMs: point.observedAtMs,
+      });
     }
     if (!parsed.length) return;
 
@@ -667,39 +854,34 @@ export function createTracking({
     )
       return;
 
-    let older = [];
-    let lastAltM = null; // carry-forward for ground points whose cell isn't warm yet
-    for (const { lat, lon, baroAltitudeM } of parsed) {
-      const baroM =
-        baroAltitudeM == null ? null : baroAltitudeM + geoidHeight(lat, lon);
-      let altM = floorAltitudeM(baroM, cachedGroundFloor(lat, lon));
-      // Ground/no-alt point with an unresolved floor: hold the previous
-      // waypoint's altitude (continuity — never a dive to a made-up depth).
-      // Leading points with nothing to carry keep the old low breadcrumb
-      // sentinel (an arbitrary placeholder, never a reported altitude).
-      if (altM == null) altM = lastAltM != null ? lastAltM : 50;
-      lastAltM = altM;
-      older.push(Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, altM));
-    }
-
-    // Stride-thin the backfill so it plus the live fine segment fit the cap.
-    const budget = Math.max(
-      1,
-      TRAIL_MAX_POINTS - flightState._trailPositions.length,
+    // Every trace point is kept, each leg its own segment. A 'ground' point
+    // is at altitude 0, floored at the ground. A point with no altitude is a
+    // break on both sides: it sits on the ground where the floor is known and
+    // is skipped otherwise; a skipped point still breaks the line.
+    const backfill = trailBackfillFixes(
+      parsed.map(({ lat, lon, baroAltitudeM, onGround, timeMs }) => {
+        const known = Number.isFinite(baroAltitudeM)
+          ? baroAltitudeM
+          : onGround
+            ? 0
+            : null;
+        const altM = floorAltitudeM(
+          known == null ? null : known + geoidHeight(lat, lon),
+          cachedGroundFloor(lat, lon),
+        );
+        return {
+          position:
+            altM == null ? null : Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, altM),
+          timeMs,
+          nullAltitude: known == null,
+        };
+      }),
+    );
+    flightState._trailFixes = joinTrailBackfill(
+      backfill,
+      flightState._trailFixes,
+      TRAIL_MAX_POINTS,
     );
-    if (older.length > budget) {
-      const stride = Math.ceil(older.length / budget);
-      const thinned = [];
-      for (let i = 0; i < older.length; i += stride) thinned.push(older[i]);
-      older = thinned;
-    }
-
-    flightState._trailPositions = older.concat(flightState._trailPositions);
-    if (flightState._trailPositions.length > TRAIL_MAX_POINTS) {
-      flightState._trailPositions = flightState._trailPositions.slice(
-        flightState._trailPositions.length - TRAIL_MAX_POINTS,
-      );
-    }
     _refreshTrailDisplay();
   }
 
@@ -709,7 +891,9 @@ export function createTracking({
 
   function _clearTrail() {
     flightState._trailBackfillToken += 1;
-    flightState._trailPositions = [];
+    flightState._trailFixes = [];
+    flightState._trailRecordPosition = null;
+    flightState._trailRecordMs = -Infinity;
     if (flightState._trail) flightState._trail.clear();
     if (
       flightState._trailHeadEntity &&
@@ -926,15 +1110,9 @@ export function createTracking({
           (CLASS_SCALE_2D[
             flightState.records.data.get(flightState._trackedIcao)?.klass
           ] || 1),
-        // Solid amber when the billboard is the visual (zoomed out, 3D off, or model still loading);
-        // transparent once the STANDALONE tracked model is actually up (ready + shown).
-        color: new Cesium.CallbackProperty(
-          () =>
-            parts.rendering._modelOwnsVisual(flightState._trackedIcao)
-              ? AMBER_TRANSPARENT
-              : TRACKED_ICON_COLOR,
-          false,
-        ),
+        // Solid amber (faded while stale) when the billboard is the visual (zoomed out, 3D off,
+        // or model still loading); transparent once the STANDALONE tracked model is actually up.
+        color: new Cesium.CallbackProperty(_trackedIconColor, false),
         sizeInMeters: false,
         scaleByDistance: new Cesium.NearFarScalar(1000, 3.0, 8000000, 0.5),
         alignedAxis: Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO,
@@ -1157,6 +1335,9 @@ export function createTracking({
     _setCockpitContactMode,
     _applyCockpitState,
     _buildTrackedLabel,
+    _trackedStaleCue,
+    _trackedIconColor,
+    _staleCueTick,
     _updateTrackedLabelModel,
     _syncTrackedBillboardImage,
     _refreshTr3bContact,
@@ -1168,6 +1349,7 @@ export function createTracking({
     _syncTracked2dRotation,
     _trailFloorPosition,
     _appendTrailFix,
+    _trailTick,
     _refreshTrailDisplay,
     _startTrail,
     _backfillTrail,
diff --git a/src/layers/military/trail.test.mjs b/src/layers/military/trail.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa27a6956
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/military/trail.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createFlightState } from './state.js';
+import { createTracking } from './tracking.js';
+import { TRAIL_MAX_POINTS } from './policy.js';
+
+const MINUTE = 60_000;
+const HOUR = 60 * MINUTE;
+
+function services({ trails, floor = () => null } = {}) {
+  const names = [
+    'picking',
+    'sprites',
+    'aircraftPresentation',
+    'camera',
+    'militaryRegistry',
+    'labels',
+    'meshFloor',
+    'focus',
+    'readout',
+    'context',
+    'render',
+    'recession',
+  ];
+  return {
+    ...Object.fromEntries(names.map((name) => [name, {}])),
+    groundSnap: { createGroundSnap: () => ({ clear() {} }) },
+    trails,
+    geoid: { ensureGeoidReady: async () => {}, geoidHeight: () => 0 },
+    groundFloor: {
+      resolveGroundFloorCellsBounded: async () => {},
+      cachedGroundFloor: floor,
+      floorAltitudeM: (alt, ground) =>
+        Number.isFinite(alt) && Number.isFinite(ground)
+          ? Math.max(alt, ground + 1)
+          : Number.isFinite(alt)
+            ? alt
+            : Number.isFinite(ground)
+              ? ground + 1
+              : null,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/** A fake trail that records what draws: segments of two or more points. */
+function recordingTrail() {
+  const calls = [];
+  return {
+    last: () =>
+      (calls[calls.length - 1] ?? []).filter((segment) => segment.length >= 2),
+    createTrail: () => ({
+      setSegments(segments) {
+        calls.push(segments.map((segment) => segment.slice()));
+      },
+      setPositions(positions) {
+        calls.push([positions.slice()]);
+      },
+      setVisible() {},
+      clear() {
+        calls.push([]);
+      },
+      destroy() {},
+    }),
+  };
+}
+
+function trackedHarness({ liveFixes = [], trace = null, nowMs, floor, head }) {
+  const trail = recordingTrail();
+  const svc = services({ trails: trail, floor });
+  const flightState = createFlightState({
+    services: svc,
+    source: {
+      label: 'Fixture military aircraft',
+      async getTrack() {
+        if (!trace) throw new Error('404');
+        return { records: trace };
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const added = [];
+  flightState._viewer = {
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+    entities: {
+      add(definition) {
+        added.push(definition);
+        return definition;
+      },
+      remove() {},
+    },
+  };
+  flightState._trackedIcao = 'ae0001';
+  flightState.now = () => nowMs;
+  flightState._positionHistory.set(
+    'ae0001',
+    liveFixes.map((fix) => ({
+      time: Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(fix.timeMs)),
+      epochMs: fix.timeMs,
+      position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(fix.lon, fix.lat, 9_000),
+    })),
+  );
+  const tracking = createTracking({
+    flightState,
+    services: svc,
+    parts: {
+      motion: {
+        _isTrackWarmingUp: () => false,
+        _trackedTrailCached: () => head ?? null,
+        _trackedDisplayPosition: () => head ?? null,
+        _trackedModelCenterWorld: () => null,
+        _trackedModelEnvelopeM: () => null,
+      },
+    },
+    layer: {},
+  });
+  const headPositions = () =>
+    added
+      .find((definition) =>
+        String(definition.id).startsWith('gev-trail:mil-head-'),
+      )
+      .polyline.positions.getValue();
+  return { trail, tracking, flightState, headPositions };
+}
+
+const settle = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+
+/** readsb-shaped trace points as the military source parses them. */
+function point(timeMs, lat, lon, baroAltitudeM = 9_000, onGround = false) {
+  return {
+    observedAtMs: timeMs,
+    latitude: lat,
+    longitude: lon,
+    baroAltitudeM,
+    onGround,
+  };
+}
+
+function leg(startMs, lat, lon, count) {
+  return Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) =>
+    point(startMs + i * MINUTE, lat, lon + i * 0.12),
+  );
+}
+
+test('a multi-leg military trace becomes separate segments with no line across a gap', async () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 8, 0, 0);
+  const first = leg(t0, 36, -115, 5);
+  const second = leg(t0 + 5 * MINUTE + 3 * HOUR, 35, -106, 5);
+  const third = leg(t0 + 10 * MINUTE + 5 * HOUR, 38, -77, 5);
+  const trace = [...first, ...second, ...third];
+  const liveStart = t0 + 15 * MINUTE + 5 * HOUR;
+  const liveFixes = [0, 1, 2].map((i) => ({
+    timeMs: liveStart + i * MINUTE,
+    lat: 38,
+    lon: -77 + 0.6 + i * 0.12,
+  }));
+  const { trail, flightState, tracking } = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    trace,
+    nowMs: liveStart + 3 * MINUTE,
+  });
+  tracking._startTrail('ae0001');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(flightState._trailFixes.length, trace.length + 3);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    trail.last().map((segment) => segment.length),
+    [5, 5, 8],
+  );
+});
+
+test('a military trace point with no altitude breaks the line and is never given a made-up height', async () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 8, 0, 0);
+  const trace = leg(t0, 35, -106, 7);
+  trace[3] = point(trace[3].observedAtMs, 35, -105.64, null);
+  const liveFixes = [{ timeMs: t0 + 7 * MINUTE, lat: 35, lon: -105.16 }];
+  const { trail, flightState, tracking } = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    trace,
+    nowMs: t0 + 9 * MINUTE,
+  });
+  tracking._startTrail('ae0001');
+  await settle();
+  // Skipped (no floor known): 3 + 3 + the live fix drawn.
+  assert.equal(flightState._trailFixes.length, trace.length - 1 + 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    trail.last().map((segment) => segment.length),
+    [3, 4],
+  );
+  for (const fix of flightState._trailFixes) {
+    const height = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(fix.position).height;
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(height - 9_000) < 1, `no invented height: ${height}`);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a military ground point is drawn on the ground and stays joined', async () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 8, 0, 0);
+  // Taxiing: 'ground' points a few hundred metres apart, one minute apart.
+  const trace = Array.from({ length: 4 }, (_, i) =>
+    point(t0 + i * MINUTE, 35, -106.6 + i * 0.004, null, true),
+  );
+  const liveFixes = [{ timeMs: t0 + 4 * MINUTE, lat: 35, lon: -106.584 }];
+  const { trail, flightState, tracking } = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    trace,
+    nowMs: t0 + 6 * MINUTE,
+    floor: () => 1_590,
+  });
+  tracking._startTrail('ae0001');
+  await settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    trail.last().map((segment) => segment.length),
+    [5],
+  );
+  const height = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(
+    flightState._trailFixes[0].position,
+  ).height;
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(height - 1_591) < 1);
+});
+
+test('the military head is drawn to a nearby aircraft and not to one more than 150 km away', () => {
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 8, 0, 0);
+  const liveFixes = [0, 1, 2].map((i) => ({
+    timeMs: t0 + i * MINUTE,
+    lat: 35,
+    lon: -106 + i * 0.12,
+  }));
+  const near = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-105.7, 35, 9_000);
+  const joined = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    nowMs: t0 + 3 * MINUTE,
+    head: near,
+  });
+  joined.tracking._startTrail('ae0001');
+  assert.equal(joined.headPositions().length, 2);
+
+  const far = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-103, 35, 9_000);
+  const detached = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    nowMs: t0 + 3 * MINUTE,
+    head: far,
+  });
+  detached.tracking._startTrail('ae0001');
+  assert.deepEqual(detached.headPositions(), []);
+});
+
+test('a full 24 h military trace fits within TRAIL_MAX_POINTS without thinning', async () => {
+  const day = 24 * 60;
+  const t0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 8, 0, 0);
+  const trace = leg(t0, 20, -150, day);
+  const liveStart = t0 + day * MINUTE;
+  const liveFixes = [{ timeMs: liveStart, lat: 20, lon: -150 + day * 0.12 }];
+  const { flightState, tracking } = trackedHarness({
+    liveFixes,
+    trace,
+    nowMs: liveStart + MINUTE,
+  });
+  tracking._startTrail('ae0001');
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(TRAIL_MAX_POINTS >= day + 500);
+  assert.equal(flightState._trailFixes.length, day + 1);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/military/trailRecord.test.mjs b/src/layers/military/trailRecord.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b72a43b86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/military/trailRecord.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,717 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createMotion } from './motion.js';
+import { createFlightState } from './state.js';
+import { createTracking } from './tracking.js';
+import { RENDER_DELAY_SEC, STALE_ALPHA } from './policy.js';
+
+// A tracked military contact's trail between reports is the path its icon
+// was drawn along, recorded from the real display path frame by frame.
+
+const SEC = 1000;
+const ICAO = '00a004';
+const T0 = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 9, 21, 0);
+
+function fix(timeMs, lat, lon, heightM, velocity, track) {
+  return {
+    time: Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(timeMs)),
+    epochMs: timeMs,
+    position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, heightM),
+    velocity,
+    track,
+  };
+}
+
+function services(trail, ground) {
+  const names = [
+    'picking',
+    'sprites',
+    'aircraftPresentation',
+    'camera',
+    'militaryRegistry',
+    'labels',
+    'meshFloor',
+    'focus',
+    'readout',
+    'context',
+    'render',
+    'recession',
+  ];
+  return {
+    ...Object.fromEntries(names.map((name) => [name, {}])),
+    aircraftPresentation: {
+      isTr3b: () => false,
+      tr3bTypeLabel: (id, label) => label,
+    },
+    focus: {
+      nearFarScalarValueAtDistance: () => 1,
+      clearFocusTarget() {},
+      publishFocusTargetFromCachedPosition() {},
+    },
+    groundSnap: { createGroundSnap: () => ({ clear() {} }) },
+    trails: trail,
+    geoid: { ensureGeoidReady: async () => {}, geoidHeight: () => 0 },
+    groundFloor: {
+      resolveGroundFloorCellsBounded: async () => {},
+      cachedGroundFloor: ground,
+      floorAltitudeM: (alt, g) =>
+        Number.isFinite(g) && Number.isFinite(alt)
+          ? Math.max(alt, g + 1.5)
+          : alt,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Real motion, real display position and real tracking over one contact.
+ * `frame()` runs one rendered frame: the layer's preRender work, then the
+ * head callback, as Cesium does.
+ */
+function harness({ fixes, info, nowMs, ground = () => null }) {
+  const segmentsCalls = [];
+  let inHead = false;
+  const trail = {
+    createTrail: () => ({
+      setSegments(segments) {
+        assert.ok(
+          !inHead,
+          'the trail body was rebuilt inside the head callback',
+        );
+        segmentsCalls.push(segments.map((segment) => segment.slice()));
+      },
+      setPositions(positions) {
+        assert.ok(
+          !inHead,
+          'the trail body was rebuilt inside the head callback',
+        );
+        segmentsCalls.push([positions.slice()]);
+      },
+      setVisible() {},
+      clear() {},
+      destroy() {},
+    }),
+  };
+  const svc = services(trail, ground);
+  const flightState = createFlightState({ services: svc, source: {} });
+  flightState.records.data.set(ICAO, info);
+  let frameNumber = 0;
+  const added = [];
+  let entityChanges = 0;
+  flightState._viewer = {
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+    scene: {
+      frameState: {
+        get frameNumber() {
+          return frameNumber;
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    entities: {
+      add(definition) {
+        entityChanges += 1;
+        added.push(definition);
+        return definition;
+      },
+      remove() {
+        entityChanges += 1;
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  flightState._trackedIcao = ICAO;
+  let clock = nowMs;
+  flightState.now = () => clock;
+  flightState._positionHistory.set(ICAO, fixes);
+  const parts = {
+    rendering: { _modelOwnsVisual: () => false, _modelSpec: () => ({}) },
+    queries: {
+      _toCleanText: (value) => (typeof value === 'string' ? value.trim() : ''),
+      _formatAltitude: (ft) => `${ft} ft`,
+    },
+  };
+  parts.motion = createMotion({ flightState, services: svc, parts });
+  const tracking = createTracking({
+    flightState,
+    services: svc,
+    parts,
+    layer: {},
+  });
+  parts.tracking = tracking;
+  const realDateNow = Date.now;
+  Date.now = () => clock;
+  const headEntity = () =>
+    added.find((definition) =>
+      String(definition.id).startsWith('gev-trail:mil-head-'),
+    );
+  const head = () => {
+    const before = entityChanges;
+    inHead = true;
+    try {
+      return headEntity().polyline.positions.getValue();
+    } finally {
+      inHead = false;
+      assert.equal(
+        entityChanges,
+        before,
+        'the head callback added or removed an entity',
+      );
+    }
+  };
+  /** Drawn icon positions, one per frame. */
+  const drawn = [];
+  const frame = ({ readHead = true } = {}) => {
+    frameNumber += 1;
+    tracking._trailTick();
+    const icon = parts.motion._trackedDisplayPosition(ICAO);
+    if (icon) drawn.push(Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(icon));
+    if (readHead) head();
+  };
+  const run = (toMs, { frameMs = 100, readHead = true } = {}) => {
+    while (clock < toMs) {
+      clock = Math.min(toMs, clock + frameMs);
+      frame({ readHead });
+    }
+  };
+  return {
+    flightState,
+    tracking,
+    motion: parts.motion,
+    head,
+    drawn,
+    run,
+    body: () => segmentsCalls.at(-1) ?? [],
+    bodyPoints: () => (segmentsCalls.at(-1) ?? []).flat(),
+    restore: () => {
+      Date.now = realDateNow;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/** Distance from p to the nearest point of a polyline. */
+function distanceToPath(p, path) {
+  let best = Infinity;
+  const ab = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  const ap = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  const closest = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  if (path.length === 1) return Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, path[0]);
+  for (let i = 1; i < path.length; i++) {
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(path[i], path[i - 1], ab);
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(p, path[i - 1], ap);
+    const len2 = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitudeSquared(ab);
+    const t =
+      len2 > 0
+        ? Math.max(0, Math.min(1, Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(ap, ab) / len2))
+        : 0;
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.add(
+      path[i - 1],
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(ab, t, closest),
+      closest,
+    );
+    best = Math.min(best, Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, closest));
+  }
+  return best;
+}
+
+/** No vertex turns the line back sharper than 120° over a short step. */
+function assertNoSpur(line, label) {
+  const u = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  const v = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  for (let i = 1; i < line.length - 1; i++) {
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(line[i], line[i - 1], u);
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(line[i + 1], line[i], v);
+    const lu = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(u);
+    const lv = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(v);
+    if (!(lu > 0 && lv > 0) || Math.min(lu, lv) > 500) continue;
+    const cos = Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(u, v) / (lu * lv);
+    assert.ok(
+      cos >= -0.5,
+      `${label}: spur at vertex ${i} of ${line.length} (turn ${(
+        (Math.acos(cos) * 180) /
+        Math.PI
+      ).toFixed(0)}°)`,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+const indexOfPoint = (line, p) =>
+  line.findIndex((q) => Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, q) < 0.01);
+
+// A departing jet: four northbound climb reports, then a left turn through
+// west to south with no report while the icon flies it.
+function departure() {
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(T0, 37.6329, -122.3661, 213, 85, 8),
+    fix(T0 + 30 * SEC, 37.6542, -122.3616, 495, 95, 0),
+    fix(T0 + 60 * SEC, 37.6813, -122.3615, 808, 104, 350),
+    fix(T0 + 90 * SEC, 37.7066, -122.3755, 1257, 112, 340),
+  ];
+  const info = {
+    altitudeFt: 4_124,
+    renderAltitudeM: 1257,
+    rawLat: 37.7066,
+    rawLon: -122.3755,
+    speedMps: 112,
+    track: 340,
+    turnRateDps: -2,
+    onGround: false,
+    wasAirborne: true,
+    lastContactEpochMs: T0 + 200 * SEC,
+  };
+  return { fixes, info };
+}
+
+test('military: a report newer than the display time arrives mid-turn, and the trail between the reports stays on the drawn arc', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = departure();
+  const start = T0 + 90 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: start });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    // 40 s of turn with no new report: the icon flies the arc.
+    h.run(start + 40 * SEC);
+    const arc = h.drawn.slice();
+    // The next report is where the plane really was 60 s after the last one,
+    // still ahead of the display time (normal 30 s delay, slow feed). The icon
+    // now interpolates the straight line between the two reports and is eased
+    // onto it.
+    const at60 = h.motion._deadReckon(
+      ICAO,
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(T0 + 150 * SEC)),
+    );
+    const c = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(at60);
+    const report = fix(
+      T0 + 150 * SEC,
+      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.latitude),
+      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.longitude),
+      c.height,
+      112,
+      220,
+    );
+    fixes.push(report);
+    info.track = 220;
+    h.tracking._appendTrailFix(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(report.position),
+      report.epochMs,
+    );
+    // The display passes the new report.
+    h.run(start + 75 * SEC);
+    const line = h.bodyPoints();
+    const from = indexOfPoint(line, fixes[3].position);
+    const to = indexOfPoint(line, report.position);
+    assert.ok(from >= 0 && to > from, 'both reports are on the trail');
+    const between = line.slice(from, to + 1);
+    // Every vertex between the reports is where the icon was drawn...
+    const drawnPath = [fixes[3].position, ...h.drawn, report.position];
+    for (const vertex of between) {
+      const off = distanceToPath(vertex, drawnPath);
+      assert.ok(
+        off < 50,
+        `trail vertex ${off.toFixed(0)} m off the drawn path`,
+      );
+    }
+    // ...and the arc the icon flew is still there: no straight chord. (The
+    // arc strays far from the chord, so a chord would fail this.)
+    const chord = [fixes[3].position, report.position];
+    assert.ok(Math.max(...arc.map((p) => distanceToPath(p, chord))) > 300);
+    // The last 10 s of the arc are exempt: the correction pulled the icon back
+    // over them, and keeping them would fold the line back on itself.
+    for (const point of arc.slice(0, -100)) {
+      const off = distanceToPath(point, between);
+      assert.ok(off < 50, `drawn arc point ${off.toFixed(0)} m from the trail`);
+    }
+    assertNoSpur(line, 'trail');
+    assertNoSpur(h.head(), 'head');
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('military: a report the display already passed replaces the guess drawn after it, with no spike', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = departure();
+  const start = T0 + 90 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: start });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(start + 40 * SEC);
+    const displayMs = T0 + 130 * SEC;
+    // A report for 10 s before the display time, 400 m inside the drawn arc.
+    const guess = h.motion._deadReckon(
+      ICAO,
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(T0 + 120 * SEC)),
+    );
+    const c = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(guess);
+    const report = fix(
+      T0 + 120 * SEC,
+      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.latitude) - 400 / 111_320,
+      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.longitude),
+      c.height,
+      112,
+      250,
+    );
+    fixes.push(report);
+    info.track = 250;
+    h.tracking._appendTrailFix(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(report.position),
+      report.epochMs,
+    );
+    h.run(start + 55 * SEC);
+    const recorded = h.flightState._trailFixes.filter((entry) => entry.drawn);
+    // Nothing recorded between the report and the end of the ease.
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      recorded
+        .filter(
+          (entry) =>
+            entry.timeMs > report.epochMs && entry.timeMs < displayMs + 900,
+        )
+        .map((entry) => entry.timeMs - T0),
+      [],
+    );
+    const line = h.bodyPoints();
+    assert.ok(indexOfPoint(line, report.position) >= 0);
+    assertNoSpur(line, 'trail');
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('military: a history report at an invented height is seeded with no position, and nothing is recorded next to it', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = departure();
+  fixes[3].inventedHeight = true;
+  const start = T0 + 90 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: start });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    const seeded = h.flightState._trailFixes.find(
+      (entry) => entry.timeMs === fixes[3].epochMs,
+    );
+    assert.equal(seeded.position, null);
+    assert.equal(seeded.nullAltitude, true);
+    h.run(start + 10 * SEC);
+    assert.equal(
+      h.flightState._trailFixes.filter((entry) => entry.drawn).length,
+      0,
+    );
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+// A turboprop at FL210 flying east out of receiver coverage: its last
+// position is at T0 + 30 s, and contact goes on for four more minutes.
+function outOfCoverage() {
+  const fixes = [
+    fix(T0, 43, -108.1, 6_400, 140, 90),
+    fix(T0 + 30 * SEC, 43, -108.05, 6_400, 140, 90),
+  ];
+  const info = {
+    altitudeFt: 21_000,
+    renderAltitudeM: 6_400,
+    rawLat: 43,
+    rawLon: -108.05,
+    speedMps: 140,
+    track: 90,
+    callsign: 'TEST7',
+    turnRateDps: 0,
+    onGround: false,
+    wasAirborne: true,
+    lastContactEpochMs: T0 + 30 * SEC + 240 * SEC,
+  };
+  return { fixes, info };
+}
+
+/** Display time (ms) `afterSec` past the last report. */
+const pastReport = (afterSec) =>
+  T0 + 30 * SEC + RENDER_DELAY_SEC * SEC + afterSec * SEC;
+
+test('military: a plane that stops reporting keeps moving dimmed as STALE from its first missed update, then stops as SIGNAL LOST', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: pastReport(-5) });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(pastReport(30));
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: '',
+      dimmed: false,
+    });
+    assert.equal(h.tracking._trackedIconColor().alpha, 1);
+    // The first missed update.
+    h.flightState.records.missingPolls.set(ICAO, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: 'STALE',
+      dimmed: true,
+    });
+    assert.match(
+      h.tracking._buildTrackedLabel(h.flightState.records.data.get(ICAO), ICAO),
+      /STALE/,
+    );
+    // Drawn with the fleet's stale fade.
+    assert.equal(h.tracking._trackedIconColor().alpha, STALE_ALPHA);
+    // Still moving well past 90 s.
+    h.run(pastReport(200));
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(h.drawn.at(-1), h.drawn.at(-11)) > 100,
+    );
+    // The coast ends 300 s past the report; the plane stops there.
+    h.run(pastReport(310));
+    const recorded = h.flightState._trailFixes.filter((e) => e.drawn).length;
+    h.run(pastReport(330));
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(h.drawn.at(-1), h.drawn.at(-50)) < 0.01,
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      h.flightState._trailFixes.filter((e) => e.drawn).length,
+      recorded,
+      'the trail kept recording a stopped plane',
+    );
+    // 330 s of display past the report is 330 s + the display delay of wall time.
+    const minutes = Math.floor((330 + RENDER_DELAY_SEC) / 60);
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: `SIGNAL LOST · ${minutes} min`,
+      dimmed: true,
+    });
+    assert.match(
+      h.tracking._buildTrackedLabel(h.flightState.records.data.get(ICAO), ICAO),
+      new RegExp(`SIGNAL LOST · ${minutes} min`),
+    );
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('military: a plane held at its last report shows SIGNAL LOST in seconds under a minute', () => {
+  // Its last report is 100 m above a known ground height: it holds there.
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  const h = harness({
+    fixes,
+    info,
+    nowMs: pastReport(-5),
+    ground: () => 6_300,
+  });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.flightState.records.missingPolls.set(ICAO, 1);
+    h.run(pastReport(10));
+    assert.ok(10 + RENDER_DELAY_SEC < 60);
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: `SIGNAL LOST · ${10 + RENDER_DELAY_SEC} s`,
+      dimmed: true,
+    });
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('military: a report arriving 200 s into a coast: the plane eases onto it and the trail drops what was drawn after it', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: pastReport(-5) });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(pastReport(200));
+    // Heard again: the report is for 10 s before the display time, 2 km north
+    // of where the coast put it.
+    const at = T0 + 30 * SEC + 190 * SEC;
+    const guess = h.motion._deadReckon(
+      ICAO,
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(new Date(at)),
+    );
+    const c = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(guess);
+    const report = fix(
+      at,
+      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.latitude) + 2_000 / 111_320,
+      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.longitude),
+      c.height,
+      140,
+      90,
+    );
+    fixes.push(report);
+    h.tracking._appendTrailFix(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(report.position),
+      report.epochMs,
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      h.flightState._trailFixes.filter(
+        (e) => e.drawn && e.timeMs > report.epochMs,
+      ),
+      [],
+    );
+    const from = h.drawn.length;
+    h.run(pastReport(203));
+    const after = h.drawn.slice(from - 1);
+    for (let i = 1; i < after.length; i++)
+      assert.ok(
+        Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(after[i], after[i - 1]) < 400,
+        'the plane jumped instead of easing',
+      );
+    // Eased onto the path from the report: 13 s on from it at 140 m/s.
+    const off = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(after.at(-1), report.position);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(off - 140 * 13) < 150,
+      `${off.toFixed(0)} m from the report`,
+    );
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('military: a tracked plane that stops reporting: STALE from the first missed poll, SIGNAL LOST after the five-minute coast, kept at 9 min, removed at 10 min', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  const fixMs = fixes.at(-1).epochMs;
+  // Contact stops with the position: the plane left coverage.
+  info.lastContactEpochMs = fixMs;
+  info.newestFixMs = fixMs;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: fixMs + 5 * SEC });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    const records = h.flightState.records;
+    const polls = new Map();
+    let removedAtSec = null;
+    // A poll every 10 s that lists the plane without a position.
+    for (let afterSec = 10; afterSec <= 660; afterSec += 10) {
+      h.run(fixMs + afterSec * SEC, { frameMs: 500, readHead: false });
+      const result = records.absence(ICAO, {
+        complete: true,
+        retainIds: new Set([ICAO]),
+        likelyLanded: false,
+        tracked: true,
+      });
+      if (result === 'remove') {
+        removedAtSec = afterSec;
+        break;
+      }
+      polls.set(afterSec, {
+        cue: h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO),
+        drawn: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(h.drawn.at(-1)),
+      });
+    }
+    // Wall time when the display reaches the end of the coast.
+    const coastEndSec = 300 + RENDER_DELAY_SEC;
+    for (const [afterSec, { cue }] of polls) {
+      if (afterSec <= coastEndSec) {
+        assert.deepEqual(cue, { text: 'STALE', dimmed: true }, `${afterSec} s`);
+      } else {
+        assert.deepEqual(
+          cue,
+          {
+            text: `SIGNAL LOST · ${Math.floor(afterSec / 60)} min`,
+            dimmed: true,
+          },
+          `${afterSec} s`,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+    const moved = (a, b) =>
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(polls.get(a).drawn, polls.get(b).drawn);
+    // Moving through the coast, still at its last speed at four minutes.
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(moved(230, 240) - 140 * 10) < 20);
+    // Stopped once the coast has ended.
+    const after = Math.ceil(coastEndSec / 10) * 10;
+    assert.ok(moved(after, 540) < 0.01);
+    assert.equal(polls.get(300).cue.text, 'STALE');
+    assert.deepEqual(polls.get(540).cue, {
+      text: 'SIGNAL LOST · 9 min',
+      dimmed: true,
+    });
+    assert.equal(removedAtSec, 600);
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('military: a repeated old fix counts as a missed update for the tracked plane', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: pastReport(-5) });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(pastReport(-2));
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: '',
+      dimmed: false,
+    });
+    // The feed re-sends the last position: its fix time did not advance.
+    h.flightState.records.fixRepeated.add(ICAO);
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: 'STALE',
+      dimmed: true,
+    });
+    assert.equal(h.tracking._trackedIconColor().alpha, STALE_ALPHA);
+    assert.equal(h.flightState.records.missingPolls.has(ICAO), false);
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('military: a stalled feed dims the tracked plane as STALE', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: pastReport(-5) });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(pastReport(-2));
+    // The whole feed is backing off: no poll counts a miss, and no newer
+    // position is coming in.
+    h.flightState.feed._backoff = true;
+    assert.deepEqual(h.tracking._trackedStaleCue(ICAO), {
+      text: 'STALE',
+      dimmed: true,
+    });
+    assert.equal(h.tracking._trackedIconColor().alpha, STALE_ALPHA);
+    assert.equal(h.flightState.records.missingPolls.has(ICAO), false);
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('military: a report arriving after the plane has stopped: it eases in with no spur, and the trail keeps everything up to the stop', () => {
+  const { fixes, info } = outOfCoverage();
+  info.lastContactEpochMs = fixes.at(-1).epochMs;
+  const h = harness({ fixes, info, nowMs: pastReport(-5) });
+  try {
+    h.tracking._startTrail(ICAO);
+    h.run(pastReport(360));
+    const stop = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(h.drawn.at(-1));
+    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(stop, h.drawn.at(-100)) < 0.01);
+    const kept = h.flightState._trailFixes
+      .filter((e) => e.drawn)
+      .map((e) => Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(e.position));
+    // The thinned straight coast, recorded up to where the plane stopped.
+    assert.ok(kept.length >= 2);
+    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(kept.at(-1), stop) < 300);
+    // Heard again, for 20 s before the display time: the plane flew on, a
+    // little north of its old heading.
+    const at = T0 + 30 * SEC + 340 * SEC;
+    const lonDeg =
+      -108.05 + (140 * 340) / (111_320 * Math.cos((43 * Math.PI) / 180));
+    const report = fix(at, 43 + 1_000 / 111_320, lonDeg, 6_400, 140, 90);
+    fixes.push(report);
+    h.tracking._appendTrailFix(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(report.position),
+      report.epochMs,
+    );
+    // Nothing was recorded after the stop, so nothing is dropped.
+    const after = h.flightState._trailFixes
+      .filter((e) => e.drawn)
+      .map((e) => e.position);
+    assert.equal(after.length, kept.length);
+    kept.forEach((p, i) =>
+      assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(p, after[i]) < 0.01),
+    );
+    const from = h.drawn.length;
+    h.run(pastReport(365));
+    const eased = h.drawn.slice(from - 1);
+    const jump = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(eased[0], eased.at(-1));
+    for (let i = 1; i < eased.length; i++)
+      assert.ok(
+        Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(eased[i], eased[i - 1]) < jump / 2,
+        'the plane jumped instead of easing',
+      );
+    // On the path from the report: 25 s on from it at 140 m/s.
+    const off = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(eased.at(-1), report.position);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(off - 140 * 25) < 150, `${off.toFixed(0)} m`);
+    assertNoSpur(h.bodyPoints(), 'trail');
+    assertNoSpur(h.head(), 'head');
+    assert.ok(indexOfPoint(h.bodyPoints(), report.position) >= 0);
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/news/cards.js b/src/layers/news/cards.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7a450e26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/news/cards.js
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+// Event cards on the globe: a picture, the headline in two lines, and "age ·
+// sources · sides", with the severity colour down the left edge and the
+// event's marker as a badge on the picture. Painted on a canvas and handed to
+// the world overlay as a thumbnail entry, so the overlay places them, keeps
+// them apart and draws their leader to the marker, as it does CCTV cards.
+//
+// The picture is the publisher's own (hotlinked, never copied, credited on
+// the card); until it loads, or without one, the card shows a tile in the
+// severity colour with the category icon.
+
+import { WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE } from '../../overlays/worldOverlayTokens.js';
+import { NEWS_SEVERITY } from './model.js';
+import { paintMarker } from './sprites.js';
+
+/** Card size in CSS pixels. */
+export const CARD_W = 168;
+export const CARD_H = 136;
+const PAD = 4;
+const PIC_H = 84;
+const EDGE = 3;
+const SCALE = 2; // canvas pixels per CSS pixel
+const TITLE_FONT = '600 11px Inter, "Noto Sans Arabic", system-ui, sans-serif';
+const META_FONT = '9px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", monospace';
+const CREDIT_FONT = '8px Inter, "Noto Sans Arabic", system-ui, sans-serif';
+// The map shows about ten cards plus the clicked one; a few more stay ready
+// for a pan back. The least recently drawn card goes, and its picture with it.
+export const MAX_CARDS = 24;
+
+const pictures = new Map(); // url → {image, state: 'loading'|'ok'|'failed', waiters}
+const cards = new Map(); // event id → {canvas, key, view, look, pic}, oldest first
+
+/** Forget a picture no kept card shows any more. */
+function releasePicture(url) {
+  if (!url || [...cards.values()].some((card) => card.view.image === url))
+    return;
+  const entry = pictures.get(url);
+  if (!entry) return;
+  entry.waiters.clear();
+  entry.image.onload = entry.image.onerror = null;
+  pictures.delete(url);
+}
+
+function picture(url, onLoad) {
+  let entry = pictures.get(url);
+  if (!entry) {
+    const image = new Image();
+    // No referrer: the publisher sees a plain image request, as from a link preview.
+    image.referrerPolicy = 'no-referrer';
+    image.decoding = 'async';
+    entry = { image, state: 'loading', waiters: new Set() };
+    pictures.set(url, entry);
+    image.onload = () => {
+      entry.state = 'ok';
+      for (const done of entry.waiters) done();
+      entry.waiters.clear();
+    };
+    image.onerror = () => {
+      entry.state = 'failed';
+      entry.waiters.clear();
+    };
+    image.src = url;
+  }
+  if (entry.state === 'loading' && onLoad) entry.waiters.add(onLoad);
+  return entry;
+}
+
+function roundRect(ctx, x, y, w, h, r) {
+  ctx.beginPath();
+  ctx.moveTo(x + r, y);
+  ctx.arcTo(x + w, y, x + w, y + h, r);
+  ctx.arcTo(x + w, y + h, x, y + h, r);
+  ctx.arcTo(x, y + h, x, y, r);
+  ctx.arcTo(x, y, x + w, y, r);
+  ctx.closePath();
+}
+
+/** `text` in at most `lines` lines of `width`, the last cut with an ellipsis. */
+export function wrapLines(ctx, text, width, lines) {
+  const words = String(text || '')
+    .split(/\s+/)
+    .filter(Boolean);
+  const out = [];
+  let line = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
+    const next = line ? `${line} ${words[i]}` : words[i];
+    if (ctx.measureText(next).width <= width || !line) {
+      line = next;
+      continue;
+    }
+    out.push(line);
+    line = words[i];
+    if (out.length === lines - 1) {
+      line = words.slice(i).join(' ');
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (line) out.push(line);
+  const last = out.length - 1;
+  if (last >= 0 && ctx.measureText(out[last]).width > width) {
+    let cut = out[last];
+    while (cut && ctx.measureText(`${cut}…`).width > width)
+      cut = cut.slice(0, -1);
+    out[last] = `${cut.trimEnd()}…`;
+  }
+  return out.slice(0, lines);
+}
+
+/** Cover-fit an image into a box. */
+function drawCover(ctx, image, x, y, w, h) {
+  const iw = image.naturalWidth || image.width;
+  const ih = image.naturalHeight || image.height;
+  if (!iw || !ih) return;
+  const s = Math.max(w / iw, h / ih);
+  const sw = w / s;
+  const sh = h / s;
+  ctx.drawImage(image, (iw - sw) / 2, (ih - sh) / 2, sw, sh, x, y, w, h);
+}
+
+function paint(canvas, view, look, pic) {
+  const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
+  ctx.setTransform(SCALE, 0, 0, SCALE, 0, 0);
+  ctx.clearRect(0, 0, CARD_W, CARD_H);
+  const color = (NEWS_SEVERITY[look.severity] || NEWS_SEVERITY[0]).color;
+
+  roundRect(ctx, 0.5, 0.5, CARD_W - 1, CARD_H - 1, WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.radius);
+  ctx.fillStyle = WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.selectedBackground;
+  ctx.fill();
+  ctx.strokeStyle = WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.border;
+  ctx.lineWidth = 1;
+  ctx.stroke();
+  // Severity down the left edge.
+  ctx.save();
+  roundRect(ctx, 0.5, 0.5, CARD_W - 1, CARD_H - 1, WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.radius);
+  ctx.clip();
+  ctx.fillStyle = color;
+  ctx.fillRect(0, 0, EDGE, CARD_H);
+  ctx.restore();
+
+  const px = PAD + EDGE;
+  const pw = CARD_W - px - PAD;
+  ctx.save();
+  roundRect(ctx, px, PAD, pw, PIC_H, 3);
+  ctx.clip();
+  if (pic?.state === 'ok') {
+    try {
+      drawCover(ctx, pic.image, px, PAD, pw, PIC_H);
+    } catch {
+      pic.state = 'failed';
+    }
+  }
+  if (pic?.state !== 'ok') {
+    // No picture: a plain glass tile with the event's marker.
+    ctx.fillStyle = WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.background;
+    ctx.fillRect(px, PAD, pw, PIC_H);
+    ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04)';
+    ctx.fillRect(px, PAD, pw, PIC_H);
+    paintMarker(ctx, look, px + pw / 2, PAD + PIC_H / 2, 34);
+  }
+  ctx.restore();
+  // The event's marker as a badge, so the card reads with the map.
+  if (pic?.state === 'ok') paintMarker(ctx, look, px + 13, PAD + 13, 18);
+  // The picture's publisher, always named on it.
+  if (pic?.state === 'ok' && view.credit) {
+    ctx.font = CREDIT_FONT;
+    const w = Math.min(pw - 30, ctx.measureText(view.credit).width + 8);
+    ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)';
+    ctx.fillRect(px + pw - w, PAD + PIC_H - 12, w, 12);
+    ctx.fillStyle = WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.title;
+    ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
+    ctx.fillText(
+      wrapLines(ctx, view.credit, w - 8, 1)[0] || '',
+      px + pw - w + 4,
+      PAD + PIC_H - 6,
+    );
+  }
+
+  ctx.textBaseline = 'alphabetic';
+  ctx.fillStyle = WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.title;
+  ctx.font = TITLE_FONT;
+  wrapLines(ctx, view.title, pw, 2).forEach((line, i) =>
+    ctx.fillText(line, px, PAD + PIC_H + 14 + i * 13),
+  );
+  ctx.fillStyle = WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.detail;
+  ctx.font = META_FONT;
+  ctx.fillText(wrapLines(ctx, view.meta, pw, 1)[0] || '', px, CARD_H - PAD - 2);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The canvas of an event's card, one per event: a change in what it shows
+ * (the age in its meta line ticks by the minute) repaints the same canvas.
+ * `onChange` runs when its picture arrives and the canvas has been repainted
+ * (ask the scene for a frame).
+ * @returns {HTMLCanvasElement|null} null where there is no canvas
+ */
+export function eventCard(id, view, look, onChange) {
+  const key = `${look.severity}|${look.category}|${look.rim}|${view.image || ''}|${view.credit || ''}|${view.title}|${view.meta}`;
+  let card = cards.get(id);
+  if (card) {
+    // Most recently drawn last.
+    cards.delete(id);
+    cards.set(id, card);
+    if (card.key === key) return card.canvas;
+  } else {
+    const canvas = globalThis.document?.createElement?.('canvas');
+    if (
+      !canvas?.getContext?.('2d') ||
+      typeof globalThis.Path2D !== 'function' ||
+      typeof globalThis.Image !== 'function'
+    )
+      return null;
+    canvas.width = CARD_W * SCALE;
+    canvas.height = CARD_H * SCALE;
+    card = { canvas, key: null, view: {}, look, pic: null };
+    cards.set(id, card);
+    while (cards.size > MAX_CARDS) {
+      const [oldest, gone] = cards.entries().next().value;
+      cards.delete(oldest);
+      releasePicture(gone.view.image);
+    }
+  }
+  const previous = card.view.image;
+  card.key = key;
+  card.view = view;
+  card.look = look;
+  const shown = card;
+  card.pic = view.image
+    ? picture(view.image, () => {
+        if (cards.get(id) !== shown || shown.view.image !== view.image) return;
+        paint(shown.canvas, shown.view, shown.look, shown.pic);
+        onChange?.();
+      })
+    : null;
+  if (previous && previous !== view.image) releasePicture(previous);
+  paint(card.canvas, view, look, card.pic);
+  return card.canvas;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/news/cards.test.mjs b/src/layers/news/cards.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..82dd03c56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/news/cards.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { MAX_CARDS, eventCard } from './cards.js';
+
+const look = { severity: 3, category: 'strike', rim: 'confirmed', size: 20 };
+const view = (extra = {}) => ({
+  title: 'Strike on Kharkiv',
+  meta: '10 min · 6 sources · UA, RU',
+  image: 'https://a.test/p.jpg',
+  credit: 'A',
+  ...extra,
+});
+
+// Node has no canvas: a 2D context that accepts every call, and an Image that
+// records what was asked for.
+function fakeBrowser(t) {
+  const saved = {
+    document: globalThis.document,
+    Path2D: globalThis.Path2D,
+    Image: globalThis.Image,
+  };
+  const images = [];
+  const ctx = new Proxy(
+    {},
+    {
+      get: (_target, name) =>
+        name === 'measureText'
+          ? (text) => ({ width: String(text).length * 5 })
+          : name === 'createLinearGradient'
+            ? () => ({ addColorStop() {} })
+            : () => {},
+      set: () => true,
+    },
+  );
+  let canvases = 0;
+  globalThis.document = {
+    createElement: () => {
+      canvases++;
+      return { getContext: () => ctx };
+    },
+  };
+  globalThis.Path2D = class {};
+  globalThis.Image = class {
+    constructor() {
+      images.push(this);
+    }
+  };
+  t.after(() => {
+    for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(saved))
+      if (value === undefined) delete globalThis[name];
+      else globalThis[name] = value;
+  });
+  return { images, canvases: () => canvases };
+}
+
+test('a card keeps one canvas per event while its age ticks', (t) => {
+  const browser = fakeBrowser(t);
+  const first = eventCard('ev-a', view(), look);
+  assert.ok(first);
+  // The meta line's minute-level age changes: the same canvas, repainted.
+  const later = eventCard('ev-a', view({ meta: '11 min · 6 sources' }), look);
+  assert.equal(later, first);
+  assert.equal(browser.canvases(), 1);
+  // One picture request for the event, however often it is drawn.
+  assert.equal(browser.images.length, 1);
+  // Its picture arriving repaints and asks for a frame once; a card with no
+  // picture never does.
+  let frames = 0;
+  const pictured = eventCard(
+    'ev-b',
+    view({ image: 'https://b.test/p.jpg' }),
+    look,
+    () => frames++,
+  );
+  assert.ok(pictured);
+  browser.images.at(-1).onload();
+  assert.equal(frames, 1);
+  assert.ok(eventCard('ev-c', view({ image: null }), look));
+});
+
+test('the card cache is bounded and evicts pictures with their cards', (t) => {
+  const browser = fakeBrowser(t);
+  const kept = eventCard('keep', view({ image: 'https://k.test/0.jpg' }), look);
+  for (let i = 0; i < MAX_CARDS * 3; i++) {
+    eventCard(`ev-${i}`, view({ image: `https://p.test/${i}.jpg` }), look);
+    // A card drawn every frame stays: the least recently drawn goes first.
+    assert.equal(
+      eventCard('keep', view({ image: 'https://k.test/0.jpg' }), look),
+      kept,
+    );
+  }
+  const requested = browser.images.length;
+  // The first event was evicted with its picture: drawing it again paints a
+  // new canvas and asks for the picture anew.
+  const again = eventCard(
+    'ev-0',
+    view({ image: 'https://p.test/0.jpg' }),
+    look,
+  );
+  assert.ok(again);
+  assert.equal(browser.images.length, requested + 1);
+  // Evicted pictures are let go: their load handlers are cleared.
+  assert.equal(browser.images[1].onload, null);
+  // The recent ones are still cached.
+  const recent = MAX_CARDS * 3 - 1;
+  eventCard(
+    `ev-${recent}`,
+    view({ image: `https://p.test/${recent}.jpg` }),
+    look,
+  );
+  assert.equal(browser.images.length, requested + 1);
+});
+
+test('without a canvas no card is made and nothing is cached', (t) => {
+  fakeBrowser(t);
+  globalThis.document = { createElement: () => ({ getContext: () => null }) };
+  assert.equal(eventCard('none', view(), look), null);
+  globalThis.document = undefined;
+  assert.equal(eventCard('none', view(), look), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/news/index.js b/src/layers/news/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6749b3501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/news/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,1622 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { isPointerFree } from '../../data/inputOwnership.js';
+import { hitTestWorldOverlay } from '../../overlays/worldOverlay.js';
+import {
+  isOwnedByOtherLayer,
+  registerPickOwner,
+  resolvePickId,
+  unregisterPickOwner,
+} from '../../data/pickRegistry.js';
+import {
+  clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer,
+  registerEntityContext,
+  removeEntityContextsForLayer,
+  selectEntityContext,
+} from '../../data/contextStore.js';
+import {
+  LIVEUAMAP_CREDIT,
+  NATURAL_EARTH_CREDIT,
+  registerDynamicCredit,
+} from '../../data/dataCredits.js';
+import { msg, t, tn } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { createHorizonCull, viewCentre } from '../streetLevel/view.js';
+import {
+  NEWS_CARD_MIN_SOURCES,
+  NEWS_CATEGORIES,
+  NEWS_DETAIL_MAX_HEIGHT_M,
+  NEWS_FEED_PAGE,
+  NEWS_FOCUS_HEIGHT_M,
+  NEWS_IN_VIEW_MAX_HEIGHT_M,
+  NEWS_IN_VIEW_RADIUS_KM,
+  NEWS_LOCAL_LIMIT,
+  NEWS_LAYER_ID,
+  NEWS_MAP_LIMIT,
+  NEWS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+  NEWS_PICK_PREFIX,
+  NEWS_RELEVANT,
+  NEWS_SETTLE_MS,
+  NEWS_SEVERITY,
+  NEWS_WINDOW_MS,
+  ageWords,
+  areaLabel,
+  attestation,
+  attributionLabel,
+  beaconPixelSize,
+  cardEvents,
+  cardView,
+  categoryLabel,
+  countryGroups,
+  countryOnly,
+  disputedLabel,
+  feedCardView,
+  feedQueryFor,
+  hotspotLabel,
+  hotspotTrend,
+  inPolygons,
+  isPressing,
+  markerStyle,
+  mediaLabels,
+  mergeFeedPage,
+  newsWindowChoices,
+  newsWindowMs,
+  localFilters,
+  normalizeFilters,
+  passesFilters,
+  reportMarkerPosition,
+  reportsInView,
+  severityStyle,
+  shortTitle,
+  sideLabel,
+  sidesLine,
+  sourceLinkLabel,
+  viewCell,
+  visibleOnMap,
+  withinNewsWindow,
+} from './model.js';
+import { SPRITE_SCALE, countSprite, markerSprite } from './sprites.js';
+import { CARD_H, CARD_W, eventCard } from './cards.js';
+export * from './model.js';
+export { createNewsSource } from './source.js';
+
+const FEED_UNAVAILABLE = msg('News feed unavailable');
+// The providers a server without a news pipeline reads each section from,
+// by the key registry's ids (keySetupCore.mjs): name and variable. A copy, so
+// the layer pulls in no registry; a test holds the two together.
+export const NEWS_KEY_PROVIDERS = Object.freeze({
+  liveuamap: { name: 'Liveuamap', envVar: 'LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY' }, // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+  worldnewsapi: { name: 'World News API', envVar: 'WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY' }, // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+});
+// A read refused for want of a key, or its day's allowance spent:
+// `{id, rejected, quota}`, else null.
+const keyNeed = (cause) =>
+  cause?.keyRequired && Object.hasOwn(NEWS_KEY_PROVIDERS, cause.keyId)
+    ? {
+        id: cause.keyId,
+        rejected: cause.keyRejected === true,
+        quota: cause.keyQuota === true,
+      }
+    : null;
+/** What the News panel says of a section's missing, refused or spent key. */
+function keyNotice(need) {
+  if (!need) return null;
+  const { name: provider, envVar: envVars } = NEWS_KEY_PROVIDERS[need.id];
+  if (need.quota)
+    return {
+      title: t('{provider} limit reached for today', { provider }),
+      hint: t('News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan'),
+    };
+  return need.rejected
+    ? {
+        title: t('{provider} refused its key', { provider }),
+        hint: t('Check {envVars} in Provider Settings', { envVars }),
+      }
+    : {
+        title: t('{provider} key required', { provider }),
+        hint: t('Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings', { envVars }),
+      };
+}
+const REPORT_PREFIX = `${NEWS_PICK_PREFIX}report:`;
+const HOTSPOT_PREFIX = `${NEWS_PICK_PREFIX}hotspot:`;
+const DEVELOPING_PREFIX = `${NEWS_PICK_PREFIX}developing:`;
+const LOCAL_PREFIX = `${NEWS_PICK_PREFIX}local:`;
+const COUNTRY_PREFIX = `${NEWS_PICK_PREFIX}country:`;
+// A country badge carries a number: large enough to read two digits.
+const COUNTRY_BADGE_PX = 34;
+// Outlines in GEV's own colours, apart from the severity ramp: hotspots in
+// the accent, developing places in its lighter tint, disputed areas dotted
+// in the primary text colour, the Local section's area a faint line of it.
+const DEVELOPING_COLOR = '#9defff';
+const DISPUTED_COLOR = '#e8eaed';
+const HOTSPOT_COLOR = '#00d4ff';
+// Disputed areas' names are context, not news.
+const DISPUTED_LABEL_SCALE = 0.75;
+// A filtered feed page that shows almost nothing reads the next page by
+// itself, a few times, so a strict severity floor still fills the list.
+const AUTO_PAGES = 3;
+const PULSE_MS = 1_600;
+const emptyFeed = () => ({
+  items: [],
+  nextBefore: null,
+  loading: false,
+  error: null,
+});
+// Local: `active` while the camera is low enough to have a "near here";
+// `minor` holds the day's reports for the area, minor news included, read
+// once per area while the Local section is chosen (and with each refresh);
+// `area` is the area named at the view centre (`{key, name, kind, country}`,
+// null at sea), `areaPolygons` its outline and `areaAt` the point it was
+// named at; `readKey` the area `minor` is of.
+const emptyInView = () => ({
+  active: false,
+  cell: null,
+  centre: null,
+  minor: null,
+  loading: false,
+  error: null,
+  area: null,
+  areaPolygons: null,
+  areaAt: null,
+  areaLoading: false,
+  readKey: null,
+});
+
+/**
+ * News from the hotspots a news server names, real time only (the last 24
+ * hours). Zoomed out: one beacon per hotspot with its daily count and trend,
+ * and a breathing beacon per developing situation. Close up or with a hotspot
+ * chosen: outlines (disputed areas dotted) and the geocoded reports as
+ * markers, the big events as picture cards. The News panel renders the feed
+ * this layer publishes through getRowControls().feed.
+ */
+export function createNewsLayer({
+  source,
+  overlayHost,
+  cesium = Cesium,
+  matchMedia = globalThis.matchMedia?.bind(globalThis),
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+  hitTestOverlay = hitTestWorldOverlay,
+  openUrl = (url) => globalThis.open?.(url, '_blank', 'noopener,noreferrer'),
+  getViewCentre = viewCentre,
+  registerCredit = registerDynamicCredit,
+} = {}) {
+  if (
+    typeof source?.getHotspots !== 'function' ||
+    typeof source?.getFeed !== 'function'
+  )
+    throw new TypeError('News requires a news source');
+  if (!overlayHost) throw new TypeError('News requires an overlay host');
+
+  let viewer = null,
+    dataSource = null,
+    outlineSource = null,
+    clickHandler = null,
+    listener = null,
+    runNavigation = null,
+    request = null,
+    feedRequest = null,
+    inViewRequest = null,
+    inViewRequestKey = null,
+    areaRequest = null,
+    settleTimer = null,
+    pulseTimer = null,
+    removeCameraListener = null;
+  let enabled = false,
+    destroyed = false,
+    loading = false,
+    unavailable = false,
+    error = null,
+    lastUpdate = null,
+    lastRunAt = null,
+    autoPages = 0,
+    // A server without the area route (/outline?at=) answers so once; Local
+    // then keeps to the radius until the layer is turned off.
+    noAreaRoute = false;
+  let hotspots = [];
+  // Each section's missing or refused key (keyNeed), while its reads say so.
+  let needs = { conflicts: null, local: null };
+  // The window the server serves (newsWindowMs): a host may serve
+  // fewer hours than the day. `windowMs` is the one shown: that window, or a
+  // shorter one chosen in the panel (filters.hours).
+  let maxWindowMs = NEWS_WINDOW_MS;
+  let windowMs = NEWS_WINDOW_MS;
+  let mapReports = [];
+  let feed = emptyFeed();
+  let inView = emptyInView();
+  let filters = normalizeFilters();
+  let selectedId = null,
+    selectedPin = 0;
+  let shownDetail = null;
+  let cullTargets = [];
+  // The country badges drawn, by key: a click opens that country's news.
+  let countryBadges = new Map();
+  const contextEntities = new Map();
+  // Credits are registered once what they credit first shows; the registry
+  // keeps them for the session (as TomTom's) and has no removal.
+  const credited = new Set();
+  function credit(entry, shown) {
+    if (shown && !credited.has(entry.key) && registerCredit(viewer, entry))
+      credited.add(entry.key);
+  }
+  // Liveuamap asks to be credited wherever its mapped reports show.
+  const creditReports = (reports) =>
+    credit(
+      LIVEUAMAP_CREDIT,
+      reports.some((r) => r?.kind === 'liveuamap'),
+    );
+  const notify = () => listener?.();
+  const requestRender = () => viewer?.scene?.requestRender?.();
+  const reducedMotion = () =>
+    Boolean(matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)')?.matches);
+
+  const findReport = (id) =>
+    mapReports.find((r) => r.id === id) ||
+    feed.items.find((r) => r.id === id) ||
+    inView.minor?.find((r) => r.id === id) ||
+    null;
+  const selected = () => (selectedId ? findReport(selectedId) : null);
+  const local = () => filters.section === 'local';
+  // Local takes the map over only while there is a "near here" to show.
+  const localMode = () => local() && inView.active;
+  const onMap = (report) =>
+    visibleOnMap(
+      report,
+      localMode() ? localFilters(filters) : filters,
+      now(),
+      windowMs,
+    );
+  // The Local section's reports near the view centre, every severity.
+  const localReports = (limit) =>
+    reportsInView(
+      inView.minor || [],
+      inView.centre,
+      localFilters(filters),
+      now(),
+      limit,
+      windowMs,
+      inView.areaPolygons,
+    );
+  const shownWindowMs = () =>
+    Math.min(maxWindowMs, (filters.hours ?? Infinity) * 3_600_000);
+  // The hours to ask the hotspot counts for, when shorter than the server's.
+  const askedHours = () =>
+    windowMs < maxWindowMs ? windowMs / 3_600_000 : undefined;
+
+  function markerCartesian(report, pin = 0) {
+    const { lat, lon } = reportMarkerPosition(report, pin);
+    return cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat);
+  }
+
+  const cameraHeight = () => viewer?.camera?.positionCartographic?.height;
+
+  // Global view: one beacon per hotspot. Close up: outlines and individual
+  // reports. A chosen hotspot keeps the detail out to three times the height
+  // (its whole area fits on screen).
+  function detailMode() {
+    const height = cameraHeight();
+    if (!Number.isFinite(height)) return filters.hotspot !== 'all';
+    const limit =
+      filters.hotspot === 'all'
+        ? NEWS_DETAIL_MAX_HEIGHT_M
+        : NEWS_DETAIL_MAX_HEIGHT_M * 3;
+    return height < limit;
+  }
+
+  // The catch-all ("Elsewhere") has no area to stand for: its reports are
+  // drawn as markers at every zoom instead of a beacon or an outline.
+  const catchAllIds = () =>
+    new Set(hotspots.filter((h) => h.catchAll).map((h) => h.id));
+
+  // Markers draw over terrain (depth test off) so a pin is never swallowed by
+  // the ground it sits on; the shared horizon cull hides the far side.
+  const horizon = createHorizonCull({
+    getViewer: () => viewer,
+    items: () => cullTargets,
+    onChange: () => {
+      requestRender();
+      updatePulse();
+    },
+  });
+
+  // A developing situation's beacon breathes, unless motion is reduced. The
+  // scene renders on demand, so a slow timer asks for frames only while such
+  // a beacon is in view.
+  const pulseSize = (size) =>
+    size *
+    (1 + 0.35 * (0.5 + 0.5 * Math.sin((Date.now() / PULSE_MS) * 2 * Math.PI)));
+  function updatePulse() {
+    const pulsing =
+      enabled &&
+      !reducedMotion() &&
+      cullTargets.some((target) => target.developing && target.show);
+    if (pulsing && !pulseTimer) pulseTimer = setInterval(requestRender, 250);
+    else if (!pulsing && pulseTimer) {
+      clearInterval(pulseTimer);
+      pulseTimer = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const ambientLabel = (extra) => ({
+    variant: 'label',
+    collisionGroup: 'ambient-label',
+    paintLane: 'ambient-label',
+    interactive: false,
+    horizonCull: true,
+    terrainOcclusion: false,
+    placement: 'above',
+    ...extra,
+  });
+
+  // Several separate events in one country outside every hotspot.
+  function renderDeveloping(hotspot, entities, labels) {
+    const still = reducedMotion();
+    for (const item of hotspot.developing || []) {
+      const position = cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+        item.focus.lon,
+        item.focus.lat,
+      );
+      const size = beaconPixelSize(item.reports);
+      entities.add({
+        id: `${DEVELOPING_PREFIX}${hotspot.id}:${item.key}`,
+        position,
+        point: {
+          pixelSize: still
+            ? size
+            : new cesium.CallbackProperty(() => pulseSize(size), false),
+          color:
+            cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(DEVELOPING_COLOR).withAlpha(0.35),
+          outlineColor: cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(DEVELOPING_COLOR),
+          outlineWidth: 2,
+          disableDepthTestDistance: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+        },
+      });
+      labels.push(
+        ambientLabel({
+          id: `developing:${item.key}`,
+          position,
+          title: t('Developing: {name}', { name: item.name }),
+          details: [
+            tn(item.events, '{count} event today', '{count} events today'),
+          ],
+          accent: DEVELOPING_COLOR,
+          priority: 9_000 + item.reports,
+          gapPx: size / 2 + 4,
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  function renderBeacons(entities, labels) {
+    for (const hotspot of hotspots) {
+      if (hotspot.catchAll) {
+        renderDeveloping(hotspot, entities, labels);
+        continue;
+      }
+      const { lat, lon } = hotspot.focus;
+      const position = cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat);
+      entities.add({
+        id: `${HOTSPOT_PREFIX}${hotspot.id}`,
+        position,
+        point: {
+          pixelSize: beaconPixelSize(hotspot.last24h),
+          color: cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(HOTSPOT_COLOR).withAlpha(0.35),
+          outlineColor: cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(HOTSPOT_COLOR),
+          outlineWidth: 2,
+          disableDepthTestDistance: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+        },
+      });
+      const trend = hotspotTrend(hotspot.last24h, hotspot.prev24h);
+      labels.push(
+        ambientLabel({
+          id: `hotspot:${hotspot.id}`,
+          position,
+          title: hotspotLabel(hotspot),
+          details: [
+            `${tn(hotspot.last24h, '{count} report today', '{count} reports today')}${trend ? ` ${trend}` : ''}`,
+          ],
+          accent: HOTSPOT_COLOR,
+          priority: 10_000 + hotspot.last24h,
+          gapPx: beaconPixelSize(hotspot.last24h) / 2 + 4,
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  function renderHotspotOutlines(entities, labels) {
+    for (const hotspot of hotspots) {
+      if (hotspot.catchAll) continue;
+      const [w, s, e, n] = hotspot.bbox;
+      const active = filters.hotspot === hotspot.id;
+      // The bounding box only until the real outline has loaded.
+      if (!outlineParts.has(hotspot.id))
+        entities.add({
+          id: `${HOTSPOT_PREFIX}${hotspot.id}`,
+          polyline: {
+            positions: cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegreesArray([
+              w,
+              s,
+              e,
+              s,
+              e,
+              n,
+              w,
+              n,
+              w,
+              s,
+            ]),
+            width: active ? 3 : 2,
+            clampToGround: true,
+            material: new cesium.PolylineDashMaterialProperty({
+              color: cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(HOTSPOT_COLOR).withAlpha(
+                active ? 0.95 : 0.55,
+              ),
+              dashLength: 18,
+            }),
+          },
+        });
+      labels.push(
+        ambientLabel({
+          id: `hotspot:${hotspot.id}`,
+          position: outlineParts.has(hotspot.id)
+            ? cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+                hotspot.focus.lon,
+                hotspot.focus.lat,
+              )
+            : cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(w, n),
+          title: hotspotLabel(hotspot),
+          details: [
+            tn(
+              hotspot.last24h,
+              '{count} report today',
+              '{count} reports today',
+            ),
+          ],
+          accent: HOTSPOT_COLOR,
+          priority: 10_000 + hotspot.last24h,
+        }),
+      );
+      // Each disputed area is named, smaller than the news labels and below
+      // them in priority. Its title only: a label paints no detail line, yet
+      // the overlay sizes the label for one, which left a wide empty box.
+      for (const area of outlineDisputed.get(hotspot.id) || []) {
+        const ring = area.rings[0];
+        const lon = ring.reduce((sum, p) => sum + p[0], 0) / ring.length;
+        const lat = ring.reduce((sum, p) => sum + p[1], 0) / ring.length;
+        labels.push(
+          ambientLabel({
+            id: `disputed:${hotspot.id}:${area.name}`,
+            position: cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat),
+            title: disputedLabel(area),
+            accent: DISPUTED_COLOR,
+            priority: 8_000,
+            presentationScale: DISPUTED_LABEL_SCALE,
+          }),
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function renderMarkers(entities, drawn) {
+    for (const report of drawn) {
+      const isSelected = report.id === selectedId;
+      if (!report.pins.length || (!isSelected && !onMap(report))) continue;
+      // A country's own news has no spot: its badge stands for it.
+      if (!isSelected && countryOnly(report)) continue;
+      // One marker per pin; the pin index rides on the pick id. Fill is
+      // severity, the icon the category, the rim attestation; a marker grows
+      // with the sources reporting its event and fades with age. A fresh,
+      // widely reported or major event also gets a static halo.
+      const look = markerStyle(report, now());
+      const color = cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(
+        severityStyle(report).color,
+      );
+      const size = isSelected ? look.size + 4 : look.size;
+      const sprite = markerSprite({ ...look, selected: isSelected });
+      const pressing = isPressing(report, now());
+      for (const [pin] of report.pins.entries()) {
+        const position = markerCartesian(report, pin);
+        if (pressing)
+          entities.add({
+            id: `${REPORT_PREFIX}${report.id}~${pin}~halo`,
+            position,
+            point: {
+              pixelSize: look.size * 2.4,
+              color: color.withAlpha(0.22),
+              outlineColor: color.withAlpha(0.6),
+              outlineWidth: 1,
+              heightReference: cesium.HeightReference.CLAMP_TO_GROUND,
+              disableDepthTestDistance: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+            },
+          });
+        entities.add({
+          id: `${REPORT_PREFIX}${report.id}~${pin}`,
+          position,
+          ...(sprite
+            ? {
+                billboard: {
+                  image: sprite,
+                  width: Math.round(size * SPRITE_SCALE),
+                  height: Math.round(size * SPRITE_SCALE),
+                  color: cesium.Color.WHITE.withAlpha(
+                    isSelected ? 1 : look.alpha,
+                  ),
+                  heightReference: cesium.HeightReference.CLAMP_TO_GROUND,
+                  disableDepthTestDistance: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+                },
+              }
+            : {
+                point: {
+                  pixelSize: size,
+                  color,
+                  outlineColor: isSelected
+                    ? cesium.Color.WHITE
+                    : cesium.Color.BLACK.withAlpha(0.7),
+                  outlineWidth: isSelected ? 3 : 1.5,
+                  heightReference: cesium.HeightReference.CLAMP_TO_GROUND,
+                  disableDepthTestDistance: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+                },
+              }),
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // News placed no closer than a country: one badge at its centre with the
+  // number of reports, in place of that many markers piled there.
+  function renderCountryBadges(entities, drawn, labels) {
+    countryBadges = new Map();
+    const groups = countryGroups(
+      drawn.filter((r) => r.id !== selectedId && onMap(r)),
+    );
+    for (const group of groups) {
+      countryBadges.set(group.key, group);
+      const position = cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(group.lon, group.lat);
+      const size = COUNTRY_BADGE_PX;
+      const sprite = countSprite(
+        group.count,
+        size * (viewer?.scene?.pixelRatio || 1),
+      );
+      const color = cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(DISPUTED_COLOR);
+      entities.add({
+        id: `${COUNTRY_PREFIX}${group.key}`,
+        position,
+        ...(sprite
+          ? {
+              billboard: {
+                image: sprite,
+                width: Math.round(size * SPRITE_SCALE),
+                height: Math.round(size * SPRITE_SCALE),
+                disableDepthTestDistance: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+              },
+            }
+          : {
+              point: {
+                pixelSize: size,
+                color: color.withAlpha(0.3),
+                outlineColor: color,
+                outlineWidth: 2,
+                disableDepthTestDistance: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+              },
+            }),
+      });
+      labels.push(
+        ambientLabel({
+          id: `country:${group.key}`,
+          position,
+          // The badge carries the count; the label's line stops at its rim.
+          title: group.place,
+          leaderOffsetPx: Math.round((size * SPRITE_SCALE) / 2),
+          accent: DISPUTED_COLOR,
+          priority: 9_000 + group.count,
+          gapPx: size / 2 + 4,
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The big events stand as picture cards over their marker, never two on
+  // top of each other. The clicked event shows its picture card under its
+  // marker, with its text card above.
+  function pictureCards(drawn, current, labels) {
+    const cardable = cardEvents(
+      drawn.filter((r) => r.id !== selectedId && onMap(r)),
+      now(),
+    );
+    const pictured =
+      current?.pins.length &&
+      current.event?.size >= NEWS_CARD_MIN_SOURCES &&
+      current.pins[selectedPin]
+        ? [current]
+        : [];
+    for (const [rank, report] of [...pictured, ...cardable].entries()) {
+      const isSelected = report.id === selectedId;
+      const look = markerStyle(report, now());
+      const view = cardView(report, now());
+      const image = eventCard(
+        report.event?.id || report.id,
+        view,
+        look,
+        requestRender,
+      );
+      if (!image) continue;
+      const color = severityStyle(report).color;
+      labels.push({
+        id: `event-card:${report.id}`,
+        position: markerCartesian(report, isSelected ? selectedPin : 0),
+        variant: 'thumbnail',
+        paintLane: 'thumbnail',
+        title: '',
+        details: [],
+        image,
+        accent: color,
+        priority: isSelected ? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER - 1 : 500_000 - rank,
+        collisionGroup: isSelected ? 'news-selected-picture' : 'ambient-card',
+        interactive: true,
+        accessibilityLabel: `${view.title}. ${view.meta}`,
+        activate: () => layer.setParams({ reportId: report.id, pin: 0 }),
+        horizonCull: true,
+        terrainOcclusion: false,
+        placement: isSelected ? 'below' : 'above',
+        verticalOnly: true,
+        gapPx: look.size / 2 + 12,
+        leaderOffsetPx: look.size / 2 + 2,
+        viewportPadding: 24,
+        // The collision box: rectangle overlap alone lets the cards of nearby
+        // anchors stack.
+        minAnchorSeparationPx: isSelected ? 0 : CARD_W * 0.85,
+        thumbnailWidth: CARD_W,
+        thumbnailHeight: CARD_H,
+        thumbnailPadX: 0,
+        thumbnailPadTop: 0,
+        thumbnailPadBottom: 0,
+        thumbnailTitleGap: 0,
+        thumbnailTitleHeight: 0,
+        thumbnailTitleChars: 0,
+        thumbnailBackground: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)',
+        thumbnailLeaderColor: color,
+        thumbnailRuleHeight: 0,
+        thumbnailRadius: 4,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The selected report's card: what, where, how attested, the link to the
+  // original article ("Source: host ↗"), which a click on it opens, and the
+  // service it came through.
+  function selectedCard(report, labels) {
+    if (!report?.pins.length) return;
+    const pin = report.pins[selectedPin] ? selectedPin : 0;
+    labels.push({
+      id: `selected-report:${report.id}`,
+      position: markerCartesian(report, pin),
+      variant: 'card',
+      title: shortTitle(report.titleEn || report.title),
+      details: [
+        [
+          report.publisher,
+          sideLabel(report.side),
+          ageWords(report.publishedAt, now()),
+        ]
+          .filter(Boolean)
+          .join(' · '),
+        [
+          categoryLabel(report.category),
+          t(severityStyle(report).label),
+          report.pins[pin].place,
+        ]
+          .filter(Boolean)
+          .join(' · '),
+        sidesLine(report, now()),
+        attestation(report)?.label || '',
+        mediaLabels(report).join(' · '),
+        sourceLinkLabel(report.url),
+        attributionLabel(report),
+      ].filter(Boolean),
+      accent: severityStyle(report).color,
+      selected: true,
+      stateless: true,
+      priority: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
+      interactive: true,
+      accessibilityLabel: sourceLinkLabel(report.url),
+      activate: () => {
+        openUrl(report.url);
+        return true;
+      },
+      horizonCull: true,
+      terrainOcclusion: false,
+      placement: 'above',
+      gapPx: 12,
+    });
+  }
+
+  function render() {
+    if (!dataSource) return;
+    const entities = dataSource.entities;
+    // Removed before events are suspended: a marker removed and re-added
+    // under the same id in one suspended batch reaches Cesium's visualizers
+    // as "changed", and they keep drawing the removed entity (i.e. nothing).
+    entities.removeAll();
+    entities.suspendEvents();
+    const labels = [];
+    const detail = detailMode();
+    shownDetail = detail;
+    if (detail) renderHotspotOutlines(entities, labels);
+    else renderBeacons(entities, labels);
+    // A report picked in the feed or In view still gets its marker.
+    const current = selected();
+    const elsewhere = catchAllIds();
+    // Local: what is near the view centre instead of the hotspots' news.
+    const shown = localMode()
+      ? localReports(NEWS_MAP_LIMIT)
+      : detail
+        ? mapReports
+        : mapReports.filter((r) => elsewhere.has(r.hotspotId));
+    const drawn =
+      current && !shown.some((r) => r.id === current.id)
+        ? [...shown, current]
+        : shown;
+    renderMarkers(entities, drawn);
+    renderCountryBadges(entities, drawn, labels);
+    if (enabled) creditReports(drawn.filter((r) => r.pins.length && onMap(r)));
+    entities.resumeEvents();
+    showOutlines(detail);
+    const at = cesium.JulianDate.now();
+    cullTargets = entities.values
+      .filter((entity) => (entity.point || entity.billboard) && entity.position)
+      .map((entity) => ({
+        position: entity.position.getValue(at),
+        developing: String(entity.id).startsWith(DEVELOPING_PREFIX),
+        get show() {
+          return entity.show;
+        },
+        set show(value) {
+          entity.show = value;
+        },
+      }))
+      .filter((target) => target.position);
+    horizon.update();
+    updatePulse();
+    pictureCards(drawn, current, labels);
+    selectedCard(current, labels);
+    if (enabled)
+      overlayHost.setEntries(NEWS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, labels, { moving: false });
+    requestRender();
+  }
+
+  function registerContext(report) {
+    const place = report?.pins[selectedPin] || report?.geo;
+    if (!place) return null;
+    let entity = contextEntities.get(report.id);
+    if (!entity) {
+      entity = { show: true };
+      contextEntities.set(report.id, entity);
+    }
+    const { lat, lon } = reportMarkerPosition(
+      report,
+      report.pins[selectedPin] ? selectedPin : 0,
+    );
+    entity.__localBaseCartesian = cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat);
+    registerEntityContext(entity, {
+      id: `news-report:${report.id}`,
+      layerId: NEWS_LAYER_ID,
+      layerName: 'News',
+      source: report.publisher,
+      dataSource,
+      label: report.title, // i18n-ignore: publisher headline (data)
+      latitude: place.lat,
+      longitude: place.lon,
+      properties: {
+        publisher: report.publisher,
+        side: report.side,
+        category: report.category,
+        place: place.place,
+        publishedAt: report.publishedAt,
+        url: report.url,
+      },
+    });
+    return entity;
+  }
+
+  function select(id, pin = 0) {
+    selectedId = id;
+    selectedPin = pin;
+    const report = selected();
+    if (report) {
+      const entity = registerContext(report);
+      if (entity) selectEntityContext(entity);
+    } else clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer(NEWS_LAYER_ID);
+    render();
+    notify();
+  }
+
+  function flyTo(navigate) {
+    if (!runNavigation || !viewer) return;
+    runNavigation(() => (enabled && !destroyed ? navigate() : undefined));
+  }
+
+  // A card's click: straight down over the event from 150 km.
+  function focusReport(report) {
+    if (!report?.pins.length) return;
+    const { lat, lon } = report.pins[selectedPin] || report.pins[0];
+    flyTo(() =>
+      viewer.camera.flyTo({
+        destination: cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+          lon,
+          lat,
+          NEWS_FOCUS_HEIGHT_M,
+        ),
+        duration: reducedMotion() ? 0 : 1.4,
+      }),
+    );
+  }
+
+  function focusRectangle([w, s, e, n]) {
+    flyTo(() =>
+      viewer.camera.flyTo({
+        destination: cesium.Rectangle.fromDegrees(w, s, e, n),
+        duration: reducedMotion() ? 0 : 1.6,
+      }),
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Hotspot extents (and developing countries) are drawn in their own data
+  // source, built once per outline and only shown or hidden afterwards:
+  // ground polygons over 3D tiles are slow to build, so they are never
+  // rebuilt on a re-render. A hotspot's fill clears when it is the chosen
+  // one so its border stays readable over the reports inside.
+  const outlineParts = new Map();
+  const outlineRequests = new Set();
+  const outlineDisputed = new Map();
+  function addOutline(
+    key,
+    { polygons, borders, disputed = [] },
+    { color, fillAlpha, pickId, lineAlpha = 0.85, width = 2 },
+  ) {
+    if (!outlineSource || outlineParts.has(key)) return;
+    const css = cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(color);
+    const parts = { fills: [], borders: [] };
+    const ring = (points) => cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegreesArray(points.flat());
+    const closed = (points) => ring([...points, points[0]]);
+    const line = (id, positions, width, material) =>
+      parts.borders.push(
+        outlineSource.entities.add({
+          id,
+          show: false,
+          polyline: { positions, width, clampToGround: true, material },
+        }),
+      );
+    for (const [index, polygon] of polygons.entries()) {
+      if (fillAlpha > 0)
+        parts.fills.push(
+          outlineSource.entities.add({
+            id: `${pickId}~fill${index}`,
+            show: false,
+            polygon: {
+              hierarchy: new cesium.PolygonHierarchy(
+                ring(polygon.outer),
+                polygon.holes.map(
+                  (hole) => new cesium.PolygonHierarchy(ring(hole)),
+                ),
+              ),
+              material: css.withAlpha(fillAlpha),
+              classificationType: cesium.ClassificationType.BOTH,
+            },
+          }),
+        );
+      for (const [k, points] of [polygon.outer, ...polygon.holes].entries())
+        line(
+          `${pickId}~line${index}.${k}`,
+          closed(points),
+          width,
+          css.withAlpha(lineAlpha),
+        );
+    }
+    // National borders inside a multi-country hotspot: thin and dashed.
+    for (const [index, points] of borders.entries())
+      line(
+        `${pickId}~border${index}`,
+        closed(points),
+        1.5,
+        new cesium.PolylineDashMaterialProperty({
+          color: css.withAlpha(0.6),
+          dashLength: 12,
+        }),
+      );
+    const dotted = new cesium.PolylineDashMaterialProperty({
+      color: cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(DISPUTED_COLOR).withAlpha(0.9),
+      dashLength: 6,
+    });
+    for (const [index, area] of disputed.entries())
+      for (const [k, points] of area.rings.entries())
+        line(`${pickId}~disputed${index}.${k}`, closed(points), 2, dotted);
+    outlineDisputed.set(key, disputed);
+    outlineParts.set(key, parts);
+  }
+  function loadOutline(key, fetchOutline, style) {
+    if (outlineParts.has(key) || outlineRequests.has(key) || !fetchOutline)
+      return;
+    outlineRequests.add(key);
+    fetchOutline()
+      .then((outline) => {
+        if (destroyed) return;
+        addOutline(key, outline, style);
+        if (enabled) render();
+      })
+      // An outline is an extra: the bounding box stands in for it.
+      .catch(() => {})
+      .finally(() => outlineRequests.delete(key));
+  }
+  function loadOutlines() {
+    for (const hotspot of hotspots) {
+      if (!hotspot.catchAll)
+        loadOutline(
+          hotspot.id,
+          source.getOutline && (() => source.getOutline(hotspot.id)),
+          {
+            color: HOTSPOT_COLOR,
+            fillAlpha: 0.08,
+            pickId: `${HOTSPOT_PREFIX}${hotspot.id}`,
+          },
+        );
+      for (const item of hotspot.developing || [])
+        loadOutline(
+          `developing:${item.key}`,
+          source.getCountryOutline &&
+            (() => source.getCountryOutline(item.key)),
+          {
+            color: DEVELOPING_COLOR,
+            fillAlpha: 0,
+            pickId: `${DEVELOPING_PREFIX}${hotspot.id}:${item.key}`,
+          },
+        );
+    }
+  }
+  function showOutlines(detail) {
+    const developing = new Set(
+      hotspots.flatMap((h) => (h.developing || []).map((d) => d.key)),
+    );
+    const localKey =
+      localMode() && inView.area ? `local:${inView.area.key}` : null;
+    // The built-in server's area outlines are Natural Earth's.
+    credit(NATURAL_EARTH_CREDIT, enabled && outlineParts.has(localKey));
+    for (const [key, parts] of outlineParts) {
+      const country = key.startsWith('developing:') ? key.slice(11) : null;
+      const isLocal = key.startsWith('local:');
+      const visible =
+        enabled &&
+        (isLocal
+          ? key === localKey
+          : country
+            ? developing.has(country)
+            : detail);
+      const fill = visible && !country && !isLocal && filters.hotspot !== key;
+      for (const entity of parts.fills)
+        if (entity.show !== fill) entity.show = fill;
+      for (const entity of parts.borders)
+        if (entity.show !== visible) entity.show = visible;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const shownCount = () =>
+    feed.items.filter((r) => passesFilters(r, filters, now(), windowMs)).length;
+
+  async function loadFeed(mode) {
+    if (!enabled || unavailable) return;
+    if (mode === 'append' && (!feed.nextBefore || feed.loading)) return;
+    if (mode === 'replace') autoPages = 0;
+    feedRequest?.abort();
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    feedRequest = controller;
+    feed = { ...feed, loading: true, error: null };
+    notify();
+    try {
+      const page = await source.getFeed(
+        feedQueryFor(
+          filters,
+          mode === 'append' ? { before: feed.nextBefore } : {},
+        ),
+        { signal: controller.signal },
+      );
+      if (controller.signal.aborted || feedRequest !== controller || !enabled)
+        return;
+      // Any news server may refuse a section for a key; a read that passes
+      // clears it, not only the next refresh.
+      needs = { ...needs, conflicts: null };
+      feed = {
+        // Kept for the server's whole window (the shown one filters the
+        // view), so the rows between the head and the cursor are never lost.
+        ...mergeFeedPage(feed, page, mode, now(), undefined, maxWindowMs),
+        loading: false,
+        error: null,
+      };
+    } catch (cause) {
+      if (controller.signal.aborted || feedRequest !== controller) return;
+      const need = keyNeed(cause);
+      if (need) needs = { ...needs, conflicts: need };
+      feed = {
+        ...feed,
+        loading: false,
+        error: need ? null : cause?.message || FEED_UNAVAILABLE,
+      };
+    } finally {
+      if (feedRequest === controller) feedRequest = null;
+      notify();
+    }
+    if (
+      enabled &&
+      !feed.error &&
+      feed.nextBefore &&
+      shownCount() < NEWS_FEED_PAGE / 3 &&
+      autoPages < AUTO_PAGES
+    ) {
+      autoPages++;
+      void loadFeed('append');
+    }
+  }
+
+  // "In view" (the Local section): below 3,000 km, the reports in the area
+  // named at the view centre (else, at sea, within 500 km of it), placed
+  // again once the camera has settled for 0.8 s in another half-degree cell.
+  // Each area is read once (its reports, minor news included, by the `at`
+  // query) and again with each refresh; a pan inside it reads nothing.
+  function scheduleInView() {
+    clearTimeout(settleTimer);
+    settleTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+      settleTimer = null;
+      void refreshInView();
+    }, NEWS_SETTLE_MS);
+  }
+  async function refreshInView({ force = false } = {}) {
+    if (!enabled || unavailable) return;
+    const height = cameraHeight();
+    if (!(height < NEWS_IN_VIEW_MAX_HEIGHT_M)) {
+      if (inView.active) {
+        inViewRequest?.abort();
+        areaRequest?.abort();
+        inViewRequest = areaRequest = null;
+        inView = emptyInView();
+        if (local()) render();
+        notify();
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    const centre = getViewCentre(viewer);
+    if (!centre) return;
+    const cell = viewCell(centre);
+    if (!force && inView.active && cell === inView.cell) return;
+    inView = { ...inView, active: true, cell, centre };
+    if (!local()) {
+      // Conflicts reads neither the area nor its reports.
+      inViewRequest?.abort();
+      areaRequest?.abort();
+      inViewRequest = areaRequest = null;
+      inView = {
+        ...inView,
+        minor: null,
+        loading: false,
+        error: null,
+        areaLoading: false,
+      };
+      notify();
+      return;
+    }
+    // The area first: the read asks for its reports (and wakes its
+    // country's national feeds on the server).
+    if ((await refreshArea(centre)) === 'superseded') return;
+    // The section changed, or the layer went off, while the area was read.
+    if (!local() || !enabled) return;
+    const readKey = inView.area?.key ?? '';
+    const held = inView.readKey === readKey && inView.minor;
+    if (!force && (inViewRequest ? inViewRequestKey === readKey : held)) {
+      render();
+      notify();
+      return;
+    }
+    // A read still out for another area must not land over this one.
+    inViewRequest?.abort();
+    if (!force && held) {
+      inViewRequest = null;
+      inView = { ...inView, loading: false };
+      render();
+      notify();
+      return;
+    }
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    inViewRequest = controller;
+    inViewRequestKey = readKey;
+    inView = { ...inView, loading: true };
+    notify();
+    try {
+      const page = await source.getFeed(
+        {
+          hotspot: 'all',
+          geo: true,
+          today: true,
+          events: true,
+          relevance: '',
+          limit: NEWS_MAP_LIMIT,
+          at: inView.area ? inView.areaAt : undefined,
+        },
+        { signal: controller.signal },
+      );
+      if (controller.signal.aborted || inViewRequest !== controller) return;
+      needs = { ...needs, local: null };
+      inView = {
+        ...inView,
+        readKey,
+        minor: page.reports.filter((r) =>
+          withinNewsWindow(r, now(), maxWindowMs),
+        ),
+        readAt: now(),
+        loading: false,
+        error: null,
+      };
+    } catch (cause) {
+      if (controller.signal.aborted || inViewRequest !== controller) return;
+      const need = keyNeed(cause);
+      needs = { ...needs, local: need };
+      inView = {
+        ...inView,
+        // A missing key is read again with the next refresh, not each pan.
+        readKey: need ? readKey : inView.readKey,
+        // World News API's news is kept an hour at most, as the server does.
+        minor: need || now() - inView.readAt >= 3_600_000 ? [] : inView.minor,
+        loading: false,
+        error: need ? null : cause?.message || FEED_UNAVAILABLE,
+      };
+    } finally {
+      if (inViewRequest === controller) {
+        inViewRequest = null;
+        render();
+      }
+      notify();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The area named at the view centre, read again only once the centre has
+  // left the one shown. Without one (at sea, or a server that names none)
+  // Local keeps to the radius. 'superseded' when a later look took over.
+  async function refreshArea(centre) {
+    if (!source.getAreaOutline || noAreaRoute) return 'none';
+    if (inView.areaPolygons && inPolygons(inView.areaPolygons, centre)) {
+      // Back inside the area shown: a read still out for where the camera
+      // was must not land over it.
+      if (areaRequest) {
+        areaRequest.abort();
+        areaRequest = null;
+        inView = { ...inView, areaLoading: false };
+      }
+      return 'same';
+    }
+    areaRequest?.abort();
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    areaRequest = controller;
+    inView = { ...inView, areaLoading: true };
+    notify();
+    let found = null;
+    try {
+      found = await source.getAreaOutline(centre, {
+        signal: controller.signal,
+      });
+    } catch (cause) {
+      // No area: the radius stands in for it. A server without the route
+      // (or one that refuses the query) is not asked again.
+      if (cause?.unavailable === true || cause?.status === 400)
+        noAreaRoute = true;
+    }
+    if (controller.signal.aborted || areaRequest !== controller)
+      return 'superseded';
+    areaRequest = null;
+    // The camera moved on while this was read, and no later read replaced it.
+    if (inView.centre !== centre) {
+      inView = { ...inView, areaLoading: false };
+      notify();
+      return 'superseded';
+    }
+    const area = found?.area && found.polygons.length ? found.area : null;
+    if (area)
+      addOutline(`local:${area.key}`, found, {
+        color: DISPUTED_COLOR,
+        fillAlpha: 0,
+        lineAlpha: 0.45,
+        width: 1.5,
+        pickId: `${LOCAL_PREFIX}${area.key}`,
+      });
+    inView = {
+      ...inView,
+      area,
+      areaPolygons: area ? found.polygons : null,
+      areaAt: area ? centre : null,
+      areaLoading: false,
+    };
+    render();
+    notify();
+    return 'read';
+  }
+
+  function installSelection() {
+    if (clickHandler || !viewer?.scene?.canvas) return;
+    clickHandler = new cesium.ScreenSpaceEventHandler(viewer.scene.canvas);
+    clickHandler.setInputAction((click) => {
+      if (!enabled || destroyed || !isPointerFree() || !click?.position) return;
+      const card = hitTestOverlay(click.position.x, click.position.y, {
+        sourceId: NEWS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+      });
+      if (card?.entry?.activate) {
+        card.entry.activate();
+        return;
+      }
+      const picked = viewer.scene.pick(click.position);
+      const id = picked ? resolvePickId(picked) : null;
+      if (typeof id === 'string' && id.startsWith(REPORT_PREFIX)) {
+        const [reportId, pin] = id.slice(REPORT_PREFIX.length).split('~');
+        layer.setParams({ reportId, pin: Number(pin) || 0 });
+        return;
+      }
+      if (typeof id === 'string' && id.startsWith(DEVELOPING_PREFIX)) {
+        const [hotspotId, key] = id
+          .slice(DEVELOPING_PREFIX.length)
+          .split('~')[0]
+          .split(':');
+        const item = hotspots
+          .find((h) => h.id === hotspotId)
+          ?.developing?.find((d) => d.key === key);
+        layer.setParams({ filters: { hotspot: hotspotId } });
+        if (item) {
+          const { lat, lon } = item.focus;
+          focusRectangle([
+            lon - 5,
+            Math.max(-85, lat - 3.5),
+            lon + 5,
+            Math.min(85, lat + 3.5),
+          ]);
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+      if (typeof id === 'string' && id.startsWith(COUNTRY_PREFIX)) {
+        // The country's news is the Local list with the view over it.
+        const group = countryBadges.get(id.slice(COUNTRY_PREFIX.length));
+        if (!group) return;
+        layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+        focusRectangle([
+          group.lon - 5,
+          Math.max(-85, group.lat - 3.5),
+          group.lon + 5,
+          Math.min(85, group.lat + 3.5),
+        ]);
+        return;
+      }
+      if (typeof id === 'string' && id.startsWith(HOTSPOT_PREFIX)) {
+        const hotspotId = id.slice(HOTSPOT_PREFIX.length).split('~')[0];
+        // Clicking the hotspot already in focus steps out of a report.
+        if (filters.hotspot === hotspotId) {
+          if (selectedId) layer.setParams({ clear: true });
+          return;
+        }
+        layer.setParams({ filters: { hotspot: hotspotId } });
+        return;
+      }
+      if (id && isOwnedByOtherLayer(NEWS_LAYER_ID, id)) return;
+      if (selectedId && !picked?.id) layer.setParams({ clear: true });
+    }, cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK);
+  }
+
+  function removeSelection() {
+    if (clickHandler && !clickHandler.isDestroyed?.()) clickHandler.destroy();
+    clickHandler = null;
+  }
+
+  function feedView() {
+    const at = now();
+    const report = selected();
+    const total = hotspots.reduce((sum, h) => sum + h.last24h, 0);
+    const listed = feed.items.filter((r) =>
+      passesFilters(r, filters, at, windowMs),
+    );
+    const nearby = localReports(NEWS_LOCAL_LIMIT);
+    if (enabled) creditReports([...(local() ? nearby : listed), report]);
+    return {
+      filters,
+      hotspots: [
+        { id: 'all', label: t('All'), count: total },
+        ...hotspots.map((hotspot) => ({
+          id: hotspot.id,
+          label: hotspotLabel(hotspot),
+          count: hotspot.last24h,
+        })),
+      ].map((chip) => ({ ...chip, active: filters.hotspot === chip.id })),
+      categories: Object.keys(NEWS_CATEGORIES).map((id) => ({
+        value: id,
+        label: categoryLabel(id),
+      })),
+      severities: NEWS_SEVERITY.map((level, index) => ({
+        value: index,
+        label: t(level.label),
+        color: level.color,
+      })),
+      items: listed.map((r) => feedCardView(r, at)),
+      inView: {
+        active: inView.active,
+        loading: inView.loading || inView.areaLoading,
+        // What Local reads: the named area, else the radius at sea.
+        area: inView.area ? areaLabel(inView.area) : null,
+        // Until the first area is named, the panel names neither it nor the radius.
+        areaLoading: inView.areaLoading,
+        radiusKm: NEWS_IN_VIEW_RADIUS_KM,
+        error: inView.error ? t(FEED_UNAVAILABLE) : null,
+        // Local's key, when the server reads it from one and has none.
+        key: keyNotice(needs.local),
+        items: nearby.map((r) => feedCardView(r, at)),
+      },
+      selected:
+        report && withinNewsWindow(report, at, windowMs)
+          ? feedCardView(report, at)
+          : null,
+      // Older pages are the Conflicts feed's; Local has none to scroll to.
+      hasMore: !local() && Boolean(feed.nextBefore),
+      loading: feed.loading || loading,
+      // Read failures are English data; the panel shows them translated.
+      error: error || feed.error ? t(error || feed.error) : null,
+      // Conflicts' key, likewise.
+      key: keyNotice(needs.conflicts),
+      lastRunAt,
+      windowHours: windowMs / 3_600_000,
+      windowChoices: newsWindowChoices(maxWindowMs / 3_600_000),
+    };
+  }
+
+  const layer = {
+    id: NEWS_LAYER_ID,
+    name: 'News',
+    icon: '◆',
+    source: 'GEV news',
+    updateInterval: 120_000,
+
+    init(nextViewer) {
+      viewer = nextViewer;
+      dataSource = new cesium.CustomDataSource(NEWS_LAYER_ID);
+      outlineSource = new cesium.CustomDataSource(`${NEWS_LAYER_ID}-outlines`);
+      dataSource.show = false;
+      outlineSource.show = false;
+      viewer.dataSources?.add(outlineSource);
+      viewer.dataSources?.add(dataSource);
+      overlayHost.setVisible(NEWS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, false);
+    },
+    attachShellServices(services) {
+      runNavigation =
+        typeof services?.runNavigation === 'function'
+          ? services.runNavigation
+          : null;
+    },
+    enable() {
+      if (destroyed || enabled) return;
+      enabled = true;
+      if (dataSource) dataSource.show = true;
+      if (outlineSource) outlineSource.show = true;
+      overlayHost.setVisible(NEWS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, true);
+      registerPickOwner(
+        NEWS_LAYER_ID,
+        (id) => enabled && String(id).startsWith(NEWS_PICK_PREFIX),
+      );
+      installSelection();
+      // Re-render only when a camera move crosses the detail threshold.
+      removeCameraListener =
+        viewer?.camera?.moveEnd?.addEventListener?.(() => {
+          if (!enabled) return;
+          if (detailMode() !== shownDetail) render();
+          scheduleInView();
+        }) || null;
+    },
+    disable() {
+      enabled = false;
+      unavailable = false;
+      noAreaRoute = false;
+      error = null;
+      request?.abort();
+      feedRequest?.abort();
+      inViewRequest?.abort();
+      areaRequest?.abort();
+      request = feedRequest = inViewRequest = areaRequest = null;
+      clearTimeout(settleTimer);
+      settleTimer = null;
+      loading = false;
+      unregisterPickOwner(NEWS_LAYER_ID);
+      removeSelection();
+      removeCameraListener?.();
+      removeCameraListener = null;
+      horizon.stop();
+      cullTargets = [];
+      clearInterval(pulseTimer);
+      pulseTimer = null;
+      if (outlineSource) outlineSource.show = false;
+      selectedId = null;
+      clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer(NEWS_LAYER_ID);
+      removeEntityContextsForLayer(NEWS_LAYER_ID);
+      contextEntities.clear();
+      feed = emptyFeed();
+      inView = emptyInView();
+      needs = { conflicts: null, local: null };
+      mapReports = [];
+      if (dataSource) {
+        dataSource.entities.removeAll();
+        dataSource.show = false;
+      }
+      overlayHost.clearSource(NEWS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID);
+      overlayHost.setVisible(NEWS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, false);
+      requestRender();
+      notify();
+    },
+    async update(_viewer, { signal } = {}) {
+      if (!enabled || destroyed) return false;
+      // A server without the news routes says so once; no background retries.
+      if (unavailable) return true;
+      request?.abort();
+      const controller = new AbortController();
+      const abort = () => controller.abort(signal.reason);
+      signal?.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
+      request = controller;
+      loading = true;
+      notify();
+      try {
+        const [index, todays] = await Promise.all([
+          source.getHotspots({
+            signal: controller.signal,
+            hours: askedHours(),
+          }),
+          source.getFeed(
+            {
+              hotspot: 'all',
+              geo: true,
+              today: true,
+              events: true,
+              relevance: NEWS_RELEVANT,
+              limit: NEWS_MAP_LIMIT,
+            },
+            { signal: controller.signal },
+          ),
+        ]);
+        if (!enabled || controller.signal.aborted || request !== controller)
+          return false;
+        hotspots = index.hotspots;
+        needs = { ...needs, conflicts: null };
+        loadOutlines();
+        lastRunAt = index.lastRunAt;
+        // A server that names no limit serves the window its counts cover
+        // when asked for none.
+        maxWindowMs = newsWindowMs(
+          index.maxWindowHours ??
+            (askedHours() ? maxWindowMs / 3_600_000 : index.windowHours),
+        );
+        windowMs = shownWindowMs();
+        // Kept for the server's whole window, so a longer choice needs no read.
+        mapReports = todays.reports.filter((r) =>
+          withinNewsWindow(r, now(), maxWindowMs),
+        );
+        filters = normalizeFilters({}, hotspots, filters);
+        error = null;
+        lastUpdate = now();
+        render();
+        void loadFeed(feed.items.length ? 'head' : 'replace');
+        void refreshInView({ force: inView.active });
+        return true;
+      } catch (cause) {
+        if (controller.signal.aborted || request !== controller) return false;
+        const need = keyNeed(cause);
+        if (need) {
+          // Conflicts has no key: nothing of its own, and Local still reads.
+          needs = { ...needs, conflicts: need };
+          hotspots = [];
+          mapReports = [];
+          feed = emptyFeed();
+          filters = normalizeFilters({}, hotspots, filters);
+          error = null;
+          render();
+          void refreshInView({ force: inView.active });
+          return true;
+        }
+        unavailable = cause?.unavailable === true;
+        error = cause?.message || FEED_UNAVAILABLE;
+        // Local is read apart: Conflicts failing leaves it reading.
+        void refreshInView({ force: inView.active });
+        return true;
+      } finally {
+        signal?.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
+        if (request === controller) {
+          request = null;
+          loading = false;
+          notify();
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    setParams(params = {}) {
+      if (!enabled || destroyed) return;
+      if (params.clear === true) {
+        select(null);
+        return;
+      }
+      if (params.filters && typeof params.filters === 'object') {
+        const next = normalizeFilters(params.filters, hotspots, filters);
+        // The severity floor and the section change what is shown, not what
+        // the Conflicts feed reads.
+        const readKey = ({ hotspot, category }) => `${hotspot}|${category}`;
+        const reread = readKey(next) !== readKey(filters);
+        const sectionChanged = next.section !== filters.section;
+        filters = next;
+        const previousWindowMs = windowMs;
+        windowMs = shownWindowMs();
+        if (
+          Object.hasOwn(params.filters, 'hotspot') &&
+          next.hotspot !== 'all'
+        ) {
+          const hotspot = hotspots.find((h) => h.id === next.hotspot);
+          // The catch-all spans the world: choosing it filters, it does not fly.
+          if (hotspot && !hotspot.catchAll) focusRectangle(hotspot.bbox);
+        }
+        if (reread) feed = emptyFeed();
+        render();
+        if (reread) void loadFeed('replace');
+        if (sectionChanged) void refreshInView({ force: true });
+        // The hotspot counts are the server's, so a new window reads them again.
+        if (windowMs !== previousWindowMs) void layer.update(viewer);
+        notify();
+      }
+      if (params.loadMore === true) void loadFeed('append');
+      if (typeof params.hotspotId === 'string')
+        layer.setParams({ filters: { hotspot: params.hotspotId } });
+      if (typeof params.reportId === 'string' && findReport(params.reportId)) {
+        select(
+          params.reportId,
+          Number.isInteger(params.pin) && params.pin > 0 ? params.pin : 0,
+        );
+        if (params.focus === true) focusReport(selected());
+      }
+    },
+    getRowControls() {
+      return {
+        chips: [],
+        legend: [],
+        info: t(
+          'Last 24 h of news. Each report links to its publisher; places and categories are read from the text and data automatically and can be wrong. Side labels, where shown, describe the source, not whether a report is true.',
+        ),
+        // A ready-to-render view for the News panel (src/ui/newsPanel.js),
+        // which takes no layer imports: labels and colours are resolved here.
+        feed: feedView(),
+      };
+    },
+    setRowControlsListener(value) {
+      listener = typeof value === 'function' ? value : null;
+    },
+    getAnalystRecords() {
+      return [];
+    },
+    getStats() {
+      return {
+        count: (localMode() ? localReports(NEWS_MAP_LIMIT) : mapReports).filter(
+          (r) => r.pins.length && onMap(r),
+        ).length,
+        lastUpdate,
+        loading,
+        error,
+        ...(unavailable
+          ? { status: 'unavailable', sourceUnavailable: true }
+          : {}),
+        source: 'GEV news',
+      };
+    },
+    destroy() {
+      if (destroyed) return;
+      layer.disable();
+      destroyed = true;
+      if (viewer && dataSource) viewer.dataSources?.remove(dataSource, true);
+      if (viewer && outlineSource)
+        viewer.dataSources?.remove(outlineSource, true);
+      dataSource = null;
+      outlineSource = null;
+      outlineParts.clear();
+      outlineDisputed.clear();
+      viewer = null;
+      listener = null;
+      runNavigation = null;
+    },
+  };
+  return layer;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/news/layer.test.mjs b/src/layers/news/layer.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a677d4db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/news/layer.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,1039 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { KEY_SETUP_KEYS } from '../../keySetupCore.mjs';
+import { NEWS_KEY_PROVIDERS, createNewsLayer } from './index.js';
+
+const NOW = Date.parse('2026-10-28T10:00:00Z');
+const hotspotsPayload = {
+  hotspots: [
+    {
+      id: 'ua-ru-war',
+      name: 'Russia–Ukraine war',
+      bbox: [22, 44, 42, 56],
+      focus: { lat: 48.6, lon: 35.5 },
+      last24h: 3,
+      parties: ['UA', 'RU'],
+    },
+  ],
+  categories: [],
+  lastRunAt: null,
+};
+const report = (id, extra = {}) => ({
+  id,
+  title: `Report ${id}`,
+  url: `https://example.com/${id}`,
+  publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:00:00.000Z',
+  publisher: 'Example',
+  side: 'UA',
+  category: 'strike',
+  hotspotId: 'ua-ru-war',
+  hotspotIds: ['ua-ru-war'],
+  severity: 2,
+  geo: { lat: 50, lon: 36, place: 'Kharkiv', mappable: true },
+  pins: [{ lat: 50, lon: 36, place: 'Kharkiv', mappable: true }],
+  event: null,
+  media: [],
+  ...extra,
+});
+
+function fixture(
+  t,
+  {
+    source: overrides = {},
+    height = 20_000_000,
+    reduced = false,
+    centre = () => ({ lat: 49, lon: 36 }),
+    credits = [],
+    now = () => NOW,
+  } = {},
+) {
+  const calls = { feed: [], hotspots: 0, outline: 0 };
+  const reports = [
+    report('major', {
+      severity: 3,
+      attribution: 'GDELT Project',
+      event: {
+        size: 3,
+        severity: 3,
+        status: 'both-sides',
+        lastAt: '2026-10-28T09:30:00.000Z',
+        sides: [],
+        image: null,
+      },
+    }),
+    report('minor', { severity: 1 }),
+    report('old', { publishedAt: '2026-10-26T09:00:00.000Z', severity: 3 }),
+    report('far', {
+      severity: 2,
+      pins: [{ lat: 31.5, lon: 34.4, place: 'Gaza', mappable: true }],
+    }),
+  ];
+  const source = {
+    getHotspots: async () => {
+      calls.hotspots++;
+      return hotspotsPayload;
+    },
+    getFeed: async (query) => {
+      calls.feed.push(query);
+      return { reports, nextBefore: null };
+    },
+    getOutline: async () => {
+      calls.outline++;
+      return { polygons: [], borders: [], disputed: [] };
+    },
+    ...overrides,
+  };
+  const entries = [];
+  const overlayHost = {
+    setEntries: (_id, list) => entries.push(list),
+    setVisible() {},
+    clearSource: () => entries.push([]),
+  };
+  const flights = [];
+  const camera = {
+    positionCartographic: { height },
+    positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(36, 49, height),
+    moveEnd: new Cesium.Event(),
+    flyTo: (options) => flights.push(options),
+  };
+  const viewer = {
+    camera,
+    scene: { requestRender() {}, preRender: new Cesium.Event() },
+    added: [],
+    dataSources: {
+      add(source) {
+        viewer.added.push(source);
+      },
+      remove() {},
+    },
+  };
+  const layer = createNewsLayer({
+    source,
+    overlayHost,
+    now,
+    matchMedia: () => ({ matches: reduced }),
+    getViewCentre: () => centre(),
+    registerCredit: (_viewer, credit) => {
+      credits.push(credit.key);
+      return true;
+    },
+  });
+  // The context store announces selections on `window`, which Node lacks.
+  const originalWindow = globalThis.window;
+  globalThis.window = new EventTarget();
+  layer.init(viewer);
+  layer.attachShellServices({ runNavigation: (navigate) => navigate() });
+  t.after(() => {
+    layer.destroy();
+    if (originalWindow === undefined) delete globalThis.window;
+    else globalThis.window = originalWindow;
+  });
+  return { layer, viewer, camera, calls, entries, flights };
+}
+
+const settle = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+const flush = async () => {
+  for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) await Promise.resolve();
+};
+const keyError = (key, extra = {}) =>
+  Object.assign(new Error('News key required'), {
+    keyRequired: true,
+    keyRejected: false,
+    keyId: key,
+    retryable: true,
+    ...extra,
+  });
+const ukraine = {
+  area: { key: 'UA', name: 'Ukraine', kind: 'country', country: 'UA' },
+  polygons: [
+    {
+      outer: [
+        [35, 48],
+        [37, 48],
+        [37, 50.5],
+        [35, 50.5],
+      ],
+      holes: [],
+    },
+  ],
+  borders: [],
+  disputed: [],
+};
+const noArea = { area: null, polygons: [], borders: [], disputed: [] };
+
+test('the feed shows the last 24 h at significant and above, beacons when zoomed out', async (t) => {
+  const { layer, calls, entries } = fixture(t);
+  layer.enable();
+  assert.equal(await layer.update(), true);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(calls.hotspots, 1);
+  // The map read and the panel's feed read both ask for the last day only.
+  assert.ok(calls.feed.every((query) => query.today === true));
+  const view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.items.map((item) => item.id),
+    ['major', 'far'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.hotspots.map((chip) => [chip.id, chip.label, chip.active]),
+    [
+      ['all', 'All', true],
+      ['ua-ru-war', 'Ukraine–Russia', false],
+    ],
+  );
+  const labels = entries.at(-1);
+  assert.ok(labels.some((entry) => entry.id === 'hotspot:ua-ru-war'));
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().error, null);
+  // Zoomed out, the camera is too high for "In view".
+  assert.equal(view.inView.active, false);
+});
+
+test('choosing a card selects it and flies straight down from 150 km; reduced motion jumps', async (t) => {
+  const { layer, flights, entries } = fixture(t, { reduced: true });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  layer.setParams({ reportId: 'major', focus: true });
+  assert.equal(flights.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(flights[0].duration, 0);
+  const at = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(flights[0].destination);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(at.height - 150_000) < 1);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(at.latitude) - 50) < 1e-6);
+  const card = entries.at(-1).find((e) => e.id === 'selected-report:major');
+  assert.ok(card.details.includes('Source: example.com ↗'));
+  // The service the report came through is credited where it shows.
+  assert.ok(card.details.includes('via GDELT Project'));
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.selected.via, 'via GDELT Project');
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.selected.id, 'major');
+  layer.setParams({ clear: true });
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.selected, null);
+});
+
+test('the severity floor changes what is shown, not what is read', async (t) => {
+  const { layer, entries, calls } = fixture(t, { height: 500_000 });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  const cards = () =>
+    entries.at(-1).filter((entry) => entry.id.startsWith('event-card:'));
+  // No canvas in Node: cards need one, so none are painted, and nothing throws.
+  assert.deepEqual(cards(), []);
+  await settle();
+  const reads = calls.feed.length;
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { minSeverity: 0 } });
+  assert.equal(calls.feed.length, reads);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    layer.getRowControls().feed.items.map((item) => item.id),
+    ['major', 'minor', 'far'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('Local reads every report once, lists those near the view and takes the map over', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  let centre = { lat: 49, lon: 36 };
+  let fail = false;
+  const localReads = [];
+  const { layer, camera, viewer } = fixture(t, {
+    height: 1_000_000,
+    centre: () => centre,
+    source: {
+      getFeed: async (query) => {
+        if (query.relevance === '' && query.limit === 500) {
+          localReads.push(query);
+          if (fail) throw new Error('boom');
+          return {
+            reports: [
+              report('broad', { severity: 1, relevance: 'minor' }),
+              report('south', {
+                severity: 2,
+                pins: [{ lat: 31.5, lon: 34.4, place: 'Gaza', mappable: true }],
+              }),
+            ],
+            nextBefore: null,
+          };
+        }
+        return {
+          reports: [report('major', { severity: 3 })],
+          nextBefore: null,
+        };
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const markers = () =>
+    // The layer adds its outlines' source first, then its markers'.
+    viewer.added[1].entities.values
+      .map((entity) => String(entity.id))
+      .filter((id) => /~\d+$/.test(id))
+      .map((id) => id.replace(/^.*:/, '').replace(/~\d+$/, ''));
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) await Promise.resolve();
+  // Conflicts: no read of minor news, the hotspots' news on the map.
+  assert.equal(localReads.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.inView.active, true);
+  assert.deepEqual(markers(), ['major']);
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) await Promise.resolve();
+  assert.equal(localReads.length, 1);
+  let view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  // Every severity near the centre; Gaza is beyond 500 km; no older pages.
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.inView.items.map((item) => item.id),
+    ['broad'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(view.hasMore, false);
+  assert.deepEqual(markers(), ['broad']);
+  // A pan reads nothing more and follows the camera once it settles.
+  centre = { lat: 31.5, lon: 34.4 };
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(800);
+  await Promise.resolve();
+  assert.equal(localReads.length, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    layer.getRowControls().feed.inView.items.map((item) => item.id),
+    ['south'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(markers(), ['south']);
+  // Up above 3,000 km there is no "near here": the map shows conflicts again.
+  camera.positionCartographic.height = 5_000_000;
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(800);
+  view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.inView.active, false);
+  assert.ok(!markers().includes('south'));
+  // Back to Conflicts and to Local again with the server failing: it shows.
+  camera.positionCartographic.height = 1_000_000;
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'conflicts' } });
+  fail = true;
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) await Promise.resolve();
+  assert.equal(localReads.length, 2);
+  view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.inView.error, 'News feed unavailable');
+  assert.deepEqual(view.inView.items, []);
+});
+
+test('Local reads the area at the view centre, lists its reports and outlines it faintly', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  let centre = { lat: 49, lon: 36 };
+  const areaReads = [];
+  const feedReads = [];
+  const box = [
+    [35, 48],
+    [37, 48],
+    [37, 50.5],
+    [35, 50.5],
+  ];
+  const { layer, camera, viewer } = fixture(t, {
+    height: 1_000_000,
+    centre: () => centre,
+    source: {
+      getFeed: async (query) => {
+        feedReads.push(query);
+        return {
+          reports: [
+            report('inside', { severity: 1, relevance: 'minor' }),
+            report('beyond', {
+              severity: 2,
+              pins: [{ lat: 49, lon: 39, place: 'Luhansk', mappable: true }],
+            }),
+          ],
+          nextBefore: null,
+        };
+      },
+      getAreaOutline: async (point) => {
+        areaReads.push(point);
+        return point.lat > 45
+          ? {
+              area: {
+                key: 'UA',
+                name: 'Ukraine',
+                kind: 'country',
+                country: 'UA',
+              },
+              polygons: [{ outer: box, holes: [] }],
+              borders: [],
+              disputed: [],
+            }
+          : { area: null, polygons: [], borders: [], disputed: [] };
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const outline = () =>
+    viewer.added[0].entities.values.filter((e) =>
+      String(e.id).includes('local:UA'),
+    );
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  // Conflicts reads no area.
+  assert.equal(areaReads.length, 0);
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(areaReads.length, 1);
+  // The read asks the server for the area's reports, at the point named.
+  const localRead = () => feedReads.filter((q) => q.relevance === '').at(-1);
+  assert.deepEqual(localRead().at, { lat: 49, lon: 36 });
+  let view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.inView.area, 'Ukraine');
+  // Luhansk is within 500 km, outside the area.
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.inView.items.map((item) => item.id),
+    ['inside'],
+  );
+  assert.ok(outline().length > 0);
+  assert.ok(
+    outline().every((e) => e.show && e.polyline.width.getValue() === 1.5),
+  );
+  // A pan inside the area reads it again only once the centre leaves it.
+  centre = { lat: 50, lon: 36.5 };
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(800);
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(areaReads.length, 1);
+  // At sea: no area, the radius, and the outline hidden.
+  centre = { lat: 43, lon: 34 };
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(800);
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(areaReads.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(localRead().at, undefined);
+  view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.inView.area, null);
+  assert.equal(view.inView.radiusKm, 500);
+  assert.ok(outline().every((e) => !e.show));
+  // Conflicts hides the area's outline too.
+  centre = { lat: 49, lon: 36 };
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(800);
+  await flush();
+  assert.ok(outline().every((e) => e.show));
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'conflicts' } });
+  await flush();
+  assert.ok(outline().every((e) => !e.show));
+});
+
+test('a shorter window narrows the feed and reads the hotspot counts for it', async (t) => {
+  const asked = [];
+  const { layer } = fixture(t, {
+    source: {
+      getHotspots: async ({ hours } = {}) => {
+        asked.push(hours);
+        return {
+          ...hotspotsPayload,
+          windowHours: hours ?? 12,
+          maxWindowHours: 12,
+        };
+      },
+      getFeed: async () => ({
+        reports: [
+          report('recent', { publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:30:00.000Z' }),
+          report('earlier', { publishedAt: '2026-10-28T05:00:00.000Z' }),
+        ],
+        nextBefore: null,
+      }),
+    },
+  });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  await settle();
+  let view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.deepEqual(view.windowChoices, [12, 6, 3, 1]);
+  assert.equal(view.windowHours, 12);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.items.map((item) => item.id),
+    ['recent', 'earlier'],
+  );
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { hours: 3 } });
+  view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.windowHours, 3);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.items.map((item) => item.id),
+    ['recent'],
+  );
+  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) await settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(asked, [undefined, 3]);
+  // The server's own window still bounds the choices.
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getRowControls().feed.windowChoices, [12, 6, 3, 1]);
+  // A choice longer than the server serves shows all it serves.
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { hours: 24 } });
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.windowHours, 12);
+});
+
+test('a server without news is unavailable once and is not asked again', async (t) => {
+  const failure = Object.assign(
+    new Error('News feed not configured on this server'),
+    {
+      unavailable: true,
+    },
+  );
+  let reads = 0;
+  const { layer } = fixture(t, {
+    source: {
+      getHotspots: async () => {
+        reads++;
+        throw failure;
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  layer.enable();
+  assert.equal(await layer.update(), true);
+  assert.equal(await layer.update(), true);
+  assert.equal(reads, 1);
+  const stats = layer.getStats();
+  assert.equal(stats.sourceUnavailable, true);
+  assert.equal(stats.status, 'unavailable');
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.error, failure.message);
+  // Turning the layer off and on asks again.
+  layer.disable();
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  assert.equal(reads, 2);
+});
+
+test('a section read from a key the server lacks says which key, and the other still reads', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  let liveuamap = keyError('liveuamap');
+  let worldNews = keyError('worldnewsapi');
+  let hotspotReads = 0;
+  const { layer } = fixture(t, {
+    height: 1_000_000,
+    source: {
+      getHotspots: async () => {
+        hotspotReads++;
+        if (liveuamap) throw liveuamap;
+        return hotspotsPayload;
+      },
+      getFeed: async (query) => {
+        if (query.at && worldNews) throw worldNews;
+        if (!query.at && liveuamap) throw liveuamap;
+        return {
+          reports: [report('inside', { relevance: 'minor' })],
+          nextBefore: null,
+        };
+      },
+      getAreaOutline: async () => ukraine,
+    },
+  });
+  layer.enable();
+  assert.equal(await layer.update(), true);
+  await flush();
+  let view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.key.title, 'Liveuamap key required');
+  assert.match(view.key.hint, /LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY/);
+  assert.equal(view.error, null, 'a missing key is no failure');
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().sourceUnavailable, undefined);
+
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  await flush();
+  view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.inView.key.title, 'World News API key required');
+  assert.match(view.inView.key.hint, /WORLDNEWSAPI_KEY/);
+  assert.equal(view.inView.error, null);
+
+  // A key set meanwhile is picked up by the next refresh.
+  worldNews = null;
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.inView.key, null);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.inView.items.map((item) => item.id),
+    ['inside'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(view.key.title, 'Liveuamap key required');
+
+  liveuamap = keyError('liveuamap', { keyRejected: true });
+  await layer.update();
+  view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.key.title, 'Liveuamap refused its key');
+  assert.equal(view.key.hint, 'Check LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY in Provider Settings');
+
+  liveuamap = null;
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.key, null);
+  assert.equal(hotspotReads, 4, 'a missing key is asked again each refresh');
+});
+
+test("Local says when its provider's allowance for the day is spent, until a read passes", async (t) => {
+  let quota = true;
+  const { layer } = fixture(t, {
+    height: 1_000_000,
+    source: {
+      getFeed: async (query) => {
+        if (query.at && quota)
+          throw keyError('worldnewsapi', { keyQuota: true });
+        return {
+          reports: [report('inside', { relevance: 'minor' })],
+          nextBefore: null,
+        };
+      },
+      getAreaOutline: async () => ukraine,
+    },
+  });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  await flush();
+  let view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.deepEqual(view.inView.key, {
+    title: 'World News API limit reached for today',
+    hint: 'News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan',
+  });
+  assert.equal(view.inView.error, null, 'a spent allowance is no failure');
+  quota = false;
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.inView.key, null);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.inView.items.map((item) => item.id),
+    ['inside'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('a Conflicts feed read that passes clears its key notice', async (t) => {
+  let refuse = true;
+  const { layer } = fixture(t, {
+    source: {
+      getFeed: async (query) => {
+        // The panel's feed page, not the map's read.
+        if (query.limit === 60 && refuse) throw keyError('liveuamap');
+        return {
+          reports: [report('major', { severity: 3 })],
+          nextBefore: null,
+        };
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.key.title, 'Liveuamap key required');
+  refuse = false;
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { category: 'strike' } });
+  await settle();
+  const view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.key, null);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.items.map((item) => item.id),
+    ['major'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('the key providers the layer names match the key registry', () => {
+  for (const [id, { envVar }] of Object.entries(NEWS_KEY_PROVIDERS)) {
+    const entry = KEY_SETUP_KEYS.find((key) => key.id === id);
+    assert.ok(entry, `${id} is in the key registry`);
+    assert.deepEqual([...entry.envVars], [envVar]);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a slower area read for where the camera was never lands over the area it came back to', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  let centre = { lat: 49, lon: 36 };
+  const pending = [];
+  const { layer, camera } = fixture(t, {
+    height: 1_000_000,
+    centre: () => centre,
+    source: {
+      getAreaOutline: (point) =>
+        point.lat > 45
+          ? Promise.resolve(ukraine)
+          : new Promise((resolve) => pending.push(resolve)),
+    },
+  });
+  const look = async (at) => {
+    centre = at;
+    camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+    t.mock.timers.tick(800);
+    await flush();
+  };
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.inView.area, 'Ukraine');
+  // Out to sea, where the area read is slow, and back before it answers.
+  await look({ lat: 43, lon: 34 });
+  assert.equal(pending.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.inView.areaLoading, true);
+  await look({ lat: 49.6, lon: 36.2 });
+  pending[0](noArea);
+  await flush();
+  const view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.inView.area, 'Ukraine');
+  assert.equal(view.inView.areaLoading, false);
+  assert.equal(view.inView.loading, false);
+});
+
+test('leaving Local while its area is read sends no Local read', async (t) => {
+  let answer = null;
+  const localReads = [];
+  // The camera stays put: only the section changes.
+  const here = { lat: 49, lon: 36 };
+  const { layer } = fixture(t, {
+    height: 1_000_000,
+    centre: () => here,
+    source: {
+      getFeed: async (query) => {
+        if (query.relevance === '') localReads.push(query);
+        return { reports: [], nextBefore: null };
+      },
+      getAreaOutline: () =>
+        new Promise((resolve) => {
+          answer = resolve;
+        }),
+    },
+  });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.inView.loading, true);
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'conflicts' } });
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.inView.loading, false);
+  answer(ukraine);
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(localReads.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.inView.loading, false);
+});
+
+test('a server without the area route keeps Local to the radius and is asked once', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  let centre = { lat: 49, lon: 36 };
+  let areaReads = 0;
+  const localReads = [];
+  const { layer, camera } = fixture(t, {
+    height: 1_000_000,
+    centre: () => centre,
+    source: {
+      getFeed: async (query) => {
+        if (query.relevance === '') localReads.push(query);
+        return { reports: [report('near')], nextBefore: null };
+      },
+      getAreaOutline: async () => {
+        areaReads++;
+        throw Object.assign(
+          new Error('News feed not configured on this server'),
+          { status: 404, code: 'unavailable', unavailable: true },
+        );
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(areaReads, 1);
+  assert.equal(localReads.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(localReads[0].at, undefined);
+  let view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.inView.area, null);
+  assert.equal(view.inView.areaLoading, false);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.inView.items.map((item) => item.id),
+    ['near'],
+  );
+  // The settles that follow do not ask for an area again.
+  centre = { lat: 47, lon: 31 };
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(800);
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(areaReads, 1);
+  // Turning the layer off and on asks again.
+  layer.disable();
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(areaReads, 2);
+  view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.inView.error, null);
+});
+
+test('Liveuamap and Natural Earth are credited once what they credit shows', async (t) => {
+  const credits = [];
+  const { layer } = fixture(t, {
+    height: 1_000_000,
+    credits,
+    source: {
+      getFeed: async (query) => ({
+        reports:
+          query.relevance === ''
+            ? [report('near', { kind: 'rss' })]
+            : [report('mapped', { kind: 'liveuamap', severity: 3 })],
+        nextBefore: null,
+      }),
+      getAreaOutline: async () => ukraine,
+    },
+  });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  layer.getRowControls();
+  assert.deepEqual(credits, ['liveuamap']);
+  // The Local area's outline (the built-in server's are Natural Earth's).
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(credits, ['liveuamap', 'natural-earth']);
+  // Shown again: registered once.
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'conflicts' } });
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  layer.getRowControls();
+  assert.deepEqual(credits, ['liveuamap', 'natural-earth']);
+});
+
+test('without Liveuamap reports or a Local area, nothing is credited', async (t) => {
+  const credits = [];
+  const { layer } = fixture(t, { height: 1_000_000, credits });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  layer.getRowControls();
+  assert.deepEqual(credits, []);
+});
+
+test('a failed Conflicts read leaves Local reading with each refresh', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const failure = () => new Error('News feed unavailable');
+  let local = failure();
+  const { layer } = fixture(t, {
+    height: 1_000_000,
+    source: {
+      getHotspots: async () => {
+        throw failure();
+      },
+      getFeed: async (query) => {
+        if (!query.at) throw failure();
+        if (local) throw local;
+        return {
+          reports: [report('inside', { relevance: 'minor' })],
+          nextBefore: null,
+        };
+      },
+      getAreaOutline: async () => ukraine,
+    },
+  });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(
+    layer.getRowControls().feed.inView.error,
+    'News feed unavailable',
+  );
+  // The area's read lands meanwhile; Conflicts still fails.
+  local = null;
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  const view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.inView.items.map((item) => item.id),
+    ['inside'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(view.error, 'News feed unavailable');
+});
+
+test("a country's own news is one badge with a count, not markers piled on its centre", async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const anchor = {
+    lat: 49,
+    lon: 36,
+    place: 'Ukraine',
+    precision: 'country',
+    mappable: true,
+  };
+  const { layer, viewer } = fixture(t, {
+    height: 1_000_000,
+    source: {
+      getFeed: async () => ({
+        reports: [
+          report('own-1', { relevance: 'minor', pins: [anchor] }),
+          report('own-2', { relevance: 'minor', pins: [anchor] }),
+          report('placed', { relevance: 'minor' }),
+        ],
+        nextBefore: null,
+      }),
+    },
+  });
+  const ids = () =>
+    viewer.added[1].entities.values.map((entity) => String(entity.id));
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ids().filter((id) => /~\d+$/.test(id)),
+    ['news:report:placed~0'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ids().filter((id) => id.startsWith('news:country:')),
+    ['news:country:Ukraine'],
+  );
+  // Both are still listed, and one picked there gets its own marker.
+  assert.equal(layer.getRowControls().feed.inView.items.length, 3);
+  layer.setParams({ reportId: 'own-1' });
+  await flush();
+  assert.ok(ids().includes('news:report:own-1~0'));
+});
+
+test('Local reports are listed an hour at most while they cannot be read again', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  let at = NOW;
+  let failing = false;
+  const { layer } = fixture(t, {
+    height: 1_000_000,
+    now: () => at,
+    source: {
+      getFeed: async (query) => {
+        if (query.at && failing) throw new Error('News feed unavailable');
+        return {
+          reports: [report('inside', { relevance: 'minor' })],
+          nextBefore: null,
+        };
+      },
+      getAreaOutline: async () => ukraine,
+    },
+  });
+  const listed = () =>
+    layer.getRowControls().feed.inView.items.map((item) => item.id);
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(listed(), ['inside']);
+  // World News API's terms: its news is kept an hour at most, here too.
+  failing = true;
+  at += 59 * 60_000;
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(listed(), ['inside']);
+  at += 2 * 60_000;
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(listed(), []);
+});
+
+test('a failed read keeps the layer on with an error; disable clears the overlay', async (t) => {
+  const { layer, entries } = fixture(t, {
+    source: { getFeed: async () => Promise.reject(new Error('boom')) },
+  });
+  layer.enable();
+  assert.equal(await layer.update(), true);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().error, 'boom');
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().sourceUnavailable, undefined);
+  layer.disable();
+  assert.deepEqual(entries.at(-1), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getRowControls().feed.items, []);
+});
+
+test('narrowing the window and widening it again loses no report already read', async (t) => {
+  const { layer } = fixture(t, {
+    source: {
+      // Two pages: the head page, and an older one behind its cursor.
+      getFeed: async ({ before } = {}) =>
+        before
+          ? {
+              reports: [
+                report('earlier', { publishedAt: '2026-10-28T05:00:00.000Z' }),
+              ],
+              nextBefore: null,
+            }
+          : {
+              reports: [
+                report('recent', { publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:30:00.000Z' }),
+              ],
+              nextBefore: '2026-10-28T09:30:00.000Z',
+            },
+    },
+  });
+  const shown = () => layer.getRowControls().feed.items.map((item) => item.id);
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) await settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(shown(), ['recent', 'earlier']);
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { hours: 1 } });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) await settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(shown(), ['recent']);
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { hours: 24 } });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) await settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(shown(), ['recent', 'earlier']);
+});
+
+test("a slower Local read for the area just left never replaces the current area's reports", async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  let centre = { lat: 49, lon: 36 };
+  const pending = [];
+  const russia = {
+    area: { key: 'RU', name: 'Russia', kind: 'country', country: 'RU' },
+    polygons: [
+      {
+        outer: [
+          [38, 48],
+          [40, 48],
+          [40, 50.5],
+          [38, 50.5],
+        ],
+        holes: [],
+      },
+    ],
+    borders: [],
+    disputed: [],
+  };
+  const { layer, camera } = fixture(t, {
+    height: 1_000_000,
+    centre: () => centre,
+    source: {
+      getAreaOutline: async (point) => (point.lon < 37.5 ? ukraine : russia),
+      getFeed: (query) => {
+        if (!(query.relevance === '' && query.limit === 500))
+          return Promise.resolve({ reports: [], nextBefore: null });
+        if (query.at.lon < 37.5)
+          return Promise.resolve({
+            reports: [report('kharkiv', { severity: 1 })],
+            nextBefore: null,
+          });
+        // Russia's read is slow.
+        return new Promise((resolve) => pending.push(resolve));
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const look = async (at) => {
+    centre = at;
+    camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+    t.mock.timers.tick(800);
+    await flush();
+  };
+  const shown = () =>
+    layer.getRowControls().feed.inView.items.map((item) => item.id);
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  await flush();
+  layer.setParams({ filters: { section: 'local' } });
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(shown(), ['kharkiv']);
+  await look({ lat: 49, lon: 39 });
+  assert.equal(pending.length, 1);
+  await look({ lat: 49, lon: 36 });
+  pending[0]({
+    reports: [
+      report('belgorod', {
+        severity: 1,
+        pins: [{ lat: 49, lon: 39, place: 'Rossosh', mappable: true }],
+      }),
+    ],
+    nextBefore: null,
+  });
+  await flush();
+  const view = layer.getRowControls().feed;
+  assert.equal(view.inView.area, 'Ukraine');
+  assert.equal(view.inView.loading, false);
+  assert.deepEqual(shown(), ['kharkiv']);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/news/model.js b/src/layers/news/model.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f4aafc94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/news/model.js
@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+// Pure presentation model for the news layer: severity, category glyphs,
+// attestation, marker looks and placement, the feed's filters and paging, and
+// the event cards the News panel and the globe show. No Cesium, no DOM.
+
+import { getLocale, msg, t, tn } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
+export const NEWS_LAYER_ID = 'news';
+export const NEWS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID = 'news';
+export const NEWS_PICK_PREFIX = 'news:';
+export const NEWS_FEED_PAGE = 60;
+export const NEWS_MAP_LIMIT = 500;
+/** News is real time only: nothing older than a day is shown anywhere. */
+export const NEWS_WINDOW_MS = 24 * 3_600_000;
+
+/**
+ * The window a server serves, in ms: its `windowHours` (a whole number of
+ * hours up to 24; a host may serve fewer), else the full day.
+ */
+export function newsWindowMs(hours) {
+  return Number.isInteger(hours) && hours >= 1 && hours <= 24
+    ? hours * 3_600_000
+    : NEWS_WINDOW_MS;
+}
+
+/** The windows the News panel offers, longest first. */
+export const NEWS_WINDOW_CHOICES = Object.freeze([24, 12, 6, 3, 1]);
+
+/**
+ * The windows offered under a server's own window of `maxHours`: that window
+ * itself, then each shorter choice.
+ */
+export function newsWindowChoices(maxHours) {
+  const cap = newsWindowMs(maxHours) / 3_600_000;
+  return [cap, ...NEWS_WINDOW_CHOICES.filter((hours) => hours < cap)];
+}
+// A publish time this far ahead of the clock is skew, not a future story
+// (as data/regionalNewsWindow.js).
+const NEWS_CLOCK_SKEW_MS = 15 * 60_000;
+/** At most this many reports are kept in the feed list, newest first. */
+export const NEWS_FEED_MAX = 600;
+// Above this camera height the layer shows one beacon per hotspot; below it
+// (or once a hotspot is chosen) the outlines and individual reports.
+export const NEWS_DETAIL_MAX_HEIGHT_M = 2_500_000;
+// "In view": reports near the view centre, only once the camera is low enough
+// for "here" to mean a region, read again when it settles in a new cell.
+// Near is inside the area the server names there (a country, a large
+// country's state, a disputed area), else, at sea, within the radius.
+export const NEWS_IN_VIEW_MAX_HEIGHT_M = 3_000_000;
+export const NEWS_IN_VIEW_RADIUS_KM = 500;
+export const NEWS_IN_VIEW_LIMIT = 12;
+/** The Local section lists at most this many reports near the view centre. */
+export const NEWS_LOCAL_LIMIT = 40;
+/**
+ * The News panel's sections: Conflicts (the hotspots' significant news, on the
+ * map whenever the layer is on) and Local (everything near the view centre,
+ * on the map while the section is chosen).
+ */
+export const NEWS_SECTIONS = Object.freeze(['conflicts', 'local']);
+export const NEWS_SETTLE_MS = 800;
+export const NEWS_CELL_DEG = 0.5;
+/** A feed card's click flies the camera to this height over the event. */
+export const NEWS_FOCUS_HEIGHT_M = 150_000;
+// Minor news (a broad outlet's prices, sport, health) is left out unless asked for.
+export const NEWS_RELEVANT = 'core,related';
+
+const SOURCE_LABEL = msg('Source');
+const DISPUTED = msg('Disputed: {name}');
+const VIA = msg('via {source}');
+const MEDIA_LABELS = { video: msg('Video'), photo: msg('Photos') };
+const CLAIMED_BY = msg('Claimed by {who}');
+const CLAIMED = msg('Claimed');
+const UNCONFIRMED = msg('Not yet confirmed by others');
+const REPORTED_BY_SIDE = msg('Reported by {side} sources');
+const REPORTED_BY_SIDES = msg('Reported by {sides}');
+const SIDE_SOURCES = msg('{side} sources');
+const OFFICIAL = msg('Official');
+const OFFICIAL_AFFILIATIONS = new Set(['military', 'state']);
+const ATTESTATION = {
+  'both-sides': msg('Reported by both sides'),
+  independent: msg('Independently reported'),
+  single: msg('Single source'),
+};
+const NEUTRAL_SIDES = Object.freeze({
+  intl: msg('International'),
+  independent: msg('Independent'),
+  unknown: msg('Unattributed'),
+  external: msg('Outside party'),
+});
+
+/**
+ * Short chip names for the curated hotspots; the API's own English name is
+ * the fallback for any other.
+ */
+export const NEWS_HOTSPOT_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  'ua-ru-war': msg('Ukraine–Russia'),
+  'israel-gaza-lebanon': msg('Israel–Gaza–Lebanon'),
+  'iran-hormuz': msg('Iran–Hormuz'),
+  yemen: msg('Yemen–Red Sea'),
+  'sudan-war': msg('Sudan'),
+  sahel: msg('Sahel'),
+  elsewhere: msg('Elsewhere'),
+  // Core's own news (no news server): the world is one hotspot.
+  worldwide: msg('Worldwide'),
+});
+
+/** A hotspot's chip label in the interface language. */
+export function hotspotLabel(hotspot) {
+  const key = NEWS_HOTSPOT_LABELS[hotspot?.id];
+  if (key) return t(key);
+  return hotspot?.catchAll ? t(NEWS_HOTSPOT_LABELS.elsewhere) : hotspot?.name;
+}
+
+/** A country's name in the interface language, from its ISO code. */
+export function countryName(code) {
+  if (!code) return '';
+  try {
+    return (
+      new Intl.DisplayNames([getLocale(), 'en'], { type: 'region' }).of(code) ||
+      code
+    );
+  } catch {
+    return code;
+  }
+}
+
+const AREA_IN_COUNTRY = msg('{region}, {country}');
+
+/**
+ * The Local section's area in the interface language: a country by its code,
+ * a state with its country, a disputed area by its own name only.
+ */
+export function areaLabel(area) {
+  if (!area) return '';
+  if (area.kind === 'disputed' || !area.country) return area.name;
+  if (area.kind === 'country') return countryName(area.country);
+  return t(AREA_IN_COUNTRY, {
+    region: area.name,
+    country: countryName(area.country),
+  });
+}
+
+/** Label for a disputed area on the map: its name, marked as disputed. */
+export const disputedLabel = (area) => t(DISPUTED, { name: area.name });
+
+// A category is told by its icon (a 16-unit SVG path, filled or stroked). On
+// the map and in the feed colour is severity (NEWS_SEVERITY), never the type
+// of event or a side.
+export const NEWS_CATEGORIES = Object.freeze({
+  strike: {
+    label: msg('Strike'),
+    icon: 'M8 0.8 L9.6 5.2 L14.2 3.6 L11.2 7.6 L15.2 10.6 L10.3 10.6 L8 15.2 L5.7 10.6 L0.8 10.6 L4.8 7.6 L1.8 3.6 L6.4 5.2 Z',
+    solid: true,
+  },
+  // A threat on its way (a drone's course, an air-raid alert): nothing has
+  // hit yet. Not a physical event, so never a picture card.
+  alert: {
+    label: msg('Alert'),
+    icon: 'M1.5 8 H11.5 M8 4.5 L11.5 8 L8 11.5 M14.5 3.5 V12.5',
+  },
+  'air-defence': {
+    label: msg('Air defence'),
+    icon: 'M8 1.5 L13.5 3.5 V8 C13.5 11.3 10.8 13.4 8 14.6 C5.2 13.4 2.5 11.3 2.5 8 V3.5 Z M8 4.5 V11',
+  },
+  ground: {
+    label: msg('Ground fighting'),
+    icon: 'M3 13 L12 4 M8.5 3.5 H12.5 V7.5 M13 13 L4 4 M3.5 7.5 V3.5 H7.5',
+  },
+  casualties: {
+    label: msg('Casualties'),
+    icon: 'M6.2 2 H9.8 V6.2 H14 V9.8 H9.8 V14 H6.2 V9.8 H2 V6.2 H6.2 Z',
+    solid: true,
+  },
+  humanitarian: {
+    label: msg('Humanitarian'),
+    icon: 'M8 2.5 L14.5 13.5 H1.5 Z M8 2.5 V13.5',
+  },
+  infrastructure: {
+    label: msg('Infrastructure'),
+    icon: 'M9.2 1 L3.2 9 H7.6 L6.6 15 L12.8 6.8 H8.4 Z',
+    solid: true,
+  },
+  disaster: {
+    label: msg('Disaster'),
+    icon: 'M1.5 6.5 C3.5 4.5 5.5 4.5 7.5 6.5 S11.5 8.5 14.5 6.5 M1.5 10.5 C3.5 8.5 5.5 8.5 7.5 10.5 S11.5 12.5 14.5 10.5',
+  },
+  protest: {
+    label: msg('Protest'),
+    icon: 'M2.5 6.2 V9.8 H5 L12.5 13.2 V2.8 L5 6.2 Z',
+  },
+  political: {
+    label: msg('Political'),
+    icon: 'M2 14 H14 M2.5 5.5 H13.5 M8 1.8 L14 4.8 H2 Z M4.2 6.5 V12 M8 6.5 V12 M11.8 6.5 V12',
+  },
+  // Business, trade and industry: a national feed's news in Local.
+  economy: {
+    label: msg('Economy'),
+    icon: 'M2 13.5 H14 M2.5 11 L6 7.5 L8.5 9.5 L13.5 4.5 M10.5 4.5 H13.5 V7.5',
+  },
+  other: {
+    label: msg('Other'),
+    icon: 'M8 4.5 A3.5 3.5 0 1 0 8.01 4.5 Z',
+    solid: true,
+  },
+});
+
+// Severity 0–3, in colours GEV already uses: its dim and primary text, the
+// military layers' amber and the Cockpit's emergency red. They are drawn on
+// a dark disc, so from minor up lightness falls as severity rises and the
+// ramp still reads under colour blindness and in greyscale.
+export const NEWS_SEVERITY = Object.freeze([
+  { label: msg('No physical event'), color: '#7c878d' },
+  { label: msg('Minor incident'), color: '#e8eaed' },
+  { label: msg('Significant'), color: '#ffb800' },
+  { label: msg('Major'), color: '#ff4444' },
+]);
+/** The feed's default floor: significant and major events. */
+export const NEWS_DEFAULT_MIN_SEVERITY = 2;
+const PHYSICAL = new Set([
+  'strike',
+  'air-defence',
+  'ground',
+  'casualties',
+  'infrastructure',
+  'disaster',
+]);
+
+export const categoryStyle = (category) =>
+  NEWS_CATEGORIES[category] || NEWS_CATEGORIES.other;
+export const categoryLabel = (category) => t(categoryStyle(category).label);
+/** Party codes (UA, RU, IL…) are shown as-is; neutral sides are translated. */
+export const sideLabel = (side) =>
+  Object.hasOwn(NEUTRAL_SIDES, side) ? t(NEUTRAL_SIDES[side]) : side;
+
+/**
+ * A report's severity, 0–3: the server's (the local model's reading, else
+ * its rules, raised to its event's), or a fallback from the category.
+ */
+export function reportSeverity(report) {
+  const own = Number.isInteger(report?.severity) ? report.severity : null;
+  const event = Number.isInteger(report?.event?.severity)
+    ? report.event.severity
+    : null;
+  if (own === null && event === null)
+    return PHYSICAL.has(report?.category) ? 1 : 0;
+  return Math.max(own ?? 0, event ?? 0);
+}
+export const severityStyle = (report) => NEWS_SEVERITY[reportSeverity(report)];
+export const severityLabel = (report) => t(severityStyle(report).label);
+
+/** When a report (or its event) was last heard of, in ms; NaN when unknown. */
+const lastHeard = (report) =>
+  Date.parse(report?.event?.lastAt || report?.publishedAt || '');
+
+/**
+ * Whether a time is inside the window (the last 24 hours unless the server
+ * serves fewer; the only news shown); one more than 15 minutes ahead of the
+ * clock is not.
+ */
+function inWindow(value, now, windowMs = NEWS_WINDOW_MS) {
+  const at = Date.parse(value || '');
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(at) &&
+    now - at <= windowMs &&
+    at - now <= NEWS_CLOCK_SKEW_MS
+  );
+}
+
+/** Whether a report is inside the window (the only news shown). */
+export function withinNewsWindow(
+  report,
+  now = Date.now(),
+  windowMs = NEWS_WINDOW_MS,
+) {
+  return inWindow(report?.publishedAt, now, windowMs);
+}
+
+/** The event's one-report-per-side list, inside the last 24 hours only. */
+const recentSides = (report, now) =>
+  (report?.event?.sides || []).filter((s) => inWindow(s.publishedAt, now));
+
+/**
+ * How a report or its event is attested, as a chip: `claimed` (someone's
+ * claim, named where known), `confirmed` (both sides, or an independent
+ * source), `side` (one party's own press), `single` (one report), or null.
+ */
+export function attestation(report) {
+  const event = report?.event;
+  const status = event?.status || (report?.claim ? 'claimed' : null);
+  if (status === 'claimed') {
+    const who = event?.claimedBy || report?.claim?.by;
+    return {
+      kind: 'claimed',
+      label: who ? t(CLAIMED_BY, { who }) : t(CLAIMED),
+    };
+  }
+  if (status === 'both-sides' || status === 'independent')
+    return { kind: 'confirmed', label: t(ATTESTATION[status]) };
+  if (status === 'side' && event.reportedSide)
+    return {
+      kind: 'side',
+      label: t(REPORTED_BY_SIDE, { side: sideLabel(event.reportedSide) }),
+    };
+  if (status === 'single')
+    return { kind: 'single', label: t(ATTESTATION.single) };
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The attestation chip under a report. An official channel's own post is
+ * already marked Official: "Claimed by" itself would read as doubt about an
+ * alert. It says only that nobody else has reported it yet, and nothing for
+ * an alert, which is the channel's own notice.
+ */
+function ownClaimChip(report) {
+  const chip = attestation(report);
+  if (
+    chip?.kind !== 'claimed' ||
+    !OFFICIAL_AFFILIATIONS.has(report.affiliation)
+  )
+    return chip;
+  const who = report.event?.claimedBy || report.claim?.by;
+  if (who && who !== report.sourceName && who !== report.publisher) return chip;
+  return report.category === 'alert'
+    ? null
+    : { kind: 'claimed', label: t(UNCONFIRMED) };
+}
+
+// The map card is a label, not a reader: long headlines are cut.
+export const NEWS_CARD_TITLE_MAX = 90;
+
+/** A headline cut at a word to fit `max` characters. */
+export function shortTitle(title, max = NEWS_CARD_TITLE_MAX) {
+  const text = String(title || '');
+  if (text.length <= max) return text;
+  const cut = text.slice(0, max - 1);
+  const word = cut.lastIndexOf(' ');
+  return `${word > max * 0.6 ? cut.slice(0, word) : cut}…`;
+}
+
+/** The media a post carries ("Video", "Photos"), translated. */
+export function mediaLabels(report) {
+  return (report?.media || [])
+    .map((m) => (MEDIA_LABELS[m] ? t(MEDIA_LABELS[m]) : ''))
+    .filter(Boolean);
+}
+
+/**
+ * How long ago, in few words: "now" under a minute, "N min" under an hour,
+ * "N h" under a day. Older is never shown; it reads
+ * "24 h".
+ */
+export function ageWords(at, now = Date.now()) {
+  const minutes = Math.max(0, Math.floor((now - Date.parse(at)) / 60_000));
+  if (!Number.isFinite(minutes)) return '';
+  if (minutes < 1) return t('now', { context: 'age' });
+  if (minutes < 60) return t('{minutes} min', { minutes });
+  return t('{hours} h', { hours: Math.min(24, Math.floor(minutes / 60)) });
+}
+
+/**
+ * How a report's marker looks: colour = severity, icon = category, rim =
+ * attestation (`confirmed` solid, `claimed` dashed, else thin), size =
+ * sources, opacity = age (fading to 45 % over a day).
+ */
+export function markerStyle(report, now = Date.now()) {
+  const kind = attestation(report)?.kind;
+  const at = lastHeard(report);
+  const hours = Number.isFinite(at) ? Math.max(0, (now - at) / 3_600_000) : 0;
+  return {
+    category: Object.hasOwn(NEWS_CATEGORIES, report?.category)
+      ? report.category
+      : 'other',
+    severity: reportSeverity(report),
+    rim: kind === 'confirmed' || kind === 'claimed' ? kind : 'thin',
+    size: eventPixelSize(report?.event?.size),
+    alpha: Math.max(0.45, 1 - (0.55 * Math.min(hours, 24)) / 24),
+  };
+}
+
+function hash(text) {
+  let h = 2166136261;
+  for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
+    h ^= text.charCodeAt(i);
+    h = Math.imul(h, 16777619);
+  }
+  return h >>> 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Trend glyph for a hotspot: ▲/▼ when the last 24 h differ from the 24 h
+ * before by more than a fifth, nothing when flat or without a prior day.
+ */
+export function hotspotTrend(last24h, prev24h) {
+  if (!(prev24h > 0)) return '';
+  if (last24h > prev24h * 1.2) return '▲';
+  if (last24h < prev24h * 0.8) return '▼';
+  return '';
+}
+
+/** Beacon size in pixels: grows with the square root of daily activity. */
+export const beaconPixelSize = (last24h) =>
+  Math.round(Math.min(26, 10 + Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, last24h)) * 1.4));
+
+/** Marker size for an event: grows with the number of distinct sources. */
+export function eventPixelSize(sources = 1) {
+  return Math.round(
+    // No smaller than 24: the category icon is half the disc and unreadable
+    // below that.
+    Math.min(36, 24 + 3 * Math.log2(Math.max(1, Number(sources) || 1))),
+  );
+}
+
+// An event several sources report within the last few hours gets a halo.
+export const NEWS_PRESSING_SOURCES = 5;
+const PRESSING_MS = 3 * 3_600_000;
+
+/** Whether an event is fresh and widely reported, or fresh and major. */
+export function isPressing(report, now = Date.now()) {
+  const event = report?.event;
+  const fresh = now - lastHeard(report) <= PRESSING_MS;
+  return Boolean(
+    fresh &&
+    ((event && event.size >= NEWS_PRESSING_SOURCES) ||
+      reportSeverity(report) === 3),
+  );
+}
+
+// The big events stand as picture cards over their marker: several
+// sources, and major or pressing.
+export const NEWS_CARD_LIMIT = 10;
+export const NEWS_CARD_MIN_SOURCES = 2;
+
+/** Whether an event gets a card on the map: physical events only, not statements. */
+export function isCardEvent(report, now = Date.now()) {
+  return Boolean(
+    report?.event?.size >= NEWS_CARD_MIN_SOURCES &&
+    PHYSICAL.has(report.category) &&
+    (reportSeverity(report) === 3 || isPressing(report, now)),
+  );
+}
+
+/** The card events among `reports`, most severe, most reported and newest first. */
+export function cardEvents(reports, now = Date.now(), limit = NEWS_CARD_LIMIT) {
+  return reports
+    .filter((r) => r.pins?.length && isCardEvent(r, now))
+    .sort(
+      (a, b) =>
+        reportSeverity(b) - reportSeverity(a) ||
+        b.event.size - a.event.size ||
+        (b.event.lastAt || '').localeCompare(a.event.lastAt || ''),
+    )
+    .slice(0, limit);
+}
+
+/** The distinct sides an event was reported by in the last day, lead first. */
+function eventSides(report, now) {
+  const sides = recentSides(report, now).map((s) => s.side);
+  return [...new Set(sides.length ? sides : [report?.side].filter(Boolean))];
+}
+
+/**
+ * "Reported by UA sources · RU sources", or '' when no side is known; an
+ * unattributed side is left out.
+ */
+export function sidesLine(report, now = Date.now()) {
+  const sides = eventSides(report, now).filter((side) => side !== 'unknown');
+  if (!sides.length) return '';
+  if (sides.length === 1)
+    return t(REPORTED_BY_SIDE, { side: sideLabel(sides[0]) });
+  return t(REPORTED_BY_SIDES, {
+    sides: sides
+      .map((side) => t(SIDE_SOURCES, { side: sideLabel(side) }))
+      .join(' · '),
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * The event's picture, the publisher named, and its clip when it has one. The
+ * panel shows it for any event; the globe's picture cards are for events of
+ * two or more sources (isCardEvent).
+ */
+export function eventPicture(report) {
+  const image = report?.event?.image;
+  if (!image) return null;
+  return {
+    url: image.url,
+    credit: image.publisher || '',
+    ...(image.video ? { video: image.video } : {}),
+  };
+}
+
+/** What an event's picture card on the globe shows. */
+export function cardView(report, now = Date.now()) {
+  const event = report.event;
+  const sides = eventSides(report, now).map(sideLabel);
+  // A globe card's picture needs two or more sources, as the card does.
+  const picture =
+    report?.event?.size >= NEWS_CARD_MIN_SOURCES ? eventPicture(report) : null;
+  return {
+    title: report.titleEn || report.title,
+    meta: [
+      ageWords(event?.lastAt || report.publishedAt, now),
+      tn(event?.size || 1, '{count} source', '{count} sources'),
+      sides.slice(0, 3).join(', ') + (sides.length > 3 ? '…' : ''),
+    ]
+      .filter(Boolean)
+      .join(' · '),
+    image: picture?.url || null,
+    credit: picture?.credit || '',
+  };
+}
+
+/** "Source: host ↗" line for a report's card; the card opens the article. */
+export function sourceLinkLabel(url) {
+  let host = '';
+  try {
+    host = new URL(url).hostname.replace(/^www\./, '');
+  } catch {
+    return '';
+  }
+  return `${t(SOURCE_LABEL)}: ${host} ↗`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * "via GDELT Project": the service a report was read through, which asks to
+ * be credited where its reports show; '' when the server names none.
+ */
+export function attributionLabel(report) {
+  return report?.attribution ? t(VIA, { source: report.attribution }) : '';
+}
+
+/** The places a report is pinned at, joined, or null. */
+function placeLine(report) {
+  return (
+    (report.pins?.length ? report.pins : [report.geo])
+      .map((p) => p?.place)
+      .filter(Boolean)
+      .join(' · ') || null
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * One event card in the News panel: picture,
+ * headline, a mono meta line (severity, category, place, sources, age, the
+ * service it came through), the sides line, then attestation and media chips. Labels and colours are
+ * resolved here so the panel imports no layer code.
+ */
+export function feedCardView(report, now = Date.now()) {
+  const severity = reportSeverity(report);
+  const style = categoryStyle(report.category);
+  const size = report.event?.size || 1;
+  const translated = Boolean(report.titleEn && report.titleEn !== report.title);
+  return {
+    id: report.id,
+    url: report.url,
+    title: translated ? report.titleEn : report.title,
+    // The local model's English headline over a post in another language:
+    // the original stays beside it.
+    original: translated ? report.title : null,
+    snippet: report.snippet,
+    severity,
+    severityLabel: t(NEWS_SEVERITY[severity].label),
+    color: NEWS_SEVERITY[severity].color,
+    icon: style.icon,
+    solid: Boolean(style.solid),
+    category: categoryLabel(report.category),
+    place: placeLine(report),
+    placedByModel: Boolean(report.geo?.byModel),
+    mappable: Boolean(report.pins?.length),
+    sources: tn(size, '{count} source', '{count} sources'),
+    age: ageWords(report.event?.lastAt || report.publishedAt, now),
+    publisher: report.publisher,
+    via: attributionLabel(report),
+    sides: sidesLine(report, now),
+    sourceLink: sourceLinkLabel(report.url),
+    picture: eventPicture(report),
+    chips: [
+      // An official channel speaking for itself (a ministry, the armed
+      // forces, a press service), not an outlet that quotes one.
+      OFFICIAL_AFFILIATIONS.has(report.affiliation)
+        ? { kind: 'official', label: t(OFFICIAL) }
+        : null,
+      ownClaimChip(report),
+      ...mediaLabels(report).map((label) => ({ kind: 'media', label })),
+    ].filter(Boolean),
+    // The event's first report from each other side, under the lead.
+    others: recentSides(report, now)
+      .slice(1)
+      .map((s) => ({
+        side: sideLabel(s.side),
+        publisher: s.publisher,
+        title: s.title,
+        url: s.url,
+      })),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a report is placed no closer than a country: it has no spot of its
+ * own on the map.
+ */
+export const countryOnly = (report) =>
+  report.pins?.length > 0 &&
+  report.pins.every((pin) => pin.precision === 'country');
+
+/**
+ * Country-only reports as one group per country, in the order met:
+ * `{key, place, lat, lon, count}`. They are drawn as one badge with a count,
+ * not as markers piled on the country's centre.
+ */
+export function countryGroups(reports) {
+  const groups = new Map();
+  for (const report of reports) {
+    if (!countryOnly(report)) continue;
+    const { lat, lon, place } = report.pins[0];
+    const key = place || `${lat.toFixed(1)},${lon.toFixed(1)}`;
+    const group = groups.get(key);
+    if (group) group.count += 1;
+    else groups.set(key, { key, place: place || '', lat, lon, count: 1 });
+  }
+  return [...groups.values()];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Marker position for a report. Many reports name the same city and would
+ * stack on one centroid, so each is spread on a small deterministic ring
+ * (about 1.5 km for a place, 6 km for a region, 28 km for a country) to stay
+ * individually clickable. The spread is display-only; cards show the place.
+ */
+export function reportMarkerPosition(report, pin = 0) {
+  const { lat, lon, precision } = report.pins?.[pin] || report.geo;
+  const h = hash(pin ? `${report.id}~${pin}` : report.id);
+  const angle = ((h % 3600) / 3600) * 2 * Math.PI;
+  const radiusDeg =
+    (precision === 'country' ? 0.25 : precision === 'region' ? 0.055 : 0.014) *
+    (0.35 + ((h >>> 12) % 65) / 100);
+  return {
+    lat: lat + radiusDeg * Math.sin(angle),
+    lon: lon + (radiusDeg * Math.cos(angle)) / Math.cos((lat * Math.PI) / 180),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Merge a page into the feed, newest first, one row per report id, keeping
+ * only the window and at most `max` rows (a long session does not grow
+ * the list). `mode` 'head' refreshes the top and keeps the older cursor;
+ * 'append' adds an older page and takes its cursor; 'replace' starts over.
+ * A head page that has older pages behind it and shares no row with the list
+ * left a gap (more than a page arrived since), so it starts over too.
+ */
+export function mergeFeedPage(
+  feed,
+  page,
+  mode,
+  now = Date.now(),
+  max = NEWS_FEED_MAX,
+  windowMs = NEWS_WINDOW_MS,
+) {
+  const byId = new Map();
+  if (mode === 'head' && page.nextBefore && feed.items.length) {
+    const held = new Set(feed.items.map((item) => item.id));
+    if (!page.reports.some((item) => held.has(item.id))) mode = 'replace';
+  }
+  const items =
+    mode === 'replace'
+      ? page.reports
+      : mode === 'append'
+        ? [...feed.items, ...page.reports]
+        : [...page.reports, ...feed.items];
+  for (const item of items)
+    if (!byId.has(item.id) && withinNewsWindow(item, now, windowMs))
+      byId.set(item.id, item);
+  return {
+    items: [...byId.values()]
+      .sort((a, b) => b.publishedAt.localeCompare(a.publishedAt))
+      .slice(0, max),
+    nextBefore:
+      mode === 'head' && feed.items.length ? feed.nextBefore : page.nextBefore,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Normalised filters; anything unknown falls back to its default. */
+export function normalizeFilters(next = {}, hotspots = [], previous = {}) {
+  const merged = { ...previous, ...next };
+  const hotspot = hotspots.some((h) => h.id === merged.hotspot)
+    ? merged.hotspot
+    : 'all';
+  const category = Object.hasOwn(NEWS_CATEGORIES, merged.category)
+    ? merged.category
+    : 'all';
+  const minSeverity =
+    Number.isInteger(merged.minSeverity) &&
+    merged.minSeverity >= 0 &&
+    merged.minSeverity <= 3
+      ? merged.minSeverity
+      : NEWS_DEFAULT_MIN_SEVERITY;
+  return {
+    hotspot,
+    category,
+    minSeverity,
+    section: NEWS_SECTIONS.includes(merged.section)
+      ? merged.section
+      : 'conflicts',
+    // A shorter window than the server's; null shows all it serves.
+    hours: NEWS_WINDOW_CHOICES.includes(merged.hours) ? merged.hours : null,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Whether a report passes the filters the server does not apply. */
+export function passesFilters(
+  report,
+  filters,
+  now = Date.now(),
+  windowMs = NEWS_WINDOW_MS,
+) {
+  return (
+    withinNewsWindow(report, now, windowMs) &&
+    reportSeverity(report) >= filters.minSeverity
+  );
+}
+
+/** Whether a report belongs on the map under the current filters. */
+export function visibleOnMap(
+  report,
+  filters,
+  now = Date.now(),
+  windowMs = NEWS_WINDOW_MS,
+) {
+  return (
+    (filters.hotspot === 'all' ||
+      (report.hotspotIds || [report.hotspotId]).includes(filters.hotspot)) &&
+    (filters.category === 'all' || report.category === filters.category) &&
+    passesFilters(report, filters, now, windowMs)
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The filters Local applies: every hotspot and every severity, near the view
+ * centre; the category and the window still hold.
+ */
+export const localFilters = (filters) => ({
+  ...filters,
+  hotspot: 'all',
+  minSeverity: 0,
+});
+
+/** API query for the Conflicts feed under the current filters: the window only. */
+export function feedQueryFor(filters, extra = {}) {
+  return {
+    events: true,
+    today: true,
+    relevance: NEWS_RELEVANT,
+    hotspot: filters.hotspot,
+    category: filters.category === 'all' ? '' : filters.category,
+    limit: NEWS_FEED_PAGE,
+    ...extra,
+  };
+}
+
+/** The half-degree cell a point lies in, as a key. */
+export function viewCell({ lat, lon }) {
+  return `${Math.floor(lat / NEWS_CELL_DEG)}:${Math.floor(lon / NEWS_CELL_DEG)}`;
+}
+
+/** Great-circle distance in kilometres. */
+export function distanceKm(a, b) {
+  const rad = Math.PI / 180;
+  const dLat = (b.lat - a.lat) * rad;
+  const dLon = (b.lon - a.lon) * rad;
+  const s =
+    Math.sin(dLat / 2) ** 2 +
+    Math.cos(a.lat * rad) * Math.cos(b.lat * rad) * Math.sin(dLon / 2) ** 2;
+  return 2 * 6371 * Math.asin(Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(s)));
+}
+
+function inRing(ring, { lat, lon }) {
+  let inside = false;
+  for (let i = 0, j = ring.length - 1; i < ring.length; j = i++) {
+    const [xi, yi] = ring[i];
+    const [xj, yj] = ring[j];
+    if (
+      yi > lat !== yj > lat &&
+      lon < ((xj - xi) * (lat - yi)) / (yj - yi) + xi
+    )
+      inside = !inside;
+  }
+  return inside;
+}
+
+/** Whether a point lies in an outline's polygons (`{outer, holes}`). */
+export function inPolygons(polygons, point) {
+  return polygons.some(
+    ({ outer, holes }) =>
+      inRing(outer, point) && !holes.some((hole) => inRing(hole, point)),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The reports near `centre` that pass the filters, newest first: any pin
+ * inside `area` (outline polygons), or without one within
+ * NEWS_IN_VIEW_RADIUS_KM. Newest, not most severe: an area's own news often
+ * carries no severity, and the area's fighting would otherwise crowd it out.
+ */
+export function reportsInView(
+  reports,
+  centre,
+  filters,
+  now = Date.now(),
+  limit = NEWS_IN_VIEW_LIMIT,
+  windowMs = NEWS_WINDOW_MS,
+  area = null,
+) {
+  if (!centre) return [];
+  const near = area?.length
+    ? (pin) => inPolygons(area, pin)
+    : (pin) => distanceKm(pin, centre) <= NEWS_IN_VIEW_RADIUS_KM;
+  return reports
+    .filter(
+      (r) =>
+        passesFilters(r, filters, now, windowMs) &&
+        (filters.category === 'all' || r.category === filters.category) &&
+        r.pins?.some(near),
+    )
+    .sort((a, b) => b.publishedAt.localeCompare(a.publishedAt))
+    .slice(0, limit);
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/news/model.test.mjs b/src/layers/news/model.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85d1aac76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/news/model.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,765 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  normalizeFeedPayload,
+  normalizeHotspotsPayload,
+  normalizeOutlinePayload,
+} from './records.js';
+import {
+  NEWS_IN_VIEW_RADIUS_KM,
+  ageWords,
+  areaLabel,
+  beaconPixelSize,
+  cardEvents,
+  cardView,
+  distanceKm,
+  eventPixelSize,
+  feedCardView,
+  feedQueryFor,
+  hotspotLabel,
+  hotspotTrend,
+  inPolygons,
+  isPressing,
+  markerStyle,
+  mergeFeedPage,
+  newsWindowChoices,
+  newsWindowMs,
+  normalizeFilters,
+  passesFilters,
+  reportMarkerPosition,
+  reportSeverity,
+  reportsInView,
+  sidesLine,
+  sourceLinkLabel,
+  viewCell,
+  visibleOnMap,
+  withinNewsWindow,
+} from './model.js';
+import { newsFeedQuery } from './source.js';
+
+const NOW = Date.parse('2026-10-28T10:00:00Z');
+const report = (id, publishedAt, extra = {}) => ({
+  id,
+  title: `Report ${id}`,
+  url: `https://example.com/${id}`,
+  publishedAt,
+  publisher: 'Example',
+  side: 'UA',
+  category: 'strike',
+  hotspotIds: ['ua'],
+  geo: {
+    lat: 50,
+    lon: 36,
+    place: 'Kharkiv',
+    precision: 'city',
+    mappable: true,
+  },
+  pins: [
+    { lat: 50, lon: 36, place: 'Kharkiv', precision: 'city', mappable: true },
+  ],
+  ...extra,
+});
+const event = (extra = {}) => ({
+  status: 'both-sides',
+  size: 6,
+  severity: 3,
+  lastAt: '2026-10-28T09:30:00Z',
+  sides: [
+    {
+      side: 'UA',
+      title: 'a',
+      url: 'https://a.test/',
+      publisher: 'A',
+      publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z',
+    },
+    {
+      side: 'RU',
+      title: 'b',
+      url: 'https://b.test/',
+      publisher: 'B',
+      publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:20:00Z',
+    },
+  ],
+  image: { url: 'https://a.test/p.jpg', publisher: 'A' },
+  ...extra,
+});
+
+test('payloads are validated record by record; empty and malformed payloads', () => {
+  const hotspots = normalizeHotspotsPayload({
+    hotspots: [
+      {
+        id: 'ua',
+        name: 'UA',
+        bbox: [22, 44, 42, 56],
+        parties: ['UA', 'RU', '<x>'],
+        counts: { last24h: 3 },
+      },
+      { id: 'bad', name: 'Bad', bbox: [42, 44, 22, 56] },
+      { id: '../x', name: 'Bad id', bbox: [22, 44, 42, 56] },
+    ],
+    ingest: { lastRunAt: '2026-10-28T10:00:00Z' },
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    hotspots.hotspots.map((h) => [h.id, h.parties, h.last24h]),
+    [['ua', ['UA', 'RU'], 3]],
+  );
+  assert.equal(hotspots.lastRunAt, '2026-10-28T10:00:00.000Z');
+  assert.equal(normalizeHotspotsPayload({}), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeHotspotsPayload(null), null);
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeHotspotsPayload({ hotspots: [] }).hotspots, []);
+
+  const feed = normalizeFeedPayload({
+    reports: [
+      {
+        id: 'r_1',
+        title: ' Strike  on Kharkiv ',
+        url: 'https://x.test/a',
+        publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z',
+        geo: { lat: 50, lon: 36, mappable: true },
+        media: ['video', 'video', 'audio'],
+        event: { size: 3, image: { url: 'http://x.test/p.jpg' } },
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'r_2',
+        title: 'Bad link',
+        url: 'javascript:alert(1)',
+        publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z',
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'r_3',
+        title: 'Bad geo',
+        url: 'https://user:pw@x.test/c',
+        publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z',
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'r_4',
+        title: 'Off the globe',
+        url: 'https://x.test/d',
+        publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z',
+        geo: { lat: 200, lon: 36 },
+      },
+    ],
+    nextBefore: '2026-10-28T08:00:00Z',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    feed.reports.map((r) => [r.id, r.title, Boolean(r.geo), r.pins.length]),
+    [
+      ['r_1', 'Strike on Kharkiv', true, 1],
+      ['r_4', 'Off the globe', false, 0],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(feed.reports[0].media, ['video']);
+  // A picture must be HTTPS on the publisher's site.
+  assert.equal(feed.reports[0].event.image, null);
+  assert.equal(feed.nextBefore, '2026-10-28T08:00:00.000Z');
+  assert.equal(normalizeFeedPayload({ reports: 'x' }), null);
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeFeedPayload({ reports: [] }), {
+    reports: [],
+    nextBefore: null,
+  });
+});
+
+test("an event's clip is kept only as an HTTPS file a browser plays itself", () => {
+  const clip = (video) =>
+    normalizeFeedPayload({
+      reports: [
+        {
+          id: 'r',
+          title: 'T',
+          url: 'https://x.test/r',
+          publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z',
+          event: {
+            size: 1,
+            image: { url: 'https://cdn.test/p.jpg', publisher: 'P', video },
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    }).reports[0].event.image.video;
+  assert.equal(
+    clip('https://cdn.test/v.mp4?token=a'),
+    'https://cdn.test/v.mp4?token=a',
+  );
+  assert.equal(clip('https://cdn.test/v.webm'), 'https://cdn.test/v.webm');
+  assert.equal(clip('http://cdn.test/v.mp4'), undefined);
+  assert.equal(clip('https://cdn.test/v.m3u8'), undefined);
+  assert.equal(clip(undefined), undefined);
+});
+
+test('outlines keep valid rings, borders and named disputed areas', () => {
+  const ring = [
+    [30, 45],
+    [31, 45],
+    [31, 46],
+  ];
+  const outline = normalizeOutlinePayload({
+    polygons: [{ outer: ring, holes: [[[0, 0]]] }, { outer: [[1, 2]] }],
+    borders: [ring, 'x'],
+    disputed: [
+      {
+        name: 'Crimea',
+        kind: 'held',
+        heldBy: 'RU',
+        claimedBy: 'UA',
+        rings: [ring],
+      },
+      { name: 'No rings', rings: [] },
+      { name: 'Odd kind', kind: 'zzz', heldBy: 'nope', rings: [ring] },
+    ],
+  });
+  assert.equal(outline.polygons.length, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(outline.polygons[0].holes, []);
+  assert.equal(outline.borders.length, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    outline.disputed.map((d) => [d.name, d.kind, d.heldBy]),
+    [
+      ['Crimea', 'held', 'RU'],
+      ['Odd kind', 'held', null],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeOutlinePayload(null), {
+    polygons: [],
+    borders: [],
+    disputed: [],
+    area: null,
+  });
+  // Indonesia's 208 islands are all kept.
+  const islands = Array.from({ length: 208 }, () => ({ outer: ring }));
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeOutlinePayload({ polygons: islands }).polygons.length,
+    208,
+  );
+});
+
+test('a point outline names its area, and Local keeps to it', () => {
+  const box = [
+    [35, 48],
+    [37, 48],
+    [37, 50.5],
+    [35, 50.5],
+  ];
+  const { area, polygons } = normalizeOutlinePayload({
+    area: { key: 'US-TX', name: 'Texas', kind: 'region', country: 'US' },
+    polygons: [{ outer: box, holes: [] }],
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(area, {
+    key: 'US-TX',
+    name: 'Texas',
+    kind: 'region',
+    country: 'US',
+  });
+  assert.equal(areaLabel(area), 'Texas, United States');
+  assert.equal(
+    areaLabel({ ...area, kind: 'country', country: 'UA' }),
+    'Ukraine',
+  );
+  // A disputed area is named as itself, never as either side's.
+  assert.equal(
+    areaLabel({ key: 'disputed:Crimea', name: 'Crimea', kind: 'disputed' }),
+    'Crimea',
+  );
+  assert.equal(normalizeOutlinePayload({ area: { key: 'X' } }).area, null);
+  const at = (id, lat, lon) =>
+    report(id, '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z', {
+      pins: [{ lat, lon, mappable: true }],
+    });
+  const reports = [at('inside', 50, 36), at('beyond', 49, 39)];
+  const filters = normalizeFilters({ minSeverity: 0 });
+  const centre = { lat: 49, lon: 36 };
+  const now = Date.parse('2026-10-28T10:00:00Z');
+  const ids = (area) =>
+    reportsInView(reports, centre, filters, now, 10, undefined, area).map(
+      (r) => r.id,
+    );
+  // Within 500 km both; inside the area only the one.
+  assert.deepEqual(ids(null), ['inside', 'beyond']);
+  assert.deepEqual(ids(polygons), ['inside']);
+  assert.ok(inPolygons(polygons, { lat: 49, lon: 36 }));
+  assert.ok(!inPolygons([{ outer: box, holes: [box] }], { lat: 49, lon: 36 }));
+});
+
+test('feed pages merge newest first without duplicates', () => {
+  const a = report('a', '2026-10-28T10:00:00Z');
+  const b = report('b', '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z');
+  const c = report('c', '2026-10-28T08:00:00Z');
+  let feed = mergeFeedPage(
+    { items: [] },
+    { reports: [a, b], nextBefore: 'B' },
+    'replace',
+    NOW,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [feed.items.map((r) => r.id), feed.nextBefore],
+    [['a', 'b'], 'B'],
+  );
+  feed = mergeFeedPage(
+    feed,
+    { reports: [b, c], nextBefore: null },
+    'append',
+    NOW,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [feed.items.map((r) => r.id), feed.nextBefore],
+    [['a', 'b', 'c'], null],
+  );
+  const newer = report('n', '2026-10-28T11:00:00Z');
+  feed = mergeFeedPage(
+    { ...feed, nextBefore: 'C' },
+    { reports: [newer, a], nextBefore: 'X' },
+    'head',
+    NOW + 3_600_000,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [feed.items.map((r) => r.id), feed.nextBefore],
+    [['n', 'a', 'b', 'c'], 'C'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    mergeFeedPage({ items: [] }, { reports: [], nextBefore: null }, 'replace'),
+    { items: [], nextBefore: null },
+  );
+});
+
+test('a head page that does not reach the rows held starts the list over', () => {
+  const held = report('h', '2026-10-28T06:00:00Z');
+  const fresh = report('n', '2026-10-28T09:30:00Z');
+  // More than a page arrived since the last refresh (a suspended tab): the
+  // reports between this page and the rows held are behind its cursor.
+  const feed = mergeFeedPage(
+    { items: [held], nextBefore: 'OLD' },
+    { reports: [fresh], nextBefore: 'NEW' },
+    'head',
+    NOW,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [feed.items.map((r) => r.id), feed.nextBefore],
+    [['n'], 'NEW'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('the feed list keeps only the last 24 hours and at most its cap', () => {
+  const fresh = report('f', '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z');
+  const stale = report('s', '2026-10-27T09:00:00Z');
+  const ahead = report('x', '2026-10-28T11:00:00Z');
+  // A long session: yesterday's rows already held fall out on the next merge.
+  const feed = mergeFeedPage(
+    { items: [stale], nextBefore: 'S' },
+    { reports: [fresh, ahead], nextBefore: 'F' },
+    'head',
+    NOW,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    feed.items.map((r) => r.id),
+    ['f'],
+  );
+  const many = Array.from({ length: 30 }, (_, i) =>
+    report(`r${i}`, new Date(NOW - (i + 1) * 60_000).toISOString()),
+  );
+  const capped = mergeFeedPage(
+    { items: [] },
+    { reports: many, nextBefore: null },
+    'replace',
+    NOW,
+    10,
+  );
+  assert.equal(capped.items.length, 10);
+  assert.equal(capped.items[0].id, 'r0');
+  assert.equal(capped.items.at(-1).id, 'r9');
+  // Everything outside the window: an empty list, not an error.
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    mergeFeedPage(
+      { items: [] },
+      { reports: [stale], nextBefore: null },
+      'replace',
+      NOW,
+    ).items,
+    [],
+  );
+});
+
+test('filters default to significant news and map to a last-24-hours query', () => {
+  const hotspots = [{ id: 'ua' }, { id: 'me' }];
+  const filters = normalizeFilters(
+    { hotspot: 'ua', category: 'nope', minSeverity: 9 },
+    hotspots,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(filters, {
+    hotspot: 'ua',
+    category: 'all',
+    minSeverity: 2,
+    section: 'conflicts',
+    hours: null,
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeFilters({ section: 'local' }, hotspots).section,
+    'local',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeFilters({ section: 'nope' }, hotspots).section,
+    'conflicts',
+  );
+  assert.equal(normalizeFilters({ hours: 6 }, hotspots).hours, 6);
+  assert.equal(normalizeFilters({ hours: 5 }, hotspots).hours, null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeFilters({ minSeverity: 0 }, hotspots).minSeverity, 0);
+  assert.equal(normalizeFilters({ hotspot: 'gone' }, hotspots).hotspot, 'all');
+  assert.equal(
+    newsFeedQuery(
+      feedQueryFor(filters, { before: '2026-10-28T08:00:00.000Z' }),
+    ),
+    'hotspot=ua&before=2026-10-28T08%3A00%3A00.000Z&limit=60&relevance=core%2Crelated&today=1&events=1',
+  );
+  // The Conflicts feed reads the same whichever section is chosen.
+  assert.equal(
+    newsFeedQuery(feedQueryFor({ ...filters, section: 'local' })),
+    newsFeedQuery(feedQueryFor(filters)),
+  );
+});
+
+test('only the last 24 hours pass, and the severity floor applies', () => {
+  const filters = normalizeFilters();
+  const fresh = report('f', '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z', { severity: 2 });
+  const minor = report('m', '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z', { severity: 1 });
+  const old = report('o', '2026-10-27T09:00:00Z', { severity: 3 });
+  assert.equal(withinNewsWindow(fresh, NOW), true);
+  assert.equal(withinNewsWindow(old, NOW), false);
+  assert.equal(withinNewsWindow({ publishedAt: 'x' }, NOW), false);
+  // Clock skew up to 15 min ahead passes; further ahead is not news yet.
+  const skew = report('k', '2026-10-28T10:14:00Z');
+  const future = report('z', '2026-10-28T10:16:00Z');
+  assert.equal(withinNewsWindow(skew, NOW), true);
+  assert.equal(withinNewsWindow(future, NOW), false);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [fresh, minor, old]
+      .filter((r) => passesFilters(r, filters, NOW))
+      .map((r) => r.id),
+    ['f'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(visibleOnMap(minor, { ...filters, minSeverity: 0 }, NOW), true);
+  assert.equal(visibleOnMap(fresh, { ...filters, hotspot: 'me' }, NOW), false);
+});
+
+test('ageWords says now, minutes or hours', () => {
+  assert.equal(ageWords('2026-10-28T09:59:30Z', NOW), 'now');
+  assert.equal(ageWords('2026-10-28T09:55:00Z', NOW), '5 min');
+  assert.equal(ageWords('2026-10-28T07:10:00Z', NOW), '2 h');
+  assert.equal(ageWords('2026-10-26T07:10:00Z', NOW), '24 h');
+  assert.equal(ageWords('not a date', NOW), '');
+});
+
+test('markers spread deterministically near their place; source link line', () => {
+  const r = report('r_spread', '2026-10-28T10:00:00Z');
+  const p1 = reportMarkerPosition(r);
+  assert.deepEqual(reportMarkerPosition(r), p1);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(p1.lat - 50) < 0.02 && Math.abs(p1.lon - 36) < 0.04);
+  assert.notDeepEqual(
+    reportMarkerPosition(report('r_other', r.publishedAt)),
+    p1,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    sourceLinkLabel('https://www.reliefweb.int/report/x'),
+    'Source: reliefweb.int ↗',
+  );
+  assert.equal(sourceLinkLabel('not a url'), '');
+});
+
+test('beacons carry a focus, a size by activity and a trend only against a prior day', () => {
+  const { hotspots } = normalizeHotspotsPayload({
+    hotspots: [
+      {
+        id: 'a',
+        name: 'A',
+        bbox: [20, 40, 40, 50],
+        focus: { lat: 45, lon: 30 },
+        counts: { last24h: 120, prev24h: 80 },
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'b',
+        name: 'B',
+        bbox: [20, 40, 40, 50],
+        focus: { lat: 80, lon: 30 },
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    hotspots.map((h) => h.focus),
+    [
+      { lat: 45, lon: 30 },
+      { lat: 45, lon: 30 },
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.equal(hotspotTrend(120, 80), '▲');
+  assert.equal(hotspotTrend(50, 80), '▼');
+  assert.equal(hotspotTrend(85, 80), '');
+  assert.equal(hotspotTrend(40, 0), '');
+  assert.equal(beaconPixelSize(0), 10);
+  assert.equal(beaconPixelSize(10_000), 26);
+  assert.equal(
+    hotspotLabel({ id: 'ua-ru-war', name: 'Russia–Ukraine war' }),
+    'Ukraine–Russia',
+  );
+  assert.equal(hotspotLabel({ id: 'new-one', name: 'New one' }), 'New one');
+  assert.equal(
+    hotspotLabel({ id: 'x', name: 'X', catchAll: true }),
+    'Elsewhere',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    hotspotLabel({ id: 'worldwide', name: 'Worldwide', catchAll: true }),
+    'Worldwide',
+  );
+});
+
+test('marker style: severity fill, attestation rim, size by sources, fading with age', () => {
+  const r = report('r_style', '2026-10-28T10:00:00Z', {
+    severity: 2,
+    event: event({
+      status: 'claimed',
+      size: 4,
+      lastAt: '2026-10-28T10:00:00Z',
+    }),
+  });
+  const fresh = markerStyle(r, NOW);
+  assert.equal(fresh.severity, 3); // the event's, when higher than the report's
+  assert.equal(fresh.rim, 'claimed');
+  assert.equal(fresh.size, eventPixelSize(4));
+  // The icon is half the disc: no marker is too small to read it.
+  assert.equal(eventPixelSize(1), 24);
+  assert.equal(eventPixelSize(1000), 36);
+  assert.equal(fresh.alpha, 1);
+  assert.equal(markerStyle(r, NOW + 48 * 3_600_000).alpha, 0.45);
+  assert.equal(reportSeverity({ category: 'political' }), 0);
+  assert.equal(reportSeverity({ category: 'strike' }), 1);
+});
+
+test('picture cards: physical, two or more sources, major or pressing, at most ten', () => {
+  const big = report('big', '2026-10-28T09:30:00Z', { event: event() });
+  const statement = report('st', '2026-10-28T09:30:00Z', {
+    category: 'political',
+    event: event(),
+  });
+  const lone = report('lone', '2026-10-28T09:30:00Z', {
+    event: event({ size: 1 }),
+  });
+  const stale = report('stale', '2026-10-28T01:00:00Z', {
+    event: event({ severity: 2, lastAt: '2026-10-28T01:00:00Z' }),
+  });
+  assert.equal(isPressing(big, NOW), true);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    cardEvents([statement, lone, stale, big], NOW).map((r) => r.id),
+    ['big'],
+  );
+  const many = Array.from({ length: 14 }, (_, i) =>
+    report(`m${i}`, '2026-10-28T09:30:00Z', { event: event() }),
+  );
+  assert.equal(cardEvents(many, NOW).length, 10);
+  const view = cardView(big, NOW);
+  assert.equal(view.image, 'https://a.test/p.jpg');
+  assert.equal(view.credit, 'A');
+  assert.equal(view.meta, '30 min · 6 sources · UA, RU');
+  assert.equal(cardView(lone, NOW).image, null);
+});
+
+test('feed cards: headline, meta parts, sides and chips', () => {
+  const r = report('fc', '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z', {
+    title: 'Удар по Харкову',
+    titleEn: 'Strike on Kharkiv',
+    affiliation: 'military',
+    media: ['video', 'photo'],
+    geo: { lat: 50, lon: 36, place: 'Kharkiv', mappable: true, byModel: true },
+    event: event({ lastAt: '2026-10-28T09:50:00Z' }),
+  });
+  const view = feedCardView(r, NOW);
+  assert.equal(view.title, 'Strike on Kharkiv');
+  assert.equal(view.original, 'Удар по Харкову');
+  assert.equal(view.placedByModel, true);
+  assert.equal(view.severityLabel, 'Major');
+  assert.equal(view.color, '#ff4444');
+  assert.equal(view.category, 'Strike');
+  assert.equal(view.place, 'Kharkiv');
+  assert.equal(view.sources, '6 sources');
+  assert.equal(view.age, '10 min');
+  assert.equal(view.sides, 'Reported by UA sources · RU sources');
+  assert.deepEqual(view.picture, { url: 'https://a.test/p.jpg', credit: 'A' });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.chips.map((c) => [c.kind, c.label]),
+    [
+      ['official', 'Official'],
+      ['confirmed', 'Reported by both sides'],
+      ['media', 'Video'],
+      ['media', 'Photos'],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.others.map((o) => o.side),
+    ['RU'],
+  );
+  // A lone report: its own side, no picture, one source.
+  const single = feedCardView(report('s', '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z'), NOW);
+  assert.equal(single.sides, 'Reported by UA sources');
+  assert.equal(single.picture, null);
+  // A one-source event (a Telegram post) shows its picture and its clip in
+  // the panel, though the globe's picture cards need two sources.
+  const post = report('p', '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z', {
+    event: {
+      size: 1,
+      sides: [],
+      image: {
+        url: 'https://cdn4.telesco.pe/file/v.jpg',
+        publisher: 'Channel',
+        video: 'https://cdn4.telesco.pe/file/v.mp4?token=x',
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(feedCardView(post, NOW).picture, {
+    url: 'https://cdn4.telesco.pe/file/v.jpg',
+    credit: 'Channel',
+    video: 'https://cdn4.telesco.pe/file/v.mp4?token=x',
+  });
+  assert.equal(single.original, null);
+  assert.equal(sidesLine({ side: 'unknown' }), '');
+});
+
+test('event sides older than a day are left out of the card and its sides line', () => {
+  const r = report('w', '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z', {
+    event: event({
+      sides: [
+        {
+          side: 'UA',
+          title: 'a',
+          url: 'https://a.test/',
+          publisher: 'A',
+          publishedAt: '2026-10-28T08:00:00Z',
+        },
+        {
+          side: 'RU',
+          title: 'old',
+          url: 'https://b.test/',
+          publisher: 'B',
+          publishedAt: '2026-10-26T08:00:00Z',
+        },
+        {
+          side: 'unknown',
+          title: 'c',
+          url: 'https://c.test/',
+          publisher: 'C',
+          publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:10:00Z',
+        },
+        // No date: nothing shows it is recent.
+        { side: 'IL', title: 'd', url: 'https://d.test/', publisher: 'D' },
+      ],
+    }),
+  });
+  const view = feedCardView(r, NOW);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    view.others.map((o) => [o.side, o.title]),
+    [['Unattributed', 'c']],
+  );
+  // The unattributed side is not named in the sides line.
+  assert.equal(view.sides, 'Reported by UA sources');
+  assert.equal(cardView(r, NOW).meta, '30 min · 6 sources · UA, Unattributed');
+  // All sides outside the window: no others, the report's own side remains.
+  const stale = report('v', '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z', {
+    event: event({
+      sides: [
+        {
+          side: 'RU',
+          title: 'old',
+          url: 'https://b.test/',
+          publisher: 'B',
+          publishedAt: '2026-10-26T08:00:00Z',
+        },
+      ],
+    }),
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(feedCardView(stale, NOW).others, []);
+  assert.equal(feedCardView(stale, NOW).sides, 'Reported by UA sources');
+});
+
+test('in view: half-degree cells and reports within 500 km of the centre', () => {
+  assert.equal(viewCell({ lat: 50.2, lon: 36.7 }), '100:73');
+  assert.equal(viewCell({ lat: 50.4, lon: 36.9 }), '100:73');
+  assert.notEqual(viewCell({ lat: 50.6, lon: 36.7 }), '100:73');
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(distanceKm({ lat: 0, lon: 0 }, { lat: 0, lon: 1 }) - 111.2) < 0.5,
+  );
+  const filters = normalizeFilters({ minSeverity: 0 });
+  const near = report('near', '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z', { severity: 1 });
+  const major = report('major', '2026-10-28T08:00:00Z', { severity: 3 });
+  const far = report('far', '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z', {
+    pins: [{ lat: 31.5, lon: 34.4, place: 'Gaza', mappable: true }],
+  });
+  const old = report('old', '2026-10-27T08:00:00Z');
+  const centre = { lat: 49, lon: 36 };
+  assert.ok(distanceKm(centre, far.pins[0]) > NEWS_IN_VIEW_RADIUS_KM);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    reportsInView([near, far, old, major], centre, filters, NOW).map(
+      (r) => r.id,
+    ),
+    ['near', 'major'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(reportsInView([near], null, filters, NOW), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(reportsInView([], centre, filters, NOW), []);
+});
+
+test('a server may serve fewer hours than the day, never more', () => {
+  assert.equal(newsWindowMs(12), 12 * 3_600_000);
+  assert.equal(newsWindowMs(24), 24 * 3_600_000);
+  for (const bad of [0, 25, 12.5, '12', null, undefined])
+    assert.equal(newsWindowMs(bad), 24 * 3_600_000);
+  const page = {
+    reports: [
+      report('fresh', '2026-10-28T02:00:00Z'),
+      report('old', '2026-10-27T20:00:00Z'),
+    ],
+    nextBefore: null,
+  };
+  const empty = { items: [], nextBefore: null };
+  const ids = (windowMs) =>
+    mergeFeedPage(empty, page, 'replace', NOW, undefined, windowMs).items.map(
+      (r) => r.id,
+    );
+  assert.deepEqual(ids(newsWindowMs(12)), ['fresh']);
+  assert.deepEqual(ids(newsWindowMs(24)), ['fresh', 'old']);
+});
+
+test('the hotspots answer carries the window it was counted over', () => {
+  const base = {
+    hotspots: [],
+    ingest: { lastRunAt: '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z' },
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeHotspotsPayload({ ...base, windowHours: 12 }).windowHours,
+    12,
+  );
+  assert.equal(normalizeHotspotsPayload(base).windowHours, null);
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeHotspotsPayload({ ...base, windowHours: 48 }).windowHours,
+    null,
+  );
+  const shorter = normalizeHotspotsPayload({
+    ...base,
+    windowHours: 3,
+    maxWindowHours: 12,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual([shorter.windowHours, shorter.maxWindowHours], [3, 12]);
+  assert.equal(normalizeHotspotsPayload(base).maxWindowHours, null);
+});
+
+test('the window choices stop at the window the server serves', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(newsWindowChoices(24), [24, 12, 6, 3, 1]);
+  assert.deepEqual(newsWindowChoices(12), [12, 6, 3, 1]);
+  assert.deepEqual(newsWindowChoices(8), [8, 6, 3, 1]);
+  assert.deepEqual(newsWindowChoices(1), [1]);
+  assert.deepEqual(newsWindowChoices(null), [24, 12, 6, 3, 1]);
+});
+
+test('a checked severity keeps saying who set it', () => {
+  const page = normalizeFeedPayload({
+    reports: ['label', 'model', 'guess'].map((by, i) => ({
+      ...report(`r${i}`, '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z'),
+      severity: 2,
+      severityBy: by,
+    })),
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    page.reports.map((r) => r.severityBy),
+    ['label', 'model', 'rules'],
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/news/records.js b/src/layers/news/records.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf4bd5749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/news/records.js
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+// Validate /api/news payloads before they reach the scene or the DOM. Every
+// string is bounded, every URL is http(s), every position is finite; a record
+// that fails is dropped, a payload that fails is rejected whole. A portable
+// export (layers/news/source): no i18n here.
+
+const CATEGORY = /^[a-z][a-z-]{1,31}$/;
+const CODE = /^[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9-]{0,31}$/;
+const ID = /^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_-]{0,63}$/i;
+const EVENT_STATUSES = Object.freeze([
+  'both-sides',
+  'independent',
+  'claimed',
+  'reported',
+  'side',
+  'single',
+]);
+
+const text = (value, max) =>
+  typeof value === 'string' && value.trim()
+    ? value.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim().slice(0, max)
+    : null;
+const finite = (value, min, max) =>
+  Number.isFinite(value) && value >= min && value <= max ? value : null;
+const iso = (value) => {
+  const ms = Date.parse(value);
+  return Number.isFinite(ms) ? new Date(ms).toISOString() : null;
+};
+const code = (value) =>
+  typeof value === 'string' && CODE.test(value) ? value : null;
+const severity = (value) =>
+  Number.isInteger(value) && value >= 0 && value <= 3 ? value : null;
+
+/** An http(s) URL without credentials, as its normalised href, or null. */
+export function httpUrl(value) {
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(value);
+    return ['http:', 'https:'].includes(url.protocol) &&
+      !url.username &&
+      !url.password
+      ? url.href
+      : null;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+function normalizeBbox(bbox) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(bbox) || bbox.length !== 4) return null;
+  const [west, south, east, north] = bbox;
+  if (
+    finite(west, -180, 180) === null ||
+    finite(east, -180, 180) === null ||
+    finite(south, -90, 90) === null ||
+    finite(north, -90, 90) === null ||
+    west >= east ||
+    south >= north
+  )
+    return null;
+  return [west, south, east, north];
+}
+
+/** Beacon position: the curated focus point, else the bbox centre. */
+function normalizeFocus(focus, [west, south, east, north]) {
+  const lat = finite(focus?.lat, south, north);
+  const lon = finite(focus?.lon, west, east);
+  return lat !== null && lon !== null
+    ? { lat, lon }
+    : { lat: (south + north) / 2, lon: (west + east) / 2 };
+}
+
+function normalizeDeveloping(items) {
+  const out = [];
+  for (const raw of Array.isArray(items) ? items.slice(0, 16) : []) {
+    const lat = finite(raw?.focus?.lat, -90, 90);
+    const lon = finite(raw?.focus?.lon, -180, 180);
+    const country =
+      typeof raw?.country === 'string' && /^[A-Z]{2}$/.test(raw.country)
+        ? raw.country
+        : null;
+    if (lat === null || lon === null || !country) continue;
+    // A state where the catch-all flags states ("US-FL"), else the country.
+    const area =
+      typeof raw.area === 'string' && /^[A-Z]{2}-[A-Z0-9]{1,3}$/.test(raw.area)
+        ? raw.area
+        : null;
+    out.push({
+      country,
+      key: area || country,
+      name: text(raw.name, 80) || country,
+      events: Math.max(0, Math.floor(Number(raw.events) || 0)),
+      reports: Math.max(0, Math.floor(Number(raw.reports) || 0)),
+      focus: { lat, lon },
+    });
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+const hoursOrNull = (hours) =>
+  Number.isInteger(hours) && hours >= 1 && hours <= 24 ? hours : null;
+
+/**
+ * `/api/news/hotspots` → `{hotspots, categories, lastRunAt, windowHours,
+ * maxWindowHours}`, or null when the payload has no hotspot list.
+ * `windowHours` is the window the counts cover and `maxWindowHours` the
+ * longest the server serves this reader; each is null when the server names
+ * none.
+ */
+export function normalizeHotspotsPayload(payload) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(payload?.hotspots)) return null;
+  const hotspots = [];
+  for (const raw of payload.hotspots.slice(0, 64)) {
+    const id = typeof raw?.id === 'string' && ID.test(raw.id) ? raw.id : null;
+    const name = text(raw?.name, 80);
+    const bbox = normalizeBbox(raw?.bbox);
+    if (!id || !name || !bbox) continue;
+    const counts = raw.counts || {};
+    hotspots.push({
+      id,
+      name,
+      kind: text(raw.kind, 16) || 'conflict',
+      catchAll: raw.catchAll === true,
+      developing: normalizeDeveloping(raw.developing),
+      bbox,
+      parties: Array.isArray(raw.parties)
+        ? raw.parties.filter((p) => code(p))
+        : [],
+      last24h: Math.max(0, Math.floor(Number(counts.last24h) || 0)),
+      mapped24h: Math.max(0, Math.floor(Number(counts.mapped24h) || 0)),
+      prev24h: Number.isFinite(counts.prev24h)
+        ? Math.max(0, Math.floor(counts.prev24h))
+        : null,
+      focus: normalizeFocus(raw.focus, bbox),
+      latestAt: iso(raw.latestAt),
+    });
+  }
+  return {
+    hotspots,
+    categories: Array.isArray(payload.categories)
+      ? payload.categories.filter(
+          (c) => typeof c === 'string' && CATEGORY.test(c),
+        )
+      : [],
+    lastRunAt: iso(payload.ingest?.lastRunAt),
+    windowHours: hoursOrNull(payload.windowHours),
+    maxWindowHours: hoursOrNull(payload.maxWindowHours),
+  };
+}
+
+function normalizeGeo(geo) {
+  if (!geo || typeof geo !== 'object') return null;
+  const lat = finite(geo.lat, -90, 90);
+  const lon = finite(geo.lon, -180, 180);
+  if (lat === null || lon === null) return null;
+  return {
+    lat,
+    lon,
+    place: text(geo.place, 80),
+    precision: text(geo.precision, 16) || 'city',
+    confidence: finite(geo.confidence, 0, 1) ?? 0,
+    mappable: geo.mappable === true,
+    byModel: geo.method === 'llm',
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The event's picture: an HTTPS URL on the publisher's site, and whose it is;
+ * with the post's own clip when it has one a browser plays itself (an HTTPS
+ * MP4 or WebM file), the picture then its poster.
+ */
+function eventImage(image) {
+  const url = httpUrl(image?.url);
+  if (!url?.startsWith('https://')) return null;
+  const video = httpUrl(image.video);
+  const playable =
+    video?.startsWith('https://') &&
+    /\.(?:mp4|m4v|webm)$/i.test(new URL(video).pathname);
+  return {
+    url,
+    publisher: text(image.publisher, 80) || '',
+    ...(playable ? { video } : {}),
+  };
+}
+
+/** An event summary from `/feed?events=1`: size and one report per side. */
+function normalizeEvent(event) {
+  if (!event || typeof event !== 'object') return null;
+  const count = (value) => Math.max(1, Math.floor(Number(value) || 1));
+  const sides = [];
+  for (const side of Array.isArray(event.sides)
+    ? event.sides.slice(0, 8)
+    : []) {
+    const url = httpUrl(side?.url);
+    const title = text(side?.title, 300);
+    if (!url || !title) continue;
+    sides.push({
+      side: code(side.side) || 'unknown',
+      title,
+      url,
+      publisher: text(side.publisher, 80) || '',
+      publishedAt: iso(side.publishedAt),
+    });
+  }
+  return {
+    id: typeof event.id === 'string' && ID.test(event.id) ? event.id : null,
+    status: EVENT_STATUSES.includes(event.status) ? event.status : null,
+    claimedBy: text(event.claimedBy, 80),
+    reportedSide: code(event.reportedSide),
+    size: count(event.size),
+    reports: count(event.reports),
+    severity: severity(event.severity),
+    firstAt: iso(event.firstAt),
+    lastAt: iso(event.lastAt),
+    sides,
+    image: eventImage(event.image),
+  };
+}
+
+function normalizeReport(raw) {
+  const id = typeof raw?.id === 'string' && ID.test(raw.id) ? raw.id : null;
+  const title = text(raw?.title, 300);
+  const url = httpUrl(raw?.url);
+  const publishedAt = iso(raw?.publishedAt);
+  if (!id || !title || !url || !publishedAt) return null;
+  const source = raw.source || {};
+  const geo = normalizeGeo(raw.geo);
+  // Map positions: the report's own place plus any other hotspot its title
+  // names (a roundup is pinned in each).
+  const pins = [];
+  for (const place of [
+    geo,
+    ...(Array.isArray(raw.locations)
+      ? raw.locations.slice(0, 8).map(normalizeGeo)
+      : []),
+  ])
+    if (
+      place?.mappable &&
+      !pins.some((p) => p.lat === place.lat && p.lon === place.lon)
+    )
+      pins.push(place);
+  const hotspotId = typeof raw.hotspotId === 'string' ? raw.hotspotId : null;
+  return {
+    id,
+    hotspotId,
+    hotspotIds: Array.isArray(raw.hotspotIds)
+      ? raw.hotspotIds.filter((h) => typeof h === 'string').slice(0, 8)
+      : [hotspotId].filter(Boolean),
+    title,
+    url,
+    snippet: text(raw.snippet, 400),
+    publisher: text(raw.publisher, 80) || text(source.name, 80) || '',
+    sourceName: text(source.name, 80) || text(raw.publisher, 80) || '',
+    kind: text(raw.kind, 16) || 'rss',
+    side: code(raw.side) || 'unknown',
+    affiliation: text(raw.affiliation, 32),
+    attribution: text(source.attribution, 120),
+    category:
+      typeof raw.category === 'string' && CATEGORY.test(raw.category)
+        ? raw.category
+        : 'other',
+    publishedAt,
+    geo,
+    pins,
+    event: normalizeEvent(raw.event),
+    titleEn: text(raw.titleEn, 200),
+    relevance: ['core', 'related', 'minor'].includes(raw.relevance)
+      ? raw.relevance
+      : 'related',
+    severity: severity(raw.severity),
+    severityBy: ['model', 'label'].includes(raw.severityBy)
+      ? raw.severityBy
+      : 'rules',
+    claim:
+      raw.claim && typeof raw.claim === 'object'
+        ? { by: text(raw.claim.by, 80) }
+        : null,
+    media: Array.isArray(raw.media)
+      ? [...new Set(raw.media.filter((m) => m === 'video' || m === 'photo'))]
+      : [],
+  };
+}
+
+function normalizeRing(ring) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(ring) || ring.length < 3) return null;
+  const points = [];
+  for (const point of ring.slice(0, 20_000)) {
+    const lon = finite(point?.[0], -180, 180);
+    const lat = finite(point?.[1], -90, 90);
+    if (lon !== null && lat !== null) points.push([lon, lat]);
+  }
+  return points.length >= 3 ? points : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * `/api/news/outline` → `{polygons, borders, disputed, area}`: the dissolved
+ * extent (`{outer, holes}`), the national borders inside it (rings), its
+ * disputed areas and, answering a point, the area named there (else null),
+ * invalid parts dropped.
+ */
+export function normalizeOutlinePayload(payload) {
+  const polygons = [];
+  // Above every country's island count (Indonesia's is 208): an outline cut
+  // short leaves islands outside the area, read again on each settle there.
+  for (const raw of Array.isArray(payload?.polygons)
+    ? payload.polygons.slice(0, 300)
+    : []) {
+    const outer = normalizeRing(raw?.outer);
+    if (!outer) continue;
+    const holes = (Array.isArray(raw.holes) ? raw.holes.slice(0, 200) : [])
+      .map(normalizeRing)
+      .filter(Boolean);
+    polygons.push({ outer, holes });
+  }
+  const borders = (
+    Array.isArray(payload?.borders) ? payload.borders.slice(0, 50) : []
+  )
+    .map(normalizeRing)
+    .filter(Boolean);
+  const KINDS = ['held', 'self', 'un', 'unclaimed'];
+  const country = (value) =>
+    typeof value === 'string' && /^[A-Z]{2}$/.test(value) ? value : null;
+  const disputed = [];
+  for (const raw of Array.isArray(payload?.disputed)
+    ? payload.disputed.slice(0, 30)
+    : []) {
+    const rings = (Array.isArray(raw?.rings) ? raw.rings.slice(0, 20) : [])
+      .map(normalizeRing)
+      .filter(Boolean);
+    const name = text(raw?.name, 60);
+    if (!rings.length || !name) continue;
+    disputed.push({
+      name,
+      kind: KINDS.includes(raw.kind) ? raw.kind : 'held',
+      heldBy: country(raw.heldBy),
+      claimedBy: country(raw.claimedBy),
+      rings,
+    });
+  }
+  return { polygons, borders, disputed, area: outlineArea(payload?.area) };
+}
+
+const AREA_KINDS = ['country', 'region', 'disputed'];
+function outlineArea(raw) {
+  const key = text(raw?.key, 80);
+  const name = text(raw?.name, 80);
+  if (!key || !name) return null;
+  return {
+    key,
+    name,
+    kind: AREA_KINDS.includes(raw.kind) ? raw.kind : 'country',
+    country:
+      typeof raw.country === 'string' && /^[A-Z]{2}$/.test(raw.country)
+        ? raw.country
+        : null,
+  };
+}
+
+/** `/api/news/feed` → `{reports, nextBefore}`, or null without a report list. */
+export function normalizeFeedPayload(payload) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(payload?.reports)) return null;
+  const reports = [];
+  for (const raw of payload.reports.slice(0, 500)) {
+    const report = normalizeReport(raw);
+    if (report) reports.push(report);
+  }
+  return { reports, nextBefore: iso(payload.nextBefore) };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/news/source.js b/src/layers/news/source.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d180a088e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/news/source.js
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+import { readResponseJsonCapped } from '../../sources/httpBody.js';
+import { isUnavailableCapability } from '../../sources/capability.js';
+import {
+  normalizeFeedPayload,
+  normalizeHotspotsPayload,
+  normalizeOutlinePayload,
+} from './records.js';
+
+// A portable export (package.json): no i18n here. Failures stay English data;
+// the layer shows them translated.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
+const MAX_BYTES = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
+const BASE_PATH = '/api/news';
+// The outline geometry version the client draws (disputed areas included).
+const OUTLINE_VERSION = '4';
+
+/** The three read routes the news layer calls, for a host's path allowlist. */
+export const NEWS_API_PATHS = Object.freeze([
+  `${BASE_PATH}/hotspots`,
+  `${BASE_PATH}/feed`,
+  `${BASE_PATH}/outline`,
+]);
+
+const FEED_KEYS = Object.freeze([
+  'hotspot',
+  'before',
+  'since',
+  'limit',
+  'category',
+  'relevance',
+  'at',
+]);
+const FLAG_KEYS = Object.freeze(['geo', 'today', 'events']);
+const ISO = /^\d{4}-\d\d-\d\dT\d\d:\d\d:\d\d(?:\.\d{1,3})?Z$/;
+const LIST = /^[a-z][a-z,-]{0,127}$/;
+// A point to two decimals (~1 km), as areaPoint writes it.
+const AT = /^-?\d{1,2}(?:\.\d{1,2})?,-?\d{1,3}(?:\.\d{1,2})?$/;
+// A coordinate to two decimals, without trailing zeros ("50.4", "-97.74").
+const areaPoint = (value) => String(Math.round(value * 100) / 100);
+const FEED_VALUE = {
+  hotspot: (v) => /^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_-]{0,63}$/i.test(v),
+  before: (v) => ISO.test(v),
+  since: (v) => ISO.test(v),
+  limit: (v) => /^\d{1,3}$/.test(v) && Number(v) >= 1 && Number(v) <= 500,
+  category: (v) => LIST.test(v),
+  relevance: (v) => LIST.test(v),
+  at: (v) => AT.test(v),
+};
+
+/**
+ * Feed query string from a plain object; unknown keys and empty values are
+ * dropped. `at` is a point (`{lat, lon}`), the Local section's area there.
+ */
+export function newsFeedQuery(query = {}) {
+  const params = new URLSearchParams();
+  for (const key of FEED_KEYS) {
+    const value =
+      key === 'at' && query.at
+        ? `${areaPoint(query.at.lat)},${areaPoint(query.at.lon)}`
+        : query[key];
+    if (value !== undefined && value !== null && value !== '')
+      params.set(key, String(value));
+  }
+  for (const key of FLAG_KEYS) if (query[key]) params.set(key, '1');
+  return params.toString();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a request URL is one this client sends: a known route, known keys
+ * only, each value in its form. A host proxying the routes can admit exactly
+ * these and refuse the rest.
+ * @param {URL} url
+ */
+export function newsQueryAllowed(url) {
+  const params = [...url.searchParams];
+  if (new Set(params.map(([key]) => key)).size !== params.length) return false;
+  if (url.pathname === `${BASE_PATH}/hotspots`)
+    return (
+      params.length === 0 ||
+      (params.length === 1 &&
+        params[0][0] === 'hours' &&
+        /^\d{1,2}$/.test(params[0][1]) &&
+        Number(params[0][1]) >= 1 &&
+        Number(params[0][1]) <= 24)
+    );
+  if (url.pathname === `${BASE_PATH}/outline`) {
+    const keys = params.map(([key]) => key).sort();
+    const value = url.searchParams;
+    return (
+      params.length === 2 &&
+      keys[1] === 'v' &&
+      value.get('v') === OUTLINE_VERSION &&
+      ((keys[0] === 'hotspot' && FEED_VALUE.hotspot(value.get('hotspot'))) ||
+        (keys[0] === 'country' &&
+          /^[A-Z]{2}(?:-[A-Z0-9]{1,3})?$/.test(value.get('country'))) ||
+        (keys[0] === 'at' && AT.test(value.get('at'))))
+    );
+  }
+  if (url.pathname !== `${BASE_PATH}/feed`) return false;
+  return params.every(([key, value]) =>
+    FLAG_KEYS.includes(key)
+      ? value === '1'
+      : Object.hasOwn(FEED_VALUE, key) && FEED_VALUE[key](value),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * A failed read: a server without the news routes is a permanent miss; one
+ * that reads a section from a key it lacks (503 `no_key`, `key_rejected` or,
+ * its allowance for the day spent, `key_quota`, naming the key registry's id)
+ * says which, and is asked again later.
+ */
+async function responseError(response) {
+  let body = null;
+  try {
+    body = await readResponseJsonCapped(response, 16 * 1024);
+  } catch {
+    await response.body?.cancel?.().catch?.(() => {});
+  }
+  if (
+    response.status === 503 &&
+    ['no_key', 'key_rejected', 'key_quota'].includes(body?.error) &&
+    typeof body.key === 'string' &&
+    /^[a-z][a-z0-9-]{0,31}$/.test(body.key)
+  )
+    return Object.assign(new Error(msg('News key required')), {
+      status: 503,
+      code: body.error,
+      keyRequired: true,
+      keyRejected: body.error === 'key_rejected',
+      keyQuota: body.error === 'key_quota',
+      keyId: body.key,
+      unavailable: false,
+      retryable: true,
+    });
+  const unavailable =
+    response.status === 404 ||
+    (response.status === 503 && isUnavailableCapability(body));
+  return Object.assign(
+    new Error(
+      unavailable
+        ? msg('News feed not configured on this server')
+        : msg('News feed unavailable'),
+    ),
+    {
+      status: response.status,
+      code: unavailable ? 'unavailable' : 'http',
+      unavailable,
+      retryable: !unavailable,
+    },
+  );
+}
+
+/** Read hotspots, reports and outlines from the server's /api/news routes. */
+export function createNewsSource({
+  fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
+  timeoutMs = 15_000,
+} = {}) {
+  async function get(path, { signal } = {}) {
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    const timeout = AbortSignal.timeout(timeoutMs);
+    const request = signal ? AbortSignal.any([signal, timeout]) : timeout;
+    try {
+      const response = await fetchImpl(`${BASE_PATH}${path}`, {
+        signal: request,
+        cache: 'no-store',
+        redirect: 'error',
+      });
+      if (!response.ok) throw await responseError(response);
+      return await readResponseJsonCapped(response, MAX_BYTES, request);
+    } catch (cause) {
+      // Out of time the feed reads unavailable, not the browser's own words
+      // ("signal timed out"); the caller's own abort stays an abort.
+      if (timeout.aborted && !signal?.aborted)
+        throw Object.assign(new Error(msg('News feed unavailable')), {
+          code: 'timeout',
+          unavailable: false,
+          retryable: true,
+        });
+      throw cause;
+    }
+  }
+  return {
+    // `hours` asks for counts over a shorter window than the server's own.
+    async getHotspots({ signal, hours } = {}) {
+      const payload = normalizeHotspotsPayload(
+        await get(hours ? `/hotspots?hours=${hours}` : '/hotspots', {
+          signal,
+        }),
+      );
+      if (!payload) throw new Error(msg('Malformed news hotspots response'));
+      return payload;
+    },
+    async getOutline(hotspotId, { signal } = {}) {
+      return normalizeOutlinePayload(
+        await get(
+          `/outline?hotspot=${encodeURIComponent(hotspotId)}&v=${OUTLINE_VERSION}`,
+          { signal },
+        ),
+      );
+    },
+    async getCountryOutline(country, { signal } = {}) {
+      return normalizeOutlinePayload(
+        await get(
+          `/outline?country=${encodeURIComponent(country)}&v=${OUTLINE_VERSION}`,
+          { signal },
+        ),
+      );
+    },
+    // The area the Local section reads at a point, with its outline.
+    async getAreaOutline({ lat, lon }, { signal } = {}) {
+      return normalizeOutlinePayload(
+        await get(
+          `/outline?at=${areaPoint(lat)},${areaPoint(lon)}&v=${OUTLINE_VERSION}`,
+          { signal },
+        ),
+      );
+    },
+    async getFeed(query = {}, { signal } = {}) {
+      const payload = normalizeFeedPayload(
+        await get(`/feed?${newsFeedQuery(query)}`, { signal }),
+      );
+      if (!payload) throw new Error(msg('Malformed news feed response'));
+      return payload;
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/news/source.test.mjs b/src/layers/news/source.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25a3bacf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/news/source.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  NEWS_API_PATHS,
+  createNewsSource,
+  newsFeedQuery,
+  newsQueryAllowed,
+} from './source.js';
+
+const json = (body, status = 200) =>
+  new Response(JSON.stringify(body), {
+    status,
+    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+  });
+
+function recorder(respond) {
+  const calls = [];
+  return {
+    calls,
+    fetchImpl: async (url, init) => {
+      calls.push({ url, init });
+      return respond(url, init);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('reads validated hotspots, feed and outlines from the same-origin routes', async () => {
+  const { calls, fetchImpl } = recorder((url) => {
+    if (url.startsWith('/api/news/hotspots'))
+      return json({
+        hotspots: [{ id: 'ua', name: 'UA', bbox: [22, 44, 42, 56] }],
+      });
+    if (url.startsWith('/api/news/feed'))
+      return json({
+        reports: [
+          {
+            id: 'r1',
+            title: 'T',
+            url: 'https://x.test/',
+            publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:00:00Z',
+          },
+        ],
+        nextBefore: null,
+      });
+    return json({ polygons: [], borders: [], disputed: [] });
+  });
+  const source = createNewsSource({ fetchImpl });
+  assert.equal((await source.getHotspots()).hotspots[0].id, 'ua');
+  assert.equal(
+    (await source.getFeed({ hotspot: 'all', today: true, limit: 60 }))
+      .reports[0].id,
+    'r1',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual((await source.getOutline('ua')).polygons, []);
+  await source.getCountryOutline('SD');
+  await source.getHotspots({ hours: 6 });
+  await source.getAreaOutline({ lat: 30.26666, lon: -97.7 });
+  await source.getFeed({ hotspot: 'all', at: { lat: 30.26666, lon: -97.7 } });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    calls.map((c) => c.url),
+    [
+      '/api/news/hotspots',
+      '/api/news/feed?hotspot=all&limit=60&today=1',
+      '/api/news/outline?hotspot=ua&v=4',
+      '/api/news/outline?country=SD&v=4',
+      '/api/news/hotspots?hours=6',
+      '/api/news/outline?at=30.27,-97.7&v=4',
+      '/api/news/feed?hotspot=all&at=30.27%2C-97.7',
+    ],
+  );
+  for (const { url, init } of calls) {
+    assert.equal(init.redirect, 'error');
+    assert.equal(init.cache, 'no-store');
+    assert.ok(init.signal instanceof AbortSignal);
+    // Every URL the client sends is one a host's allowlist admits.
+    assert.equal(newsQueryAllowed(new URL(url, 'http://h')), true, url);
+  }
+});
+
+test('malformed, failed and unconfigured reads reject; a server without news is a permanent miss', async () => {
+  const malformed = createNewsSource({ fetchImpl: async () => json({}) });
+  await assert.rejects(malformed.getHotspots(), /Malformed news hotspots/);
+  await assert.rejects(malformed.getFeed(), /Malformed news feed/);
+
+  const down = createNewsSource({
+    fetchImpl: async () => json({ error: 'upstream' }, 502),
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(down.getHotspots(), (error) => {
+    assert.equal(error.message, 'News feed unavailable');
+    assert.equal(error.retryable, true);
+    assert.equal(error.unavailable, false);
+    return true;
+  });
+
+  const unconfigured = createNewsSource({
+    fetchImpl: async () =>
+      json(
+        { error: 'news_not_configured', unavailable: true, retryable: false },
+        503,
+      ),
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(unconfigured.getHotspots(), (error) => {
+    assert.equal(error.message, 'News feed not configured on this server');
+    assert.equal(error.code, 'unavailable');
+    assert.equal(error.unavailable, true);
+    assert.equal(error.retryable, false);
+    return true;
+  });
+  const missing = createNewsSource({
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response('Not found', { status: 404 }),
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(missing.getFeed(), { unavailable: true });
+  const broken = createNewsSource({
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response('{', { status: 200 }),
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(broken.getHotspots(), SyntaxError);
+});
+
+test('a section read from a key the server lacks names the key and is asked again', async () => {
+  const answer = (body) =>
+    createNewsSource({
+      fetchImpl: async () =>
+        new Response(JSON.stringify(body), {
+          status: 503,
+          headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        }),
+    });
+  await assert.rejects(
+    answer({ error: 'no_key', key: 'liveuamap' }).getHotspots(),
+    (error) => {
+      assert.equal(error.keyRequired, true);
+      assert.equal(error.keyRejected, false);
+      assert.equal(error.keyId, 'liveuamap');
+      assert.equal(error.unavailable, false);
+      assert.equal(error.retryable, true);
+      return true;
+    },
+  );
+  await assert.rejects(
+    answer({ error: 'key_rejected', key: 'worldnewsapi' }).getFeed({
+      at: { lat: 51.13, lon: 71.43 },
+    }),
+    { keyRequired: true, keyRejected: true, keyId: 'worldnewsapi' },
+  );
+  // The day's allowance spent: still the key's matter, back tomorrow.
+  await assert.rejects(
+    answer({ error: 'key_quota', key: 'worldnewsapi' }).getFeed(),
+    {
+      keyRequired: true,
+      keyRejected: false,
+      keyQuota: true,
+      keyId: 'worldnewsapi',
+      unavailable: false,
+    },
+  );
+  // A key name not in the registry's form is an ordinary failure.
+  await assert.rejects(
+    answer({ error: 'no_key', key: '<script>' }).getHotspots(),
+    (error) => error.keyRequired === undefined && error.code === 'http',
+  );
+});
+
+test('reads time out and follow the caller signal', async () => {
+  // AbortSignal.timeout does not hold the event loop open: the hanging fetch
+  // does, until its signal aborts, so the run cannot end before it.
+  const hang = (_url, { signal }) =>
+    new Promise((_, reject) => {
+      const alive = setTimeout(() => {}, 60_000);
+      signal.addEventListener(
+        'abort',
+        () => {
+          clearTimeout(alive);
+          reject(signal.reason);
+        },
+        { once: true },
+      );
+    });
+  const slow = createNewsSource({ fetchImpl: hang, timeoutMs: 20 });
+  // Out of time it reads unavailable, in the app's words, as retryable.
+  await assert.rejects(slow.getHotspots(), {
+    message: 'News feed unavailable',
+    code: 'timeout',
+    retryable: true,
+  });
+  // The caller's abort stays its own, even once the time is up too.
+  const late = (_url, { signal }) =>
+    new Promise((_, reject) => {
+      setTimeout(() => reject(signal.reason), 40);
+    });
+  const leaving = new AbortController();
+  const gone = createNewsSource({ fetchImpl: late, timeoutMs: 20 }).getFeed(
+    {},
+    { signal: leaving.signal },
+  );
+  leaving.abort(new Error('gone'));
+  await assert.rejects(gone, /gone/);
+  const caller = new AbortController();
+  const pending = createNewsSource({ fetchImpl: hang }).getFeed(
+    {},
+    { signal: caller.signal },
+  );
+  caller.abort(new Error('gone'));
+  await assert.rejects(pending, /gone/);
+  await assert.rejects(
+    createNewsSource({ fetchImpl: hang }).getHotspots({
+      signal: AbortSignal.abort(new Error('already')),
+    }),
+    /already/,
+  );
+});
+
+test('the host allowlist admits the client routes and refuses anything else', () => {
+  const allowed = (path) => newsQueryAllowed(new URL(path, 'http://h'));
+  assert.deepEqual(NEWS_API_PATHS, [
+    '/api/news/hotspots',
+    '/api/news/feed',
+    '/api/news/outline',
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(
+    allowed(
+      `/api/news/feed?${newsFeedQuery({ hotspot: 'ua-ru-war', before: '2026-10-28T08:00:00.000Z', limit: 500, category: 'strike', relevance: 'core,related', geo: true, today: true, events: true })}`,
+    ),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(allowed('/api/news/hotspots?hours=6'), true);
+  for (const path of [
+    '/api/news/hotspots?hours=0',
+    '/api/news/hotspots?hours=25',
+    '/api/news/hotspots?hours=6&hours=3',
+    '/api/news/hotspots?hours=6&x=1',
+    '/api/news/hotspots?x=1',
+    '/api/news/feed?limit=501',
+    '/api/news/feed?limit=0',
+    '/api/news/feed?hotspot=all&hotspot=ua',
+    '/api/news/feed?since=yesterday',
+    '/api/news/feed?geo=yes',
+    '/api/news/feed?side=UA',
+    '/api/news/air-alerts',
+    '/api/news/outline?hotspot=ua',
+    '/api/news/outline?hotspot=ua&v=2',
+    '/api/news/outline?country=ukraine&v=4',
+    '/api/news/outline?at=30.267,-97.7&v=4',
+    '/api/news/outline?at=30.27&v=4',
+    '/api/news/outline?at=30.27,-97.7&country=US&v=4',
+    '/api/news/feed?at=30.267,-97.7',
+  ])
+    assert.equal(allowed(path), false, path);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/news/sprites.js b/src/layers/news/sprites.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6fb047999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/news/sprites.js
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// Marker sprites for news reports: a dark disc with the category's icon and
+// a rim in the severity colour, the rim's form telling attestation. Drawn once per look
+// on a canvas and handed to Cesium as a data URL, so its texture atlas keeps
+// one copy per look however often the layer re-renders.
+
+import { NEWS_CATEGORIES, NEWS_SEVERITY } from './model.js';
+
+const CANVAS = 64;
+const BODY = 52; // disc diameter inside the canvas; the rest is rim and ring
+const INK = 'rgba(10, 10, 15, 0.92)';
+const SELECTED = '#00d4ff';
+const COUNT_INK = '#e8eaed';
+
+/** Canvas pixels per marker pixel: the billboard is drawn at this ratio. */
+export const SPRITE_SCALE = CANVAS / BODY;
+
+const cache = new Map();
+
+/**
+ * Paint one marker look centred at (cx, cy) with a disc of `body` pixels: the
+ * sprites and the event cards' badges draw the same thing.
+ */
+export function paintMarker(ctx, { category, severity, rim }, cx, cy, body) {
+  const k = body / BODY; // the strokes below are tuned for the 52 px body
+  const r = body / 2;
+  // A dark edge keeps the lightest fills apart from bright ground.
+  ctx.beginPath();
+  ctx.arc(cx, cy, r + 1.5 * k, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
+  ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)';
+  ctx.fill();
+  // GEV's dark glass disc, as its HUD buttons are; severity colours the rim
+  // and the icon rather than filling the disc.
+  ctx.beginPath();
+  ctx.arc(cx, cy, r, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
+  ctx.fillStyle = INK;
+  ctx.fill();
+  const color = (NEWS_SEVERITY[severity] || NEWS_SEVERITY[0]).color;
+
+  // Attestation is the rim's form, never its colour.
+  ctx.beginPath();
+  ctx.arc(cx, cy, r - 3 * k, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
+  ctx.setLineDash(rim === 'claimed' ? [7 * k, 5 * k] : []);
+  ctx.lineWidth = (rim === 'thin' ? 2.5 : 6) * k;
+  ctx.strokeStyle = color;
+  ctx.stroke();
+  ctx.setLineDash([]);
+
+  const style = NEWS_CATEGORIES[category] || NEWS_CATEGORIES.other;
+  const icon = body * 0.5;
+  ctx.save();
+  ctx.translate(cx - icon / 2, cy - icon / 2);
+  ctx.scale(icon / 16, icon / 16);
+  const path = new Path2D(style.icon);
+  ctx.lineCap = 'round';
+  ctx.lineJoin = 'round';
+  ctx.lineWidth = 1.7;
+  ctx.strokeStyle = color;
+  if (style.solid) {
+    ctx.fillStyle = color;
+    ctx.fill(path);
+  } else ctx.stroke(path);
+  ctx.restore();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Data URL of the sprite for a look, or null where there is no canvas (the
+ * layer then falls back to a plain point).
+ * @param {{category: string, severity: number, rim: 'confirmed'|'claimed'|'thin', selected?: boolean}} look
+ */
+export function markerSprite({ category, severity, rim, selected = false }) {
+  const key = `${category}|${severity}|${rim}|${selected ? 1 : 0}`;
+  if (cache.has(key)) return cache.get(key);
+  const canvas = globalThis.document?.createElement?.('canvas');
+  const ctx = canvas?.getContext?.('2d');
+  if (!ctx || typeof globalThis.Path2D !== 'function') return null;
+  canvas.width = canvas.height = CANVAS;
+  const c = CANVAS / 2;
+  paintMarker(ctx, { category, severity, rim }, c, c, BODY);
+  if (selected) {
+    ctx.beginPath();
+    ctx.arc(c, c, CANVAS / 2 - 2, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
+    ctx.lineWidth = 3.5;
+    ctx.strokeStyle = SELECTED;
+    ctx.stroke();
+  }
+  const url = canvas.toDataURL('image/png');
+  cache.set(key, url);
+  return url;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Data URL of a country badge: the dark disc with a light rim and the number
+ * of reports it stands for, drawn at the pixels it is shown at so the digits
+ * stay sharp. Null where there is no canvas.
+ * @param {number} count Reports the badge stands for.
+ * @param {number} pixels The disc's diameter in drawn pixels.
+ */
+export function countSprite(count, pixels) {
+  const body = Math.max(1, Math.round(pixels));
+  const text = count > 99 ? '99+' : String(count);
+  const key = `count|${text}|${body}`;
+  if (cache.has(key)) return cache.get(key);
+  const canvas = globalThis.document?.createElement?.('canvas');
+  const ctx = canvas?.getContext?.('2d');
+  if (!ctx) return null;
+  const k = body / BODY;
+  canvas.width = canvas.height = Math.round(CANVAS * k);
+  const c = canvas.width / 2;
+  const r = body / 2;
+  ctx.beginPath();
+  ctx.arc(c, c, r + 1.5 * k, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
+  ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)';
+  ctx.fill();
+  ctx.beginPath();
+  ctx.arc(c, c, r, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
+  ctx.fillStyle = INK;
+  ctx.fill();
+  ctx.beginPath();
+  ctx.arc(c, c, r - 2 * k, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
+  ctx.lineWidth = 3 * k;
+  ctx.strokeStyle = COUNT_INK;
+  ctx.stroke();
+  ctx.fillStyle = COUNT_INK;
+  ctx.font = `600 ${Math.round(body * (text.length > 2 ? 0.34 : 0.44))}px ui-monospace, Menlo, monospace`;
+  ctx.textAlign = 'center';
+  ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
+  ctx.fillText(text, c, c + k);
+  const url = canvas.toDataURL('image/png');
+  cache.set(key, url);
+  return url;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/shipwrecks/cards.js b/src/layers/shipwrecks/cards.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42e97e16e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/shipwrecks/cards.js
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+import { formatDate, formatNumber, msg, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { EMODNET_PAGE_URL } from './records.js';
+
+export const ERA_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  'before-1900': msg('Before 1900'),
+  '1900-1945': msg('1900–1945'),
+  'after-1945': msg('After 1945'),
+  undated: msg('Date unknown'),
+});
+
+export const ERA_COLORS = Object.freeze({
+  'before-1900': '#c79a5b',
+  '1900-1945': '#ff6b5e',
+  'after-1945': '#4fc3f7',
+  undated: '#9aa7b4',
+});
+
+function formatDay(date) {
+  const match = /^(-?\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})$/.exec(date || '');
+  if (!match) return '';
+  return formatDate(
+    Date.UTC(Number(match[1]), Number(match[2]) - 1, Number(match[3])),
+    { day: 'numeric', month: 'short', year: 'numeric', timeZone: 'UTC' },
+  );
+}
+
+function meters(value) {
+  return formatNumber(value, {
+    maximumFractionDigits: value < 10 ? 1 : 0,
+  });
+}
+
+/** How well the position is known, as one card line (or null). */
+export function positionLine(record) {
+  if (record.positionNote) return t('Position: centre of the protected area');
+  const accuracy = record.positionAccuracy;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(accuracy)) return null;
+  // 1852 m is EMODnet's "within a nautical mile" for old, reported positions.
+  if (accuracy >= 1000)
+    return t('Position approximate (within about {km} km)', {
+      km: formatNumber(accuracy / 1000, { maximumFractionDigits: 1 }),
+    });
+  return t('Position surveyed (within about {m} m)', { m: meters(accuracy) });
+}
+
+/**
+ * The link a click on the card opens: the Wikipedia (or Wikidata) page, the
+ * wreck's own page when EMODnet lists one, else EMODnet's portal.
+ * @param {object} record
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function cardLink(record) {
+  return record?.url || EMODNET_PAGE_URL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Title and detail lines for one wreck card: deaths first, then when and
+ * where, then the ship facts. Victims appear as a count only; free text that
+ * refers to a person by a title or role is dropped by a keyword filter (see
+ * records.js), which a bare name can still pass.
+ * @param {object} record A normalized shipwreck record.
+ * @returns {{title: string, details: string[], link: string}}
+ */
+export function describeShipwreck(record) {
+  const titleParts = [t('Shipwreck')];
+  if (record.name) titleParts.push(record.name);
+  const details = [];
+  // Deaths first, right under the title: the fact readers look for.
+  const toll = [];
+  if (Number.isFinite(record.casualties))
+    toll.push(
+      t('Fatalities: {count}', { count: formatNumber(record.casualties) }),
+    );
+  if (record.survivors)
+    toll.push(
+      t('Survivors: {count}', { count: formatNumber(record.survivors) }),
+    );
+  if (toll.length) details.push(toll.join(' · '));
+  const when =
+    formatDay(record.date) ||
+    (Number.isInteger(record.year) ? String(record.year) : '') ||
+    record.dating ||
+    '';
+  const where = [when, record.country].filter(Boolean);
+  if (where.length) details.push(where.join(' · '));
+  if (record.vesselType)
+    details.push(t('Vessel: {value}', { value: record.vesselType }));
+  if (record.cause)
+    details.push(t('What happened: {value}', { value: record.cause }));
+  if (Number.isFinite(record.depth))
+    details.push(
+      record.depthQuality
+        ? t('Depth: {m} m ({quality})', {
+            m: meters(record.depth),
+            quality: record.depthQuality,
+          })
+        : t('Depth: {m} m', { m: meters(record.depth) }),
+    );
+  const position = positionLine(record);
+  if (position) details.push(position);
+  if (record.notes) details.push(t('Notes: {value}', { value: record.notes }));
+  if (record.cargo)
+    details.push(t('Cargo or finds: {value}', { value: record.cargo }));
+  if (record.protected) details.push(t('Protected wreck'));
+  const sources =
+    record.source === 'wikidata'
+      ? record.alsoIn === 'emodnet'
+        ? 'Wikidata · EMODnet'
+        : 'Wikidata'
+      : record.originator
+        ? `EMODnet (${record.originator})`
+        : 'EMODnet';
+  details.push(t('Source: {value}', { value: sources }));
+  const link = cardLink(record);
+  details.push(
+    link === EMODNET_PAGE_URL
+      ? t('Click the card to open EMODnet ↗')
+      : link.includes('.wikipedia.org/')
+        ? t('Click the card to open the article ↗')
+        : t('Click the card to open the source ↗'),
+  );
+  return { title: titleParts.join(' · '), details, link };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/shipwrecks/cards.test.mjs b/src/layers/shipwrecks/cards.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b7c84c62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/shipwrecks/cards.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { describeShipwreck, positionLine } from './cards.js';
+import { EMODNET_PAGE_URL } from './records.js';
+
+test('a Wikidata card shows the ship facts and links its article', () => {
+  const card = describeShipwreck({
+    source: 'wikidata',
+    alsoIn: 'emodnet',
+    name: 'HMS Havant',
+    vesselType: 'destroyer',
+    date: '1940-06-01',
+    year: 1940,
+    cause: 'Was sunk on 06/01/1940 by the German air force',
+    casualties: 8,
+    survivors: 120,
+    depth: 14.72,
+    depthQuality: 'Least depth known',
+    positionAccuracy: 3.1,
+    notes: '1939 G and H-class destroyer',
+    country: 'France',
+    url: 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Havant_(H32)',
+  });
+  assert.equal(card.title, 'Shipwreck · HMS Havant');
+  assert.equal(card.link, 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Havant_(H32)');
+  const text = card.details.join('\n');
+  assert.equal(card.details[0], 'Fatalities: 8 · Survivors: 120');
+  assert.match(card.details[1], /1940 · France$/);
+  assert.match(text, /Vessel: destroyer/);
+  assert.match(text, /What happened: Was sunk/);
+  assert.match(text, /Depth: 15 m \(Least depth known\)/);
+  assert.match(text, /Position surveyed \(within about 3\.1 m\)/);
+  assert.match(text, /Source: Wikidata · EMODnet/);
+  assert.match(text, /open the article/);
+});
+
+test('an EMODnet card without a page links the portal', () => {
+  const card = describeShipwreck({
+    source: 'emodnet',
+    name: null,
+    year: null,
+    dating: 'C1st AD',
+    originator: 'The Oxford Roman Economy Project',
+    protected: true,
+    url: null,
+  });
+  assert.equal(card.title, 'Shipwreck');
+  assert.equal(card.link, EMODNET_PAGE_URL);
+  const text = card.details.join('\n');
+  assert.equal(card.details[0], 'C1st AD');
+  assert.match(text, /Protected wreck/);
+  assert.match(text, /EMODnet \(The Oxford Roman Economy Project\)/);
+  assert.match(text, /open EMODnet/);
+});
+
+test('position lines read the accuracy', () => {
+  assert.equal(positionLine({}), null);
+  assert.match(positionLine({ positionAccuracy: 1852 }), /about 1\.9 km/);
+  assert.match(
+    positionLine({ positionNote: 'x' }),
+    /centre of the protected area/,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/shipwrecks/eras.js b/src/layers/shipwrecks/eras.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec7b54245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/shipwrecks/eras.js
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/** Era chips, oldest first; a wreck with no known year sits in its own chip. */
+export const SHIPWRECK_ERAS = Object.freeze([
+  'before-1900',
+  '1900-1945',
+  'after-1945',
+  'undated',
+]);
+
+/**
+ * The era a wreck belongs to. Ancient wrecks dated only by period
+ * ("Roman Imperial", "C1st AD") count as before 1900.
+ * @param {{year?: number|null, ancient?: boolean}} record
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function eraOf(record) {
+  const year = Number.isInteger(record?.year) ? record.year : null;
+  if (year === null) return record?.ancient ? 'before-1900' : 'undated';
+  if (year < 1900) return 'before-1900';
+  if (year <= 1945) return '1900-1945';
+  return 'after-1945';
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/shipwrecks/eras.test.mjs b/src/layers/shipwrecks/eras.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41de855e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/shipwrecks/eras.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { eraOf } from './eras.js';
+
+test('each wreck falls in one era', () => {
+  assert.equal(eraOf({ year: 1588 }), 'before-1900');
+  assert.equal(eraOf({ year: null, ancient: true }), 'before-1900');
+  assert.equal(eraOf({ year: 1900 }), '1900-1945');
+  assert.equal(eraOf({ year: 1945 }), '1900-1945');
+  assert.equal(eraOf({ year: 1946 }), 'after-1945');
+  assert.equal(eraOf({ year: null }), 'undated');
+  assert.equal(eraOf(null), 'undated');
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/shipwrecks/index.js b/src/layers/shipwrecks/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a28a324c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/shipwrecks/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { formatNumber, msg, t, tn } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  registerSpriteCollection,
+  restoreSpriteOrder,
+  unregisterSpriteCollection,
+} from '../../data/spriteOrder.js';
+import { createHorizonCull } from '../streetLevel/view.js';
+import { ERA_COLORS, ERA_LABELS, describeShipwreck } from './cards.js';
+import { SHIPWRECK_ERAS, eraOf } from './eras.js';
+import {
+  inPeriod,
+  normalizePeriod,
+  periodRange,
+  yearExtent,
+} from './period.js';
+export * from './records.js';
+export * from './cards.js';
+export * from './eras.js';
+export * from './period.js';
+export { createShipwrecksSource } from './source.js';
+
+export const SHIPWRECKS_LAYER_ID = 'shipwrecks';
+export const SHIPWRECKS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID = 'shipwrecks';
+const PICK_PREFIX = 'shipwreck:';
+const CARD_HOST_OPTIONS = Object.freeze({
+  cohortLimit: 1,
+  collisionCapacity: 1,
+  moving: false,
+});
+const MAX_CARD_LINES = 14;
+/** Wrecks not refreshed for this long leave the map (the proxy's own limit). */
+const MAX_SHOWN_AGE_MS = 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+
+/**
+ * When the shown wrecks leave the map if the page cannot refresh, on this
+ * page's clock: the age the proxy reports (its own clock) is subtracted from
+ * the limit, so the two clocks are never compared, and the newest source
+ * decides. A wreck both sources list is one merged record, so the snapshot
+ * goes as a whole, not per source. With no age reported, the snapshot counts
+ * as fresh when it arrives.
+ */
+export function snapshotDeadline(snapshot, at) {
+  const limit = snapshot.maxAgeMs ?? MAX_SHOWN_AGE_MS;
+  const ages = ['emodnet', 'wikidata']
+    .filter((name) => snapshot.sources?.[name] !== false)
+    .map((name) => snapshot.ages?.[name] ?? 0);
+  const newest = ages.length ? Math.min(...ages) : 0;
+  return at + limit - newest;
+}
+/**
+ * Marker size in pixels: grows with the death toll, from 16 px (no deaths known) to 36 px (about a thousand or more).
+ */
+export function markerPixelSize(casualties) {
+  const n = Number.isFinite(casualties) && casualties > 0 ? casualties : 0;
+  return Math.round(16 + Math.min(20, Math.log2(1 + n) * 2));
+}
+
+/**
+ * A round marker in the era's colour with a sinking hull and mast in the
+ * middle, as an SVG data URL. It is rasterized at 144 px, four times the
+ * largest marker, so big markers stay sharp on high-density screens.
+ * @param {string} color CSS colour.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function wreckMarkerImage(color) {
+  const svg =
+    `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="144" height="144" viewBox="0 0 36 36">` +
+    `<circle cx="18" cy="18" r="16" fill="${color}" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"/>` +
+    `<path d="M8 21h20l-3.5 5h-13z" fill="#0b1420"/>` +
+    `<path d="M17 8v12M17 9l6 7h-6" fill="none" stroke="#0b1420" stroke-width="2.2" stroke-linejoin="round"/>` +
+    `</svg>`;
+  return `data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,${encodeURIComponent(svg)}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shipwrecks: EMODnet's European heritage wrecks and Wikidata's notable
+ * wrecks worldwide, one marker each, with a card and era chips.
+ */
+export function createShipwrecksLayer({
+  source,
+  overlayHost = null,
+  screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory = null,
+  picking = null,
+  pointer = null,
+  openExternal = null,
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+  // One collection for every wreck marker (thousands of them): far cheaper to
+  // draw and rebuild than an entity each. Tests pass a fake.
+  createMarkers = (scene) =>
+    new Cesium.BillboardCollection({
+      scene,
+      blendOption: Cesium.BlendOption.TRANSLUCENT,
+    }),
+} = {}) {
+  if (typeof source?.getSnapshot !== 'function')
+    throw new TypeError('Shipwrecks require a snapshot source');
+  let _viewer = null;
+  let _enabled = false;
+  let _markers = null;
+  let _request = null;
+  let _records = new Map();
+  let _pins = [];
+  let _snapshot = null;
+  let _deadline = null;
+  let _lastError = null;
+  let _clickHandler = null;
+  let _rowListener = null;
+  let _selectedId = null;
+  let _selectedCardId = null;
+  let _selectedLink = null;
+  let _period = { from: null, to: null };
+  let _extent = null;
+  let _range = null;
+  const _images = Object.fromEntries(
+    SHIPWRECK_ERAS.map((era) => [era, wreckMarkerImage(ERA_COLORS[era])]),
+  );
+
+  const render = () => _viewer?.scene?.requestRender?.();
+  const notifyRow = () => _rowListener?.();
+  const canSelect = () =>
+    overlayHost && screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory && picking;
+  // Markers skip the depth test so terrain does not swallow them; the
+  // horizon cull hides the far side of the planet instead.
+  const _horizon = createHorizonCull({
+    getViewer: () => _viewer,
+    items: () => _pins,
+    onChange: render,
+  });
+
+  /** Shown: its year is inside the period (undated ones only for all years). */
+  function visible(record) {
+    return Boolean(record) && inPeriod(record, _range);
+  }
+
+  function applyPin(pin) {
+    const show = pin.inFront && visible(pin.record);
+    if (pin.billboard.show !== show) pin.billboard.show = show;
+  }
+
+  /** Re-apply the period to every marker and the open card. */
+  function applyFilter() {
+    for (const pin of _pins) applyPin(pin);
+    if (_selectedId && !visible(_records.get(_selectedId))) clearSelection();
+    notifyRow();
+    render();
+  }
+
+  function rebuild(records) {
+    _records = new Map(records.map((record) => [record.id, record]));
+    _extent = yearExtent(records);
+    _range = periodRange(_period, _extent);
+    _pins = [];
+    if (!_markers) return;
+    _markers.removeAll();
+    // Within one collection later markers draw on top: add by rising death
+    // toll so a bigger toll covers smaller neighbours.
+    const ordered = [...records].sort(
+      (a, b) => (a.casualties || 0) - (b.casualties || 0),
+    );
+    for (const record of ordered) {
+      const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(record.lon, record.lat);
+      const size = markerPixelSize(record.casualties);
+      const billboard = _markers.add({
+        id: `${PICK_PREFIX}${record.id}`,
+        position,
+        image: _images[eraOf(record)],
+        width: size,
+        height: size,
+        heightReference: Cesium.HeightReference.CLAMP_TO_GROUND,
+        disableDepthTestDistance: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+      });
+      const pin = {
+        billboard,
+        record,
+        position,
+        inFront: true,
+        get show() {
+          return this.inFront;
+        },
+        set show(value) {
+          this.inFront = value;
+          applyPin(this);
+        },
+      };
+      applyPin(pin);
+      _pins.push(pin);
+    }
+    _horizon.update();
+    if (_selectedId && !_records.has(_selectedId)) clearSelection();
+    else if (_selectedId) publishCard();
+    render();
+  }
+
+  // ---- selection card ----------------------------------------------------
+  function publishCard() {
+    if (!canSelect()) return;
+    const record = _selectedId ? _records.get(_selectedId) : null;
+    if (!visible(record)) {
+      clearSelection();
+      return;
+    }
+    const { title, details, link } = describeShipwreck(record);
+    _selectedLink = link && openExternal ? link : null;
+    const card = {
+      id: `shipwreck-card:${record.id}`,
+      selected: true,
+      interactive: Boolean(_selectedLink),
+      title,
+      details: details.slice(0, MAX_CARD_LINES),
+      accent: ERA_COLORS[eraOf(record)],
+      priority: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
+      gapPx: 15,
+      verticalOnly: true,
+      placement: 'above',
+      stateless: true,
+      horizonCull: true,
+      position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(record.lon, record.lat),
+    };
+    if (card.interactive) {
+      const target = _selectedLink;
+      card.accessibilityLabel = t('Open the source for {title}', { title });
+      card.activate = () => {
+        openExternal(target);
+        return true;
+      };
+    }
+    _selectedCardId = card.id;
+    overlayHost.setEntries(
+      SHIPWRECKS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+      [card],
+      CARD_HOST_OPTIONS,
+    );
+    overlayHost.setVisible?.(SHIPWRECKS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, true);
+  }
+
+  function clearSelection() {
+    _selectedId = null;
+    _selectedCardId = null;
+    _selectedLink = null;
+    overlayHost?.setEntries(
+      SHIPWRECKS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+      [],
+      CARD_HOST_OPTIONS,
+    );
+  }
+
+  function pickedRecordId(picked) {
+    const pickId = picking.resolvePickId(picked);
+    if (typeof pickId !== 'string' || !pickId.startsWith(PICK_PREFIX))
+      return null;
+    const id = pickId.slice(PICK_PREFIX.length);
+    return _records.has(id) ? id : null;
+  }
+
+  function installClickHandler() {
+    if (!canSelect() || _clickHandler || !_viewer) return;
+    picking.registerPickOwner?.(
+      SHIPWRECKS_LAYER_ID,
+      (pickedId) =>
+        typeof pickedId === 'string' && pickedId.startsWith(PICK_PREFIX),
+    );
+    _clickHandler = screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory(_viewer);
+    _clickHandler.setInputAction((click) => {
+      if (pointer && !pointer.isPointerFree()) return;
+      const cardHit = overlayHost.hitTest?.(
+        click.position?.x,
+        click.position?.y,
+        { sourceId: SHIPWRECKS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID },
+      );
+      if (cardHit && cardHit.entryId === _selectedCardId) {
+        if (_selectedLink) openExternal(_selectedLink);
+        return;
+      }
+      const picked = _viewer.scene.pick(click.position);
+      const id = picked ? pickedRecordId(picked) : null;
+      if (id) {
+        _selectedId = id;
+        publishCard();
+        render();
+        return;
+      }
+      if (picked) {
+        const pickId = picking.resolvePickId(picked);
+        if (pickId && picking.isOwnedByOtherLayer(SHIPWRECKS_LAYER_ID, pickId))
+          return;
+      }
+      if (_selectedId) {
+        clearSelection();
+        render();
+      }
+    }, Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK);
+  }
+
+  function removeClickHandler() {
+    _clickHandler?.destroy();
+    _clickHandler = null;
+    picking?.unregisterPickOwner?.(SHIPWRECKS_LAYER_ID);
+  }
+
+  /** Wrecks shown per era, in one pass over the records. */
+  function eraCounts() {
+    const counts = Object.fromEntries(SHIPWRECK_ERAS.map((era) => [era, 0]));
+    for (const record of _records.values())
+      if (inPeriod(record, _range)) counts[eraOf(record)]++;
+    return counts;
+  }
+
+  /** The years that have a dated wreck, plus `extra` ones, newest first. */
+  function yearsInData(extra = []) {
+    const years = new Set(extra);
+    for (const record of _records.values())
+      if (Number.isInteger(record.year)) years.add(record.year);
+    return [...years].sort((a, b) => b - a);
+  }
+
+  /** The start and end year pickers, side by side. */
+  function periodControls() {
+    if (!_extent || _extent.min === _extent.max) return {};
+    const range = periodRange(_period, _extent);
+    const valueText = range.all
+      ? t('All years')
+      : range.from === range.to
+        ? String(range.from)
+        : `${range.from}–${range.to}`;
+    // Only years with a wreck: a picker of every year since the oldest
+    // dated wreck would run to well over a thousand entries.
+    // The chosen ends stay listed even when no wreck sank that year.
+    const options = yearsInData([range.from, range.to]).map((year) => ({
+      value: year,
+      label: String(year),
+    }));
+    return {
+      range: {
+        id: 'period',
+        label: t('Period'),
+        valueText,
+        from: {
+          label: t('From'),
+          ariaLabel: t('First year of the shipwreck period'),
+          value: range.from,
+        },
+        to: {
+          label: t('To'),
+          ariaLabel: t('Last year of the shipwreck period'),
+          value: range.to,
+        },
+        options,
+        params: (end, value) => ({ [end]: Number(value) }),
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
+  const layer = {
+    id: SHIPWRECKS_LAYER_ID,
+    name: 'Shipwrecks',
+    icon: '⚓',
+    source: 'EMODnet · Wikidata',
+    // The proxy refreshes once a day; this only notices a new snapshot.
+    updateInterval: 6 * 60 * 60 * 1000,
+
+    init(viewer) {
+      if (_viewer) throw new Error('Shipwrecks layer is already initialized');
+      _viewer = viewer;
+      _markers = createMarkers(viewer.scene);
+      _markers.show = false;
+      viewer.scene.primitives.add(_markers);
+      registerSpriteCollection(SHIPWRECKS_LAYER_ID, _markers);
+    },
+
+    enable() {
+      _enabled = true;
+      if (_markers) _markers.show = true;
+      restoreSpriteOrder(_viewer);
+      installClickHandler();
+      if (_pins.length) _horizon.update();
+    },
+
+    disable() {
+      _enabled = false;
+      _request?.abort();
+      _request = null;
+      if (_markers) _markers.show = false;
+      removeClickHandler();
+      clearSelection();
+      _horizon.stop();
+      render();
+    },
+
+    async update() {
+      if (!_enabled || !_markers) return false;
+      _request?.abort();
+      const request = new AbortController();
+      _request = request;
+      try {
+        const snapshot = await source.getSnapshot({ signal: request.signal });
+        if (request.signal.aborted || _request !== request || !_enabled)
+          return false;
+        // The page checks every 6 h; the proxy refreshes once a day. Only a
+        // new snapshot rebuilds the markers.
+        const unchanged =
+          typeof snapshot.version === 'string' &&
+          snapshot.version === _snapshot?.version &&
+          _pins.length > 0;
+        _snapshot = snapshot;
+        _deadline = snapshotDeadline(snapshot, now());
+        _lastError =
+          snapshot.sources.emodnet && snapshot.sources.wikidata
+            ? null
+            : snapshot.sources.emodnet
+              ? msg('Wikidata unavailable; showing EMODnet only')
+              : msg('EMODnet unavailable; showing Wikidata only');
+        if (!unchanged) rebuild(snapshot.records);
+        notifyRow();
+        return true;
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (request.signal.aborted || _request !== request || !_enabled)
+          return false;
+        console.warn('[Data:Shipwrecks] Fetch error:', error);
+        _lastError = error?.message || msg('Shipwrecks unavailable');
+        // What is on the map was not refreshed: say so, and drop it once
+        // even its newest source is older than the proxy would serve.
+        if (_snapshot) {
+          if (now() >= _deadline) {
+            _snapshot = null;
+            _deadline = null;
+            rebuild([]);
+          } else _snapshot = { ..._snapshot, stale: true };
+        }
+        notifyRow();
+        return false;
+      } finally {
+        if (_request === request) _request = null;
+      }
+    },
+
+    destroy(viewer = _viewer) {
+      layer.disable();
+      if (_markers) {
+        unregisterSpriteCollection(SHIPWRECKS_LAYER_ID, _markers);
+        const primitives = viewer?.scene?.primitives;
+        if (primitives && !primitives.isDestroyed?.())
+          primitives.remove(_markers);
+        _markers = null;
+      }
+      _records = new Map();
+      _pins = [];
+      _snapshot = null;
+      _deadline = null;
+      _viewer = null;
+      _rowListener = null;
+    },
+
+    /** The period filter: `from` and `to` are years (null = oldest / latest in the data). */
+    getParams() {
+      return { ..._period };
+    },
+
+    setParams(params = {}) {
+      const next = normalizePeriod(params, _period);
+      if (next.from === _period.from && next.to === _period.to) return true;
+      _period = next;
+      _range = periodRange(_period, _extent);
+      applyFilter();
+      return true;
+    },
+
+    setRowControlsListener(listener) {
+      _rowListener = listener;
+    },
+
+    getRowControls() {
+      const counts = eraCounts();
+      return {
+        chips: [],
+        ...periodControls(),
+        // The colours are a legend: when the ship sank.
+        legend: SHIPWRECK_ERAS.map((era) => ({
+          label: t(ERA_LABELS[era]),
+          count: counts[era],
+          color: ERA_COLORS[era],
+          blurb: tn(counts[era], '{count} wreck', '{count} wrecks', {
+            count: formatNumber(counts[era]),
+          }),
+        })),
+        info: t('EMODnet (European waters) · Wikidata (worldwide)'),
+        infoTitle: t(
+          'European heritage wrecks come from EMODnet Human Activities; notable wrecks worldwide come from Wikidata. Colour shows when the ship sank; marker size grows with deaths. Click a marker for its card.',
+        ),
+      };
+    },
+
+    getStats() {
+      let shown = 0;
+      for (const record of _records.values()) if (visible(record)) shown++;
+      return {
+        count: shown,
+        lastUpdate: _snapshot?.fetchedAt ?? null,
+        stale: _snapshot?.stale === true,
+        error: _lastError,
+      };
+    },
+
+    /** Loaded records as plain JSON-safe objects, for tools and QA. */
+    getAnalystRecords(maxCount = 2000) {
+      if (!_enabled) return [];
+      const out = [];
+      for (const record of _records.values()) {
+        if (out.length >= maxCount) break;
+        if (!visible(record)) continue;
+        out.push({
+          id: record.id,
+          source: record.source,
+          name: record.name,
+          vesselType: record.vesselType,
+          year: record.year,
+          era: eraOf(record),
+          lat: record.lat,
+          lon: record.lon,
+          depth: record.depth,
+          casualties: record.casualties,
+        });
+      }
+      return out;
+    },
+  };
+  return layer;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/shipwrecks/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/shipwrecks/index.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6362be2e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/shipwrecks/index.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as picking from '../../data/pickRegistry.js';
+import {
+  createShipwrecksLayer,
+  markerPixelSize,
+  snapshotDeadline,
+} from './index.js';
+
+const wreck = (id, extra = {}) => ({
+  id,
+  source: 'wikidata',
+  name: id,
+  lat: 50,
+  lon: -1,
+  year: 1912,
+  date: null,
+  casualties: null,
+  ...extra,
+});
+
+const snapshot = (records, version = 'v1') => ({
+  records,
+  fetchedAt: 1,
+  stale: false,
+  version,
+  sources: { emodnet: true, wikidata: true },
+});
+
+function deferred() {
+  let resolve;
+  const promise = new Promise((done) => {
+    resolve = done;
+  });
+  return { promise, resolve };
+}
+
+/** A fake billboard collection that records what the layer adds. */
+function fakeMarkers() {
+  const collection = {
+    show: true,
+    billboards: [],
+    rebuilds: 0,
+    add(options) {
+      const billboard = { show: true, ...options };
+      collection.billboards.push(billboard);
+      return billboard;
+    },
+    removeAll() {
+      collection.rebuilds++;
+      collection.billboards = [];
+    },
+  };
+  return collection;
+}
+
+function harness({ snapshots, now = () => 1 } = {}) {
+  const markers = fakeMarkers();
+  const primitives = [];
+  const cards = [];
+  const handlers = [];
+  const opened = [];
+  let pickResult = null;
+  const viewer = {
+    camera: { positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-1, 50, 2e6) },
+    scene: {
+      canvas: {},
+      requestRender() {},
+      pick: () => pickResult,
+      preRender: { addEventListener: () => () => {} },
+      primitives: {
+        add: (primitive) => primitives.push(primitive),
+        remove: (primitive) =>
+          primitives.splice(primitives.indexOf(primitive), 1),
+        raiseToTop() {},
+        contains: (primitive) => primitives.includes(primitive),
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  const queue = [...(snapshots || [])];
+  const requests = [];
+  const layer = createShipwrecksLayer({
+    source: {
+      getSnapshot({ signal }) {
+        requests.push(signal);
+        const next = queue.shift();
+        if (next instanceof Error) return Promise.reject(next);
+        return next instanceof Promise ? next : Promise.resolve(next);
+      },
+    },
+    createMarkers: () => markers,
+    overlayHost: {
+      setEntries: (_source, entries) => cards.push(entries),
+      setVisible() {},
+      hitTest: () => null,
+    },
+    screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory: () => {
+      const handler = {
+        setInputAction(callback) {
+          handler.click = callback;
+        },
+        destroy() {
+          handler.destroyed = true;
+        },
+      };
+      handlers.push(handler);
+      return handler;
+    },
+    picking,
+    pointer: { isPointerFree: () => true },
+    openExternal: (url) => opened.push(url),
+    now: () => now(),
+  });
+  layer.init(viewer);
+  return {
+    layer,
+    markers,
+    primitives,
+    cards,
+    handlers,
+    requests,
+    opened,
+    pick(id) {
+      pickResult = id ? { id: `shipwreck:${id}` } : null;
+    },
+    lastCard: () => cards.at(-1),
+  };
+}
+
+test('markers live in one collection, shown only while the layer is on', async () => {
+  const h = harness({ snapshots: [snapshot([wreck('a'), wreck('b')])] });
+  assert.deepEqual(h.primitives, [h.markers]);
+  assert.equal(h.markers.show, false);
+  h.layer.enable();
+  assert.equal(h.markers.show, true);
+  assert.equal(await h.layer.update(), true);
+  assert.equal(h.markers.billboards.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 2);
+  h.layer.disable();
+  assert.equal(h.markers.show, false);
+  assert.equal(h.handlers[0].destroyed, true);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+  assert.deepEqual(h.primitives, [], 'the collection leaves the scene');
+});
+
+test('markers sit on the wreck: no eye offset, bigger toll drawn last', async () => {
+  const h = harness({
+    snapshots: [
+      snapshot([
+        wreck('big', { casualties: 1500 }),
+        wreck('none'),
+        wreck('small', { casualties: 3 }),
+      ]),
+    ],
+  });
+  h.layer.enable();
+  await h.layer.update();
+  const ids = h.markers.billboards.map((billboard) => billboard.id);
+  assert.deepEqual(ids, ['shipwreck:none', 'shipwreck:small', 'shipwreck:big']);
+  for (const billboard of h.markers.billboards)
+    assert.equal(billboard.eyeOffset, undefined);
+  assert.equal(h.markers.billboards[2].width, markerPixelSize(1500));
+});
+
+test('an unchanged snapshot does not rebuild the markers', async () => {
+  const records = [wreck('a')];
+  const h = harness({
+    snapshots: [
+      snapshot(records, 'v1'),
+      snapshot(records, 'v1'),
+      snapshot([wreck('a'), wreck('b')], 'v2'),
+    ],
+  });
+  h.layer.enable();
+  await h.layer.update();
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.markers.rebuilds, 1);
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.markers.rebuilds, 2);
+  assert.equal(h.markers.billboards.length, 2);
+});
+
+test('a response that arrives after the layer is turned off is ignored', async () => {
+  const late = deferred();
+  const h = harness({ snapshots: [late.promise] });
+  h.layer.enable();
+  const pending = h.layer.update();
+  h.layer.disable();
+  assert.equal(h.requests[0].aborted, true);
+  late.resolve(snapshot([wreck('a')]));
+  assert.equal(await pending, false);
+  assert.equal(h.markers.billboards.length, 0);
+});
+
+test('a click opens the card; a period that excludes the wreck closes it', async () => {
+  const h = harness({
+    snapshots: [
+      snapshot([wreck('old', { year: 1850 }), wreck('new', { year: 1990 })]),
+    ],
+  });
+  h.layer.enable();
+  await h.layer.update();
+  h.pick('old');
+  h.handlers[0].click({ position: { x: 1, y: 1 } });
+  const [card] = h.lastCard();
+  assert.equal(card.id, 'shipwreck-card:old');
+  h.layer.setParams({ from: 1900, to: 1990 });
+  assert.deepEqual(h.lastCard(), [], 'the hidden wreck loses its card');
+  const shown = h.markers.billboards.filter((billboard) => billboard.show);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    shown.map((billboard) => billboard.id),
+    ['shipwreck:new'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 1);
+});
+
+test('the year pickers list only years with a wreck, and each era is counted', async () => {
+  const h = harness({
+    snapshots: [
+      snapshot([
+        wreck('a', { year: 300 }),
+        wreck('b', { year: 1912 }),
+        wreck('c', { year: 1912 }),
+        wreck('d', { year: 1990 }),
+        wreck('e', { year: null }),
+      ]),
+    ],
+  });
+  h.layer.enable();
+  await h.layer.update();
+  let controls = h.layer.getRowControls();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    controls.range.options.map((option) => option.value),
+    [1990, 1912, 300],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    controls.legend.map((era) => era.count),
+    [1, 2, 1, 1],
+  );
+  h.layer.setParams({ from: 1900, to: 1950 });
+  controls = h.layer.getRowControls();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    controls.range.options.map((option) => option.value),
+    [1990, 1950, 1912, 1900, 300],
+    'the chosen ends are listed too',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    controls.legend.map((era) => era.count),
+    [0, 2, 0, 0],
+  );
+});
+
+test('a source without a version rebuilds on every new snapshot', async () => {
+  const bare = (records) => {
+    const value = snapshot(records);
+    delete value.version;
+    return value;
+  };
+  const h = harness({
+    snapshots: [
+      bare([wreck('a')]),
+      bare([wreck('a'), wreck('b')]),
+      { ...snapshot([wreck('a')]), version: null },
+      { ...snapshot([wreck('a'), wreck('b'), wreck('c')]), version: null },
+    ],
+  });
+  h.layer.enable();
+  for (const expected of [1, 2, 1, 3]) {
+    await h.layer.update();
+    assert.equal(h.markers.billboards.length, expected);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a failed refresh marks the shown wrecks stale, and clears them after seven days', async () => {
+  const DAY = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+  let clock = 1;
+  const h = harness({
+    now: () => clock,
+    snapshots: [
+      snapshot([wreck('a')]),
+      new Error('Shipwrecks unavailable (HTTP 502)'),
+      new Error('Shipwrecks unavailable (HTTP 502)'),
+    ],
+  });
+  h.layer.enable();
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().stale, false);
+  clock = 1 + 2 * DAY;
+  assert.equal(await h.layer.update(), false);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().stale, true);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 1, 'still shown, as stale');
+  clock = 1 + 8 * DAY;
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 0, 'expired wrecks leave the map');
+  assert.equal(h.markers.billboards.length, 0);
+});
+
+test('expiry runs on the page clock and keeps every wreck until the newest source is too old', async () => {
+  const DAY = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+  const down = () => new Error('Shipwrecks unavailable (HTTP 502)');
+  // The page clock is far from the proxy's fetchedAt: only reported ages count.
+  let clock = 5e12;
+  const h = harness({
+    now: () => clock,
+    snapshots: [
+      {
+        ...snapshot([
+          wreck('fresh', { source: 'emodnet' }),
+          wreck('merged', { source: 'wikidata', alsoIn: 'emodnet' }),
+        ]),
+        fetchedAt: 1,
+        ages: { emodnet: 0, wikidata: 6.5 * DAY },
+        maxAgeMs: 7 * DAY,
+      },
+      down(),
+      down(),
+    ],
+  });
+  h.layer.enable();
+  await h.layer.update();
+  clock += 1 * DAY;
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(
+    h.layer.getStats().count,
+    2,
+    'nothing leaves while EMODnet is in date',
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().stale, true);
+  clock += 6.5 * DAY;
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(
+    h.layer.getStats().count,
+    0,
+    'all leave once the newest is too old',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a snapshot with no timestamp or ages still expires seven days after it arrived', async () => {
+  const DAY = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+  let clock = 100;
+  const h = harness({
+    now: () => clock,
+    snapshots: [
+      { ...snapshot([wreck('a')]), fetchedAt: null },
+      new Error('down'),
+    ],
+  });
+  h.layer.enable();
+  await h.layer.update();
+  clock += 8 * DAY;
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 0);
+});
+
+test('the page deadline subtracts the newest available source age from the limit', () => {
+  const DAY = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+  const both = { emodnet: true, wikidata: true };
+  assert.equal(
+    snapshotDeadline(
+      {
+        sources: both,
+        ages: { emodnet: 2 * DAY, wikidata: 6.5 * DAY },
+        maxAgeMs: 5 * DAY,
+      },
+      100,
+    ),
+    100 + 3 * DAY,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    snapshotDeadline(
+      {
+        sources: { emodnet: false, wikidata: true },
+        ages: { emodnet: null, wikidata: 4 * DAY },
+        maxAgeMs: 5 * DAY,
+      },
+      0,
+    ),
+    1 * DAY,
+    'an unavailable source does not count',
+  );
+  assert.equal(snapshotDeadline({ sources: both }, 0), 7 * DAY, 'defaults');
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/shipwrecks/period.js b/src/layers/shipwrecks/period.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33b7885db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/shipwrecks/period.js
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/**
+ * The sinking year, or null when it is unknown (ancient wrecks dated only by
+ * period, "C1st AD", have none).
+ */
+export function recordYear(record) {
+  return Number.isInteger(record?.year) ? record.year : null;
+}
+
+/** First and last year present in the records (null when none is dated). */
+export function yearExtent(records) {
+  let min = Infinity;
+  let max = -Infinity;
+  for (const record of records) {
+    const year = recordYear(record);
+    if (year === null) continue;
+    if (year < min) min = year;
+    if (year > max) max = year;
+  }
+  return Number.isFinite(min) ? { min, max } : null;
+}
+
+function yearParam(value) {
+  if (value === null) return null;
+  const year =
+    typeof value === 'string' && /^-?\d+$/.test(value) ? Number(value) : value;
+  return Number.isInteger(year) && Math.abs(year) < 10000 ? year : undefined;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Merge a (partial) period request into the current one. `from: null` means
+ * the first year in the data and `to: null` the latest; an invalid year keeps
+ * the current one, and a start after the end is stored as the reverse.
+ * @param {{from?: number|string|null, to?: number|string|null}} params
+ * @param {{from: number|null, to: number|null}} current
+ * @returns {{from: number|null, to: number|null}}
+ */
+export function normalizePeriod(
+  params = {},
+  current = { from: null, to: null },
+) {
+  const next = { ...current };
+  for (const end of ['from', 'to']) {
+    if (!(end in params)) continue;
+    const year = yearParam(params[end]);
+    if (year !== undefined) next[end] = year;
+  }
+  // Stored in the order it is shown, so a later edit to one end (the picker
+  // sends only that end) changes the end the reader picked, not the other.
+  if (Number.isInteger(next.from) && Number.isInteger(next.to))
+    if (next.from > next.to) [next.from, next.to] = [next.to, next.from];
+  return next;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The inclusive year range a period covers over the data's extent. Years are
+ * clamped to the data, and a start after the end is read as the reverse.
+ * @returns {{from: number, to: number, all: boolean}|null}
+ */
+export function periodRange(period, extent) {
+  if (!extent) return null;
+  const clamp = (year, fallback) =>
+    Math.min(extent.max, Math.max(extent.min, year ?? fallback));
+  const start = clamp(period.from, extent.min);
+  const end = clamp(period.to, extent.max);
+  const from = Math.min(start, end);
+  const to = Math.max(start, end);
+  return { from, to, all: from === extent.min && to === extent.max };
+}
+
+/** Whether a record falls in the range; undated records only when all years show. */
+export function inPeriod(record, range) {
+  if (!range || range.all) return true;
+  const year = recordYear(record);
+  return year !== null && year >= range.from && year <= range.to;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/shipwrecks/period.test.mjs b/src/layers/shipwrecks/period.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80c9eb866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/shipwrecks/period.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  inPeriod,
+  normalizePeriod,
+  periodRange,
+  recordYear,
+  yearExtent,
+} from './period.js';
+
+const RECORDS = [
+  { year: 1588 },
+  { year: 1912 },
+  { year: 2012 },
+  { year: null, ancient: true },
+];
+
+test('years come from the record; the extent ignores undated wrecks', () => {
+  assert.equal(recordYear(RECORDS[1]), 1912);
+  assert.equal(recordYear(RECORDS[3]), null);
+  assert.deepEqual(yearExtent(RECORDS), { min: 1588, max: 2012 });
+  assert.equal(yearExtent([{ year: null }]), null);
+});
+
+test('all years show every wreck; a narrower period hides undated ones', () => {
+  const extent = yearExtent(RECORDS);
+  const all = periodRange({ from: null, to: null }, extent);
+  assert.deepEqual(all, { from: 1588, to: 2012, all: true });
+  assert.ok(RECORDS.every((record) => inPeriod(record, all)));
+  const wars = periodRange(normalizePeriod({ from: '1914', to: 1945 }), extent);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    RECORDS.map((record) => inPeriod(record, wars)),
+    [false, false, false, false],
+  );
+  const reversed = periodRange({ from: 1950, to: 1900 }, extent);
+  assert.deepEqual(reversed, { from: 1900, to: 1950, all: false });
+  assert.equal(inPeriod(RECORDS[1], reversed), true);
+});
+
+test('a reversed period is stored as shown, so editing one end keeps the other', () => {
+  const reversed = normalizePeriod({ from: 1950, to: 1900 });
+  assert.deepEqual(reversed, { from: 1900, to: 1950 });
+  // The picker shows 1900–1950; the reader changes "From" to 1920.
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizePeriod({ from: 1920 }, reversed), {
+    from: 1920,
+    to: 1950,
+  });
+  // Moving "From" past "To" reads as the reverse, never an empty range.
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizePeriod({ from: 1960 }, { from: 1900, to: 1950 }), {
+    from: 1950,
+    to: 1960,
+  });
+  // One open end stays open.
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizePeriod({ from: 1960 }, { from: null, to: null }), {
+    from: 1960,
+    to: null,
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/shipwrecks/records.js b/src/layers/shipwrecks/records.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d362e7a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/shipwrecks/records.js
@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+// Shared by the server proxy (server/providers/shipwrecks.js) and the browser
+// layer, so it must not load the i18n catalogs: values stay data.
+
+/** EMODnet Human Activities "Cultural Heritage – Ship wrecks" (CC BY 4.0). */
+export const EMODNET_WFS_URL =
+  'https://ows.emodnet-humanactivities.eu/wfs?service=WFS&request=GetFeature' +
+  '&version=2.0.0&typeNames=emodnet:heritageshipwrecks' +
+  '&outputFormat=application/json&srsName=EPSG:4326';
+/** Landing page shown when an EMODnet wreck has no web page of its own. */
+export const EMODNET_PAGE_URL =
+  'https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/en/human-activities';
+
+export const SHIPWRECK_SOURCES = Object.freeze(['emodnet', 'wikidata']);
+
+/**
+ * Wikidata (CC0): shipwreck items that have at least one Wikipedia article,
+ * so the worldwide set stays to notable wrecks and skips bulk register
+ * imports, plus sinking events ("sinking of the RMS Titanic"), which are where
+ * Wikidata keeps the death toll. Dates, the end of service (P576) included,
+ * come with their precision so a month-precise date is not shown as the 1st.
+ * Only ship and event facts are read: no items about people.
+ */
+export const WIKIDATA_QUERY = `SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?itemDescription ?coord ?sunk ?sunkPrecision ?end ?endPrecision ?deaths ?survivors ?typeLabel ?enwiki ?event WHERE {
+  {
+    ?item wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q852190 ; wdt:P625 ?coord ; wikibase:sitelinks ?links .
+    FILTER(?links > 0)
+    OPTIONAL { ?item p:P793 ?wreck . ?wreck ps:P793 wd:Q906512 ; pqv:P585 [ wikibase:timeValue ?sunk ; wikibase:timePrecision ?sunkPrecision ] }
+    OPTIONAL { ?item p:P576 [ a wikibase:BestRank ; psv:P576 [ wikibase:timeValue ?end ; wikibase:timePrecision ?endPrecision ] ] }
+    OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P31 ?type . FILTER(?type != wd:Q852190) }
+  } UNION {
+    ?item wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q906512 ; wdt:P625 ?coord .
+    BIND("event" AS ?event)
+    OPTIONAL { ?item p:P585/psv:P585 [ wikibase:timeValue ?sunk ; wikibase:timePrecision ?sunkPrecision ] }
+    OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P1561 ?survivors }
+  }
+  OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P1120 ?deaths }
+  OPTIONAL { ?enwiki schema:about ?item ; schema:isPartOf <https://en.wikipedia.org/> }
+  SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en,mul,fr,de,es,it,pt,ru,uk,ja,zh,ar". }
+}`;
+
+const MAX_TEXT = 160;
+const MAX_NOTE = 260;
+/** Same name within this distance: one wreck seen by both sources. */
+const SAME_WRECK_KM = 3;
+
+// Free text sometimes names people (owners, masters, divers who reported a
+// wreck). The layer is about ships, so text that refers to a person by a title
+// or role is dropped whole. This is a keyword filter: a bare name with none of
+// these words still passes.
+const PERSON_TEXT =
+  /\b(mr|mrs|ms|dr|capt|captain|master|skipper|owner|owned|crew|body|bodies|drowned|reported by|according to)\b/i;
+
+/** EMODnet writes "n/a" or nothing where a value is unknown. */
+function clean(value, max = MAX_TEXT) {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') return null;
+  const text = value
+    .replace(/[\u0000-\u001f<>]/g, ' ')
+    .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
+    .trim();
+  if (!text || /^(n\/a|null|unknown|none|-)$/i.test(text)) return null;
+  return text.length > max ? `${text.slice(0, max - 1).trimEnd()}…` : text;
+}
+
+/** Free text with none of the person keywords in it, or null. */
+function impersonalText(value, max) {
+  const text = clean(value, max);
+  return text && !PERSON_TEXT.test(text) ? text : null;
+}
+
+function positiveNumber(value, max) {
+  const n = typeof value === 'number' ? value : Number(value);
+  return Number.isFinite(n) && n > 0 && n <= max ? n : null;
+}
+
+function count(value) {
+  const text = String(value ?? '').replace(/\.0+$/, '');
+  if (!/^\d{1,6}$/.test(text)) return null;
+  return Number(text);
+}
+
+/** A sinking year from "1917", "1917-1918" or "c. 1917"; null otherwise. */
+export function parseYear(value, maxYear = new Date().getUTCFullYear()) {
+  const match = /(?:^|\D)(\d{3,4})(?:\D|$)/.exec(String(value ?? ''));
+  if (!match) return null;
+  const year = Number(match[1]);
+  return year >= 100 && year <= maxYear ? year : null;
+}
+
+function validPoint(lat, lon) {
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(lat) &&
+    Number.isFinite(lon) &&
+    Math.abs(lat) <= 90 &&
+    Math.abs(lon) <= 180 &&
+    !(lat === 0 && lon === 0)
+  );
+}
+
+function httpUrl(value) {
+  const text = clean(value, 400);
+  if (!text) return null;
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(text);
+    return url.protocol === 'https:' || url.protocol === 'http:'
+      ? url.href
+      : null;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/** Whether a provenance or link value points at wrecksite.eu, in any form. */
+function fromWrecksite(value) {
+  return typeof value === 'string' && /wrecksite/i.test(value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize EMODnet's shipwreck GeoJSON. Records the portal took from
+ * wrecksite.eu, named in the provenance or linked as the record's page, are
+ * skipped: that site's data is not openly licensed.
+ * @param {object} payload WFS GeoJSON FeatureCollection.
+ * @returns {object[]} Shipwreck records.
+ */
+export function normalizeEmodnetFeatures(payload) {
+  const features = payload?.features;
+  if (!Array.isArray(features)) return [];
+  const out = [];
+  const ids = new Set();
+  for (const feature of features) {
+    const p = feature?.properties || {};
+    const coords = feature?.geometry?.coordinates;
+    if (feature?.geometry?.type !== 'Point' || !Array.isArray(coords)) continue;
+    const lon = Number(coords[0]);
+    const lat = Number(coords[1]);
+    if (!validPoint(lat, lon)) continue;
+    // Checked on the raw values: the shown origin is cut to 80 characters,
+    // and a long provenance list can name wrecksite.eu after the cut.
+    if (fromWrecksite(p.source_inf) || fromWrecksite(p.website1)) continue;
+    const origin = clean(p.source_inf, 80);
+    const key = clean(String(feature.id ?? p.source_id ?? ''), 80);
+    if (!key) continue;
+    const id = `emodnet:${key}`;
+    if (ids.has(id)) continue;
+    ids.add(id);
+    const year = parseYear(p.sink_yr);
+    const dating = clean(p.dating, 60);
+    const period = clean(p.period, 60);
+    const vesselType =
+      clean(p.obj_type, 60) ||
+      (() => {
+        // ship_char is sometimes a short type ("Trawler"), sometimes a long
+        // history that can name people; only the short form is a type.
+        const text = clean(p.ship_char, 40);
+        return text && !/\d/.test(text) && !PERSON_TEXT.test(text)
+          ? text
+          : null;
+      })();
+    out.push({
+      id,
+      source: 'emodnet',
+      lat,
+      lon,
+      name: clean(p.name, 100),
+      vesselType,
+      year,
+      date: null,
+      dating: year ? null : dating,
+      ancient: !year && Boolean(period || dating),
+      cause: impersonalText(p.sink_context, MAX_NOTE),
+      notes: period && dating ? `${period} (${dating})` : period,
+      cargo: impersonalText(p.artefacts, 120),
+      protected: /protected/i.test(p.statutory || ''),
+      depth: positiveNumber(p.least_depth, 11000),
+      depthQuality: clean(p.depth_prec, 80),
+      positionAccuracy: positiveNumber(p.loc_prec, 100000),
+      positionNote: /centroid/i.test(p.point_info || '')
+        ? 'Centre of the protected area'
+        : null,
+      casualties: null,
+      survivors: null,
+      country: clean(p.country, 60),
+      originator: origin,
+      url: httpUrl(p.website1),
+    });
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+function wikiUrl(value) {
+  const url = httpUrl(value);
+  return url && /^https:\/\/[a-z]{2,3}\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\//.test(url)
+    ? url
+    : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A Wikidata time as a day ("1912-04-15") when it is day-precise, else as a
+ * year only: a month- or year-precise value reads back as the 1st. A year
+ * before AD 100 ("-0299", 300 BC) has no place on the year picker, so it is
+ * kept as ancient with its year as text, like EMODnet's period-dated wrecks.
+ * @returns {{date: string|null, year: number|null, dating: string|null}}
+ */
+function wikidataTime(value, precision) {
+  const none = { date: null, year: null, dating: null };
+  const match = /^([+-]?)(\d{4,})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})T/.exec(value || '');
+  if (!match) return none;
+  // A value without a precision is only trusted to the year.
+  const p = precision == null ? 9 : Number(precision);
+  // 11 = day; 10 = month; 9 = year; below 9 is a decade or coarser.
+  if (!Number.isFinite(p) || p < 9) return none;
+  const signed = Number(`${match[1] === '-' ? '-' : ''}${match[2]}`);
+  if (signed < 100) {
+    // The query service writes XSD 1.1 years: 0000 is 1 BC, -0299 is 300 BC.
+    const dating = signed <= 0 ? `${1 - signed} BC` : `AD ${signed}`;
+    return { date: null, year: null, dating };
+  }
+  const year = parseYear(String(signed));
+  if (year === null) return none;
+  if (p >= 11)
+    return { date: `${match[2]}-${match[3]}-${match[4]}`, year, dating: null };
+  return { date: null, year, dating: null };
+}
+
+/** Whether a record (or a parsed time) says when the ship sank. */
+function hasWhen(when) {
+  return Boolean(when.date || Number.isInteger(when.year) || when.dating);
+}
+
+/** Copy when a ship sank from one record (or parsed time) to another. */
+function takeWhen(target, from) {
+  target.date = from.date ?? null;
+  target.year = from.year ?? null;
+  target.dating = from.dating ?? null;
+  target.ancient = Boolean(from.dating) || Boolean(from.ancient);
+}
+
+/** "sinking of the RMS Titanic" → "Sinking of the RMS Titanic". */
+function sentenceCase(text) {
+  return text ? text.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + text.slice(1) : text;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize Wikidata SPARQL results to shipwreck records (one per item).
+ * Sinking events are folded into the ship they sank when both are listed.
+ * @param {object} payload SPARQL JSON results.
+ * @returns {object[]}
+ */
+export function normalizeWikidataResults(payload) {
+  const bindings = payload?.results?.bindings;
+  if (!Array.isArray(bindings)) return [];
+  const byItem = new Map();
+  for (const binding of bindings) {
+    const value = (key) => binding?.[key]?.value;
+    const qid = /\/entity\/(Q\d{1,12})$/.exec(value('item') || '')?.[1];
+    if (!qid) continue;
+    const sunk = wikidataTime(value('sunk'), value('sunkPrecision'));
+    const ended = wikidataTime(value('end'), value('endPrecision'));
+    const known = byItem.get(qid);
+    if (known) {
+      // Extra rows only add what the first one lacked.
+      known.vesselType ||= clean(value('typeLabel'), 60);
+      if (!hasWhen(known)) takeWhen(known, hasWhen(sunk) ? sunk : ended);
+      known.casualties ??= count(value('deaths'));
+      known.survivors ??= count(value('survivors'));
+      continue;
+    }
+    const point = /^Point\(([-\d.eE]+) ([-\d.eE]+)\)$/.exec(
+      value('coord') || '',
+    );
+    const lon = point ? Number(point[1]) : NaN;
+    const lat = point ? Number(point[2]) : NaN;
+    if (!validPoint(lat, lon)) continue;
+    const name = clean(value('itemLabel'), 100);
+    const event = value('event') === 'event';
+    const when = hasWhen(sunk) ? sunk : ended;
+    byItem.set(qid, {
+      id: `wikidata:${qid}`,
+      source: 'wikidata',
+      event,
+      lat,
+      lon,
+      // An unlabelled item reads back as its own Q-id; that is no name.
+      name: name && name !== qid ? (event ? sentenceCase(name) : name) : null,
+      vesselType: event ? null : clean(value('typeLabel'), 60),
+      year: when.year,
+      date: when.date,
+      dating: when.dating,
+      ancient: Boolean(when.dating),
+      cause: null,
+      notes: impersonalText(value('itemDescription'), MAX_TEXT),
+      cargo: null,
+      protected: false,
+      depth: null,
+      depthQuality: null,
+      positionAccuracy: null,
+      positionNote: null,
+      casualties: count(value('deaths')),
+      survivors: count(value('survivors')),
+      country: null,
+      originator: null,
+      url:
+        // English Wikipedia, else the Wikidata item, which links the
+        // article in every language that has one.
+        wikiUrl(value('enwiki')) || `https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/${qid}`,
+    });
+  }
+  return foldSinkingEvents([...byItem.values()]);
+}
+
+/** An event this far from a listed ship whose name it contains is that ship's sinking. */
+const SAME_SINKING_KM = 50;
+
+/**
+ * "Sinking of the RMS Titanic" near the RMS Titanic wreck is one marker: the
+ * ship keeps its article and takes the event's date, deaths and survivors.
+ */
+function foldSinkingEvents(records) {
+  // Wikidata sometimes has both the ship and its wreck as items at one spot
+  // ("Titanic", "wreck of the RMS Titanic"): keep the ship, one marker.
+  const isWreckItem = (record) => (/^wreck\b/i.test(record.name || '') ? 1 : 0);
+  const ships = [];
+  const candidates = records
+    .filter((record) => !record.event)
+    .sort((a, b) => isWreckItem(a) - isWreckItem(b));
+  for (const record of candidates) {
+    const key = nameKey(record.name);
+    const twin =
+      key &&
+      ships.find(
+        (ship) =>
+          nameKey(ship.name) === key &&
+          distanceKm(ship, record) <= SAME_WRECK_KM,
+      );
+    if (!twin) {
+      ships.push(record);
+      continue;
+    }
+    twin.vesselType ||= record.vesselType;
+    if (!hasWhen(twin)) takeWhen(twin, record);
+    twin.casualties ??= record.casualties;
+    twin.survivors ??= record.survivors;
+  }
+  const out = [...ships];
+  for (const event of records.filter((record) => record.event)) {
+    const eventKey = ` ${nameKey(event.name)} `;
+    const ship = ships.find((candidate) => {
+      const key = nameKey(candidate.name);
+      return (
+        key.length >= 3 &&
+        eventKey.includes(` ${key} `) &&
+        distanceKm(candidate, event) <= SAME_SINKING_KM
+      );
+    });
+    if (!ship) {
+      out.push(event);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!hasWhen(ship)) {
+      takeWhen(ship, event);
+    } else if (!ship.date && event.date && event.year === ship.year) {
+      ship.date = event.date;
+    }
+    ship.casualties ??= event.casualties;
+    ship.survivors ??= event.survivors;
+  }
+  for (const record of out) delete record.event;
+  return out;
+}
+
+function nameKey(name) {
+  return String(name || '')
+    .normalize('NFD')
+    .replace(/[̀-ͯ]/g, '')
+    .toLowerCase()
+    .replace(/\([^)]*\)/g, ' ')
+    .replace(/\b(wreck|sinking|loss|disaster|of)\b/g, ' ')
+    .replace(
+      /\b(hms|hmt|hmhs|hmas|sms|ss|ms|mv|rms|uss|hm|s\/s|m\/v|the)\b/g,
+      ' ',
+    )
+    .replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, ' ')
+    .trim();
+}
+
+function distanceKm(a, b) {
+  const rad = Math.PI / 180;
+  const dLat = (b.lat - a.lat) * rad;
+  const dLon = (b.lon - a.lon) * rad;
+  const h =
+    Math.sin(dLat / 2) ** 2 +
+    Math.cos(a.lat * rad) * Math.cos(b.lat * rad) * Math.sin(dLon / 2) ** 2;
+  return 12742 * Math.asin(Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(h)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * One list from both sources. A wreck in both (same name, a few km apart)
+ * keeps the Wikidata record, which links an article, and takes EMODnet's
+ * survey facts (depth, sinking text, year) that Wikidata lacks.
+ */
+export function mergeShipwreckRecords(emodnet = [], wikidata = []) {
+  const byName = new Map();
+  for (const record of wikidata) {
+    const key = nameKey(record.name);
+    if (!key) continue;
+    if (!byName.has(key)) byName.set(key, []);
+    byName.get(key).push(record);
+  }
+  const kept = [];
+  for (const record of emodnet) {
+    const twin = (byName.get(nameKey(record.name)) || []).find(
+      (candidate) => distanceKm(candidate, record) <= SAME_WRECK_KM,
+    );
+    if (!twin) {
+      kept.push(record);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!hasWhen(twin)) takeWhen(twin, record);
+    twin.vesselType ||= record.vesselType;
+    twin.cause ||= record.cause;
+    twin.depth ??= record.depth;
+    twin.depthQuality ||= record.depthQuality;
+    twin.positionAccuracy ??= record.positionAccuracy;
+    twin.country ||= record.country;
+    twin.protected ||= record.protected;
+    twin.alsoIn = 'emodnet';
+  }
+  return [...wikidata, ...kept];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validate the proxy's snapshot in the browser.
+ * @returns {object[]|null} Records, or null when the payload is malformed.
+ */
+export function normalizeShipwreckSnapshot(payload) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(payload?.records)) return null;
+  const rows = [];
+  const ids = new Set();
+  for (const record of payload.records) {
+    if (
+      !record ||
+      typeof record.id !== 'string' ||
+      ids.has(record.id) ||
+      !SHIPWRECK_SOURCES.includes(record.source) ||
+      !validPoint(record.lat, record.lon)
+    )
+      continue;
+    ids.add(record.id);
+    rows.push({
+      ...record,
+      year: Number.isInteger(record.year) ? record.year : null,
+      url: httpUrl(record.url),
+    });
+  }
+  return rows;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/shipwrecks/records.test.mjs b/src/layers/shipwrecks/records.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ce5514e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/shipwrecks/records.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  mergeShipwreckRecords,
+  normalizeEmodnetFeatures,
+  normalizeShipwreckSnapshot,
+  normalizeWikidataResults,
+  parseYear,
+  WIKIDATA_QUERY,
+} from './records.js';
+
+function feature(id, properties, coordinates = [-4.35, 54.13]) {
+  return {
+    type: 'Feature',
+    id,
+    geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates },
+    properties,
+  };
+}
+
+test('EMODnet wrecks keep ship facts and drop text that names people', () => {
+  const [wreck, roman] = normalizeEmodnetFeatures({
+    features: [
+      feature('w.1', {
+        name: 'MAINA-NUI',
+        sink_yr: '1987',
+        sink_context: 'Sank on 07/02/1987',
+        obj_type: 'Pusher or tug',
+        least_depth: 12.5,
+        depth_prec: 'Least depth known',
+        loc_prec: 50,
+        country: 'France',
+        source_inf: 'SHOM',
+        statutory: 'n/a',
+        website1: 'n/a',
+      }),
+      feature('w.2', {
+        name: 'Lerici',
+        sink_yr: '',
+        dating: 'C1st-2nd AD',
+        period: 'Roman Imperial',
+        artefacts: 'Marble, Columns',
+        obj_type: 'n/a',
+        ship_char: 'Owned by J. Smith, master was A. Jones',
+        sink_context: 'Wrecked here, reported by Mr Smith',
+      }),
+      feature('w.3', { name: 'Copied', source_inf: 'www.wrecksite.eu' }),
+      feature('w.4', { name: 'Null island' }, [0, 0]),
+    ],
+  });
+  const ids = normalizeEmodnetFeatures({
+    features: [
+      feature('w.3', { name: 'Copied', source_inf: 'www.wrecksite.eu' }),
+      feature('w.5', {
+        source_inf: `${'SHOM; '.repeat(20)}wrecksite.eu`,
+      }),
+      feature('w.6', { website1: 'https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?1' }),
+      feature('w.7', { website1: 'wrecksite.eu/wreck/1' }),
+      feature('w.8', { name: 'Kept', source_inf: 'SHOM' }),
+    ],
+  }).map((record) => record.id);
+  assert.deepEqual(ids, ['emodnet:w.8'], 'wrecksite.eu rows are all skipped');
+  assert.equal(wreck.id, 'emodnet:w.1');
+  assert.equal(wreck.year, 1987);
+  assert.equal(wreck.vesselType, 'Pusher or tug');
+  assert.equal(wreck.cause, 'Sank on 07/02/1987');
+  assert.equal(wreck.depth, 12.5);
+  assert.equal(wreck.positionAccuracy, 50);
+  assert.equal(wreck.url, null);
+  assert.equal(roman.year, null);
+  assert.equal(roman.ancient, true);
+  assert.equal(roman.dating, 'C1st-2nd AD');
+  assert.equal(roman.notes, 'Roman Imperial (C1st-2nd AD)');
+  assert.equal(roman.cargo, 'Marble, Columns');
+  assert.equal(roman.vesselType, null, 'a history naming people is no type');
+  assert.equal(roman.cause, null, 'text naming a person is dropped');
+});
+
+test('Wikidata rows fold into one record per item', () => {
+  const item = 'http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1471525';
+  const records = normalizeWikidataResults({
+    results: {
+      bindings: [
+        {
+          item: { value: item },
+          itemLabel: { value: 'HMS Havant' },
+          itemDescription: { value: '1939 G and H-class destroyer' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(2.26 51.13)' },
+          sunk: { value: '1940-06-01T00:00:00Z' },
+          sunkPrecision: { value: '11' },
+          enwiki: { value: 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Havant_(H32)' },
+        },
+        {
+          item: { value: item },
+          typeLabel: { value: 'destroyer' },
+          deaths: { value: '8' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(2.26 51.13)' },
+        },
+        {
+          item: { value: 'http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q9' },
+          itemLabel: { value: 'Q9' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(10 10)' },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(records.length, 2);
+  const [havant, unnamed] = records;
+  assert.equal(havant.date, '1940-06-01');
+  assert.equal(havant.year, 1940);
+  assert.equal(havant.vesselType, 'destroyer');
+  assert.equal(havant.casualties, 8);
+  assert.equal(havant.url, 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Havant_(H32)');
+  assert.equal(unnamed.name, null);
+  assert.equal(unnamed.url, 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9');
+});
+
+test('a wreck in both sources keeps Wikidata and takes EMODnet survey facts', () => {
+  const wikidata = [
+    {
+      id: 'wikidata:Q1',
+      source: 'wikidata',
+      name: 'HMS Havant',
+      lat: 51.13,
+      lon: 2.26,
+      year: null,
+      depth: null,
+    },
+  ];
+  const emodnet = [
+    {
+      id: 'emodnet:a',
+      source: 'emodnet',
+      name: 'Havant (HMS)',
+      lat: 51.131,
+      lon: 2.262,
+      year: 1940,
+      depth: 14.7,
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'emodnet:b',
+      source: 'emodnet',
+      name: 'HMS Havant',
+      lat: 45,
+      lon: -10,
+      year: 1950,
+    },
+  ];
+  const merged = mergeShipwreckRecords(emodnet, wikidata);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    merged.map((record) => record.id),
+    ['wikidata:Q1', 'emodnet:b'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(merged[0].year, 1940);
+  assert.equal(merged[0].depth, 14.7);
+  assert.equal(merged[0].alsoIn, 'emodnet');
+});
+
+test('years and snapshots are validated', () => {
+  assert.equal(parseYear('1917-1918'), 1917);
+  assert.equal(parseYear('c. 1588'), 1588);
+  assert.equal(parseYear(''), null);
+  assert.equal(parseYear('3000'), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeShipwreckSnapshot({}), null);
+  const rows = normalizeShipwreckSnapshot({
+    records: [
+      { id: 'a', source: 'emodnet', lat: 1, lon: 2, url: 'javascript:x' },
+      { id: 'a', source: 'emodnet', lat: 1, lon: 2 },
+      { id: 'b', source: 'other', lat: 1, lon: 2 },
+      { id: 'c', source: 'wikidata', lat: 91, lon: 2 },
+    ],
+  });
+  assert.equal(rows.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(rows[0].url, null);
+});
+
+test('a sinking event folds into its ship; month-precise dates keep the year only', () => {
+  const entity = (q) => ({ value: `http://www.wikidata.org/entity/${q}` });
+  const records = normalizeWikidataResults({
+    results: {
+      bindings: [
+        {
+          item: entity('Q25173'),
+          itemLabel: { value: 'Titanic' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(-49.9469 41.7325)' },
+        },
+        {
+          item: entity('Q3018259'),
+          itemLabel: { value: 'wreck of the RMS Titanic' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(-49.9469 41.7325)' },
+        },
+        {
+          item: entity('Q2577588'),
+          itemLabel: { value: 'sinking of the RMS Titanic' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(-49.9458 41.7319)' },
+          event: { value: 'event' },
+          sunk: { value: '1912-04-01T00:00:00Z' },
+          sunkPrecision: { value: '10' },
+          deaths: { value: '1501' },
+          survivors: { value: '712' },
+        },
+        {
+          item: entity('Q1245004'),
+          itemLabel: { value: 'Costa Concordia disaster' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(10.92 42.37)' },
+          event: { value: 'event' },
+          sunk: { value: '2012-01-13T00:00:00Z' },
+          sunkPrecision: { value: '11' },
+          deaths: { value: '32' },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    records.map((record) => record.id),
+    ['wikidata:Q25173', 'wikidata:Q1245004'],
+  );
+  const [titanic, concordia] = records;
+  assert.equal(titanic.date, null);
+  assert.equal(titanic.year, 1912);
+  assert.equal(titanic.casualties, 1501);
+  assert.equal(titanic.survivors, 712);
+  assert.equal(concordia.name, 'Costa Concordia disaster');
+  assert.equal(concordia.date, '2012-01-13');
+  assert.equal('event' in concordia, false);
+});
+
+test('a date before AD 100 is kept as ancient text, never read as an AD year', () => {
+  const entity = (q) => ({ value: `http://www.wikidata.org/entity/${q}` });
+  const [bc, earlyAd, roman] = normalizeWikidataResults({
+    results: {
+      bindings: [
+        {
+          item: entity('Q1'),
+          itemLabel: { value: 'Antikythera wreck' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(23.3 35.9)' },
+          sunk: { value: '-0299-01-01T00:00:00Z' },
+          sunkPrecision: { value: '11' },
+        },
+        {
+          item: entity('Q2'),
+          itemLabel: { value: 'Early wreck' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(12 40)' },
+          sunk: { value: '0050-01-01T00:00:00Z' },
+          sunkPrecision: { value: '9' },
+        },
+        {
+          item: entity('Q3'),
+          itemLabel: { value: 'Roman wreck' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(13 41)' },
+          sunk: { value: '0300-01-01T00:00:00Z' },
+          sunkPrecision: { value: '9' },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(bc.year, null, '300 BC is not the year 300');
+  assert.equal(bc.date, null, 'no day for a BC date');
+  assert.equal(bc.dating, '300 BC');
+  assert.equal(bc.ancient, true);
+  assert.equal(earlyAd.year, null);
+  assert.equal(earlyAd.dating, 'AD 50');
+  assert.equal(earlyAd.ancient, true);
+  assert.equal(roman.year, 300);
+  assert.equal(roman.dating, null);
+});
+
+test('an end-of-service date keeps its precision: a year-only one is no day', () => {
+  const entity = (q) => ({ value: `http://www.wikidata.org/entity/${q}` });
+  const [yearOnly, dayPrecise, unknown] = normalizeWikidataResults({
+    results: {
+      bindings: [
+        {
+          item: entity('Q11'),
+          itemLabel: { value: 'Year only' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(1 50)' },
+          end: { value: '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z' },
+          endPrecision: { value: '9' },
+        },
+        {
+          item: entity('Q12'),
+          itemLabel: { value: 'Day precise' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(2 50)' },
+          end: { value: '1917-03-04T00:00:00Z' },
+          endPrecision: { value: '11' },
+        },
+        {
+          item: entity('Q13'),
+          itemLabel: { value: 'No precision' },
+          coord: { value: 'Point(3 50)' },
+          end: { value: '1917-01-01T00:00:00Z' },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(yearOnly.date, null, 'not shown as 1 Jan 1917');
+  assert.equal(yearOnly.year, 1917);
+  assert.equal(dayPrecise.date, '1917-03-04');
+  assert.equal(unknown.date, null, 'an unknown precision is a year only');
+  assert.equal(unknown.year, 1917);
+});
+
+test('the query reads the end of service with its precision', () => {
+  assert.match(
+    WIKIDATA_QUERY,
+    /psv:P576 \[ wikibase:timeValue \?end ; wikibase:timePrecision \?endPrecision \]/,
+  );
+  assert.doesNotMatch(WIKIDATA_QUERY, /wdt:P576/);
+});
+
+test('labels and links do not default to one other language', () => {
+  assert.doesNotMatch(WIKIDATA_QUERY, /ptwiki|pt\.wikipedia/);
+  assert.match(WIKIDATA_QUERY, /wikibase:language "en,mul,/);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/shipwrecks/source.js b/src/layers/shipwrecks/source.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1928fd4ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/shipwrecks/source.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { readResponseJsonCapped } from '../../sources/httpBody.js';
+import { normalizeShipwreckSnapshot } from './records.js';
+
+const age = (value) => (Number.isFinite(value) && value >= 0 ? value : null);
+
+/** Same-origin source for the proxy's EMODnet + Wikidata shipwreck snapshot. */
+export function createShipwrecksSource({
+  fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
+} = {}) {
+  return {
+    async getSnapshot({ signal } = {}) {
+      signal?.throwIfAborted();
+      const response = await fetchImpl('/api/shipwrecks', { signal });
+      if (!response.ok)
+        throw new Error(`Shipwrecks unavailable (HTTP ${response.status})`);
+      const payload = await readResponseJsonCapped(
+        response,
+        16 * 1024 * 1024,
+        signal,
+      );
+      signal?.throwIfAborted();
+      const records = normalizeShipwreckSnapshot(payload);
+      if (!records) throw new Error('Malformed shipwrecks response');
+      return {
+        records,
+        fetchedAt: Number.isFinite(payload.fetchedAt)
+          ? payload.fetchedAt
+          : null,
+        stale: payload.stale === true,
+        // Changes whenever either source's data does; null from an older proxy.
+        version: typeof payload.version === 'string' ? payload.version : null,
+        // Each source's age on the proxy's clock (null when unknown).
+        ages: {
+          emodnet: age(payload.ages?.emodnet),
+          wikidata: age(payload.ages?.wikidata),
+        },
+        maxAgeMs: age(payload.maxAgeMs),
+        sources: {
+          emodnet: payload.sources?.emodnet !== false,
+          wikidata: payload.sources?.wikidata !== false,
+        },
+      };
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/shipwrecks/source.test.mjs b/src/layers/shipwrecks/source.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c82045951
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/shipwrecks/source.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createShipwrecksSource } from './source.js';
+
+const respond = (payload) =>
+  createShipwrecksSource({ fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(payload) });
+
+test('the snapshot keeps valid source ages and drops malformed ones', async () => {
+  const record = { id: 'a', source: 'emodnet', lat: 50, lon: -1 };
+  const good = await respond({
+    records: [record],
+    version: 'v',
+    ages: { emodnet: 0, wikidata: 3600 },
+    maxAgeMs: 604800000,
+  }).getSnapshot();
+  assert.deepEqual(good.ages, { emodnet: 0, wikidata: 3600 });
+  assert.equal(good.maxAgeMs, 604800000);
+  assert.equal(good.version, 'v');
+  const bad = await respond({
+    records: [record],
+    ages: { emodnet: -5, wikidata: 'x' },
+    maxAgeMs: Number.NaN,
+  }).getSnapshot();
+  assert.deepEqual(bad.ages, { emodnet: null, wikidata: null });
+  assert.equal(bad.maxAgeMs, null);
+  assert.equal(bad.version, null);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/transit/rendering.js b/src/layers/transit/rendering.js
index f3868444a..664b1688d 100644
--- a/src/layers/transit/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/transit/rendering.js
@@ -232,11 +232,16 @@ export function createRendering({ state, services, parts }) {
     const displayPx = basePx * presetSpriteScale(style, selected);
     const frame = haloFrame(halo, displayPx);
     const px = displayPx * frame.ratio;
+    // A glyph with a front only when there is a course to point it along:
+    // without one the billboard sits at rotation 0 and a nose would say north.
+    const heading = Number.isFinite(entry.courseDeg);
+    entry.iconHeading = heading;
     marker.image = transitIcon(
       entry.mode,
       selected ? SELECTED_ICON_PX : undefined,
       {
         style,
+        heading,
       },
     );
     marker.width = px;
@@ -252,6 +257,12 @@ export function createRendering({ state, services, parts }) {
         MODE_CESIUM_COLORS[entry.mode] || MODE_CESIUM_COLORS.unknown;
   }
 
+  /** Swap between the pointed and the neutral glyph when a course appears or is lost. */
+  function syncHeadingIcon(entry) {
+    if (entry.marker && entry.iconHeading !== Number.isFinite(entry.courseDeg))
+      applySpriteStyle(entry);
+  }
+
   function addMarker(key, entry) {
     const marker = state._markers.add({
       id: key,
@@ -324,6 +335,7 @@ export function createRendering({ state, services, parts }) {
     for (const entry of state._visible) {
       // Idle contacts still need a course when their first usable bearing arrives.
       if (!state._moving.has(entry)) applyDisplayCourse(entry, monoNow);
+      syncHeadingIcon(entry);
       if (entry.key === state._selectedKey) continue;
       const course = entry.courseDeg;
       if (!Number.isFinite(course)) {
@@ -427,6 +439,7 @@ export function createRendering({ state, services, parts }) {
     refreshRotations(Date.now());
     const selected = state._vehicles.get(state._selectedKey);
     if (selected && state._visible.has(selected)) {
+      syncHeadingIcon(selected);
       selected.marker.rotation = Number.isFinite(selected.courseDeg)
         ? perspectiveProjectedRotation(
             state._viewer.scene,
diff --git a/src/navigationPolicy.js b/src/navigationPolicy.js
index bd268ced5..2980b21e6 100644
--- a/src/navigationPolicy.js
+++ b/src/navigationPolicy.js
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ const COCKPIT_REFUSALS = Object.freeze({
   // «View coverage» button); the cyclone layer flies to the selected storm.
   weather: msg('Exit cockpit to view weather coverage'),
   cyclone: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a cyclone'),
+  // The News panel's cards and the news layer's hotspots fly to the event.
+  news: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a news report'),
   // Voice track_entity (TRACKABLE_FAMILIES kinds in gevActions.js) and
   // frame_overhead, which frames the contacts around the current view.
   aircraft: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to an aircraft'),
diff --git a/src/navigationPolicy.test.mjs b/src/navigationPolicy.test.mjs
index 9826846ca..661ea7918 100644
--- a/src/navigationPolicy.test.mjs
+++ b/src/navigationPolicy.test.mjs
@@ -136,6 +136,7 @@ test('weather layers name their destination in the Cockpit refusal', () => {
   const expected = {
     weather: 'Exit cockpit to view weather coverage',
     cyclone: 'Exit cockpit to fly to a cyclone',
+    news: 'Exit cockpit to fly to a news report',
   };
   for (const [noun, text] of Object.entries(expected)) {
     const s = spy();
diff --git a/src/overlays/worldOverlayTokens.js b/src/overlays/worldOverlayTokens.js
index f00ae5cf4..c03383148 100644
--- a/src/overlays/worldOverlayTokens.js
+++ b/src/overlays/worldOverlayTokens.js
@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@
  */
 
 /** Shared visual tokens used by every world-overlay source. */
-// Map-card fonts: JetBrains Mono has no Arabic glyphs and the generic
-// monospace fallback is a fixed-pitch Arabic face that stretches every word;
-// Arabic text falls through to Noto Sans Arabic (loaded with the page fonts).
+// Map-card fonts: JetBrains Mono has no Arabic or Hebrew glyphs and the
+// generic monospace fallback is a fixed-pitch Arabic face that stretches every
+// word; Arabic falls through to Noto Sans Arabic, Hebrew to Noto Sans Hebrew
+// (both loaded with the page fonts).
 export const WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE = Object.freeze({
   background: 'rgba(4, 12, 16, 0.82)',
   selectedBackground: 'rgba(5, 18, 24, 0.94)',
@@ -19,13 +20,20 @@ export const WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE = Object.freeze({
   detail: 'rgba(147, 161, 173, 0.92)',
   leader: 'rgba(147, 213, 228, 0.58)',
   accent: '#6be8ff',
-  fontLabel: '500 10px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", monospace',
-  fontTrack: '600 10px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", monospace',
-  fontTitle: '600 12px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", monospace',
-  fontDetail: '500 10.5px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", monospace',
-  fontSelected: '600 13px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", monospace',
-  fontTrackedTitle: '600 13px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", monospace',
-  fontTrackedDetail: '500 11px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", monospace',
+  fontLabel:
+    '500 10px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", "Noto Sans Hebrew", monospace',
+  fontTrack:
+    '600 10px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", "Noto Sans Hebrew", monospace',
+  fontTitle:
+    '600 12px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", "Noto Sans Hebrew", monospace',
+  fontDetail:
+    '500 10.5px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", "Noto Sans Hebrew", monospace',
+  fontSelected:
+    '600 13px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", "Noto Sans Hebrew", monospace',
+  fontTrackedTitle:
+    '600 13px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", "Noto Sans Hebrew", monospace',
+  fontTrackedDetail:
+    '500 11px "JetBrains Mono", "Noto Sans Arabic", "Noto Sans Hebrew", monospace',
   radius: 4,
   anchorDotRadius: 3.2,
   anchorDotStrokeWidth: 1,
diff --git a/src/standalone/layerSources.js b/src/standalone/layerSources.js
index 2e0534a3a..cef9af961 100644
--- a/src/standalone/layerSources.js
+++ b/src/standalone/layerSources.js
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ import { createCycloneSource } from '../layers/cyclones/source.js';
 import { createWindSource } from '../layers/wind/source.js';
 import { createFirmsSource } from '../layers/firms/source.js';
 import { createGhostMapsSource } from '../layers/ghostMaps/source.js';
+import { createNewsSource } from '../layers/news/source.js';
+import { createShipwrecksSource } from '../layers/shipwrecks/source.js';
 import { createMapillarySource } from '../layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/source.js';
 import { createReferenceSources } from '../sources/reference.js';
 export { createReferenceSources as createStandaloneReferenceSources } from '../sources/reference.js';
@@ -60,6 +62,11 @@ export function createStandaloneLayerSources(
     alpr: createAlprTileSource(),
     firms: createFirmsSource(),
     's2-ghostmaps': createGhostMapsSource(),
+    // Same-origin /api/news: the local server proxies GEV_NEWS_ORIGIN and,
+    // without it, answers "not configured", which the layer shows as
+    // unavailable without retrying.
+    news: createNewsSource(),
+    shipwrecks: createShipwrecksSource(),
     wind: createWindSource(),
     weather: createWeatherSource(),
     cyclones: createCycloneSource(),
diff --git a/src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs b/src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs
index 0b4af4a16..202e21870 100644
--- a/src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ test('public transit documentation uses courtesy attribution and the approved gr
   );
   assert.ok(
     readme.includes(
-      'Twenty-two layers and map sources. **Twenty have a keyless path.**',
+      'Twenty-three layers and map sources. **Twenty-one have a keyless path.**',
     ),
   );
   assert.ok(
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/hazards.js b/src/tools/queries/hazards.js
index e671db426..817b01ff5 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/hazards.js
+++ b/src/tools/queries/hazards.js
@@ -94,7 +94,8 @@ export const getActiveFires = defineTool({
   name: 'get_active_fires',
   title: 'Active fires',
   description:
-    'Satellite fire detections from NASA FIRMS in the last 24 hours within an ' +
+    'Satellite fire detections from NASA FIRMS in the last 24 hours (or the 24 ' +
+    'hours to window_end, when the source names one) within an ' +
     'area, most intense (fire radiative power) first. Optionally limited to a ' +
     'minimum fire radiative power in megawatts and a confidence level — the ' +
     "same filter as the Active Fires layer's intensity controls.",
@@ -171,7 +172,10 @@ export const getActiveFires = defineTool({
       summary:
         `${countNoun(fires.length, 'fire detection')}` +
         (filterNotes.length ? ` (${filterNotes.join(', ')})` : '') +
-        ` in ${area.label} in the last 24 hours` +
+        ` in ${area.label} ` +
+        (Number.isFinite(snapshot.at)
+          ? `in the 24 hours to ${isoTime(snapshot.at)}`
+          : 'in the last 24 hours') +
         (notes.length ? ` (${notes.join('; ')}).` : '.'),
       data: {
         view: suggestView(services, { area, layers: ['local-firms'] }),
@@ -182,6 +186,7 @@ export const getActiveFires = defineTool({
         stale,
         missing_sources: missing,
         fetched_at: isoTime(snapshot.fetchedAt),
+        window_end: Number.isFinite(snapshot.at) ? isoTime(snapshot.at) : null,
         ...result,
         rows: result.rows.map((fire) => ({
           lat: fire.lat,
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/hazards.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/hazards.test.mjs
index c1d3eb43a..1c1529bc3 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/hazards.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/hazards.test.mjs
@@ -46,29 +46,80 @@ test('fire acquisition timestamps preserve valid leap days and UTC times', async
 });
 
 const WEEK = [
-  { lat: 24.1, lon: 121.1, frp: 864, confidence: 'l', acqDate: '2026-10-01', acqTime: '0100' },
-  { lat: 24.2, lon: 121.2, frp: 120, confidence: 'h', acqDate: '2026-10-01', acqTime: '0100' },
-  { lat: 24.3, lon: 121.3, frp: 20, confidence: 'n', acqDate: '2026-10-01', acqTime: '0100' },
-  { lat: 24.4, lon: 121.4, frp: 2, confidence: 'h', acqDate: '2026-10-01', acqTime: '0100' },
-  { lat: 30, lon: 100, frp: 500, confidence: 'h', acqDate: '2026-10-01', acqTime: '0100' },
+  {
+    lat: 24.1,
+    lon: 121.1,
+    frp: 864,
+    confidence: 'l',
+    acqDate: '2026-10-01',
+    acqTime: '0100',
+  },
+  {
+    lat: 24.2,
+    lon: 121.2,
+    frp: 120,
+    confidence: 'h',
+    acqDate: '2026-10-01',
+    acqTime: '0100',
+  },
+  {
+    lat: 24.3,
+    lon: 121.3,
+    frp: 20,
+    confidence: 'n',
+    acqDate: '2026-10-01',
+    acqTime: '0100',
+  },
+  {
+    lat: 24.4,
+    lon: 121.4,
+    frp: 2,
+    confidence: 'h',
+    acqDate: '2026-10-01',
+    acqTime: '0100',
+  },
+  {
+    lat: 30,
+    lon: 100,
+    frp: 500,
+    confidence: 'h',
+    acqDate: '2026-10-01',
+    acqTime: '0100',
+  },
 ];
 const TAIWAN = { area: { bbox: [120, 23, 122, 25] } };
 
 test('get_active_fires shows every detection by default and reports the filter it used', async () => {
   const result = await catalogWith(WEEK).call('get_active_fires', TAIWAN);
-  assert.deepEqual(result.data.rows.map((row) => row.frp_mw), [864, 120, 20, 2]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    result.data.rows.map((row) => row.frp_mw),
+    [864, 120, 20, 2],
+  );
   assert.deepEqual(result.data.filter, { min_frp_mw: 0, confidence: 'all' });
   assert.match(result.summary, /^4 fire detections in /);
 });
 
 test('get_active_fires applies the same minimum-FRP and confidence filter as the layer', async () => {
   const catalog = catalogWith(WEEK);
-  const strong = await catalog.call('get_active_fires', { ...TAIWAN, min_frp_mw: 20 });
-  assert.deepEqual(strong.data.rows.map((row) => row.frp_mw), [864, 120, 20]);
+  const strong = await catalog.call('get_active_fires', {
+    ...TAIWAN,
+    min_frp_mw: 20,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    strong.data.rows.map((row) => row.frp_mw),
+    [864, 120, 20],
+  );
   assert.match(strong.summary, /^3 fire detections \(≥ 20 MW\) in /);
 
-  const nominal = await catalog.call('get_active_fires', { ...TAIWAN, confidence: 'nominal' });
-  assert.deepEqual(nominal.data.rows.map((row) => row.frp_mw), [120, 20, 2], 'the 864 MW low-confidence fire drops');
+  const nominal = await catalog.call('get_active_fires', {
+    ...TAIWAN,
+    confidence: 'nominal',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    nominal.data.rows.map((row) => row.frp_mw),
+    [120, 20, 2],
+    'the 864 MW low-confidence fire drops',
+  );
   assert.match(nominal.summary, /\(nominal or high confidence\)/);
 
   const both = await catalog.call('get_active_fires', {
@@ -76,7 +127,27 @@ test('get_active_fires applies the same minimum-FRP and confidence filter as the
     min_frp_mw: 19.6,
     confidence: 'high',
   });
-  assert.deepEqual(both.data.rows.map((row) => row.frp_mw), [120]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    both.data.rows.map((row) => row.frp_mw),
+    [120],
+  );
   assert.deepEqual(both.data.filter, { min_frp_mw: 20, confidence: 'high' });
   assert.match(both.summary, /\(≥ 20 MW, high confidence\)/);
 });
+
+test('get_active_fires names the end of a snapshot that ends at a set time', async () => {
+  const at = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 1, 3);
+  const catalog = composeCatalog({
+    tools: [getActiveFires],
+    services: { fires: { getSnapshot: async () => ({ fires: WEEK, at }) } },
+  });
+  const result = await catalog.call('get_active_fires', TAIWAN);
+  assert.match(
+    result.summary,
+    /in the 24 hours to 2026-10-01T03:00:00\.000Z\.$/,
+  );
+  assert.equal(result.data.window_end, '2026-10-01T03:00:00.000Z');
+  const now = await catalogWith(WEEK).call('get_active_fires', TAIWAN);
+  assert.match(now.summary, /in the last 24 hours\.$/);
+  assert.equal(now.data.window_end, null);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBriefPages.js b/src/ui/cockpitBriefPages.js
index e92488831..9f75c83d8 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBriefPages.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBriefPages.js
@@ -1,9 +1,29 @@
 /**
  * The Cockpit briefing's pages and the state it starts in. It needs only the
- * i18n module, so the controller and the view can both read it.
+ * i18n module and the regional-news window, so the controller and the view
+ * can both read it.
  */
+import { REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS } from '../data/regionalNewsWindow.js';
 import { msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
+// i18n-ignore: provider name
+/** The news feed named before any briefing has answered. */
+export const DEFAULT_NEWS_SOURCE = 'GOOGLE NEWS RSS';
+
+/**
+ * The Regional News footer for a fresh, empty or unavailable list: the feed
+ * and the window its articles are held to.
+ * @param {string} [source]
+ * @param {number} [hours]
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function newsWindowFooter(
+  source = DEFAULT_NEWS_SOURCE,
+  hours = REGIONAL_NEWS_WINDOW_HOURS,
+) {
+  return t('{source} · LAST {hours} H', { source, hours });
+}
+
 export const COCKPIT_BRIEF_PAGES = [
   {
     id: 'signals',
@@ -15,8 +35,7 @@ export const COCKPIT_BRIEF_PAGES = [
     id: 'news',
     kickerKey: msg('REGIONAL NEWS'),
     subtitleKey: msg('LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING'),
-    sourceKey: msg('{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT'),
-    sourceName: 'GOOGLE NEWS RSS', // i18n-ignore: provider name
+    // The news footer comes from the news state (`news.footer`), not here.
   },
   {
     id: 'local',
@@ -60,6 +79,7 @@ export function createBriefState() {
       statusHidden: false,
       state: null,
       status: t('ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS'),
+      footer: newsWindowFooter(),
       articles: [],
     },
     local: {
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
index 30b9769b6..20c95a3df 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
@@ -12,7 +12,14 @@ import {
   COCKPIT_BRIEF_PAGES,
   CYCLE_HELP_KEYS,
   createBriefState,
+  newsWindowFooter,
 } from './cockpitBriefPages.js';
+import {
+  recentRegionalArticles,
+  regionalNewsWindowHours,
+} from '../data/regionalNewsWindow.js';
+
+const NEWS_ROWS = 4;
 
 // regionalModel.weatherCodeLabel is shared with node code and returns
 // English; translate it here.
@@ -52,9 +59,13 @@ export function showBriefPage(index, { manual = false } = {}) {
     kicker: t(page.kickerKey),
     subtitle: t(page.subtitleKey),
     position: `${this.briefPageIndex + 1} / ${count}`,
-    source: page.sourceKey
-      ? t(page.sourceKey, { source: page.sourceName })
-      : page.source,
+    // The news footer follows the news state, so it survives page changes.
+    source:
+      page.id === 'news'
+        ? this.brief.news.footer
+        : page.sourceKey
+          ? t(page.sourceKey)
+          : page.source,
   });
   this.publishBriefView();
   if (manual && this.briefAutoRotateEnabled)
@@ -176,6 +187,13 @@ export function maybeRefreshRegionalBrief(info) {
   )
     return;
 
+  // The brief held stands in after a failed refresh only near where its news
+  // was read; past the refresh distance it is another place's.
+  const previous =
+    this.services.regionalDistanceM(this.regionalBriefPoint, point) <
+    COCKPIT_REGIONAL_REFRESH_DISTANCE_M
+      ? this.regionalBrief
+      : null;
   this.regionalBriefAnchor = point;
   this.regionalBriefFetchedAt = Date.now();
   const controller = new AbortController();
@@ -193,8 +211,9 @@ export function maybeRefreshRegionalBrief(info) {
         subjectId !== this.regionalBriefSubjectId
       )
         return;
-      this.regionalBrief = payload;
-      this.renderRegionalBrief(payload, info);
+      this.regionalBrief = withCachedNews(payload, previous);
+      if (this.regionalBrief === payload) this.regionalBriefPoint = point;
+      this.renderRegionalBrief(this.regionalBrief, info);
     })
     .catch((error) => {
       if (
@@ -203,7 +222,14 @@ export function maybeRefreshRegionalBrief(info) {
         requestToken === this.regionalBriefRequestToken &&
         subjectId === this.regionalBriefSubjectId
       ) {
-        this.renderRegionalBriefStatus('unavailable', info);
+        if (previous) {
+          this.regionalBrief = cachedNews(previous, previous);
+          this.renderRegionalBrief(this.regionalBrief, info);
+        } else {
+          // Another place's brief: not to come back with a language change.
+          this.regionalBrief = null;
+          this.renderRegionalBriefStatus('unavailable', info);
+        }
       }
     })
     .finally(() => {
@@ -212,6 +238,75 @@ export function maybeRefreshRegionalBrief(info) {
     });
 }
 
+/**
+ * A brief whose news comes from `previous` after a refresh that brought none:
+ * the earlier articles stay, marked `cached` so they are labelled as such.
+ * @param {object} payload The brief to keep everything else from.
+ * @param {object} previous The last brief rendered for this subject.
+ */
+function cachedNews(payload, previous) {
+  return {
+    ...payload,
+    newsStatus: 'cached',
+    newsSource: previous.newsSource,
+    newsWindowHours: previous.newsWindowHours,
+    newsFetchedAt: previous.newsFetchedAt ?? previous.retrievedAt ?? null,
+    articles: previous.articles,
+  };
+}
+
+// A refresh whose news read failed keeps the articles from before it.
+function withCachedNews(payload, previous) {
+  return previous && payload?.newsStatus === 'unavailable'
+    ? cachedNews(payload, previous)
+    : payload;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The Regional News state a brief presents. `ready` and `cached` have rows
+ * inside the window; `cached` is a refresh that failed (a client-side failure,
+ * or the local proxy's `stale` answer). `empty` is a source that answered with
+ * nothing in the window; anything else is `unavailable`.
+ * @returns {{state: string, status: string, footer: string, articles: object[]}}
+ */
+function regionalNewsView(payload) {
+  const hours = regionalNewsWindowHours(payload?.newsWindowHours);
+  // Old caches and the local path are held to the window here too.
+  const articles = recentRegionalArticles(payload?.articles, {
+    windowHours: hours,
+    limit: NEWS_ROWS,
+  });
+  const source = String(
+    payload?.newsSource || t('REGIONAL NEWS'),
+  ).toUpperCase();
+  const refreshFailed =
+    payload?.newsStatus === 'cached' || payload?.status === 'stale';
+  if (articles.length && refreshFailed)
+    return {
+      state: 'cached',
+      status: t('CACHED · REFRESH FAILED'),
+      footer: t('{source} · CACHED {age}', {
+        source,
+        age: formatCockpitBriefAge(
+          payload?.newsFetchedAt ?? payload?.retrievedAt,
+        ),
+      }),
+      articles,
+    };
+  const answered =
+    !refreshFailed && ['ready', 'empty'].includes(payload?.newsStatus);
+  return {
+    state: articles.length ? 'ready' : answered ? 'empty' : 'unavailable',
+    status: articles.length
+      ? ''
+      : answered
+        ? t('NO NEWS IN THE LAST {hours} H', { hours })
+        : t('REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE'),
+    footer: newsWindowFooter(source, hours),
+    articles,
+  };
+}
+
 export function renderRegionalBriefStatus(status, info) {
   const { news, local } = this.brief;
   news.statusHidden = false;
@@ -220,7 +315,10 @@ export function renderRegionalBriefStatus(status, info) {
     status === 'loading'
       ? t('ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS')
       : t('REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE');
-  if (status === 'unavailable') news.articles = [];
+  news.footer = newsWindowFooter();
+  // Only called with no brief for this subject: any rows are another's.
+  news.articles = [];
+  if (this.briefPageIndex === 1) this.brief.source = news.footer;
   if (status === 'loading') local.place = t('RESOLVING REGION');
   if (status === 'unavailable') local.place = t('REGION UNAVAILABLE');
   local.coordinates = localCoordinates(info);
@@ -228,7 +326,7 @@ export function renderRegionalBriefStatus(status, info) {
 }
 
 export function renderRegionalBrief(payload, info) {
-  const articles = Array.isArray(payload?.articles) ? payload.articles : [];
+  const { state, status, footer, articles } = regionalNewsView(payload);
   const seen = new Map();
   const storyKey = (url) => {
     const count = seen.get(url) ?? 0;
@@ -241,13 +339,11 @@ export function renderRegionalBrief(payload, info) {
   const placeLabel =
     payload?.place?.label || payload?.place?.country || t('REGION UNAVAILABLE');
   this.brief.news = {
-    statusHidden: articles.length > 0,
-    state: payload?.newsStatus || 'unavailable',
-    status:
-      payload?.newsStatus === 'empty'
-        ? t('NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES')
-        : t('REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE'),
-    articles: articles.slice(0, 4).map((article) => ({
+    statusHidden: state === 'ready',
+    state,
+    status,
+    footer,
+    articles: articles.map((article) => ({
       // A row keeps its node, and so its focus, only for the same story.
       key: storyKey(article.url),
       url: article.url,
@@ -281,11 +377,7 @@ export function renderRegionalBrief(payload, info) {
       : '—',
   };
   this.brief.regionalStatus = payload?.status || 'partial';
-  if (this.briefPageIndex === 1) {
-    this.brief.source = t('{source} · LOCATION QUERY', {
-      source: String(payload?.newsSource || t('REGIONAL NEWS')).toUpperCase(),
-    });
-  }
+  if (this.briefPageIndex === 1) this.brief.source = footer;
   this.publishBriefView();
   this.scheduleContextLayout();
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.test.mjs
index 7018c8f79..a97059aaa 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.test.mjs
@@ -3,11 +3,14 @@
 import '../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
 import { createApp, nextTick } from 'vue';
 import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { createBriefState } from './cockpitBriefPages.js';
 import {
+  maybeRefreshRegionalBrief,
   publishBriefView,
   renderRegionalBrief,
   renderRegionalBriefStatus,
@@ -88,10 +91,7 @@ test('pages, the cycle toggle and the source follow the controller', async (t) =
   await nextTick();
   assert.equal(text('#cockpit-brief-kicker'), 'REGIONAL NEWS');
   assert.equal(text('#cockpit-brief-position'), '2 / 3');
-  assert.equal(
-    text('#cockpit-brief-source'),
-    'GOOGLE NEWS RSS · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT',
-  );
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-brief-source'), 'GOOGLE NEWS RSS · LAST 24 H');
   assert.deepEqual(visiblePages(), ['news']);
   assert.deepEqual(current(), ['false', 'true', 'false']);
   assert.equal($('#cockpit-signal-stream').dataset.briefPage, 'news');
@@ -129,7 +129,8 @@ test('regional news and local conditions render what the region returned', async
         url: `https://example.com/${index}`,
         title: `Story ${index}`,
         domain: 'example.com',
-        publishedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+        // Newest first is the shown order, so Story 0 is the newest.
+        publishedAt: new Date(Date.now() - index * 60_000).toISOString(),
       })),
       weather: {
         temperatureC: 21.6,
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ test('regional news and local conditions render what the region returned', async
   assert.equal(text('#cockpit-local-condition'), 'RAIN');
   assert.equal(text('#cockpit-local-cloud'), 'CLOUD 40%');
   assert.equal(text('#cockpit-local-precipitation'), '1.3');
-  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-brief-source'), 'WIRE · LOCATION QUERY');
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-brief-source'), 'WIRE · LAST 24 H');
   assert.equal($('#cockpit-signal-stream').dataset.regionalStatus, 'ok');
   renderRegionalBriefStatus.call(owner, 'unavailable', {});
   await nextTick();
@@ -210,26 +211,293 @@ test('a refreshed news list keeps a focused story on its own link', async (t) =>
   assert.equal($('#cockpit-news-list').textContent.includes('Story y'), true);
 });
 
-test('the news source names the feed only while it is current on page 2', async (t) => {
+// This contract changed on purpose: the footer used to fall back to a
+// static "· RECENT" on every page change, which promised nothing. It now
+// follows the news state and names the window it holds articles to.
+test('the news footer follows the news state across page changes, not a static RECENT', async (t) => {
   const { text, owner } = fixture(t);
   showBriefPage.call(owner, 1);
-  renderRegionalBrief.call(owner, { newsSource: 'wire', articles: [] }, INFO);
+  renderRegionalBrief.call(
+    owner,
+    {
+      newsStatus: 'ready',
+      newsSource: 'wire',
+      newsWindowHours: 24,
+      articles: [story('a')],
+    },
+    INFO,
+  );
   await nextTick();
-  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-brief-source'), 'WIRE · LOCATION QUERY');
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-brief-source'), 'WIRE · LAST 24 H');
+  showBriefPage.call(owner, 2);
+  showBriefPage.call(owner, 1);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-brief-source'), 'WIRE · LAST 24 H');
+  showBriefPage.call(owner, 0);
+  renderRegionalBrief.call(
+    owner,
+    {
+      newsStatus: 'ready',
+      newsSource: 'wire',
+      newsWindowHours: 12,
+      articles: [story('a')],
+    },
+    INFO,
+  );
+  await nextTick();
+  // Off page 2 the footer is the current page's.
+  assert.equal(
+    text('#cockpit-brief-source'),
+    'SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS',
+  );
+  showBriefPage.call(owner, 1);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-brief-source'), 'WIRE · LAST 12 H');
+});
+
+test('the news banner is hidden by the stylesheet, not only by the attribute', async (t) => {
+  // happy-dom applies no author CSS by itself, so `hidden` alone proves
+  // nothing: `.cockpit-brief-status { display: grid }` used to beat it.
+  const css = readFileSync(
+    fileURLToPath(new URL('./styles/cockpit.css', import.meta.url)),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /\.cockpit-brief-status\[hidden\]\s*\{\s*display:\s*none;?\s*\}/,
+  );
+  const { $, owner } = fixture(t);
+  const style = document.head.appendChild(document.createElement('style'));
+  t.after(() => style.remove());
+  style.textContent = css;
+  showBriefPage.call(owner, 1);
+  renderRegionalBrief.call(
+    owner,
+    { newsStatus: 'ready', articles: [story('a')] },
+    INFO,
+  );
+  await nextTick();
+  const banner = $('#cockpit-news-status');
+  assert.equal(banner.hidden, true);
+  assert.equal(getComputedStyle(banner).display, 'none');
+  renderRegionalBrief.call(owner, { newsStatus: 'empty', articles: [] }, INFO);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(getComputedStyle(banner).display, 'grid');
+});
+
+const hoursAgo = (hours) =>
+  new Date(Date.now() - hours * 3_600_000).toISOString();
+
+test('ready, cached, empty and unavailable each label the news differently', async (t) => {
+  const { $, text, owner } = fixture(t);
+  showBriefPage.call(owner, 1);
+  const rows = () =>
+    [...document.querySelectorAll('#cockpit-news-list strong')].map(
+      (row) => row.textContent,
+    );
+  const banner = () => ({
+    hidden: $('#cockpit-news-status').hidden,
+    state: $('#cockpit-news-status').dataset.state,
+    text: text('#cockpit-news-status'),
+  });
+  const ready = {
+    status: 'ready',
+    newsStatus: 'ready',
+    newsSource: 'Google News RSS',
+    newsWindowHours: 24,
+    newsFetchedAt: hoursAgo(0.5),
+    articles: [story('a'), story('b')],
+  };
+  renderRegionalBrief.call(owner, ready, INFO);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(banner().hidden, true);
+  assert.equal(banner().state, 'ready');
+  assert.deepEqual(rows(), ['Story a', 'Story b']);
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-brief-source'), 'GOOGLE NEWS RSS · LAST 24 H');
+
+  // The local proxy's stale answer is a refresh that failed.
+  renderRegionalBrief.call(owner, { ...ready, status: 'stale' }, INFO);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.deepEqual(banner(), {
+    hidden: false,
+    state: 'cached',
+    text: 'CACHED · REFRESH FAILED',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(rows(), ['Story a', 'Story b']);
+  assert.equal(
+    text('#cockpit-brief-source'),
+    'GOOGLE NEWS RSS · CACHED 30M AGO',
+  );
+
+  renderRegionalBrief.call(
+    owner,
+    {
+      ...ready,
+      newsStatus: 'empty',
+      newsSource: 'Google News RSS',
+      articles: [],
+    },
+    INFO,
+  );
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.deepEqual(banner(), {
+    hidden: false,
+    state: 'empty',
+    text: 'NO NEWS IN THE LAST 24 H',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(rows(), []);
+
+  renderRegionalBrief.call(
+    owner,
+    { ...ready, newsStatus: 'unavailable', newsSource: null, articles: [] },
+    INFO,
+  );
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.deepEqual(banner(), {
+    hidden: false,
+    state: 'unavailable',
+    text: 'REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(rows(), []);
+});
+
+test('articles outside the window are dropped even when a server sends them', async (t) => {
+  const { $, text, owner } = fixture(t);
+  showBriefPage.call(owner, 1);
+  const dated = (id, publishedAt) => ({ ...story(id), publishedAt });
+  // The reported case: 4, 104, 215 and 165 days old under "RECENT".
+  renderRegionalBrief.call(
+    owner,
+    {
+      newsStatus: 'ready',
+      articles: [
+        dated('old', hoursAgo(4 * 24)),
+        dated('older', hoursAgo(104 * 24)),
+        dated('undated', null),
+        dated('one', hoursAgo(20)),
+        dated('two', hoursAgo(2)),
+      ],
+    },
+    INFO,
+  );
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...document.querySelectorAll('#cockpit-news-list strong')].map(
+      (row) => row.textContent,
+    ),
+    ['Story two', 'Story one'],
+  );
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-news-status').hidden, true);
+  renderRegionalBrief.call(
+    owner,
+    { newsStatus: 'ready', articles: [dated('old', hoursAgo(25))] },
+    INFO,
+  );
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(document.querySelectorAll('#cockpit-news-list li').length, 0);
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-news-status'), 'NO NEWS IN THE LAST 24 H');
+});
+
+test('a failed refresh keeps the earlier articles as cached, and clears only when there are none', async (t) => {
+  const { $, text, owner } = fixture(t);
+  const answers = [];
+  Object.assign(owner, {
+    active: true,
+    regionalBriefSubjectId: null,
+    regionalBriefAbort: null,
+    regionalBriefRequestToken: 0,
+    regionalBriefFetchedAt: 0,
+    regionalBrief: null,
+    renderRegionalBrief,
+    renderRegionalBriefStatus,
+  });
+  owner.services = {
+    ...owner.services,
+    regionalDistanceM: () => 0,
+    fetchRegionalBrief: () => answers.shift()(),
+  };
+  const refresh = async (answer, info = { ...INFO, icao24: 'abc123' }) => {
+    answers.push(answer);
+    owner.regionalBriefFetchedAt = 0;
+    maybeRefreshRegionalBrief.call(owner, info);
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+    await nextTick();
+  };
+  const rows = () => document.querySelectorAll('#cockpit-news-list li').length;
+  showBriefPage.call(owner, 1);
+
+  // No earlier brief: an error clears and says unavailable.
+  await refresh(() => Promise.reject(new Error('503')));
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-news-status').dataset.state, 'unavailable');
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-news-status'), 'REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE');
+  assert.equal(rows(), 0);
+
+  const fetchedAt = hoursAgo(1);
+  await refresh(() =>
+    Promise.resolve({
+      status: 'ready',
+      newsStatus: 'ready',
+      newsSource: 'Google News RSS',
+      newsWindowHours: 24,
+      newsFetchedAt: fetchedAt,
+      articles: [story('a'), story('b')],
+    }),
+  );
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-news-status').hidden, true);
+  assert.equal(rows(), 2);
+
+  // A network failure keeps the rows and says so, with their age.
+  await refresh(() => Promise.reject(new TypeError('Failed to fetch')));
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-news-status').hidden, false);
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-news-status'), 'CACHED · REFRESH FAILED');
+  assert.equal(rows(), 2);
+  assert.equal(
+    text('#cockpit-brief-source'),
+    'GOOGLE NEWS RSS · CACHED 1H AGO',
+  );
   showBriefPage.call(owner, 2);
   showBriefPage.call(owner, 1);
   await nextTick();
   assert.equal(
     text('#cockpit-brief-source'),
-    'GOOGLE NEWS RSS · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT',
+    'GOOGLE NEWS RSS · CACHED 1H AGO',
   );
-  showBriefPage.call(owner, 0);
-  renderRegionalBrief.call(owner, { newsSource: 'wire', articles: [] }, INFO);
-  await nextTick();
-  assert.equal(
-    text('#cockpit-brief-source'),
-    'SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS',
+
+  // So does a brief whose news read failed while weather answered.
+  await refresh(() =>
+    Promise.resolve({
+      status: 'partial',
+      newsStatus: 'unavailable',
+      articles: [],
+    }),
   );
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-news-status'), 'CACHED · REFRESH FAILED');
+  assert.equal(rows(), 2);
+
+  // A successful refresh clears the cached label; a true empty clears rows.
+  await refresh(() =>
+    Promise.resolve({
+      status: 'ready',
+      newsStatus: 'empty',
+      newsSource: 'Google News RSS',
+      articles: [],
+    }),
+  );
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-news-status'), 'NO NEWS IN THE LAST 24 H');
+  assert.equal(rows(), 0);
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-brief-source'), 'GOOGLE NEWS RSS · LAST 24 H');
+
+  // Another aircraft never inherits the last one's rows.
+  await refresh(() =>
+    Promise.resolve({ newsStatus: 'ready', articles: [story('c')] }),
+  );
+  assert.equal(rows(), 1);
+  await refresh(() => Promise.reject(new Error('503')), {
+    ...INFO,
+    icao24: 'def456',
+  });
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-news-status'), 'REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE');
+  assert.equal(rows(), 0);
 });
 
 test('an unchanged position publishes nothing new', (t) => {
@@ -278,7 +546,10 @@ test('the card and its toggle render the collapse the controller presents', asyn
   await nextTick();
   assert.equal(card.dataset.collapsed, 'true');
   assert.equal(toggle.getAttribute('aria-expanded'), 'false');
-  assert.equal(toggle.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Expand cockpit briefing panel');
+  assert.equal(
+    toggle.getAttribute('aria-label'),
+    'Expand cockpit briefing panel',
+  );
   assert.equal(toggle.title, 'Expand briefing panel');
   assert.equal(toggle.textContent.trim(), 'right_panel_open');
   assert.equal(owner.signalUserCollapsed, true);
@@ -287,3 +558,75 @@ test('the card and its toggle render the collapse the controller presents', asyn
   assert.equal(card.dataset.collapsed, 'false');
   assert.equal(toggle.textContent.trim(), 'right_panel_close');
 });
+
+test("a refresh that fails after a move never shows the last location's brief as current", async (t) => {
+  const { $, text, owner } = fixture(t);
+  const answers = [];
+  Object.assign(owner, {
+    active: true,
+    regionalBriefSubjectId: null,
+    regionalBriefAbort: null,
+    regionalBriefRequestToken: 0,
+    regionalBriefFetchedAt: 0,
+    regionalBrief: null,
+    renderRegionalBrief,
+    renderRegionalBriefStatus,
+  });
+  owner.services = {
+    ...owner.services,
+    // One degree of latitude stands for a move past the refresh distance.
+    regionalDistanceM: (from, to) =>
+      from ? Math.abs(from.latitude - to.latitude) * 111_000 : Infinity,
+    fetchRegionalBrief: () => answers.shift()(),
+  };
+  const refresh = async (answer, latitude) => {
+    answers.push(answer);
+    owner.regionalBriefFetchedAt = 0;
+    maybeRefreshRegionalBrief.call(owner, {
+      ...INFO,
+      icao24: 'abc123',
+      latitude,
+    });
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+    await nextTick();
+  };
+  const rows = () => document.querySelectorAll('#cockpit-news-list li').length;
+  const here = () =>
+    Promise.resolve({
+      status: 'ready',
+      newsStatus: 'ready',
+      newsSource: 'Google News RSS',
+      newsWindowHours: 24,
+      newsFetchedAt: hoursAgo(1),
+      articles: [story('a'), story('b')],
+    });
+  showBriefPage.call(owner, 1);
+
+  await refresh(here, 40);
+  assert.equal(rows(), 2);
+  // The same place: a failed refresh keeps the rows as cached.
+  await refresh(() => Promise.reject(new TypeError('Failed to fetch')), 40);
+  assert.equal(text('#cockpit-news-status'), 'CACHED · REFRESH FAILED');
+  assert.equal(rows(), 2);
+  // Elsewhere: the brief is unavailable, as it was before there was a cache.
+  await refresh(() => Promise.reject(new TypeError('Failed to fetch')), 45);
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-news-status').dataset.state, 'unavailable');
+  assert.equal(rows(), 0);
+  // Nor is it held, for a language change to show again.
+  assert.equal(owner.regionalBrief, null);
+
+  // Nor does a brief there whose news read failed borrow the last place's rows.
+  await refresh(here, 40);
+  assert.equal(rows(), 2);
+  await refresh(
+    () =>
+      Promise.resolve({
+        status: 'partial',
+        newsStatus: 'unavailable',
+        articles: [],
+      }),
+    45,
+  );
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-news-status').dataset.state, 'unavailable');
+  assert.equal(rows(), 0);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/layerBindings.js b/src/ui/layerBindings.js
index 60128f8e0..1ac398c38 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerBindings.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerBindings.js
@@ -147,6 +147,15 @@ export class LayerBindings {
       fires.attachShellServices({ imageryHost: this.services.imageryHost });
       this._weatherShellModules.push(fires);
     }
+    // News flies to a chosen report or hotspot through the same release.
+    const news = this._dataManager?.layers?.get('news')?.module;
+    if (typeof news?.attachShellServices === 'function') {
+      news.attachShellServices({
+        runNavigation: (navigate) =>
+          this.runImmediateNavigation('news', navigate),
+      });
+      this._weatherShellModules.push(news);
+    }
   }
 
   _persistAwarenessSelection(event, cleared = false) {
diff --git a/src/ui/layerNames.js b/src/ui/layerNames.js
index e742ed3ee..20573cc91 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerNames.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerNames.js
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ export const LAYER_NAME_KEYS = Object.freeze({
   'drone-airspace': msg('Prohibited & Restricted Airspace'),
   'wildlife-sightings': msg('Wildlife Sightings'),
   's2-ghostmaps': msg('S2 GhostMaps'),
+  news: msg('News'),
+  shipwrecks: msg('Shipwrecks'),
   wind: msg('Wind'),
   'weather-radar': msg('Rain radar'),
   'weather-satellite': msg('Satellite clouds'),
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel.js b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
index 102f97f63..cc597c613 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
 } from './layerNames.js';
 export { localizeLayerName } from './layerNames.js';
 import { createWeatherPanel } from './weatherPanel.js';
+import { createNewsPanel } from './newsPanel.js';
 import {
   translateFeedError,
   translateStatusLine,
@@ -81,6 +82,8 @@ const PANEL_GROUPS = [
       'fire-perimeters',
       'gnss-integrity',
       's2-ghostmaps',
+      'shipwrecks',
+      'news',
     ],
   },
   {
@@ -317,6 +320,11 @@ export class LayerPanel {
         container?.ownerDocument?.getElementById?.('weather-panel-body'),
       setLayerParams: this.setLayerParams,
     });
+    this._newsPanel?.destroy();
+    this._newsPanel = createNewsPanel({
+      container: container?.ownerDocument?.getElementById?.('news-panel-body'),
+      setLayerParams: this.setLayerParams,
+    });
     this._mountRecentImagery();
     this._renderToggles();
   }
@@ -352,6 +360,8 @@ export class LayerPanel {
     this._releaseBindings();
     this._weatherPanel?.destroy();
     this._weatherPanel = null;
+    this._newsPanel?.destroy();
+    this._newsPanel = null;
     this._recentImageryPanel?.destroy();
     this._recentImageryPanel = null;
     this._recentImageryFactory = null;
@@ -416,10 +426,12 @@ export class LayerPanel {
       onLocaleChange(() => {
         this._paint();
         this._refreshWeatherPanel();
+        this._refreshNewsPanel();
       }),
     );
     this._paint();
     this._refreshWeatherPanel();
+    this._refreshNewsPanel();
   }
 
   /** Present every row from the layers' current state and render them. */
@@ -451,6 +463,8 @@ export class LayerPanel {
             this._selectListItem(layerId, itemId, generation),
           onSlider: (layerId, sliderId, value) =>
             this._moveSlider(layerId, sliderId, value, generation),
+          onRange: (layerId, rangeId, end, value) =>
+            this._pickRangeEnd(layerId, rangeId, end, value, generation),
         }),
         id === null ? this._toggleContainer : this._groupContainers.get(id),
       );
@@ -480,7 +494,7 @@ export class LayerPanel {
   }
 
   /**
-   * A layer's row chips, one-of-many switch, slider, color legend, info line
+   * A layer's row chips, one-of-many switch, slider, start/end pickers, color legend, info line
    * and ordered list. The block
    * is hidden while the layer is off (or while a dependency owner has
    * surrendered it), so a quiet row stays quiet. Chips and list items are
@@ -507,6 +521,7 @@ export class LayerPanel {
     const infoText = controls?.info ? String(controls.info) : '';
     const segmented = controls?.segmented || null;
     const slider = controls?.slider || null;
+    const range = controls?.range || null;
     // The info line, once shown, stays in place and hides when empty.
     if (infoText) row.info = true;
     return {
@@ -515,10 +530,12 @@ export class LayerPanel {
         legend.length === 0 &&
         !infoText &&
         !segmented &&
-        !slider,
+        !slider &&
+        !range,
       chips,
       segmented,
       slider,
+      range,
       legend,
       info: row.info
         ? { text: infoText, title: controls?.infoTitle || '' }
@@ -583,6 +600,20 @@ export class LayerPanel {
     this.setLayerParams(id, slider.params(value), { origin: 'user' });
   }
 
+  _pickRangeEnd(id, rangeId, end, value, generation = this._generation) {
+    if (this._destroyed || this._generation !== generation) return;
+    const range = this._rowControlsFor(id)?.range;
+    if (
+      !range ||
+      range.id !== rangeId ||
+      (end !== 'from' && end !== 'to') ||
+      typeof range.params !== 'function' ||
+      !this.isEnabled(id)
+    )
+      return;
+    this.setLayerParams(id, range.params(end, value), { origin: 'user' });
+  }
+
   _selectListItem(id, itemId, generation = this._generation) {
     if (this._destroyed || this._generation !== generation) return;
     const item = this._rowControlsFor(id)?.list?.items?.find(
@@ -648,6 +679,15 @@ export class LayerPanel {
     }
     this._paint();
     this._refreshWeatherPanel();
+    this._refreshNewsPanel();
+  }
+
+  /** Feed the News rail panel the view the news layer publishes while on. */
+  _refreshNewsPanel() {
+    const layer = this.getAll().find(({ id }) => id === 'news');
+    this._newsPanel?.update(
+      layer?.enabled ? this._rowControlsFor(layer.id)?.feed || null : null,
+    );
   }
 
   _buildMetaText(layer) {
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs b/src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs
index 030b46a9b..7ac40db2d 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs
@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ test('Wildlife follows Events and precedes Weather', () => {
   );
   const wildlife = order.findIndex(({ id }) => id === 'wildlife-sightings');
   assert.equal(order[wildlife].label, 'Wildlife');
-  assert.equal(order[wildlife - 1].id, 's2-ghostmaps');
+  // News is the last of Events.
+  assert.equal(order[wildlife - 1].id, 'news');
   assert.equal(order[wildlife + 1].id, 'air-quality');
   assert.equal(order.filter(({ id }) => id === 'wildlife-sightings').length, 1);
 });
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue b/src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue
index 5f5d7c97e..81e2f31ed 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 <script setup>
 import RailChips from '../rail/RailChips.vue';
 import RailRowList from '../rail/RailRowList.vue';
+import RowRange from './RowRange.vue';
 import RowSlider from './RowSlider.vue';
 import RowSwitch from './RowSwitch.vue';
 import RowText from './RowText.vue';
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ defineProps({
   onChip: { type: Function, default: () => {} },
   onListItem: { type: Function, default: () => {} },
   onSlider: { type: Function, default: () => {} },
+  onRange: { type: Function, default: () => {} },
 });
 </script>
 
@@ -68,6 +70,13 @@ defineProps({
             :on-input="
               (value) => onSlider(item.id, item.controls.slider.id, value)
             "
+          /><RowRange
+            v-if="item.controls.range"
+            :range="item.controls.range"
+            :on-select="
+              (end, value) =>
+                onRange(item.id, item.controls.range.id, end, value)
+            "
           /><span
             v-for="(entry, index) in item.controls.legend"
             :key="index"
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel/RowRange.vue b/src/ui/layerPanel/RowRange.vue
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06b8586e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel/RowRange.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<script setup>
+// A row's start and end pickers on one line (e.g. the Shipwrecks period).
+// Both ends share one option list; `onSelect` reports which end moved
+// ('from' or 'to') and the chosen option value.
+defineProps({
+  range: { type: Object, required: true },
+  onSelect: { type: Function, default: () => {} },
+});
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <div class="data-toggle-range" :data-range-id="range.id"
+    ><div class="data-toggle-slider-head"
+      ><span class="data-toggle-slider-label">{{ range.label }}</span
+      ><span class="data-toggle-slider-value gev-slider-value">{{
+        range.valueText
+      }}</span></div
+    ><div class="data-toggle-range-ends"
+      ><label
+        v-for="end in ['from', 'to']"
+        :key="end"
+        class="data-toggle-range-end"
+        ><span class="data-toggle-range-caption">{{ range[end].label }}</span
+        ><select
+          class="data-toggle-range-select"
+          :data-range-end="end"
+          :aria-label="range[end].ariaLabel || undefined"
+          :value="String(range[end].value)"
+          @change="onSelect(end, $event.target.value)"
+          ><option
+            v-for="option in range.options"
+            :key="option.value"
+            :value="String(option.value)"
+            >{{ option.label }}</option
+          ></select
+        ></label
+      ></div
+    ></div
+  >
+</template>
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs b/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs
index 966c41cb6..a95adff12 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs
@@ -159,3 +159,62 @@ test('a row switch and slider render their markup and report choices', () => {
   assert.equal(segments[1].classList.contains('active'), true);
   render(null, container);
 });
+
+test('a row range renders start and end pickers and reports which end moved', () => {
+  document.body.replaceChildren();
+  const container = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+  const picks = [];
+  const item = {
+    ...row(false),
+    key: 'shipwrecks',
+    id: 'shipwrecks',
+    controls: {
+      hidden: false,
+      chips: [],
+      segmented: null,
+      slider: null,
+      range: {
+        id: 'period',
+        label: 'Period',
+        valueText: '2010–2024',
+        from: { label: 'From', ariaLabel: 'First year', value: 2010 },
+        to: { label: 'To', ariaLabel: 'Last year', value: 2024 },
+        options: [2024, 2010, 2007].map((year) => ({
+          value: year,
+          label: String(year),
+        })),
+      },
+      legend: [],
+      info: null,
+      list: null,
+    },
+  };
+  render(
+    h(LayerRows, {
+      items: [item],
+      onRange: (id, rangeId, end, value) =>
+        picks.push([id, rangeId, end, value]),
+    }),
+    container,
+  );
+  const block = container.querySelector('.data-toggle-range');
+  assert.equal(block.dataset.rangeId, 'period');
+  assert.equal(
+    block.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider-value').textContent,
+    '2010–2024',
+  );
+  const [from, to] = block.querySelectorAll('select.data-toggle-range-select');
+  assert.equal(from.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'First year');
+  assert.equal(from.value, '2010');
+  assert.equal(to.value, '2024');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...block.querySelectorAll('.data-toggle-range-caption')].map(
+      (caption) => caption.textContent,
+    ),
+    ['From', 'To'],
+  );
+  to.value = '2007';
+  to.dispatchEvent(new Event('change', { bubbles: true }));
+  assert.deepEqual(picks, [['shipwrecks', 'period', 'to', '2007']]);
+  render(null, container);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/localePicker.test.mjs b/src/ui/localePicker.test.mjs
index d59c9926b..5e25fb01f 100644
--- a/src/ui/localePicker.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/localePicker.test.mjs
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ test('the current language comes first, the rest by their own names', () => {
       'fr',
       'it',
       'pt',
+      'he',
       'ar',
       'zh-CN',
       'zh-Hant',
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ test('the current language comes first, the rest by their own names', () => {
       'pt',
       'ru',
       'uk',
+      'he',
       'ar',
       'zh-CN',
       'zh-Hant',
@@ -98,6 +100,7 @@ test('the current language comes first, the rest by their own names', () => {
       'pt',
       'ru',
       'uk',
+      'he',
       'ar',
       'zh-CN',
       'zh-Hant',
@@ -122,6 +125,7 @@ test('the current language comes first, the rest by their own names', () => {
       'pt',
       'ru',
       'uk',
+      'he',
       'zh-CN',
       'zh-Hant',
       'ja',
diff --git a/src/ui/mobileShell.test.mjs b/src/ui/mobileShell.test.mjs
index 87286240f..c0e0b909f 100644
--- a/src/ui/mobileShell.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/mobileShell.test.mjs
@@ -977,3 +977,20 @@ test('a slow downward pull is claimed before Android native scroll takes ownersh
   assert.equal(shell.getSheet(), null);
   shell.destroy();
 });
+
+test('on phones the News panel shows in the Context sheet only, like Weather', () => {
+  const css = readFileSync(
+    new URL('./styles/mobile-shell.css', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  // Hidden by id: the rail's own `#news-panel:not(.collapsed)` rule outranks
+  // the generic `#right-context-rail > *` hiding rule.
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /body\.mobile-shell #right-context-rail > #news-panel,\n[^{}]*\{\s*display: none;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /body\.mobile-shell\[data-mobile-sheet='context'\]\s+#right-context-rail\s+> #news-panel:not\(\[hidden\]\),/,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/news/NewsCard.vue b/src/ui/news/NewsCard.vue
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50543bf97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/news/NewsCard.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+<script setup>
+import { ref, watch } from 'vue';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import UiButton from '../kit/UiButton.vue';
+
+// One event in the News panel: the publisher's
+// picture when the event has one, the headline, a mono meta line (severity
+// marker, category, place, sources, age), who reported it, its attestation
+// and media chips, and the service it came through ("via …"), which some ask
+// to be credited wherever their reports show. A click chooses it (the layer
+// flies there and opens its card on the globe); open, it plays the post's
+// clip when it has one (on request, with sound and controls), and shows the
+// summary, the other sides' reports and the link to the original article.
+// The layer computes every value shown (feedCardView in
+// src/layers/news/model.js).
+const props = defineProps({
+  item: { type: Object, required: true },
+  open: { type: Boolean, default: false },
+  onChoose: { type: Function, default: () => {} },
+  onClear: { type: Function, default: () => {} },
+});
+
+// A picture the publisher no longer serves leaves the card without one.
+const pictureFailed = ref(false);
+const dropPicture = () => {
+  pictureFailed.value = true;
+};
+// So does a clip whose signed link has expired.
+const clipFailed = ref(false);
+const dropClip = () => {
+  clipFailed.value = true;
+};
+watch(
+  () => props.item.picture?.url,
+  () => {
+    pictureFailed.value = false;
+    clipFailed.value = false;
+  },
+);
+const meta = () =>
+  [
+    props.item.category,
+    props.item.place &&
+      (props.item.placedByModel
+        ? t('{place} (placed by model)', { place: props.item.place })
+        : props.item.place),
+    props.item.sources,
+    props.item.age,
+  ]
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .join(' · ');
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <article
+    class="news-card"
+    :class="{ 'is-open': open, 'is-unmapped': !item.mappable }"
+    :data-report-id="item.id"
+    :style="{ '--news-color': item.color }"
+  >
+    <button
+      type="button"
+      class="news-card__main ui-focus"
+      :aria-expanded="open ? 'true' : 'false'"
+      @click="onChoose(item)"
+    >
+      <span v-if="item.picture && !pictureFailed" class="news-card__thumb"
+        ><img
+          :src="item.picture.url"
+          alt=""
+          loading="lazy"
+          decoding="async"
+          referrerpolicy="no-referrer"
+          v-on="{ error: dropPicture }"
+        /><span
+          v-if="item.picture.video && !clipFailed"
+          class="news-card__play"
+          role="img"
+          :aria-label="t('Video')"
+          >▶</span
+        ><span v-if="item.picture.credit" class="news-card__credit">{{
+          item.picture.credit
+        }}</span></span
+      >
+      <span class="news-card__title">{{ item.title }}</span>
+      <span v-if="item.original" class="news-card__note">{{
+        t('English headline by the model')
+      }}</span>
+      <span class="news-card__meta ui-mono"
+        ><span
+          class="news-card__marker"
+          :class="{ solid: item.solid }"
+          role="img"
+          :aria-label="item.severityLabel"
+          :title="item.severityLabel"
+          ><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true">
+            <path :d="item.icon" /></svg></span
+        ><span v-if="item.severity >= 2" class="news-card__severity">{{
+          item.severityLabel
+        }}</span
+        >{{ item.severity >= 2 ? ` · ${meta()}` : meta() }}</span
+      >
+      <span v-if="item.sides" class="news-card__sides">{{ item.sides }}</span>
+      <span v-if="item.chips.length" class="news-card__chips"
+        ><span
+          v-for="chip in item.chips"
+          :key="`${chip.kind}:${chip.label}`"
+          class="news-chip"
+          :class="`news-chip--${chip.kind}`"
+          >{{ chip.label }}</span
+        ></span
+      >
+      <span v-if="item.via" class="news-card__via ui-mono">{{ item.via }}</span>
+    </button>
+    <div v-if="open" class="news-card__open">
+      <video
+        v-if="item.picture?.video && !clipFailed"
+        class="news-card__clip"
+        :src="item.picture.video"
+        :poster="pictureFailed ? undefined : item.picture.url"
+        controls
+        playsinline
+        preload="none"
+        referrerpolicy="no-referrer"
+        v-on="{ error: dropClip }"
+      ></video>
+      <p v-if="item.original" class="news-card__original">{{
+        item.original
+      }}</p>
+      <p v-if="item.snippet" class="news-card__snippet">{{ item.snippet }}</p>
+      <p v-if="!item.mappable" class="news-card__note">
+        {{ t('Not placed on the map') }}
+      </p>
+      <ul v-if="item.others.length" class="news-card__others">
+        <li v-for="other in item.others" :key="other.url">
+          <span class="news-card__side ui-mono">{{ other.side }}</span
+          ><a :href="other.url" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
+            >{{ other.publisher }}: {{ other.title }}</a
+          >
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+      <div class="news-card__actions">
+        <a
+          class="news-card__link"
+          :href="item.url"
+          target="_blank"
+          rel="noopener noreferrer"
+          >{{ item.sourceLink }}</a
+        >
+        <UiButton
+          class="data-toggle-chip news-card__clear"
+          type="button"
+          @click="onClear()"
+          >{{ t('Close') }}</UiButton
+        >
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </article>
+</template>
diff --git a/src/ui/news/NewsFeed.vue b/src/ui/news/NewsFeed.vue
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47e55c10f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/news/NewsFeed.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+<script setup>
+import { computed } from 'vue';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import UiButton from '../kit/UiButton.vue';
+import UiEmpty from '../kit/UiEmpty.vue';
+import UiSelect from '../kit/UiSelect.js';
+import RailChips from '../rail/RailChips.vue';
+import NewsCard from './NewsCard.vue';
+
+// The News panel: the window the server serves only (the last 24 hours, or
+// fewer where the host serves less), or a shorter one chosen at the
+// top (24/12/6/3/1 h), and two sections. Conflicts: hotspot chips, the
+// severity floor, the chosen event and a continuous feed, newest first.
+// Local: every report in the area at the view centre (its country, a large
+// country's state; within a radius at sea) while the camera is low, named at
+// the top, which the map then shows, outlined, instead of the hotspots' news.
+// A section read from a key the server lacks (or whose allowance for the day
+// is spent) says which key instead. It
+// renders the `feed` view the news layer publishes and acts only through
+// `onParams`.
+const props = defineProps({
+  view: { type: Object, default: null },
+  onParams: { type: Function, default: () => {} },
+});
+
+const filters = computed(() => props.view?.filters ?? {});
+const local = computed(() => filters.value.section === 'local');
+const sections = computed(() =>
+  [
+    { id: 'conflicts', label: t('Conflicts') },
+    { id: 'local', label: t('Local') },
+  ].map((chip) => ({
+    ...chip,
+    active: (filters.value.section ?? 'conflicts') === chip.id,
+  })),
+);
+const chips = computed(() =>
+  (props.view?.hotspots ?? []).map((chip) => ({
+    id: chip.id,
+    label: `${chip.label} ${chip.count}`,
+    active: chip.active,
+    title: chip.label,
+  })),
+);
+const severityOptions = computed(() => {
+  const levels = props.view?.severities ?? [];
+  return [
+    { value: '0', label: t('Any severity') },
+    ...levels.slice(1, 3).map((level) => ({
+      value: String(level.value),
+      label: t('{severity} and above', { severity: level.label }),
+    })),
+    ...levels.slice(3).map((level) => ({
+      value: String(level.value),
+      label: t('{severity} only', { severity: level.label }),
+    })),
+  ];
+});
+const categoryOptions = computed(() => [
+  { value: 'all', label: t('All categories') },
+  ...(props.view?.categories ?? []),
+]);
+const windowOptions = computed(() =>
+  (props.view?.windowChoices ?? []).map((hours) => ({
+    value: String(hours),
+    label: t('Last {hours} h', { hours }),
+  })),
+);
+// The longest choice is the server's whole window, kept as no choice.
+const chooseWindow = (hours) =>
+  setFilter('hours', hours === props.view?.windowChoices?.[0] ? null : hours);
+const selectedId = computed(() => props.view?.selected?.id ?? null);
+// The chosen event leads the panel unless the feed already shows it open.
+const selectedApart = computed(() => {
+  const chosen = props.view?.selected;
+  if (!chosen) return null;
+  const listed = local.value
+    ? props.view.inView.items.some((item) => item.id === chosen.id)
+    : props.view.items.some((item) => item.id === chosen.id);
+  return listed ? null : chosen;
+});
+// What Local reads: the area named, else the radius; neither while the
+// first area is being named, so the radius does not flash before it.
+const areaHead = computed(() => {
+  const inView = props.view?.inView;
+  if (!inView?.active) return '';
+  if (inView.area) return t('News from {area}', { area: inView.area });
+  if (inView.areaLoading) return '';
+  return t('Within {km} km of the view centre', { km: inView.radiusKm });
+});
+const status = computed(() => {
+  const view = props.view;
+  if (!view) return '';
+  if (view.error) return view.error;
+  if (view.loading && !view.items.length) return t('Reading the news…');
+  return '';
+});
+
+const setFilter = (name, value) =>
+  props.onParams({ filters: { [name]: value } });
+function choose(item) {
+  if (item.id === selectedId.value) props.onParams({ clear: true });
+  else props.onParams({ reportId: item.id, focus: true });
+}
+const clear = () => props.onParams({ clear: true });
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <section
+    v-if="view"
+    class="news-readout"
+    :aria-label="t('News, last {hours} hours', { hours: view.windowHours })"
+  >
+    <UiSelect
+      v-if="windowOptions.length > 1"
+      class="gev-field news-filter news-readout__window-choice"
+      :aria-label="t('Time window')"
+      :model-value="String(view.windowHours)"
+      :options="windowOptions"
+      @update:model-value="chooseWindow(Number($event))"
+    />
+    <p v-else class="news-readout__window ui-mono">{{
+      t('Last {hours} h', { hours: view.windowHours })
+    }}</p>
+    <div
+      class="news-readout__sections"
+      role="group"
+      :aria-label="t('News sections')"
+    >
+      <RailChips
+        :chips="sections"
+        :on-select="(chip) => setFilter('section', chip.id)"
+      />
+    </div>
+    <div
+      v-if="!local"
+      class="news-readout__chips"
+      role="group"
+      :aria-label="t('Hotspots')"
+    >
+      <RailChips
+        :chips="chips"
+        :on-select="(chip) => setFilter('hotspot', chip.id)"
+      />
+    </div>
+    <div class="news-readout__filters">
+      <UiSelect
+        v-if="!local"
+        class="gev-field news-filter"
+        :aria-label="t('Severity')"
+        :model-value="String(filters.minSeverity ?? 2)"
+        :options="severityOptions"
+        @update:model-value="setFilter('minSeverity', Number($event))"
+      />
+      <UiSelect
+        class="gev-field news-filter"
+        :aria-label="t('Category')"
+        :model-value="filters.category ?? 'all'"
+        :options="categoryOptions"
+        @update:model-value="setFilter('category', $event)"
+      />
+    </div>
+
+    <NewsCard
+      v-if="selectedApart"
+      class="news-readout__selected"
+      :item="selectedApart"
+      open
+      :on-choose="choose"
+      :on-clear="clear"
+    />
+
+    <section
+      v-if="local"
+      class="news-readout__section"
+      :aria-label="t('Local')"
+    >
+      <p v-if="areaHead" class="news-readout__head news-readout__area ui-mono">
+        {{ areaHead }}
+      </p>
+      <UiEmpty
+        v-if="!view.inView.active"
+        class="news-readout__empty"
+        :title="t('Zoom in to see local news')"
+      />
+      <UiEmpty
+        v-else-if="view.inView.key"
+        class="news-readout__empty"
+        :title="view.inView.key.title"
+        :hint="view.inView.key.hint"
+      />
+      <p v-else-if="view.inView.error" class="news-readout__status">
+        {{ view.inView.error }}
+      </p>
+      <UiEmpty
+        v-else-if="!view.inView.items.length && !view.inView.loading"
+        class="news-readout__empty"
+        :title="
+          t('Nothing reported near here in the last {hours} h', {
+            hours: view.windowHours,
+          })
+        "
+      />
+      <ol
+        v-else
+        class="news-readout__list"
+        :class="{ 'is-stale': view.inView.loading }"
+        :aria-busy="view.inView.loading ? 'true' : 'false'"
+      >
+        <li v-for="item in view.inView.items" :key="item.id">
+          <NewsCard
+            :item="item"
+            :open="item.id === selectedId"
+            :on-choose="choose"
+            :on-clear="clear"
+          />
+        </li>
+      </ol>
+    </section>
+
+    <section
+      v-else
+      class="news-readout__section"
+      :aria-label="t('Latest news')"
+    >
+      <h3 class="news-readout__head ui-mono">{{ t('Latest') }}</h3>
+      <UiEmpty
+        v-if="view.key"
+        class="news-readout__empty"
+        :title="view.key.title"
+        :hint="view.key.hint"
+      />
+      <ol
+        v-else-if="view.items.length"
+        class="news-readout__list news-readout__feed"
+      >
+        <li v-for="item in view.items" :key="item.id">
+          <NewsCard
+            :item="item"
+            :open="item.id === selectedId"
+            :on-choose="choose"
+            :on-clear="clear"
+          />
+        </li>
+      </ol>
+      <UiEmpty
+        v-else-if="!view.loading && !view.error"
+        class="news-readout__empty"
+        :title="
+          t('No news matches these filters in the last {hours} h', {
+            hours: view.windowHours,
+          })
+        "
+      />
+      <div class="news-readout__footer">
+        <span class="news-readout__status" role="status">{{ status }}</span>
+        <UiButton
+          v-if="view.hasMore && !view.loading"
+          class="data-toggle-chip"
+          type="button"
+          @click="onParams({ loadMore: true })"
+          >{{ t('Load older news') }}</UiButton
+        >
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <details class="news-legend">
+      <summary>{{ t('How to read the map') }}</summary>
+      <p>{{ t('Colour: severity · icon: type of event') }}</p>
+      <ul class="news-legend__severity">
+        <li
+          v-for="level in view.severities"
+          :key="level.value"
+          :style="{ '--news-color': level.color }"
+        >
+          {{ level.label }}
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+      <p>{{
+        t(
+          'Solid rim: reported by both sides or independently. Dashed rim: a claim. Thin rim: one source, or one side’s own press.',
+        )
+      }}</p>
+      <p>{{
+        t(
+          'Larger: more sources · fainter: older. Picture card: a major or fast-growing event with two or more sources.',
+        )
+      }}</p>
+      <p>{{
+        t('Side labels describe the source, not whether a report is true.')
+      }}</p>
+    </details>
+  </section>
+</template>
diff --git a/src/ui/newsPanel.js b/src/ui/newsPanel.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca48d0e95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/newsPanel.js
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { h, render as renderVue } from 'vue';
+import NewsFeed from './news/NewsFeed.vue';
+
+const LAYER_ID = 'news';
+const LOAD_MORE_MARGIN_PX = 160;
+// Remounting must not reopen a panel the reader already collapsed.
+const appearedPanels = new WeakSet();
+const set = (node, key, value) => {
+  if (node[key] !== value) node[key] = value;
+};
+
+/**
+ * The News rail panel (`#news-panel`): it renders the `feed` view the news
+ * layer publishes through its row controls, shows itself only while the
+ * layer is on, and acts only through setLayerParams. Near the bottom of its
+ * scroller it asks for the next older page, once per page; other filters or a
+ * failed read let it ask again.
+ */
+export function createNewsPanel({ container, setLayerParams = () => {} } = {}) {
+  const document = container?.ownerDocument;
+  if (!document?.createElement) return null;
+  const panel = container.closest?.('#news-panel');
+  const count = panel?.querySelector('#news-panel-count');
+  const onParams = (params) =>
+    setLayerParams(LAYER_ID, params, { origin: 'user' });
+  let view = null;
+  let destroyed = false;
+  let requestedAt = -1;
+  let shownFilters = '';
+
+  function render() {
+    if (destroyed) return;
+    renderVue(h(NewsFeed, { view, onParams }), container);
+    const hidden = !view;
+    if (panel) set(panel, 'hidden', hidden);
+    // The count is the shown section's: Local's list, else the feed.
+    const shown =
+      view?.filters?.section === 'local' ? view.inView?.items : view?.items;
+    if (count) set(count, 'textContent', String(shown?.length ?? 0));
+    if (!hidden && panel && !appearedPanels.has(panel)) {
+      appearedPanels.add(panel);
+      // First appearance opens the panel unless a stored or shared collapse
+      // choice exists (marked by the panel chrome when it restored the state).
+      const preference = panel.dataset?.collapsedPreference;
+      if (
+        panel.classList?.contains('collapsed') &&
+        (preference === undefined || preference === 'default')
+      )
+        panel.querySelector('[data-collapse-target="news-panel"]')?.click();
+    }
+  }
+
+  const onScroll = () => {
+    if (!view?.hasMore || view.loading) return;
+    const remaining =
+      container.scrollHeight - container.scrollTop - container.clientHeight;
+    if (remaining > LOAD_MORE_MARGIN_PX) return;
+    if (requestedAt === view.items.length) return;
+    requestedAt = view.items.length;
+    onParams({ loadMore: true });
+  };
+  container.addEventListener?.('scroll', onScroll, { passive: true });
+
+  return {
+    /** Show the layer's feed view, or hide the panel with null. */
+    update(next) {
+      const filters = JSON.stringify(next?.filters ?? null);
+      // A new list (other filters or hotspot), or a read that failed, may stop
+      // at the same length as the last request: let the next scroll ask.
+      // A list started over is shorter than the one the last request saw.
+      if (
+        filters !== shownFilters ||
+        (next?.error && !view?.error) ||
+        (next?.items?.length ?? 0) < requestedAt
+      )
+        requestedAt = -1;
+      shownFilters = filters;
+      view = next || null;
+      render();
+    },
+    destroy() {
+      destroyed = true;
+      container.removeEventListener?.('scroll', onScroll);
+      renderVue(null, container);
+      if (panel) set(panel, 'hidden', true);
+      if (count) set(count, 'textContent', '0');
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/newsPanel.test.mjs b/src/ui/newsPanel.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1bf4ee7b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/newsPanel.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+import '../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createNewsPanel } from './newsPanel.js';
+import {
+  NEWS_CATEGORIES,
+  NEWS_SEVERITY,
+  categoryLabel,
+  feedCardView,
+  normalizeFilters,
+} from '../layers/news/model.js';
+
+const NOW = Date.parse('2026-10-28T10:00:00Z');
+const report = (id, extra = {}) => ({
+  id,
+  title: `Report ${id}`,
+  url: `https://www.example.com/${id}`,
+  publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:00:00.000Z',
+  publisher: 'Example',
+  side: 'UA',
+  category: 'strike',
+  severity: 2,
+  geo: { lat: 50, lon: 36, place: 'Kharkiv', mappable: true },
+  pins: [{ lat: 50, lon: 36, place: 'Kharkiv', mappable: true }],
+  event: null,
+  media: [],
+  ...extra,
+});
+const big = report('big', {
+  severity: 3,
+  titleEn: 'Strike on Kharkiv',
+  title: 'Удар по Харкову',
+  media: ['video'],
+  event: {
+    size: 4,
+    severity: 3,
+    status: 'both-sides',
+    lastAt: '2026-10-28T09:50:00.000Z',
+    sides: [
+      {
+        side: 'UA',
+        title: 'a',
+        url: 'https://a.test/',
+        publisher: 'A',
+        publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:00:00.000Z',
+      },
+      {
+        side: 'RU',
+        title: 'b',
+        url: 'https://b.test/',
+        publisher: 'B',
+        publishedAt: '2026-10-28T09:40:00.000Z',
+      },
+    ],
+    image: { url: 'https://a.test/p.jpg', publisher: 'A' },
+  },
+});
+
+function view(extra = {}) {
+  return {
+    filters: normalizeFilters(),
+    hotspots: [
+      { id: 'all', label: 'All', count: 7, active: true },
+      { id: 'ua-ru-war', label: 'Ukraine–Russia', count: 7, active: false },
+    ],
+    categories: Object.keys(NEWS_CATEGORIES).map((id) => ({
+      value: id,
+      label: categoryLabel(id),
+    })),
+    severities: NEWS_SEVERITY.map((level, index) => ({
+      value: index,
+      label: level.label,
+      color: level.color,
+    })),
+    items: [feedCardView(big, NOW), feedCardView(report('lone'), NOW)],
+    inView: { active: false, loading: false, error: null, items: [] },
+    selected: null,
+    hasMore: true,
+    windowHours: 24,
+    loading: false,
+    error: null,
+    ...extra,
+  };
+}
+
+function fixture() {
+  document.body.innerHTML = `
+    <div id="news-panel" class="collapsed" hidden>
+      <span id="news-panel-count">0</span>
+      <button data-collapse-target="news-panel"></button>
+      <div id="news-panel-body"></div>
+    </div>`;
+  const panel = document.getElementById('news-panel');
+  let opened = 0;
+  panel
+    .querySelector('[data-collapse-target]')
+    .addEventListener('click', () => {
+      opened++;
+      panel.classList.remove('collapsed');
+    });
+  const calls = [];
+  const news = createNewsPanel({
+    container: document.getElementById('news-panel-body'),
+    setLayerParams: (id, params, options) => calls.push([id, params, options]),
+  });
+  return { news, panel, calls, opened: () => opened };
+}
+
+test('the panel shows the last 24 h as event cards and opens once', () => {
+  const { news, panel, opened } = fixture();
+  news.update(null);
+  assert.equal(panel.hidden, true);
+  news.update(view());
+  assert.equal(panel.hidden, false);
+  assert.equal(opened(), 1);
+  assert.equal(document.getElementById('news-panel-count').textContent, '2');
+  assert.equal(
+    panel.querySelector('.news-readout__window').textContent,
+    'Last 24 h',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...panel.querySelectorAll('.news-readout__chips [data-chip-id]')].map(
+      (chip) => chip.textContent,
+    ),
+    ['All 7', 'Ukraine–Russia 7'],
+  );
+  const [first, second] = panel.querySelectorAll(
+    '.news-readout__feed .news-card',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    first.querySelector('.news-card__title').textContent,
+    'Strike on Kharkiv',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    first.querySelector('.news-card__note').textContent,
+    'English headline by the model',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    first.querySelector('.news-card__meta').textContent,
+    'Major · Strike · Kharkiv · 4 sources · 10 min',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    first.querySelector('.news-card__marker').getAttribute('aria-label'),
+    'Major',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    first.querySelector('.news-card__sides').textContent,
+    'Reported by UA sources · RU sources',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...first.querySelectorAll('.news-chip')].map((c) => c.textContent),
+    ['Reported by both sides', 'Video'],
+  );
+  const img = first.querySelector('.news-card__thumb img');
+  assert.equal(img.getAttribute('src'), 'https://a.test/p.jpg');
+  assert.equal(img.getAttribute('referrerpolicy'), 'no-referrer');
+  assert.equal(first.querySelector('.news-card__credit').textContent, 'A');
+  // A lone report has no picture.
+  assert.equal(second.querySelector('.news-card__thumb'), null);
+  // A later update does not reopen a panel the reader collapsed.
+  panel.classList.add('collapsed');
+  news.update(view());
+  assert.equal(opened(), 1);
+  news.destroy();
+  assert.equal(panel.hidden, true);
+});
+
+test('a card click flies there; open, it links the source and closes', () => {
+  const { news, panel, calls } = fixture();
+  news.update(view());
+  panel.querySelector('.news-card__main').click();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls.at(-1), [
+    'news',
+    { reportId: 'big', focus: true },
+    { origin: 'user' },
+  ]);
+  news.update(view({ selected: feedCardView(big, NOW) }));
+  const open = panel.querySelector('.news-card.is-open');
+  const link = open.querySelector('.news-card__link');
+  assert.equal(link.textContent, 'Source: example.com ↗');
+  assert.equal(link.getAttribute('href'), 'https://www.example.com/big');
+  assert.equal(link.getAttribute('rel'), 'noopener noreferrer');
+  assert.equal(
+    open.querySelector('.news-card__original').textContent,
+    'Удар по Харкову',
+  );
+  open.querySelector('.news-card__main').click();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls.at(-1)[1], { clear: true });
+  news.destroy();
+});
+
+test('filters, the Local section and empty or failed reads', () => {
+  const { news, panel, calls } = fixture();
+  news.update(view());
+  assert.equal(panel.querySelector('[aria-label="Local"]'), null);
+  assert.equal(panel.querySelector('.news-toggle'), null);
+  const severity = panel.querySelector('select[aria-label="Severity"]');
+  assert.equal(severity.value, '2');
+  severity.value = '3';
+  severity.dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
+  assert.deepEqual(calls.at(-1)[1], { filters: { minSeverity: 3 } });
+  panel.querySelector('[data-chip-id="ua-ru-war"]').click();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls.at(-1)[1], { filters: { hotspot: 'ua-ru-war' } });
+  panel.querySelector('[data-chip-id="local"]').click();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls.at(-1)[1], { filters: { section: 'local' } });
+
+  news.update(
+    view({
+      items: [],
+      hasMore: false,
+    }),
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    panel.textContent,
+    /No news matches these filters in the last 24 h/,
+  );
+  assert.equal(panel.querySelector('.news-readout__footer button'), null);
+
+  // Local: no hotspot chips or severity floor, and its own empty states.
+  const localView = (inView) =>
+    view({
+      filters: normalizeFilters({ section: 'local' }),
+      inView: { loading: false, error: null, items: [], ...inView },
+    });
+  news.update(localView({ active: false }));
+  const section = panel.querySelector('[aria-label="Local"]');
+  assert.match(section.textContent, /Zoom in to see local news/);
+  assert.equal(panel.querySelector('[data-chip-id="ua-ru-war"]'), null);
+  assert.equal(panel.querySelector('select[aria-label="Severity"]'), null);
+  assert.equal(panel.querySelector('[aria-label="Latest news"]'), null);
+  assert.equal(document.getElementById('news-panel-count').textContent, '0');
+  news.update(
+    localView({ active: true, items: [feedCardView(report('near'), NOW)] }),
+  );
+  assert.equal(document.getElementById('news-panel-count').textContent, '1');
+  news.update(localView({ active: true }));
+  assert.match(
+    panel.querySelector('[aria-label="Local"]').textContent,
+    /Nothing reported near here in the last 24 h/,
+  );
+  news.update(view());
+
+  news.update(
+    view({ items: [], error: 'News feed unavailable', hasMore: false }),
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    panel.querySelector('.news-readout__status').textContent,
+    'News feed unavailable',
+  );
+  news.destroy();
+});
+
+test('each section says which key it lacks; Local names the area it reads', () => {
+  const { news, panel } = fixture();
+  const key = {
+    title: 'Liveuamap key required',
+    hint: 'Needs LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY — add it in Provider Settings',
+  };
+  news.update(view({ key, items: [], hasMore: false }));
+  const latest = panel.querySelector('[aria-label="Latest news"]');
+  assert.match(latest.textContent, /Liveuamap key required/);
+  assert.match(latest.textContent, /Needs LIVEUAMAP_API_KEY/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(latest.textContent, /No news matches/);
+
+  const localView = (inView) =>
+    view({
+      filters: normalizeFilters({ section: 'local' }),
+      inView: {
+        active: true,
+        loading: false,
+        error: null,
+        items: [],
+        radiusKm: 500,
+        ...inView,
+      },
+    });
+  const section = () => panel.querySelector('[aria-label="Local"]');
+  const heading = () => section().querySelector('.news-readout__area');
+  news.update(
+    localView({
+      key: {
+        title: 'World News API limit reached for today',
+        hint: 'News resumes tomorrow, or with a paid plan',
+      },
+    }),
+  );
+  assert.match(section().textContent, /World News API limit reached for today/);
+  assert.match(section().textContent, /News resumes tomorrow/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(section().textContent, /Nothing reported near here/);
+
+  // The area named, else the radius at sea.
+  news.update(localView({ area: 'Ukraine' }));
+  assert.equal(heading().textContent.trim(), 'News from Ukraine');
+  news.update(localView({ area: null }));
+  assert.equal(
+    heading().textContent.trim(),
+    'Within 500 km of the view centre',
+  );
+  // While the first area is named, neither: the radius does not flash.
+  news.update(localView({ area: null, areaLoading: true, loading: true }));
+  assert.equal(heading(), null);
+  // A new area on the way keeps the one shown.
+  news.update(localView({ area: 'Ukraine', areaLoading: true, loading: true }));
+  assert.equal(heading().textContent.trim(), 'News from Ukraine');
+  news.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a card credits the service its report came through', () => {
+  const { news, panel } = fixture();
+  news.update(
+    view({
+      items: [
+        feedCardView(report('gdelt', { attribution: 'GDELT Project' }), NOW),
+        feedCardView(report('own'), NOW),
+      ],
+    }),
+  );
+  const [credited, own] = panel.querySelectorAll('.news-card');
+  assert.equal(
+    credited.querySelector('.news-card__via').textContent,
+    'via GDELT Project',
+  );
+  assert.equal(own.querySelector('.news-card__via'), null);
+  news.destroy();
+});
+
+test('scrolling to the end asks once per page, again after a filter change or a failed read', () => {
+  const { news, calls } = fixture();
+  const body = document.getElementById('news-panel-body');
+  // A scroller at its bottom.
+  Object.defineProperty(body, 'scrollHeight', {
+    value: 1000,
+    configurable: true,
+  });
+  Object.defineProperty(body, 'clientHeight', {
+    value: 400,
+    configurable: true,
+  });
+  body.scrollTop = 600;
+  const loadMores = () => calls.filter(([, p]) => p.loadMore === true).length;
+  const scroll = () => body.dispatchEvent(new Event('scroll'));
+  news.update(view());
+  scroll();
+  scroll();
+  assert.equal(loadMores(), 1);
+  // The page came back with nothing new (as many items): no second request.
+  news.update(view());
+  scroll();
+  assert.equal(loadMores(), 1);
+  // Another hotspot, the same number of rows: the new list can be read on.
+  const hotspot = normalizeFilters({ hotspot: 'ua-ru-war' }, [
+    { id: 'ua-ru-war' },
+  ]);
+  news.update(view({ filters: hotspot }));
+  scroll();
+  assert.equal(loadMores(), 2);
+  // The read fails: the next scroll tries again.
+  news.update(view({ filters: hotspot, error: 'News feed unavailable' }));
+  scroll();
+  assert.equal(loadMores(), 3);
+  // While loading, or with no older page, nothing is asked.
+  news.update(view({ filters: hotspot, loading: true }));
+  scroll();
+  news.update(view({ filters: hotspot, hasMore: false }));
+  scroll();
+  assert.equal(loadMores(), 3);
+  news.destroy();
+});
+
+test('the window choice offers shorter windows; the longest is the server window', () => {
+  const { news, panel, calls } = fixture();
+  news.update(view({ windowHours: 12, windowChoices: [12, 6, 3, 1] }));
+  assert.equal(panel.querySelector('.news-readout__window'), null);
+  const choice = panel.querySelector('select[aria-label="Time window"]');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...choice.options].map((option) => option.textContent),
+    ['Last 12 h', 'Last 6 h', 'Last 3 h', 'Last 1 h'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(choice.value, '12');
+  choice.value = '3';
+  choice.dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
+  assert.deepEqual(calls.at(-1)[1], { filters: { hours: 3 } });
+  choice.value = '12';
+  choice.dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
+  assert.deepEqual(calls.at(-1)[1], { filters: { hours: null } });
+});
+
+test('the panel names the window the server serves', () => {
+  const { news, panel } = fixture();
+  news.update(view({ windowHours: 12 }));
+  assert.equal(
+    panel.querySelector('.news-readout__window').textContent,
+    'Last 12 h',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a clip waits behind its picture and plays, on request, in the open card', () => {
+  const { news, panel } = fixture();
+  const clipped = report('clip', {
+    event: {
+      size: 1,
+      sides: [],
+      image: {
+        url: 'https://cdn4.telesco.pe/file/v.jpg',
+        publisher: 'Channel',
+        video: 'https://cdn4.telesco.pe/file/v.mp4?token=x',
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  news.update(view({ items: [feedCardView(clipped, NOW)] }));
+  const card = panel.querySelector('.news-card');
+  assert.equal(card.querySelector('.news-card__play').textContent, '▶');
+  assert.equal(card.querySelector('video'), null);
+  news.update(
+    view({
+      items: [feedCardView(clipped, NOW)],
+      selected: feedCardView(clipped, NOW),
+    }),
+  );
+  const video = panel.querySelector('.news-card.is-open video');
+  assert.equal(
+    video.getAttribute('src'),
+    'https://cdn4.telesco.pe/file/v.mp4?token=x',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    video.getAttribute('poster'),
+    'https://cdn4.telesco.pe/file/v.jpg',
+  );
+  assert.equal(video.getAttribute('preload'), 'none');
+  assert.ok(video.hasAttribute('controls'));
+  // An expired link leaves the card without the clip.
+  video.dispatchEvent(new Event('error'));
+  news.update(
+    view({
+      items: [feedCardView(clipped, NOW)],
+      selected: feedCardView(clipped, NOW),
+    }),
+  );
+  assert.equal(panel.querySelector('.news-card.is-open video'), null);
+  news.destroy();
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/panelChrome.js b/src/ui/panelChrome.js
index 439c1d77c..c5da55c43 100644
--- a/src/ui/panelChrome.js
+++ b/src/ui/panelChrome.js
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ const SHARE_PANEL_STATE_SPECS = Object.freeze([
   { id: 'data-panel' },
   { id: 'cctv-panel' },
   { id: 'weather-panel' },
+  { id: 'news-panel' },
   { id: 'recent-imagery-panel' },
   { id: 'street-level-panel' },
   { id: 'radio-panel' },
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ const COCKPIT_ENTRY_COLLAPSE_PANEL_IDS = Object.freeze([
   'data-panel',
   'cctv-panel',
   'weather-panel',
+  'news-panel',
   'recent-imagery-panel',
   'street-level-panel',
   'scene-panel',
diff --git a/src/ui/panelLayoutController.js b/src/ui/panelLayoutController.js
index ee0d5541b..d5de96647 100644
--- a/src/ui/panelLayoutController.js
+++ b/src/ui/panelLayoutController.js
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ export class PanelLayoutController {
     this._ppToggles = document.getElementById('pp-toggles');
     this._cctvPanel = document.getElementById('cctv-panel');
     this._weatherPanel = document.getElementById('weather-panel');
+    this._newsPanel = document.getElementById('news-panel');
     this._recentImageryPanel = document.getElementById('recent-imagery-panel');
     this._streetLevelPanel = document.getElementById('street-level-panel');
   }
@@ -193,6 +194,7 @@ export class PanelLayoutController {
     for (const panel of [
       this._cctvPanel,
       this._weatherPanel,
+      this._newsPanel,
       this._recentImageryPanel,
       this._streetLevelPanel,
     ]) {
@@ -208,6 +210,7 @@ export class PanelLayoutController {
         this._ppToggles,
         this._cctvPanel,
         this._weatherPanel,
+        this._newsPanel,
         this._recentImageryPanel,
         this._streetLevelPanel,
         globalContextPanel,
diff --git a/src/ui/panelRailCatalog.js b/src/ui/panelRailCatalog.js
index 7309c7f21..dbda77dcd 100644
--- a/src/ui/panelRailCatalog.js
+++ b/src/ui/panelRailCatalog.js
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ export const PANEL_RAIL_ITEMS = Object.freeze({
   'pp-toggles': { icon: 'tune', label: msg('DISPLAY') },
   'cctv-panel': { icon: 'videocam', label: msg('CCTV') },
   'weather-panel': { icon: 'partly_cloudy_day', label: msg('WEATHER') },
+  'news-panel': { icon: 'public', label: msg('NEWS') },
   'recent-imagery-panel': {
     icon: 'satellite_alt',
     label: msg('RECENT IMAGERY'),
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
index ca76a555e..3f6d94079 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
@@ -1822,7 +1822,13 @@ html:not([lang='en']) #cockpit-brief-auto {
   letter-spacing: 0.13em;
   text-align: center;
 }
-.cockpit-brief-status[data-state='unavailable'] {
+/* `display: grid` above would otherwise beat the UA [hidden] rule and keep a
+   stale banner over a populated list. */
+.cockpit-brief-status[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+.cockpit-brief-status[data-state='unavailable'],
+.cockpit-brief-status[data-state='cached'] {
   color: #d5a863;
 }
 .cockpit-local-place {
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/mobile-shell.css b/src/ui/styles/mobile-shell.css
index b607391de..593e10a07 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/mobile-shell.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/mobile-shell.css
@@ -156,9 +156,10 @@ body.mobile-shell[data-mobile-sheet='more'] #right-context-rail {
 
 body.mobile-shell #left-panel-stack > *,
 body.mobile-shell #right-context-rail > *,
-/* Rail rules show expanded Weather and Recent Imagery by id; on phones they
-   belong to the Context sheet only. */
+/* Rail rules show expanded Weather, News and Recent Imagery by id; on phones
+   they belong to the Context sheet only. */
 body.mobile-shell #right-context-rail > #weather-panel,
+body.mobile-shell #right-context-rail > #news-panel,
 body.mobile-shell #right-context-rail > #recent-imagery-panel {
   display: none;
 }
@@ -182,6 +183,9 @@ body.mobile-shell[data-mobile-sheet='context']
 body.mobile-shell[data-mobile-sheet='context']
   #right-context-rail
   > #weather-panel:not([hidden]),
+body.mobile-shell[data-mobile-sheet='context']
+  #right-context-rail
+  > #news-panel:not([hidden]),
 body.mobile-shell[data-mobile-sheet='context']
   #right-context-rail
   > #recent-imagery-panel:not([hidden]),
@@ -195,6 +199,12 @@ body.mobile-shell[data-mobile-sheet='more'] #right-context-rail > #pp-toggles {
   transform: none;
 }
 
+/* The sheet scrolls: News keeps its height instead of shrinking under the
+   panel below it, as the rail makes it do on a desktop. */
+body.mobile-shell #right-context-rail > #news-panel:not(.collapsed) {
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+}
+
 /* ── Dock: voice floats above the tab bar; search and presets are sheets ─ */
 body.mobile-shell #command-dock {
   /* The dock's tray rules size voice by this basis; a column makes it a height. */
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/news.css b/src/ui/styles/news.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbaf420cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/styles/news.css
@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+/* News rail panel (#news-panel): the last 24 hours as a doom-scroll of event
+   cards drawn with GEV's own tokens. Colour is
+   severity only (the layer sets --news-color per card); never a side. The
+   rail owns placement and height; only the body scrolls. */
+.news-panel-inner {
+  position: relative;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 8px;
+  min-height: 0;
+  max-height: 100%;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  padding: 14px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
+  border-radius: var(--panel-radius);
+  background: var(--glass-bg);
+  backdrop-filter: blur(24px) saturate(1.4);
+  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(24px) saturate(1.4);
+  box-shadow:
+    0 8px 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5),
+    0 0 0 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.03) inset,
+    0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06) inset;
+}
+#news-panel .panel-glow {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: -18px;
+  background: radial-gradient(
+    ellipse at center,
+    rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.16) 0%,
+    transparent 65%
+  );
+  filter: blur(16px);
+  opacity: 0.25;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+#news-panel .panel-header {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+}
+#news-panel-count {
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+  font: 9px var(--font-mono);
+}
+#news-panel-body {
+  min-height: 0;
+  max-height: calc(var(--right-stack-max-height, 50svh) - 64px);
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  overscroll-behavior: contain;
+}
+#news-panel.collapsed #news-panel-body,
+#news-panel[hidden] {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+#right-context-rail > #news-panel {
+  position: relative;
+  inset: auto;
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  width: 100%;
+  max-height: 100%;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+#right-context-rail > #news-panel:not(.collapsed) {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  flex-shrink: 1;
+  min-height: 0;
+}
+#right-context-rail.layout-focus > #news-panel:not(.collapsed) {
+  flex: 0 1 var(--right-panel-allocated-height);
+  height: var(--right-panel-allocated-height);
+  min-height: 0;
+  max-height: var(--right-panel-allocated-height);
+}
+#right-context-rail.layout-focus
+  > #news-panel:not(.collapsed)
+  .news-panel-inner {
+  height: 100%;
+}
+#right-context-rail[data-rail-measuring]
+  > #news-panel:not(.collapsed)
+  > .news-panel-inner {
+  height: auto !important;
+}
+#right-context-rail #news-panel.collapsed {
+  width: var(--right-display-collapsed-width);
+  margin-inline-start: auto;
+}
+#right-context-rail #news-panel.collapsed .news-panel-inner {
+  height: 50px;
+  min-height: 50px;
+  padding-bottom: 10px;
+}
+@media (max-width: 720px) {
+  #right-context-rail #news-panel.collapsed {
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+}
+:root[data-ui-theme='cyber'] .news-panel-inner {
+  border-radius: 0;
+  clip-path: var(--cyber-panel-frame);
+  box-shadow: var(--cyber-panel-shadow);
+}
+
+.news-readout {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 10px;
+  min-width: 0;
+  color: var(--text-primary);
+  font: 11px/1.4 var(--font-sans);
+}
+.news-readout__window,
+.news-readout__head {
+  margin: 0;
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+  font: 600 9px var(--font-mono);
+  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+/* What Local reads, in the primary colour so it reads before the list. */
+.news-readout__area {
+  color: var(--text-primary);
+}
+.news-readout__sections,
+.news-readout__chips {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  gap: 4px;
+}
+/* One select per row: at the rail's width two side by side cut off
+   "Significant and above" (and longer translations). */
+.news-readout__filters {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr);
+  gap: 6px;
+}
+.news-filter {
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+/* The window choice sits where the window label does, as narrow as its text. */
+.news-readout__window-choice {
+  align-self: flex-start;
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+}
+.news-toggle {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+  font-size: 10px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.news-toggle input {
+  accent-color: var(--accent);
+}
+.news-readout__section {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 6px;
+}
+.news-readout__list {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 6px;
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+  list-style: none;
+}
+.news-readout__list.is-stale {
+  opacity: 0.5;
+}
+.news-readout__status,
+.news-readout__empty {
+  color: var(--text-dim);
+  font: 10px var(--font-mono);
+}
+/* A missing key's next step, under what it holds back. */
+.news-readout__empty .ui-empty__hint {
+  display: block;
+  margin-top: 2px;
+}
+.news-readout__footer {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+
+.news-card {
+  border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.02);
+}
+.news-card:hover,
+.news-card.is-open {
+  border-color: var(--glass-border-hover);
+  background: rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.06);
+}
+.news-card.is-open {
+  border-color: rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.45);
+}
+.news-card.is-unmapped .news-card__title {
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+}
+.news-card__main {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 96px 1fr;
+  column-gap: 8px;
+  row-gap: 3px;
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 6px;
+  border: 0;
+  background: transparent;
+  color: inherit;
+  font: inherit;
+  text-align: start;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.news-card__main > :not(.news-card__thumb) {
+  grid-column: 1 / -1;
+}
+.news-card__thumb ~ * {
+  grid-column: 2 !important;
+}
+.news-card__thumb {
+  position: relative;
+  grid-row: 1 / span 5;
+  width: 96px;
+  height: 64px;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  background: var(--bg-dark);
+}
+.news-card__thumb img {
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  object-fit: cover;
+}
+/* A clip waits behind its picture; the open card plays it. */
+.news-card__play {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+  display: grid;
+  place-items: center;
+  color: var(--text-primary);
+  font-size: 14px;
+  text-shadow: 0 0 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+.news-card__clip {
+  display: block;
+  width: 100%;
+  max-height: 220px;
+  margin-bottom: 6px;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  background: #000;
+}
+.news-card__credit {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset-inline-end: 0;
+  bottom: 0;
+  max-width: 100%;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  padding: 0 4px;
+  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
+  color: var(--text-primary);
+  font-size: 8px;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.news-card__title {
+  display: -webkit-box;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
+  -webkit-line-clamp: 3;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  line-height: 1.3;
+}
+.news-card__note,
+.news-card__sides {
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+  font-size: 10px;
+}
+.news-card__meta {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 5px;
+  min-width: 0;
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+  font: 10px var(--font-mono);
+}
+/* The globe's marker in small: a dark disc, rim and icon in the severity
+   colour (sprites.js). */
+.news-card__marker {
+  flex: none;
+  display: inline-grid;
+  place-items: center;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  width: 14px;
+  height: 14px;
+  border: 1.5px solid var(--news-color);
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: var(--bg-dark);
+}
+.news-card__marker svg {
+  width: 8px;
+  height: 8px;
+  fill: none;
+  stroke: var(--news-color);
+  stroke-width: 1.8;
+  stroke-linecap: round;
+  stroke-linejoin: round;
+}
+.news-card__marker.solid svg {
+  fill: var(--news-color);
+  stroke: none;
+}
+/* The service a report came through: credited, and kept quiet. */
+.news-card__via {
+  color: var(--text-dim);
+  font: 9px var(--font-mono);
+}
+.news-card__severity {
+  flex: none;
+  color: var(--news-color);
+  font-weight: 600;
+  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+.news-card__chips {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  gap: 4px;
+}
+/* GEV's read-only badge (status-badge.css), neutral unless attested. */
+.news-chip {
+  padding: 2px 7px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--glass-border-hover);
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+  font: 8px var(--font-mono);
+  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+.news-chip--official,
+.news-chip--confirmed {
+  border-color: rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.32);
+  background: rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.09);
+  color: #9defff;
+}
+.news-chip--claimed {
+  border-style: dashed;
+}
+.news-card__open {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 6px;
+  padding: 0 8px 8px;
+}
+.news-card__original,
+.news-card__snippet {
+  margin: 0;
+  color: var(--text-primary);
+  font-size: 11px;
+}
+.news-card__original {
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+}
+.news-card__others {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 3px;
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+  list-style: none;
+  font-size: 10px;
+}
+.news-card__others a,
+.news-card__link {
+  color: var(--accent);
+  text-decoration: none;
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
+}
+.news-card__others a:hover,
+.news-card__link:hover {
+  text-decoration: underline;
+}
+.news-card__side {
+  margin-inline-end: 6px;
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+}
+.news-card__actions {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 8px;
+  font: 10px var(--font-mono);
+}
+.news-legend {
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+  font-size: 10px;
+}
+.news-legend summary {
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.news-legend p {
+  margin: 4px 0;
+}
+.news-legend__severity {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  gap: 4px 10px;
+  margin: 4px 0;
+  padding: 0;
+  list-style: none;
+}
+.news-legend__severity li::before {
+  content: '';
+  display: inline-block;
+  width: 8px;
+  height: 8px;
+  margin-inline-end: 4px;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: var(--news-color);
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
+  .news-card,
+  .news-readout__list {
+    transition:
+      background var(--transition-fast),
+      border-color var(--transition-fast),
+      opacity var(--transition-fast);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/radio.css b/src/ui/styles/radio.css
index e9af111f1..73021e564 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/radio.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/radio.css
@@ -1092,6 +1092,43 @@ html:not([lang='en']) .data-row-list-text {
   letter-spacing: 0.8px;
 }
 
+/* Optional start and end pickers on one line (e.g. a layer's period). The
+   shared field style paints each select. */
+.data-toggle-range {
+  flex-basis: 100%;
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 4px;
+  padding-top: 2px;
+}
+
+.data-toggle-range-ends {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+
+.data-toggle-range-end {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+
+.data-toggle-range-caption {
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 8px;
+  letter-spacing: 1.2px;
+  color: var(--text-dim);
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+
+.data-toggle-range-select {
+  flex: 1;
+  min-width: 0;
+  min-height: 24px;
+  font: 10px/1 var(--font-mono);
+}
+
 /* Optional per-layer quantitative slider (Active Fires minimum FRP). The
    track is painted by the layer (`--slider-track`, a stepped color ramp), so
    the slider doubles as the marker legend; ticks sit under their thresholds. */
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/rtl.css b/src/ui/styles/rtl.css
index 10b5c13bd..fa0179b70 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/rtl.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/rtl.css
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
-/* Right-to-left languages (Arabic). The chrome mirrors through logical
-   properties in the component sheets (inset-inline-*, margin-inline-*); this
-   sheet holds only what logical properties cannot express. */
+/* Right-to-left languages (Arabic, Hebrew). The chrome mirrors through
+   logical properties in the component sheets (inset-inline-*,
+   margin-inline-*); this sheet holds only what logical properties cannot
+   express. */
 
 /* Arabic letters join: letter-spacing tears every word into separate glyphs.
+   Hebrew letters do not join, but tracking only spaces their words out.
    Latin marked translate="no" and the intel HUD's Latin telemetry keep their
    tracking; the HUD's translated lines are released below. Unlike cjk.css, a
    container that merely holds a translate="no" span is not spared: its own
-   Arabic text would come apart. */
-html:lang(ar)
+   text would come apart. */
+html:is(:lang(ar), :lang(he))
   body
   :not(#intel-hud, #intel-hud *, [translate='no'], [translate='no'] *) {
   letter-spacing: 0 !important;
@@ -30,8 +32,7 @@ html[dir='rtl'] #intel-hud :is(.hud-mode, .hud-summary-label, .hud-summary) {
    letter apart. Noto Sans Arabic (loaded with the other Google fonts; its
    files download only when the page shows Arabic) leads the mono stack, so
    the spaces between Arabic words come from it too and not from the
-   fixed-pitch Latin face. The intel and cockpit HUDs keep JetBrains Mono for
-   their Latin telemetry and column-aligned digits. */
+   fixed-pitch Latin face. */
 html:lang(ar) {
   --font-mono:
     'Noto Sans Arabic', 'JetBrains Mono', 'SF Mono', 'Fira Code', 'Geeza Pro',
@@ -40,9 +41,23 @@ html:lang(ar) {
     'Inter', 'Noto Sans Arabic', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Geeza Pro',
     Tahoma, sans-serif;
 }
+
+/* Hebrew: JetBrains Mono and Inter also lack Hebrew glyphs. Noto Sans Hebrew
+   (loaded with the other Google fonts; its files download only when the page
+   shows Hebrew) leads the stack so the body text keeps one proportional
+   Hebrew face across platforms. */
+html:lang(he) {
+  --font-mono:
+    'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'JetBrains Mono', 'SF Mono', 'Fira Code', Tahoma,
+    monospace;
+  --font-sans:
+    'Inter', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Tahoma,
+    sans-serif;
+}
 /* The Global Context lines and their buttons set ui-monospace through the
-   `font` shorthand; route them through the Arabic-aware stack too. */
-html:lang(ar)
+   `font` shorthand; in both RTL languages the words come from the page's
+   own font stack. */
+html:is(:lang(ar), :lang(he))
   :is(
     #military-awareness-panel,
     .military-awareness-controls button,
@@ -54,11 +69,18 @@ html:lang(ar)
   ) {
   font-family: var(--font-mono);
 }
+/* The intel and cockpit HUDs keep JetBrains Mono leading for their Latin
+   telemetry and column-aligned digits, with the language's face behind it. */
 html:lang(ar) :is(#intel-hud, #cockpit-hud) {
   --font-mono:
     'JetBrains Mono', 'SF Mono', 'Fira Code', 'Noto Sans Arabic', 'Geeza Pro',
     Tahoma, monospace;
 }
+html:lang(he) :is(#intel-hud, #cockpit-hud) {
+  --font-mono:
+    'JetBrains Mono', 'SF Mono', 'Fira Code', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Tahoma,
+    monospace;
+}
 
 /* The Display/Context rail moves to the left edge. It keeps a physical
    `right` in layers.css because the attribution-clearance model
diff --git a/src/ui/views/ContextView.vue b/src/ui/views/ContextView.vue
index 93e05abe4..6b3897292 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/ContextView.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/ContextView.vue
@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ const sceneRuntime = computed(() => scenePanel.value?.runtime ?? '');
       <template #badge><span id="weather-panel-count" :aria-label="t('Active weather products')">0</span></template>
       <div id="weather-panel-body" class="ui-scroll" data-rail-scroller></div>
     </RailPanel>
+    <RailPanel id="news-panel" hidden :title="t('NEWS')" sideways rail-scroller>
+      <template #badge><span id="news-panel-count" :aria-label="t('News items in the feed')">0</span></template>
+      <div id="news-panel-body" class="ui-scroll" data-rail-scroller></div>
+    </RailPanel>
     <RailPanel id="recent-imagery-panel" hidden :title="t('RECENT IMAGERY')" sideways rail-scroller>
       <template #badge><span id="recent-imagery-panel-count" :aria-label="t('Imagery days in the box')"></span></template>
       <div id="recent-imagery-panel-body" class="ui-scroll" data-rail-scroller></div>
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/AwarenessPanel.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/AwarenessPanel.vue
index 7179cb251..d115194fd 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/AwarenessPanel.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/AwarenessPanel.vue
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ onUpdated(() => {
       <div class="military-awareness-subject">{{ view.subject }}</div>
       <a v-if="view.photo && view.photo.src !== failedPhoto" class="military-awareness-photo" :href="view.photo.link" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
         <img :src="view.photo.src" :width="view.photo.width ?? undefined" :height="view.photo.height ?? undefined" alt="" @error="fail" />
-        <small>{{ view.photo.credit }}</small>
+        <small v-if="view.photo.credit">{{ view.photo.credit }}</small>
       </a>
       <AwarenessNames v-if="view.subjectNames" :names="view.subjectNames" />
       <div class="military-awareness-controls" role="group" :aria-label="view.navigation.label">
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index 9692edf94..2d9334bc8 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { interruptGlobeRotation } from '../cameraVerbs.js';
+import { normalizeDisplayText } from '../data/displayText.js';
 import {
   layerSnapshot,
   feedProvenanceEnvelope,
@@ -5068,13 +5069,7 @@ function uniqueStrings(values) {
  * @returns {string} Sanitized single-line label (max 120 chars).
  */
 function sanitizeLabel(value) {
-  const text = String(value || '');
-  let out = '';
-  for (const ch of text) {
-    const code = ch.codePointAt(0);
-    out += code < 0x20 || code === 0x7f ? ' ' : ch; // drop control chars incl. newlines
-  }
-  return out.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim().slice(0, 120);
+  return normalizeDisplayText(value, 120);
 }
 
 function cachePrecision(service) {
@@ -5191,10 +5186,8 @@ function compactProperties(props) {
 }
 
 function cleanText(value) {
-  if (value == null || typeof value === 'object') return '';
-  const text = String(value).trim();
-  if (!text || text === 'undefined' || text === 'null') return '';
-  return text.length > 180 ? `${text.slice(0, 177)}...` : text;
+  const text = normalizeDisplayText(value);
+  return text === 'undefined' || text === 'null' ? '' : text;
 }
 
 function layerTitle(layerId) {
@@ -5359,6 +5352,22 @@ const ANALYST_IDENTITY_FIELDS = Object.freeze([
   'noradId',
 ]);
 
+/**
+ * Keys that identify an analyst record. The referent registry, track_entity,
+ * locateLayerEntity and follow-up filters match on them, so they skip
+ * display-text normalization.
+ */
+const ANALYST_CANONICAL_FIELDS = new Set([
+  'layerKey',
+  'id',
+  'icao24',
+  'mmsi',
+  'noradId',
+  'registration',
+  'callsign',
+  'routeId',
+]);
+
 /**
  * Compact one analyst record for the voice payload: identity, position (so a
  * follow-up can fly to it), distance, and that layer's manifest fields with
@@ -5396,6 +5405,11 @@ function compactAnalystItem(r) {
     } else compact[key] = r[key];
   }
   if (present(r.ageHours)) compact.ageHours = r.ageHours;
+  // Canonical keys stay raw: bikeshare's id is the raw station name.
+  for (const key of Object.keys(compact)) {
+    if (typeof compact[key] === 'string' && !ANALYST_CANONICAL_FIELDS.has(key))
+      compact[key] = normalizeDisplayText(compact[key]);
+  }
   return compact;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
index f4be07148..802f20126 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
@@ -6548,6 +6548,84 @@ test('analyst-only lookup distinguishes duplicate names and uses canonical aircr
   assert.equal(plane.latitude, 36, 'canonical ID resolves the current position, not old coordinates');
 });
 
+test('analyst item display strings are single-line and bounded for voice', async () => {
+  globalThis.window = globalThis.window || { clearTimeout, setTimeout, requestIdleCallback: null };
+  const rows = [{ id: 'stable-id', name: 'Şehir\n' + 'x'.repeat(3000), label: 'Town\tStation', operator: 'City\nPD', lat: 30, lon: -97 }];
+  const { runner } = manifestRunner({ bikeshare: { getStats: () => ({ count: 1, lastUpdate: Date.now() }), getAnalystRecords: () => rows } });
+  const result = await runner('analyst_query', { layers: ['bikeshare'], scope: { kind: 'anywhere' }, limit: 1 });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.items[0].name.length, 180);
+  assert.equal(result.items[0].label, 'Town Station');
+  assert.equal(result.items[0].id, 'stable-id');
+  for (const value of Object.values(result.items[0])) if (typeof value === 'string') assert.doesNotMatch(value, /[\r\n\t]/);
+});
+
+test('analyst_query keeps canonical IDs raw so numbered references still fly to the station', async () => {
+  globalThis.window = globalThis.window || { clearTimeout, setTimeout, requestIdleCallback: null };
+  const { viewer, styleManager } = createVoiceNavigationHarness();
+  const referents = createReferentRegistry();
+  const longName = 'Station ' + 'é'.repeat(200);
+  const spaced = 'Congress  Ave   & 2nd';
+  const stations = [
+    { id: spaced, name: spaced, lat: 30.2672, lon: -97.7431 },
+    { id: longName, name: longName, lat: 30.2711, lon: -97.7437 },
+  ];
+  const bikeshare = { getStats: () => ({ count: stations.length, lastUpdate: Date.now() }), getAnalystRecords: () => stations };
+  const runner = createActionRunner({
+    viewer, styleManager,
+    dataManager: {
+      layers: new Map([['bikeshare', { module: bikeshare }]]),
+      isEnabled: () => true,
+      getAll: () => [{ id: 'bikeshare', name: 'bikeshare', enabled: true, stats: bikeshare.getStats() }],
+    },
+    deixis: { referents },
+  });
+  const listed = await runner('analyst_query', { layers: ['bikeshare'], scope: { kind: 'anywhere' }, limit: 2 });
+  assert.equal(listed.ok, true);
+  const bySpaced = listed.items.find((item) => item.id === spaced);
+  const byLong = listed.items.find((item) => item.id === longName);
+  assert.ok(bySpaced && byLong, 'compact items keep the raw station-name IDs');
+  assert.equal(bySpaced.name, 'Congress Ave & 2nd', 'display name is still normalized');
+  assert.equal(byLong.name.length, 180, 'display name is still bounded');
+  assert.equal(byLong.id.length, longName.length);
+  const registered = referents.list();
+  assert.equal(registered.length, 2, 'the analyst result became the numbered list');
+  for (const ref of registered) {
+    const station = stations.find((row) => row.id === ref.id);
+    assert.ok(station, `referent ${ref.n} keeps the canonical ID`);
+    const flown = await runner('fly_to_location', { referent: ref.n });
+    assert.equal(flown.ok, true, `referent ${ref.n} resolves instead of "no longer loaded"`);
+    assert.equal(flown.latitude, station.lat);
+    assert.equal(flown.longitude, station.lon);
+  }
+});
+
+test('analyst_query keeps transit route IDs raw so a follow-up filter still matches', async () => {
+  globalThis.window = globalThis.window || { clearTimeout, setTimeout, requestIdleCallback: null };
+  for (const routeId of ['Route  17', 'R'.repeat(181)]) {
+    const { viewer, styleManager } = createVoiceNavigationHarness();
+    const vehicles = [{ id: 'bus-1', routeId, lat: 30, lon: -97 }];
+    const transit = { getStats: () => ({ count: 1, lastUpdate: Date.now() }), getAnalystRecords: () => vehicles };
+    const runner = createActionRunner({
+      viewer, styleManager,
+      dataManager: {
+        layers: new Map([['transit', { module: transit }]]),
+        isEnabled: () => true,
+        getAll: () => [{ id: 'transit', name: 'transit', enabled: true, stats: transit.getStats() }],
+      },
+    });
+    const listed = await runner('analyst_query', { layers: ['transit'], scope: { kind: 'anywhere' }, limit: 1 });
+    assert.equal(listed.ok, true);
+    assert.equal(listed.items[0].routeId, routeId);
+    const followUp = await runner('analyst_query', {
+      followUp: true,
+      filters: [{ field: 'routeId', op: 'eq', value: listed.items[0].routeId }],
+    });
+    assert.equal(followUp.ok, true);
+    assert.equal(followUp.count, 1, 'the returned route ID matches the same vehicle');
+  }
+});
+
 test('set_panel_open accepts the Authoring name for the scene panel', async () => {
   const calls = [];
   const runner = createGevActionRunner({
diff --git a/src/voice/layerManifest.js b/src/voice/layerManifest.js
index 9b5684243..da277293f 100644
--- a/src/voice/layerManifest.js
+++ b/src/voice/layerManifest.js
@@ -457,6 +457,9 @@ export const VOICE_OFF_LAYERS = Object.freeze({
   // query for this layer wait until there is room.
   'drone-airspace':
     'informational airspace layer; no room in the prompt budget',
+  // Same budget: a historical wreck archive waits for room too.
+  shipwrecks: 'historical shipwreck archive; no room in the prompt budget',
+  news: 'browsed in the News panel; voice tools are a later step',
   'wildlife-sightings':
     'community observation layer; no room in the prompt budget',
 });
diff --git a/style.css b/style.css
index 930cc2346..c91a5b488 100644
--- a/style.css
+++ b/style.css
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 @import './src/ui/styles/provider-settings.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/locale-picker.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/weather.css';
+@import './src/ui/styles/news.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/panel-surfaces.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/segmented-control.css';