diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 32b4ab15d..b9f180a1f 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ How to read this:
 | **NIFC WFIGS** (Wildland Fire Interagency Geospatial Services, ArcGIS feature service) | Fire Perimeters layer: current interagency wildfire incident perimeters, containment, and incident facts | U.S. public domain (interagency wildland-fire data published through the [NIFC Open Data portal](https://data-nifc.opendata.arcgis.com/)); fetched keyless through `/api/fire-perimeters` (5-minute server cache) with `exceededTransferLimit` paging | "Wildfire perimeters: National Interagency Fire Center (WFIGS)" |
 | **S2 Underground GhostMaps** (`github.com/s2underground/GhostMaps`) | S2 GhostMaps layer: the current edition of S2's KMZ intel products (Common Intelligence Picture, 30-day kinetic pull, Border Crisis Map, Iran and Yemen products, newest incident drop). Keyless. `/api/ghostmaps` reads the branch head from git's ref advertisement every 15 s (`GHOSTMAPS_POLL_SECONDS`, minimum 5 s), lists the tree through the GitHub REST API only when the head changes (optional `GITHUB_TOKEN`), downloads files by commit-pinned raw URLs into `.gev-cache/ghostmaps/` and pushes new catalogs to browsers over server-sent events | [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) (repository README: "S2 Underground © 2025 by S2A1"); non-commercial, attribution required; files are fetched at runtime, never stored in this repository | "S2 GhostMaps intel products: S2 Underground © by S2A1, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0" — shown in-app |
 | **InciWeb** (inciweb.wildfire.gov)                                    | Per-incident "InciWeb ↗" card links to official incident pages (narratives, evacuation/closure notices) | U.S. government public incident information. Links are matched best-effort by incident name and state, with incident page origin and update times checked on selection. Same-origin `/api/fire-perimeters/inciweb` routes cache the catalog for 1 hour and publication metadata for 30 minutes; linked pages remain InciWeb content | "Incident information: InciWeb (inciweb.wildfire.gov)" |
+| **FAA Special Use Airspace** (`services6.arcgis.com` FeatureServer `Special_Use_Airspace`) | Prohibited & Restricted Airspace layer: US prohibited (P) and restricted (R) special-use airspace polygons (not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions), altitude limits from the `*_VAL`/`*_UOM`/`*_CODE` fields, times of use, and controlling agency | U.S. public domain (FAA aeronautical data published through the [FAA AIS Open Data portal](https://adds-faa.opendata.arcgis.com/)); fetched keyless through `/api/drone-airspace` (1-hour server cache). Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools | "Prohibited & restricted airspace: FAA Special Use Airspace" |
 | **OpenFreeMap / OpenMapTiles** | Vector tiles | OpenStreetMap data under ODbL 1.0 | OpenFreeMap © OpenMapTiles |
 | **Overture Maps Foundation** | Military area names pack | [ODbL 1.0](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/) | Overture Maps Foundation |
 | **TomTom Traffic API** (flow vector tiles)                            | Traffic roads and live congestion (optional, BYOK)                                                                     | [TomTom for Developers terms](https://docs.tomtom.com/legal/terms-and-conditions) (proprietary, your own key; free tier currently 200K tile requests/month — see [current pricing](https://docs.tomtom.com/pricing/))                                                                                                                                                       | "Traffic flow data © TomTom" — registered when live mode activates                                                                          |
@@ -192,6 +193,7 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 - **Routing (OSRM / FOSSGIS).** `/api/route` proxies the public OSRM instances FOSSGIS e.V. runs for the OpenStreetMap community (car, bike, foot profiles). They are keyless and intended for fair, interactive use — the proxy rate-limits clients (60/min, 200/min total), caps route span and response size, caches each route for 10 minutes, and identifies itself in the User-Agent. Heavy or automated use must run its own OSRM. Routes are computed from OpenStreetMap data (ODbL); the Directions layer and voice routes never redistribute them. A route the router cannot find is reported as such; the Directions layer draws nothing in that case, and voice routes fall back to a clearly labeled straight line.
 - **Re:Earth Terrain.** Keyless (no API key). Used two ways: (1) `src/mapStackController.js` swaps in a `Cesium.CesiumTerrainProvider` pointed at Re:Earth's `cesium-mesh/ellipsoid` quantized-mesh endpoint for globe stacks without a Cesium ion token (e.g. OSM), replacing a flat `EllipsoidTerrainProvider`; falls back to the flat provider if the endpoint can't be reached. (2) The server-side `/api/terrain/heights` proxy (disk-cached, serve-stale) resolves per-point ellipsoidal ground height for entity placement. Both are best-effort with a keyless-safe fallback (bundled EGM96 geoid math) if Re:Earth is unreachable.
 - **OSRM on the FOSSGIS routing servers.** Keyless (no API key). Every route is requested by a person: clicking A and B in the Directions layer, or a voice "route from A to B". The server-side `/api/route` proxy sends an identifying `User-Agent`, pins the upstream host, accepts 2-12 coordinates, rejects any leg over 600 km or a total over 2,500 km, caps the buffered response at 8 MB, times the upstream out at 12 s, rate-limits per client, caches each route for 10 minutes, and coalesces identical requests that are in flight at the same time. Turn-by-turn maneuvers are asked for only when a caller wants them (`steps=1`), so the callers that do not read them send the smaller request. The "fix the map" link the policy asks for is in the Data attribution popover beside the OpenStreetMap credit.
+- **FAA Special Use Airspace.** Keyless. `/api/drone-airspace` queries the public FAA AIS FeatureServer for prohibited (P) and restricted (R) zones only — not MOAs, TFRs or other SUA types — with simplified geometry, a body cap, paging, a one-hour cache and stale-on-error. The layer is US coverage, informational only, and is not a substitute for B4UFLY, LAANC or a preflight briefing. Data is fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. US government public domain; courtesy attribution is registered in the Data attribution popover.
 - **Mapped installations.** OpenFreeMap military polygons use a bundled Overture/OSM name index; wide views show named points. Optional operator-configured Overpass and explicit Google Places searches keep their own source paths. Mapped data does not establish current activity or complete coverage.
 - **Place search.** Named-place fly-to uses Google Geocoding when a Maps key is configured, then Photon (`PHOTON_URL`; unset uses the public instance, empty disables it), then `/api/geocode` (Nominatim search) when neither answers. `/api/geocode` and the voice outline route `/api/geocode/outline` share one Nominatim queue (`NOMINATIM_URL`; unset, empty and invalid values disable it; an operator must explicitly select an authorized endpoint): one request at a time at least 1.1 s apart, an identifying `User-Agent` and `Referer`, a short queue that refuses a burst, a pause after 429/403/5xx answers (honouring `Retry-After` in full), at most one retry after a network failure, and a per-install daily cap on public-instance requests (`NOMINATIM_DAILY_CAP`, default 50). Processes using the same installation state file hold one lock through the actual fetch invocation and recording the next public start, with the daily slot persisted before invocation; restarts share that count, spacing and any pause. An unfinished dispatch marker fails closed until operator recovery; it is never automatically reclaimed. Public access fails closed if the state file cannot be read, locked, written or semantically validated. This coordination does not span independent installations or state directories and does not establish an application-wide public-service allowance or authorize public use. An operator-selected non-public endpoint is outside the public cap, spacing and durable-state requirement; an upstream cooldown is kept with the endpoint that returned it rather than leaking across operator URLs. Answers are cached on disk (outlines 90 days, places 30 days, no-results 24 hours); failures are not cached. Outlines are looked up only for an explicit ask, after bundled data and any configured Overpass, and only results whose type suits the ask are used. Administrative outline responses expose country/admin-1/admin-2 identity only when the selected Nominatim row has a recognized, unambiguous address type consistent with its own name; numeric rank, ambiguous types, missing fields and contradictory names do not manufacture identity. It is not used for systematic or bulk queries.
 - **Street and building outlines.** Voice street highlights, pointed-at buildings and grounds use the OpenFreeMap vector tiles the traffic layer already loads. Traffic and outlines share one bounded pending fetch/decode owner per immutable XYZ tile; materialized outline geometry is charged to the retained-byte ceiling and capped by coordinate count. Consumer result caches and request lifetimes remain independent, while eviction or explicit teardown cancels queued idle projections and releases their decoded owner. No Overpass request is made unless `OVERPASS_UPSTREAMS` is configured. Named grounds require a returned name matching the selected place, except that an ask whose head noun names a kind of grounds (a school, university or college, hospital, cemetery, stadium or zoo) may use the part of the smallest unnamed tile area of that class that holds the resolved place; a differently named area never answers. Other anonymous landcover polygons cannot establish identity, so unsupported grounds stay unavailable rather than borrowing a nearby POI name.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 052b6d3a6..796ab7630 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ _Ask for radio near anywhere and the globe starts broadcasting — every station
 
 ## 🛰️ What's on the Globe
 
-Twenty layers and map sources. **Eighteen have a keyless path.** Some offer additional capabilities with a provider key. (🟢 no key · 🟡 free key · 🔴 metered.)
+Twenty-one layers and map sources. **Nineteen have a keyless path.** Some offer additional capabilities with a provider key. (🟢 no key · 🟡 free key · 🔴 metered.)
 
 | Layer                       | What you get                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | Source                                  | Auth                                                                                                |
 | --------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
@@ -449,6 +449,7 @@ Twenty layers and map sources. **Eighteen have a keyless path.** Some offer addi
 | 🔥 **Active Fires**         | Live NASA FIRMS detections, trailing 24h                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | NASA FIRMS                              | 🟡                                                                                                  |
 | 🚀 **Space Missions**       | Rolling 30-day launches with payload, stage, and recovery detail                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | Launch Library 2                        | 🟢 (🔴 optional paid token raises the allowance)                                                         |
 | 🎖️ **Mapped Installations** | Viewport-bounded military-site context from community mapping — incomplete by nature, and labeled that way                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | OpenStreetMap                           | 🟢                                                                                                  |
+| 🚫 **Prohibited & Restricted Airspace** | FAA prohibited (P) and restricted (R) special-use airspace as ground polygons, with name, altitude range and times of use on select. Not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions; informational only, not for flight planning | FAA SUA                                 | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🌬️ **Wind**                 | Animated 10 m forecast wind with an optional speed, temperature or pressure color field and a reading at map center                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | NOAA GFS / ECMWF IFS                    | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🌦️ **Observed Weather**     | Rain radar (contiguous US), Satellite clouds (GOES regional or global infrared, Clouds only or Full image) and Lightning density (Americas and Pacific) on one history timeline                                                                                                                                                                                                     | NOAA nowCOAST                           | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🌀 **Cyclones**             | Advisory positions, forecast tracks and uncertainty cones for the Atlantic and eastern/central North Pacific                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | NOAA NHC / CPHC                         | 🟢                                                                                                  |
diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md
index 2527004fb..01abdbac0 100644
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ The data proxies under `server/providers/` are written so the browser cannot tur
 - **Sanitized errors** — internal error details are not echoed back to clients.
 - **Coalesced OAuth refresh** and cached successful responses only (OpenSky).
 - **Redacted debug logging.** The voice debug log (`.gev-logs/`, gitignored) strips API keys, bearer tokens, client secrets, and image data URLs before writing.
-- **Cross-site gate on cost/log endpoints.** The cost-bearing (`/api/realtime/token`, `/api/openai/hud-summary`, `/api/google/nearby-places`, `/api/google/text-search`), quota-bearing (`/api/mapillary/*`, with a per-IP limit on tiles, and `/api/tomtom/*`, backed by its persistent daily tile budget) and log (`/api/realtime/debug-log`) endpoints refuse cross-site browser requests: a foreign or opaque `Origin`, a `Sec-Fetch-Site` other than `same-origin`/`none` (this is what blocks an `<img>`/navigation that carries no `Origin`), or any reverse-proxy/CDN forwarding header returns `403`. Non-browser loopback tools (the repo QA harnesses POST the token endpoint with no `Origin`) and the explicit `HOST=0.0.0.0` LAN opt-in keep working — the gate deliberately does not require a loopback remote address; that stricter requirement belongs only to the credential panel (`admitKeySetupRequest`). The Host check (`allowedHosts`, applied by `hostCheckPlugin` ahead of every route, since Vite's own check runs only after plugin middleware) rejects a rebinding `Host` before any handler runs, in every mode, and the gate is defense in depth behind it: the LAN opt-in keeps that check and accepts only IP addresses, `localhost` and names listed in `GEV_ALLOWED_HOSTS`. **Limit:** a name you list there is trusted like the app's own address, so list only names you control. The keyless map routes (`/api/terrain/heights`, `/api/overpass` and voice place search's `/api/osm/features`, which spends the same operator Overpass) use the same cross-site checks, minus the forwarding-header refusal: they guard only per-client quotas and caches, not a key or a bill, and the map and voice need them to work behind a reverse proxy. `/api/overpass` also admits at most 300 POSTs a minute per peer (IPv6 peers keyed by /64) and 900 a minute across all remote peers before it reads a body. A direct loopback request — a loopback socket with none of the forwarding headers `hasProxySignals` checks (`Forwarded`, `Via`, `X-Forwarded-For`, `X-Forwarded-Host`, `X-Forwarded-Port`, `X-Forwarded-Proto`, `X-Real-IP`, `CF-Connecting-IP`, `CF-Ray`) — draws on its own per-peer admission window, so remote peers cannot exhaust the owner's admission. A reverse proxy on the same machine must add at least one of those headers (Caddy and Cloudflare do by default; nginx needs `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;`, plus `proxy_set_header Host $http_host;` and `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;` so the `Origin` check matches), or its traffic is indistinguishable from the owner's and shares the owner's window. With one, its requests are then counted as remote, in one bucket per proxy socket — the forwarded client address is never trusted as identity — so all users behind one proxy share 300/min. The isolation needs a loopback socket: under the default Docker bridge network every host-side client, the owner included, arrives from the container gateway and is one remote peer. **Limit:** this isolates admission only. The upstream budget (90 requests/min per client key, 300/min across all clients) is shared, so once remote traffic has used the global upstream budget, an owner request that misses the cache can still get `429`, or `503` when remote misses hold every upstream concurrency slot; cache hits are unaffected. The CCTV routes (`/api/cctv/*`) use the same keyless checks; their one key-bearing step, the Street View fallback, is skipped for any request with forwarding headers.
+- **Cross-site gate on cost/log endpoints.** The cost-bearing (`/api/realtime/token`, `/api/openai/hud-summary`, `/api/google/nearby-places`, `/api/google/text-search`), quota-bearing (`/api/mapillary/*`, with a per-IP limit on tiles, and `/api/tomtom/*`, backed by its persistent daily tile budget) and log (`/api/realtime/debug-log`) endpoints refuse cross-site browser requests: a foreign or opaque `Origin`, a `Sec-Fetch-Site` other than `same-origin`/`none` (this is what blocks an `<img>`/navigation that carries no `Origin`), or any reverse-proxy/CDN forwarding header returns `403`. Non-browser loopback tools (the repo QA harnesses POST the token endpoint with no `Origin`) and the explicit `HOST=0.0.0.0` LAN opt-in keep working — the gate deliberately does not require a loopback remote address; that stricter requirement belongs only to the credential panel (`admitKeySetupRequest`). The Host check (`allowedHosts`, applied by `hostCheckPlugin` ahead of every route, since Vite's own check runs only after plugin middleware) rejects a rebinding `Host` before any handler runs, in every mode, and the gate is defense in depth behind it: the LAN opt-in keeps that check and accepts only IP addresses, `localhost` and names listed in `GEV_ALLOWED_HOSTS`. **Limit:** a name you list there is trusted like the app's own address, so list only names you control. The keyless map routes (`/api/terrain/heights`, `/api/drone-airspace`, `/api/overpass` and voice place search's `/api/osm/features`, which spends the same operator Overpass) use the same cross-site checks, minus the forwarding-header refusal: they guard only per-client quotas and caches, not a key or a bill, and the map and voice need them to work behind a reverse proxy. `/api/overpass` also admits at most 300 POSTs a minute per peer (IPv6 peers keyed by /64) and 900 a minute across all remote peers before it reads a body. A direct loopback request — a loopback socket with none of the forwarding headers `hasProxySignals` checks (`Forwarded`, `Via`, `X-Forwarded-For`, `X-Forwarded-Host`, `X-Forwarded-Port`, `X-Forwarded-Proto`, `X-Real-IP`, `CF-Connecting-IP`, `CF-Ray`) — draws on its own per-peer admission window, so remote peers cannot exhaust the owner's admission. A reverse proxy on the same machine must add at least one of those headers (Caddy and Cloudflare do by default; nginx needs `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;`, plus `proxy_set_header Host $http_host;` and `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;` so the `Origin` check matches), or its traffic is indistinguishable from the owner's and shares the owner's window. With one, its requests are then counted as remote, in one bucket per proxy socket — the forwarded client address is never trusted as identity — so all users behind one proxy share 300/min. The isolation needs a loopback socket: under the default Docker bridge network every host-side client, the owner included, arrives from the container gateway and is one remote peer. **Limit:** this isolates admission only. The upstream budget (90 requests/min per client key, 300/min across all clients) is shared, so once remote traffic has used the global upstream budget, an owner request that misses the cache can still get `429`, or `503` when remote misses hold every upstream concurrency slot; cache hits are unaffected. The CCTV routes (`/api/cctv/*`) use the same keyless checks; their one key-bearing step, the Street View fallback, is skipped for any request with forwarding headers.
 - **Full Content-Security-Policy.** The dev and preview servers send a real CSP (`script-src 'self' 'unsafe-eval' blob:` plus the YouTube, Facebook and X scripts the Nepal event's embedded media loads and the Maps JavaScript API that Street View runs on, with a matching `frame-src` for their players and posts: no inline script and no other script origin; `blob:` covers the object URLs Cesium's bundled workers bootstrap through in the built app), alongside the existing `X-Frame-Options: DENY` and `frame-ancestors 'none'`. `'unsafe-eval'` stays because Knockout, bundled inside Cesium's widgets package, resolves the global object with `eval` at load time and the globe does not initialize without it; styles permit `'unsafe-inline'` and Google Fonts because Vite's dev client injects `<style>` elements.
 
 Allowing `maps.googleapis.com` in `script-src` also trusts its JSONP endpoints, which can bypass the script allowlist if an HTML-injection bug exists; this is an accepted limitation of loading the Maps JavaScript API, alongside the existing `'unsafe-eval'` allowance.
diff --git a/changelog.d/1086-prohibited-restricted-airspace.md b/changelog.d/1086-prohibited-restricted-airspace.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c697dd214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1086-prohibited-restricted-airspace.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+- Add a Prohibited & Restricted Airspace layer for FAA prohibited (P) and
+  restricted (R) special-use airspace. The keyless `/api/drone-airspace` proxy
+  pages the public SUA FeatureServer, keeps a one-hour snapshot, and serves
+  stale data when a refresh fails. Zones draw as ground polygons (red
+  prohibited, orange restricted); selection shows name, altitude range, times
+  of use and agency, and the row legend states the layer is informational only
+  and does not include the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Off by
+  default; share-link token `8` (mvanhorn, #1086).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1495-traffic-paired-sides.md b/changelog.d/1495-traffic-paired-sides.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4007daf8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1495-traffic-paired-sides.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Street Traffic gives the two TomTom `one_side` lines of one two-way street
+  a two-way direction's half share of simulated vehicles each, so the street
+  is no longer drawn twice as dense as the same street from OpenStreetMap
+  (quanticsoul4772, #1495).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1518-range-ring-visibility.md b/changelog.d/1518-range-ring-visibility.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64adf2115
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1518-range-ring-visibility.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Draw the Global Context 250 km range ring as a 4 px line with a dark halo,
+  so it stays visible over desert, snow, ocean and forest and under the FLIR,
+  NVG and CRT styles, where the old 1 px outline disappeared (manjunath22466,
+  #1518).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1519-range-ring-sonar-pulses.md b/changelog.d/1519-range-ring-sonar-pulses.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36ac2eb1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1519-range-ring-sonar-pulses.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+- The Global Context range ring pulses like a sonar: three dim rings with a
+  soft inward glow grow from the subject to 250 km, and the ring flashes as
+  each one arrives. Flights, military aircraft and AIS vessels a pulse crosses
+  get a brief echo around their brackets. The pulses run for about 9 s after
+  a selection or camera move, dimming the ring between flashes, then rest
+  with the ring steady on screen, so a parked view stops repainting. Under
+  reduced motion there are no pulses and the ring stays on screen
+  (manjunath22466, #1519).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 06af85b34..253db42d5 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -98,6 +98,27 @@ across the antimeridian, so they cannot use the strict ±180 check as-is, and
 `src/sources/adsbRecords.js` and `server/providers/common/geo.js` keep their own
 implementations.
 
+## Prohibited & Restricted Airspace — FAA special-use airspace
+
+The Infrastructure group includes **Prohibited & Restricted Airspace** (`drone-airspace`,
+share-link token `8`), off by default. `/api/drone-airspace` pages the public
+FAA Special Use Airspace FeatureServer for `TYPE_CODE` P (prohibited) and R
+(restricted), simplifies geometry, caches for an hour, and serves the last
+good snapshot as stale when a refresh fails. The globe draws ground-clamped
+outlines with a translucent fill: red for prohibited, orange for restricted.
+Selecting a zone shows name, an altitude range built from the
+`LOWER_*`/`UPPER_*` value, unit and reference fields (for example `SFC to
+5,000 ft MSL` or `20,000 ft MSL to Unlimited`), times of use and controlling
+agency,
+plus a notice that the layer is informational only and not a substitute for
+official UAS flight-planning tools. Pick ownership is unregistered so sibling
+layer cards still work over a zone. Voice is off for this layer for now
+(`VOICE_OFF_LAYERS`: the Realtime prompt has no room), so neither voice nor the
+analyst can toggle or query it. The layer covers FAA prohibited and restricted
+special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map / LAANC grids, National
+Security UAS Flight Restrictions or TFRs; the label and legend say so.
+See the live-layers table below.
+
 Vessel sources can report healthy empty coverage using a current, complete
 snapshot with zero raw rows, a healthy transport and a positive last-message
 time. This clears obsolete contacts and settles startup without manufacturing
@@ -4069,6 +4090,7 @@ its criteria cannot be silently ignored.
 | Sea Marks ⚓ (`sea-marks`) | OpenSeaMap seamark raster tiles (keyless; CC BY-SA 2.0 tiles, OSM data ODbL) | `src/data/osmOverlays.js` | — (browser-direct tiles) | on view (Cesium tile requests; no polling) |
 | Ski Pistes ⛷ (`ski-pistes`) | OpenSnowMap piste raster tiles (keyless; CC BY-SA tiles, OSM data ODbL; no bulk download) | `src/data/osmOverlays.js` | — (browser-direct tiles) | on view (Cesium tile requests; no polling) |
 | Fire Perimeters 🔥 | NIFC WFIGS current interagency perimeters (keyless, paged past the 2000-record cap); InciWeb catalog + incident page origin and update time checks for verified incident-page links | `src/layers/perimeters/` via `src/app/layers/perimeters.js` | `/api/fire-perimeters` + `/api/fire-perimeters/inciweb/*` | 5 min (server caches: catalog 1 h; publication 30 min) |
+| Prohibited & Restricted Airspace 🚫 | FAA Special Use Airspace prohibited (P) and restricted (R) zones (keyless FeatureServer, simplified geometry) | `src/layers/droneAirspace/` via `src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js` | `/api/drone-airspace` | 1 h (server cache 1 h; stale-on-error) |
 
 GNSS Integrity samples a 250 nm circle around the Earth point under the screen
 centre. Camera reads debounce for 600 ms with a monotonic 2.5 s minimum gap;
@@ -4096,6 +4118,20 @@ by `scripts/qa-emergency-squawk.mjs`. Both accept `--timeout-ms` for slow boot.
 
 Fire Perimeters uses capped, timed server reads with stale-on-error caching and a per-client limit. A stale snapshot is served for at most 24 hours; the layer row then reads STALE, dated by that snapshot's fetch, and `get_fire_perimeters` returns `stale` and `retrieved_at` with "(data may be stale)" in its summary. Unchanged snapshots retain geometry; link checks cancel on disable or selection change, and the row legend shows reported containment.
 
+Prohibited & Restricted Airspace is off by default (share-link token `8`) and sits in
+Infrastructure. The proxy pages `TYPE_CODE IN ('P','R')` from the FAA SUA
+FeatureServer, caps the body, and reuses a one-hour snapshot, serving the last
+good payload as stale for at most 24 hours when a refresh fails; the layer row
+then reads STALE, dated by that snapshot's fetch. An answer with no valid zone, or
+paging that ends while the service still flags more records, counts as a
+failed refresh. Client-supplied URLs are ignored. The route uses the keyless
+same-site checks: a cross-site browser request gets `403` before it spends the
+per-client quota or starts a refresh, and the app still works behind a reverse
+proxy.
+Polygons keep holes; pick ownership is deliberately unregistered so sibling
+cards still work over a zone. The row legend and selected card state that the
+layer is informational only and not a substitute for B4UFLY / LAANC.
+
 Street Level is a docked, collapsible right-rail panel (`#street-level-panel`,
 layer token `0`, option owner `street-level`, panel `ui` token `t`) that starts
 collapsed. It opens itself only when the user, voice or a tool switches the
@@ -5016,6 +5052,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - Enabled Data Layer controls report normalized feed health on the button (`LOADING`, `DEGRADED`, `STALE`, `FALLBACK`, or `UNAVAILABLE`) while the metadata line retains the source and reason. A partial CelesTrak group failure keeps the usable catalog and reports `DEGRADED`; a total outage keeps last-good catalog data visible but reports `UNAVAILABLE`.
 - On activation it focuses the nearest currently observed aircraft across the civilian and military feeds, with military winning an exact distance tie; if none are available, it focuses an observed AIS vessel. The aircraft search is deliberately uncapped and one refresh-tick retry handles initially empty feeds. This is an attention-priority navigation shortcut, not a high-risk, affiliation, or threat classification.
 - A selected aircraft, AIS vessel, or mapped installation gets a 250 km **context window** with nearby cohort counts, nearest examples, source labels, and stale/unavailable reasons. It emits `NEARBY` or `UNKNOWN`; no detection, engagement, affiliation, or sensor-activity conclusion is calculated.
+- The window's edge is drawn on the globe as a 250 km range ring: a 4 px polyline with a 2 px Context-blue core inside a 1 px dark halo on each side, 2.5 km above the ellipsoid (`AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE` in `src/layers/awareness/policy.js`). The halo keeps it legible over bright desert and snow, dark ocean and forest, and under the FLIR, NVG and CRT styles, where the earlier 1 px ellipse outline disappeared. It is a polyline because WebGL draws ellipse outlines at 1 px whatever width is asked for, drawn as an unpickable primitive rather than an entity so a click or tap on its edge reaches the contact underneath (headless viewers without a primitive collection get a static entity instead); it is rebuilt when the subject moves. Three dim sonar pulses (3 px with a 1 px dark outline, same colours, at most 60% opacity) grow slowly from the subject at constant speed, one every 3 s and each taking 9 s, and arrive at the ring at about a third of that. Behind each pulse a radial gradient in the same blue fades inward over 35% of the radius. One unpickable 250 km disc draws both the pulse lines and the gradient, its shader reading the pulse radii and opacities each frame, so a click or tap near a pulse still reaches the contact underneath; the disc follows the subject by a model-matrix rotation and is rebuilt only after the subject moves 20 km, and not at all while the pulses rest. While the camera is below the disc's 2.5 km height, where it would sweep across the sky, the pulses rest: the disc is hidden and there is no ring flash, no echo and no frame request. Terrain or 3D tiles higher than 2.5 km (the Alps, Andes, Rockies) still cut through the disc and the ring when seen from above, as the ring alone already did; the height check uses the camera's height above the ellipsoid, not above the ground. While pulses run, the ring dims to 40% and flashes to full strength as each pulse reaches it, fading over 1.8 s. As a pulse front crosses a flight, military aircraft or AIS vessel, the detection overlay draws a second bracket around that contact's own bracket, in the pulse blue on the default detection style and in the style's own line colour under NVG, FLIR and CRT, which spreads outward as it fades over 1.4 s (`AWARENESS_RANGE_ECHO`, read through `src/awarenessEcho.js`; no layer's icon is restyled, and mapped installations have no detection bracket). Pulses are born 5 km out, so the subject itself and anything nearer never echo. Pulses run for 9 s (three ring flashes) after a selection or a camera move, fading in and out over 1.2 s, then rest: the ring stays on screen at full strength, the pulses, gradient and echoes are hidden, and nothing asks for frames, so a parked Contacts view is quiet again. Only a camera move within 1.5 s of the user handling the map (pointer, wheel or touch on the Cesium canvas, which covers a drag's inertia, and a drag or touch begun there keeps counting until its last finger or button lifts, even outside the canvas, unless the window loses focus or the page is hidden first; keys typed elsewhere do not count, nor does input while Cesium's camera controls are off, as in the cockpit view, and a gesture still pending when the cockpit or another owner takes the camera is dropped) wakes them; a moving subject and the app's own camera moves (a tracked aircraft, the cockpit view, an orbit, a fly-to) do not, since they move on every refresh. While they run they never hold continuous rendering: each drawn frame arms one render request 80 ms later (the Cyber sonar cadence, `CYBER_SONAR_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS`), so they repaint at about 12.5 fps and never beat the detection lane's 80 ms gate. Under `prefers-reduced-motion`, or in a scene without primitives or preRender and postRender hooks, there are no pulses or echoes and the ring stays on screen; changing the preference mid-session rebuilds the ring. The ring follows a moving subject once it has moved 250 m.
 - For a selected live aircraft or vessel, the context window refreshes from the existing tracker/feed position every 750 ms, so nearest distances and cohort counts follow the subject without introducing a duplicate poll loop.
 - Aircraft cohort membership uses every locally loaded, selectable contact inside the 250 km window, including a plane hidden only by horizon culling or because its 3D model owns the visual. Counts and navigation therefore do not change with the current camera angle or billboard/model handoff.
 - Nearby examples in the context panel are focus controls: they use their owning layer's existing selection/tracking path, then frame that contact. Static-installation distances use ellipsoidal surface distance so the count matches the ground-projected context disk.
@@ -6102,6 +6139,11 @@ easier to meet (detection is now on more often), but does not create it.
   TomTom draws only flow-tile lines with their own flow; roads without flow
   are not drawn and the status says so. A `full`-coverage flow line carries
   both travel directions, a `one_side` line the direction it is drawn in.
+  When an opposite-direction `one_side` line runs within 5 m of at least two
+  of three points a quarter, half and three quarters along a `one_side` line,
+  the two are one street's directions and each
+  gets a two-way direction's half share of dots, so the street is as dense as
+  one `full` line (#1455).
   OSM draws OpenFreeMap roads with flow matched onto them (below). Hybrid
   draws eligible TomTom motor-road lines and adds OpenFreeMap roads only where no eligible TomTom line
   runs within 35 m in the same travel direction (30 degrees), tested every
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 7dda05144..42121974f 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@
     "./layers/perimeters": "./src/layers/perimeters/index.js",
     "./layers/gnss": "./src/layers/gnss/index.js",
     "./layers/ghostmaps": "./src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js",
+    "./layers/drone-airspace": "./src/layers/droneAirspace/index.js",
     "./sources/firms-csv": "./src/data/firmsCsv.js",
     "./layers/firms": "./src/layers/firms/index.js",
     "./layers/satellites": "./src/layers/satellites/index.js",
@@ -255,6 +256,7 @@
     "./layers/perimeters/source": "./src/layers/perimeters/source.js",
     "./layers/gnss/source": "./src/layers/gnss/source.js",
     "./layers/ghostmaps/source": "./src/layers/ghostMaps/source.js",
+    "./layers/drone-airspace/source": "./src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js",
     "./layers/firms/source": "./src/layers/firms/source.js",
     "./layers/installations/source": "./src/layers/installations/source.js",
     "./layers/launches/source": "./src/layers/launches/source.js",
diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index 9671ba70f..b52f3bace 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -405,6 +405,15 @@
   "src/layers/perimeters/cards.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/perimeters/inciweb.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/perimeters/ownership.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/droneAirspace/index.js",
+  "src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js",
+  "src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js",
+  "src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.js",
+  "src/layers/droneAirspace/records.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/droneAirspace/source.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/droneAirspace/ownership.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/droneAirspace/docs.test.mjs",
   "src/data/firmsHeatmap.js",
   "src/data/fireAnchors.js",
   "src/layers/firms/anchors.js",
@@ -685,6 +694,7 @@
   "src/app/layers/radio.js",
   "src/app/layers/earthquakes.js",
   "src/app/layers/perimeters.js",
+  "src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js",
   "src/app/layers/cctv.js",
   "src/app/layers/firms.js",
   "src/app/layers/satellites.js",
@@ -870,6 +880,7 @@
   "src/layers/weather/imageryOrder.test.mjs",
   "server/providers/cyclones.js",
   "server/providers/firePerimeters.js",
+  "server/providers/droneAirspace.js",
   "src/data/cyclonesProxy.test.mjs",
   "src/data/firePerimetersProxy.test.mjs",
   "server/providers/gnssIntegrity.js",
@@ -894,6 +905,7 @@
   "src/layers/ghostMaps/records.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs",
   "scripts/qa-ghostmaps.mjs",
+  "src/data/droneAirspaceProxy.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/cyclones/index.js",
   "src/layers/cyclones/rendering.js",
   "src/layers/cyclones/labels.js",
@@ -1185,6 +1197,9 @@
   "src/overlays/worldOverlayActionsView.test.mjs",
   "src/ui/stores/awarenessDirection.js",
   "src/layers/awareness/directionOverlay.test.mjs",
+  "src/awarenessEcho.js",
+  "src/awarenessEcho.test.mjs",
+  "src/data/detectionAwarenessEcho.test.mjs",
   "src/hudReadouts.js",
   "src/ui/stores/hud.js",
   "src/ui/views/intelHudView.test.mjs",
@@ -1224,5 +1239,6 @@
   "src/voice/areaActions.test.mjs",
   "src/voice/imageryActions.test.mjs",
   "src/voice/osmActions.test.mjs",
-  "src/voice/realtimeProtocol.test.mjs"
+  "src/voice/realtimeProtocol.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/awareness/rangeRing.test.mjs"
 ]
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index f5282880d..50473d725 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -1684,6 +1684,7 @@
       "src/data/distanceFormat.js",
       "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/cyberSonar.js",
+      "src/awarenessEcho.js",
       "src/cockpitMath.js",
       "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
       "src/data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js",
@@ -2234,6 +2235,7 @@
       "src/ui/placeNames.js",
       "src/cyberSonarScene.js",
       "src/cyberSonar.js",
+      "src/awarenessEcho.js",
       "src/hudLayouts.js",
       "src/hudLayoutPolicy.js",
       "src/ui/radioPanelPlacement.js",
@@ -2891,6 +2893,11 @@
       "src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js",
       "src/layers/ghostMaps/kml.js",
       "src/layers/ghostMaps/source.js",
+      "src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/index.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.js",
       "src/layers/cctv/sourcePolicy.js",
       "src/sources/reference.js",
       "src/search/nominatim.js",
@@ -3233,6 +3240,7 @@
       "src/data/headingDegrees.js",
       "src/data/distanceFormat.js",
       "src/cyberSonar.js",
+      "src/awarenessEcho.js",
       "src/data/approxDistance.js",
       "src/data/bhoteKoshiEvent.js",
       "src/ui/imagerySplit.js",
@@ -3633,6 +3641,11 @@
       "src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js",
       "src/layers/ghostMaps/kml.js",
       "src/layers/ghostMaps/source.js",
+      "src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/index.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.js",
       "src/layers/cctv/sourcePolicy.js",
       "src/search/nominatim.js",
       "src/nominatimGeocode.js",
@@ -4339,7 +4352,9 @@
       "src/layers/submarineCables/bundledSource.js",
       "src/layers/gnss/source.js",
       "src/layers/airQuality/model.js",
-      "src/layers/airQuality/source.js"
+      "src/layers/airQuality/source.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -4719,6 +4734,41 @@
     ],
     "external": []
   },
+  "drone-airspace": {
+    "exports": ["./layers/drone-airspace"],
+    "modules": [
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/index.js",
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ar.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json"
+    ],
+    "external": ["cesium"]
+  },
+  "drone-airspace-source": {
+    "exports": ["./layers/drone-airspace/source"],
+    "modules": [
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js",
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js"
+    ],
+    "external": []
+  },
   "tools": {
     "exports": ["./tools"],
     "modules": [
diff --git a/server/providers/droneAirspace.js b/server/providers/droneAirspace.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72710dca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/droneAirspace.js
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+import { normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot } from '../../src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js';
+import { readResponseJsonCapped, coalesceProxyRequest } from './common/http.js';
+import { makeRateLimiter, clientKey } from './common/rate-limit.js';
+import { admitSameSiteKeyless } from './common/same-site.js';
+
+// FAA Special Use Airspace (public, keyless). TYPE_CODE P (prohibited) and
+// R (restricted) only — the small, always-in-force slice of the national
+// SUA table. maxAllowableOffset trades ~100 m of boundary fidelity for a
+// payload small enough to refresh (~330 KB for the current P+R set).
+const API_URL =
+  'https://services6.arcgis.com/ssFJjBXIUyZDrSYZ/arcgis/rest/services/' +
+  'Special_Use_Airspace/FeatureServer/0/query?' +
+  new URLSearchParams({
+    where: "TYPE_CODE IN ('P','R')",
+    outFields: [
+      'NAME',
+      'TYPE_CODE',
+      'UPPER_VAL',
+      'UPPER_UOM',
+      'UPPER_CODE',
+      'LOWER_VAL',
+      'LOWER_UOM',
+      'LOWER_CODE',
+      'TIMESOFUSE',
+      'CONT_AGENT',
+      'CITY',
+      'STATE',
+      'OBJECTID',
+    ].join(','),
+    maxAllowableOffset: '0.001',
+    outSR: '4326',
+    f: 'geojson',
+  }).toString();
+
+const MAX_PAGES = 5;
+const MIB = 1024 * 1024;
+const SNAPSHOT_TTL_MS = 3_600_000;
+/** Longest a failed refresh keeps serving the last snapshot, marked stale. */
+const STALE_MAX_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+
+const exceededTransferLimit = (payload) =>
+  payload?.exceededTransferLimit === true ||
+  payload?.properties?.exceededTransferLimit === true;
+
+/** Fixed-origin, bounded FAA SUA routes for dev and preview. */
+export function droneAirspaceProxy({
+  fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+} = {}) {
+  const cache = new Map();
+  const inFlight = new Map();
+  const allow = makeRateLimiter({ windowMs: 60_000, max: 60, globalMax: 1200 });
+
+  async function upstream(url, cap, timeout) {
+    const signal = AbortSignal.timeout(timeout);
+    const response = await fetchImpl(url, {
+      signal,
+      redirect: 'error',
+    });
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      await response.body?.cancel();
+      throw new Error('upstream_unavailable');
+    }
+    return readResponseJsonCapped(response, cap, signal);
+  }
+
+  // A snapshot is accepted only once the service says it is complete. A page
+  // limit reached while still flagged, a flagged page that adds nothing, or
+  // no valid zone at all is a failed refresh, so the last good snapshot stays.
+  async function fetchZones() {
+    const features = [];
+    let complete = false;
+    for (let page = 0; page < MAX_PAGES; page++) {
+      const url =
+        page === 0 ? API_URL : `${API_URL}&resultOffset=${features.length}`;
+      const payload = await upstream(url, 8 * MIB, 30_000);
+      if (!Array.isArray(payload?.features))
+        throw new Error('invalid_snapshot');
+      features.push(...payload.features);
+      if (!exceededTransferLimit(payload)) {
+        complete = true;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (!payload.features.length) break;
+    }
+    if (!complete) throw new Error('incomplete_snapshot');
+    const rows = normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot({ features });
+    if (!rows?.length) throw new Error('invalid_snapshot');
+    return { fetchedAt: now(), rows };
+  }
+
+  async function acquire(key, ttl, load) {
+    const previous = cache.get(key);
+    if (previous && now() - previous.savedAt < ttl)
+      return { value: previous.value, stale: false };
+    if (!inFlight.has(key) && inFlight.size >= 256)
+      throw Object.assign(new Error('busy'), { status: 429 });
+    try {
+      const { promise } = coalesceProxyRequest(inFlight, key, async () => {
+        const value = await load();
+        cache.set(key, { value, savedAt: now() });
+        return value;
+      });
+      return { value: await promise, stale: false };
+    } catch (error) {
+      // A failed refresh serves the last snapshot, marked stale, for a day.
+      if (previous && now() - previous.savedAt <= STALE_MAX_MS)
+        return { value: previous.value, stale: true };
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handler(req, res) {
+    const json = (status, value, stale = false) => {
+      if (res.destroyed) return;
+      res.writeHead(status, {
+        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        'Cache-Control': 'no-store',
+        ...(status === 405 ? { Allow: 'GET' } : {}),
+        ...(status === 429 ? { 'Retry-After': '60' } : {}),
+        ...(stale ? { 'X-Data-Stale': 'true' } : {}),
+      });
+      res.end(JSON.stringify(value));
+    };
+    // Keyless and needed to render the layer: refuse cross-site browsers
+    // before they spend a client's quota or start a refresh, but keep the
+    // documented reverse-proxy deployment working.
+    if (admitSameSiteKeyless(req, res)) return;
+    if (req.method !== 'GET') return json(405, { error: 'method_not_allowed' });
+    const path = (req.url || '/').split('?')[0];
+    if (path !== '/' && path !== '')
+      return json(404, { error: 'unknown_route' });
+    if (!allow(clientKey(req))) return json(429, { error: 'rate_limited' });
+    try {
+      const { value, stale } = await acquire(
+        'zones',
+        SNAPSHOT_TTL_MS,
+        fetchZones,
+      );
+      json(200, stale ? { ...value, stale: true } : value, stale);
+    } catch (error) {
+      json(error.status === 429 ? 429 : 502, {
+        error: 'drone_airspace_unavailable',
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    name: 'drone-airspace',
+    configureServer({ middlewares }) {
+      middlewares.use('/api/drone-airspace', handler);
+    },
+    configurePreviewServer({ middlewares }) {
+      middlewares.use('/api/drone-airspace', handler);
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/local.js b/server/providers/local.js
index 3b07bafb2..7067f3ec5 100644
--- a/server/providers/local.js
+++ b/server/providers/local.js
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import { weatherProxy } from './weather.js';
 import { firePerimetersProxy } from './firePerimeters.js';
 import { gnssIntegrityProxy } from './gnssIntegrity.js';
 import { ghostMapsProxy } from './ghostMaps.js';
+import { droneAirspaceProxy } from './droneAirspace.js';
 import { cycloneProxy } from './cyclones.js';
 import { windProxy } from './wind.js';
 
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ function localProviderPlugins({
     firePerimetersProxy(),
     gnssIntegrityProxy(),
     ghostMapsProxy(),
+    droneAirspaceProxy(),
     keySetupEndpoint(),
   ];
 }
diff --git a/src/app/constructCatalog.js b/src/app/constructCatalog.js
index 56ad8bf98..488a5e9ab 100644
--- a/src/app/constructCatalog.js
+++ b/src/app/constructCatalog.js
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import { createApplicationAirQuality } from './layers/airQuality.js';
 import { createApplicationFirePerimeters } from './layers/perimeters.js';
 import { createApplicationGnssIntegrity } from './layers/gnss.js';
 import { createApplicationGhostMaps } from './layers/ghostMaps.js';
+import { createApplicationDroneAirspace } from './layers/droneAirspace.js';
 import { createApplicationCables } from './layers/submarineCables.js';
 import { createOsmOverlayLayers } from '../data/osmOverlays.js';
 import { createApplicationStreetLevel } from './layers/streetLevel.js';
@@ -133,6 +134,9 @@ export function createApplicationCatalog({
           windowMs: sources['gnss-integrity'].windowMs,
         }),
         createApplicationGhostMaps({ source: sources['s2-ghostmaps'] }),
+        createApplicationDroneAirspace({
+          source: sources['drone-airspace'],
+        }),
         createApplicationAlpr({ surface, source: sources.alpr }),
         createApplicationStreetLevel({
           surface,
diff --git a/src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs b/src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs
index f57a5a7db..82a1dbcf0 100644
--- a/src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ test('catalogs construct distinct layers and classification from their supplied
     signal: b.signal,
     surface: fixtureSurface(b.signal),
   });
-  assert.equal(first.layers.length, 36);
+  assert.equal(first.layers.length, 37);
   assert.ok(first.get('local-adsb'), 'Local ADS-B is registered');
   assert.deepEqual(
     first.metadata.find(({ id }) => id === 'osm-places'),
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ test('catalogs construct distinct layers and classification from their supplied
   assert.ok(first.get('fire-perimeters'));
   assert.ok(first.get('gnss-integrity'));
   assert.ok(first.get('s2-ghostmaps'));
+  assert.ok(first.get('drone-airspace'));
   assert.ok(first.get('transit'));
   const order = first.layers.map(({ id }) => id);
   assert.deepEqual(
@@ -160,7 +161,7 @@ test('Mapillary can be omitted or replaced without changing catalog membership',
     surface: fixtureSurface(lifetime.signal),
   };
   const catalog = createApplicationCatalog(options);
-  assert.equal(catalog.layers.length, 36);
+  assert.equal(catalog.layers.length, 37);
   assert.deepEqual(catalog.get('street-level').providerIds, []);
   assert.equal(
     catalogControlServices(catalog).streetLevelLayer,
diff --git a/src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js b/src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3472fec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createDroneAirspaceLayer } from '../../layers/droneAirspace/index.js';
+import * as picking from '../../data/pickRegistry.js';
+import * as overlays from '../../overlays/worldOverlay.js';
+import { isPointerFree } from '../../data/inputOwnership.js';
+
+/** Wire FAA special-use airspace into the application catalog. */
+export function createApplicationDroneAirspace(options) {
+  return createDroneAirspaceLayer({
+    overlayHost: {
+      setEntries: overlays.setOverlayEntries,
+      setVisible: overlays.setOverlaySourceVisible,
+      clearSource: overlays.clearOverlaySource,
+      hitTest: overlays.hitTestWorldOverlay,
+    },
+    screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory: (viewer) =>
+      new Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventHandler(viewer.scene.canvas),
+    picking,
+    pointer: { isPointerFree },
+    ...options,
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/app/sourceComposition.js b/src/app/sourceComposition.js
index 8ce757ef6..a12378260 100644
--- a/src/app/sourceComposition.js
+++ b/src/app/sourceComposition.js
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ export const CATALOG_SOURCE_CONTRACTS = Object.freeze({
   'air-quality': contract(['air-quality'], ['getSnapshot']),
   'gnss-integrity': contract(['gnss-integrity'], ['getSnapshot']),
   's2-ghostmaps': contract(['s2-ghostmaps'], ['getCatalog', 'getFile']),
+  'drone-airspace': contract(['drone-airspace'], ['getSnapshot']),
   cables: contract(['telegeography-submarine-cables'], ['fetch']),
   transit: contract(['transit'], ['requestSnapshot', 'getHistory']),
 });
diff --git a/src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs b/src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs
index d29465285..cee9c1246 100644
--- a/src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ test('every acquisition source can be omitted without losing catalog membership'
 
 test('all acquisition sources may be absent, and enable fails before initializing or fetching', async (t) => {
   const actual = catalog({}, t);
-  assert.equal(actual.layers.length, 36);
+  assert.equal(actual.layers.length, 37);
   const manager = new LayerLifecycle(
     {},
     { getSourceAvailability: actual.getSourceAvailability },
diff --git a/src/awarenessEcho.js b/src/awarenessEcho.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44a5e37fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/awarenessEcho.js
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+/**
+ * @module awarenessEcho
+ * @description The Global Context sonar echo field. The awareness layer
+ * publishes it while its range pulses run; the detection overlay reads it to
+ * pulse the brackets of contacts a pulse front has just crossed. It holds no
+ * awareness policy of its own: the publisher passes radius, pulse timing and
+ * echo styling in, so the overlay never imports awareness internals.
+ */
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+
+/**
+ * @typedef {object} AwarenessEchoField
+ * @property {Cesium.Cartesian3} center Subject's ground point. The publisher
+ *   may move it in place; it is read on every query.
+ * @property {number} radiusM Range the pulses grow to.
+ * @property {{count: number, periodMs: number, startFraction: number, fadeInFraction?: number}} pulse
+ * @property {{fadeMs: number, layerIds: string[]}} echo
+ * @property {(nowMs: number) => number} [level] How far the pulses are
+ *   switched on, 0 to 1; echoes scale with it, so they rest with the pulses.
+ */
+
+/** @type {AwarenessEchoField|null} */
+let field = null;
+let layerIds = new Set();
+const groundScratch = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+
+/**
+ * Start (or replace) the echo field.
+ * @param {AwarenessEchoField} next
+ * @returns {void}
+ */
+export function setAwarenessEchoField(next) {
+  field = next;
+  layerIds = new Set(next.echo.layerIds);
+}
+
+/** Stop all echoes. Safe when none were set. */
+export function clearAwarenessEchoField() {
+  field = null;
+  layerIds = new Set();
+}
+
+/** @returns {AwarenessEchoField|null} The field the overlay styles from. */
+export function getAwarenessEchoField() {
+  return field;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether any echo can light at `nowMs`: a field is set and its pulses are
+ * running. The overlay checks this once per frame, so resting pulses cost no
+ * per-contact work.
+ * @param {number} nowMs Monotonic clock in milliseconds.
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function awarenessEchoActive(nowMs) {
+  return Boolean(field) && (field.level?.(nowMs) ?? 1) > 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * How lit a contact's echo is at `nowMs`: 1 the moment a pulse front reaches
+ * its distance, fading as (1 - elapsed / `fadeMs`) squared, 0 otherwise. The
+ * strongest pulse wins. A front that has wrapped back to the centre still
+ * counts for the contact it last crossed, so rim contacts fade out instead of
+ * cutting off. Nothing nearer than the birth ring `startFraction` out echoes,
+ * and within the pulse's `fadeInFraction` the echo is scaled down with it.
+ * @param {number} nowMs Monotonic clock in milliseconds.
+ * @param {number} distanceM Contact's distance from the subject.
+ * @param {number} radiusM Range the pulses grow to.
+ * @param {{count: number, periodMs: number, startFraction: number, fadeInFraction?: number}} pulse
+ * @param {{fadeMs: number}} echo
+ * @returns {number} 0 to 1.
+ */
+export function awarenessEchoStrength(nowMs, distanceM, radiusM, pulse, echo) {
+  // Pulses are born `startFraction` out, so nothing nearer (the subject
+  // itself, its wingmen) is ever crossed; without this it lit on every birth.
+  if (
+    !Number.isFinite(distanceM) ||
+    distanceM < radiusM * pulse.startFraction ||
+    distanceM > radiusM
+  )
+    return 0;
+  // The phase at which a pulse front sits at this distance.
+  const touchPhase =
+    (distanceM / radiusM - pulse.startFraction) / (1 - pulse.startFraction);
+  let strength = 0;
+  for (let index = 0; index < pulse.count; index++) {
+    const cycle = nowMs / pulse.periodMs + index / pulse.count;
+    let since = cycle - Math.floor(cycle) - touchPhase;
+    // Rounding at the exact crossing must not read as a whole period ago.
+    if (since < -1e-9) since += 1;
+    else if (since < 0) since = 0;
+    const elapsedMs = since * pulse.periodMs;
+    if (elapsedMs < echo.fadeMs)
+      strength = Math.max(strength, (1 - elapsedMs / echo.fadeMs) ** 2);
+  }
+  // A front still fading in over `fadeInFraction` of its travel echoes no
+  // brighter than it shows.
+  const fadeIn = pulse.fadeInFraction ?? 0;
+  return fadeIn > 0 ? strength * Math.min(1, touchPhase / fadeIn) : strength;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The echo for one contact of `layerId` at world `position`, or 0 when no
+ * field is set or the layer does not echo. Distance is measured between
+ * ground points, so an aircraft's altitude does not shift its echo.
+ * @param {string} layerId Owning layer of the contact.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} position Contact's world position.
+ * @param {number} nowMs Monotonic clock in milliseconds.
+ * @returns {number} 0 to 1.
+ */
+export function awarenessEchoAt(layerId, position, nowMs) {
+  if (!field || !position || !layerIds.has(layerId)) return 0;
+  const level = field.level?.(nowMs) ?? 1;
+  if (!(level > 0)) return 0;
+  const ground = Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.scaleToGeodeticSurface(
+    position,
+    groundScratch,
+  );
+  if (!ground) return 0;
+  return (
+    level *
+    awarenessEchoStrength(
+      nowMs,
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(field.center, ground),
+      field.radiusM,
+      field.pulse,
+      field.echo,
+    )
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The echo bracket the detection overlay draws around one contact, or null
+ * when it has no echo. `band` is the alpha band, 1 to `steps`, the echo's
+ * strength times the contact bracket's own `bracketAlpha` rounded to the
+ * nearest band, so an echo is never drawn brighter than its bracket; one
+ * that rounds to nothing is not drawn. `spreadPx` is how far the echo sits
+ * outside the contact's bracket, 0 as the front arrives, growing to the
+ * field's `spreadPx` as it fades.
+ * @param {string} layerId Owning layer of the contact.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} position Contact's world position.
+ * @param {number} nowMs Monotonic clock in milliseconds.
+ * @param {number} bracketAlpha The contact bracket's drawn alpha, 0 to 1.
+ * @param {number} steps Alpha bands the overlay batches by.
+ * @returns {{band: number, spreadPx: number}|null}
+ */
+export function awarenessEchoBracket(
+  layerId,
+  position,
+  nowMs,
+  bracketAlpha,
+  steps,
+) {
+  const echo = awarenessEchoAt(layerId, position, nowMs);
+  if (!(echo > 0.01)) return null;
+  const band = Math.min(steps, Math.round(echo * bracketAlpha * steps));
+  if (!(band >= 1)) return null;
+  return { band, spreadPx: field.echo.spreadPx * (1 - echo) };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The echo's stroke colour: the field's own colour on the default detection
+ * style, and the style's line colour under the others (NVG, FLIR, CRT), so
+ * an echo never stands out of a monochrome palette.
+ * @param {string} styleLine The active detection style's line colour.
+ * @param {boolean} defaultStyle Whether the default detection style is active.
+ * @returns {string|null} Null when no field is set.
+ */
+export function awarenessEchoColor(styleLine, defaultStyle) {
+  if (!field) return null;
+  return defaultStyle ? field.echo.color : styleLine;
+}
diff --git a/src/awarenessEcho.test.mjs b/src/awarenessEcho.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b68e2eb96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/awarenessEcho.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+// src/awarenessEcho.test.mjs — the Global Context echo field: when a sonar
+// pulse front crosses a flight or vessel, its bracket echo lights and fades.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import {
+  awarenessEchoActive,
+  awarenessEchoAt,
+  awarenessEchoStrength,
+  clearAwarenessEchoField,
+  getAwarenessEchoField,
+  setAwarenessEchoField,
+} from './awarenessEcho.js';
+
+const R = 250_000;
+const pulse = { count: 3, periodMs: 9000, startFraction: 0.02 };
+const echo = { fadeMs: 1400, layerIds: ['flights', 'ais-live-vessels'] };
+const strength = (nowMs, distanceM) =>
+  awarenessEchoStrength(nowMs, distanceM, R, pulse, echo);
+/** The moment pulse 0's front sits at `distanceM`, in a later cycle. */
+const arrival = (distanceM) =>
+  ((distanceM / R - pulse.startFraction) / (1 - pulse.startFraction)) *
+    pulse.periodMs +
+  pulse.periodMs * 4;
+
+test('an echo lights as a pulse front reaches the contact, then fades', () => {
+  const d = 100_000;
+  const t0 = arrival(d);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(strength(t0, d) - 1) < 1e-6);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(strength(t0 + echo.fadeMs / 2, d) - 0.25) < 1e-6);
+  assert.equal(strength(t0 + echo.fadeMs + 1, d), 0);
+  assert.equal(strength(t0 - 50, d), 0, 'dark just before the front');
+  // Every pulse lights it once a period: `count` separate flashes in any
+  // one-period window that starts after a flash has faded.
+  let flashes = 0;
+  let wasLit = false;
+  const from = t0 + echo.fadeMs + 1;
+  for (let ms = 0; ms < pulse.periodMs; ms += 10) {
+    const lit = strength(from + ms, d) > 0.5;
+    if (lit && !wasLit) flashes++;
+    wasLit = lit;
+  }
+  assert.equal(flashes, pulse.count);
+});
+
+test('rim contacts fade out after the front wraps; outside the range never', () => {
+  const rim = R * 0.999;
+  assert.ok(strength(arrival(rim) + echo.fadeMs / 2, rim) > 0.2);
+  // Inside the ring pulses are born on, nothing is ever crossed: the
+  // subject and anything within 5 km never echo, at any moment.
+  const inner = R * pulse.startFraction;
+  for (let ms = 0; ms < pulse.periodMs; ms += 10) {
+    assert.equal(strength(ms, 0), 0, 'the subject itself');
+    assert.equal(strength(ms, inner - 1), 0);
+  }
+  assert.ok(strength(pulse.periodMs * 5, inner) > 0.99, 'the birth ring');
+  for (let ms = 0; ms < pulse.periodMs; ms += 50)
+    assert.equal(strength(ms, R + 1), 0);
+  assert.equal(strength(0, Number.NaN), 0);
+  assert.equal(strength(0, -1), 0);
+});
+
+test('awarenessEchoAt reads the published field, by layer, at ground level', (t) => {
+  t.after(clearAwarenessEchoField);
+  const contact = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3.5, 27, 0);
+  assert.equal(awarenessEchoAt('flights', contact, 0), 0, 'no field, no echo');
+  const center = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3, 27, 0);
+  setAwarenessEchoField({ center, radiusM: R, pulse, echo });
+  assert.ok(getAwarenessEchoField());
+  const d = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(center, contact);
+  const t0 = arrival(d);
+  assert.ok(awarenessEchoAt('flights', contact, t0) > 0.99);
+  assert.ok(awarenessEchoAt('ais-live-vessels', contact, t0) > 0.99);
+  // Layers outside the echo list never light.
+  assert.equal(awarenessEchoAt('cctv', contact, t0), 0);
+  assert.equal(awarenessEchoAt('military-installations', contact, t0), 0);
+  // An aircraft 11 km up echoes with the ground point under it.
+  const aloft = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3.5, 27, 11_000);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      awarenessEchoAt('flights', aloft, t0 + 300) -
+        awarenessEchoAt('flights', contact, t0 + 300),
+    ) < 0.01,
+  );
+  // The field's centre is read in place, so a moved subject moves the echo:
+  // about 50 km farther, the contact lights at its new distance's moment.
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3.5, 26.1, 0), center);
+  const moved = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(center, contact);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(moved - d) > 1000);
+  assert.ok(awarenessEchoAt('flights', contact, arrival(moved)) > 0.99);
+  assert.equal(awarenessEchoAt('flights', null, t0), 0);
+  clearAwarenessEchoField();
+  assert.equal(getAwarenessEchoField(), null);
+  assert.equal(awarenessEchoAt('flights', contact, t0), 0);
+});
+
+test('echoes scale with the field level and rest with the pulses', (t) => {
+  t.after(clearAwarenessEchoField);
+  const center = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3, 27, 0);
+  // ~100 km east of the subject, on the ground.
+  const contact = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(4.008, 27, 0);
+  let level = 1;
+  setAwarenessEchoField({
+    center,
+    radiusM: R,
+    pulse,
+    echo,
+    level: () => level,
+  });
+  const d = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(center, contact);
+  const t0 = arrival(d);
+  const full = awarenessEchoAt('flights', contact, t0);
+  assert.ok(full > 0.99);
+  level = 0.5;
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(awarenessEchoAt('flights', contact, t0) - full / 2) < 1e-9,
+  );
+  assert.equal(awarenessEchoActive(t0), true);
+  level = 0;
+  assert.equal(awarenessEchoAt('flights', contact, t0), 0);
+  // At rest the overlay skips echoes for the whole frame.
+  assert.equal(awarenessEchoActive(t0), false);
+  clearAwarenessEchoField();
+  assert.equal(awarenessEchoActive(t0), false);
+});
+
+test('near the subject an echo is no brighter than the fading-in front', () => {
+  const fading = { ...pulse, fadeInFraction: 0.08 };
+  const at = (distanceM) =>
+    awarenessEchoStrength(arrival(distanceM), distanceM, R, fading, echo);
+  // Born at 5 km, the front reaches full strength 8% of the way out.
+  const full = R * (fading.startFraction + 0.08 * (1 - fading.startFraction));
+  assert.equal(at(R * fading.startFraction), 0);
+  const halfway = (R * fading.startFraction + full) / 2;
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(at(halfway) - 0.5) < 0.01, `${at(halfway)}`);
+  assert.ok(at(full + 1) > 0.99);
+  assert.ok(
+    at(R * 0.999) > 0.99,
+    'the rim, and so the ring flash, is unchanged',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.js b/src/data/dataCredits.js
index 9d162eb8e..bda906064 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.js
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.js
@@ -181,6 +181,13 @@ export const DATA_CREDITS = [
       ' · Incident information: ' +
       '<a href="https://inciweb.wildfire.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">InciWeb</a>',
   },
+  {
+    key: 'faa-sua',
+    html:
+      'Prohibited & restricted airspace: ' +
+      '<a href="https://adds-faa.opendata.arcgis.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FAA Special Use Airspace</a>' +
+      ' (prohibited and restricted zones; informational only)',
+  },
   OSM_CREDIT,
   OPENMAPTILES_CREDIT,
   {
diff --git a/src/data/detection.js b/src/data/detection.js
index c2e63c3d9..36ed6372e 100644
--- a/src/data/detection.js
+++ b/src/data/detection.js
@@ -53,6 +53,12 @@ import {
   isCyberContactSonarActive as isCyberSonarActive,
   isCyberContactThemeActive as isCyberMapThemeActive,
 } from '../cyberSonar.js';
+import {
+  awarenessEchoActive,
+  awarenessEchoBracket,
+  awarenessEchoColor,
+  getAwarenessEchoField,
+} from '../awarenessEcho.js';
 
 /**
  * @module detection
@@ -103,6 +109,8 @@ const SPARSE_ZONE_FRACTION = 0.5;
 const LABEL_SOLVE_INTERVAL_MS = 125;
 /** Alpha bands retain bracket batching while approximating a continuous radial fade. */
 const BRACKET_ALPHA_STEPS = 4;
+/** Finer bands for Global Context echo brackets, whose fade is animated. */
+const ECHO_ALPHA_STEPS = 8;
 /** Stable per-layer candidate safety cap; independent of density and camera bearing. */
 const LAYER_CANDIDATE_CAP = 2600;
 const LAYER_WEIGHTS = Object.freeze({
@@ -1335,6 +1343,11 @@ function _drawOverlay(frame) {
   const tiers = _theme.tiers || null;
   const colorFor = (key) => (tiers && tiers[key]) || _theme.line;
   const bracketPaths = new Map();
+  // Global Context sonar echoes: a second bracket, banded by strength, around
+  // each flight or vessel a pulse front has just crossed.
+  // Resting pulses light nothing, so the per-contact echo work is skipped.
+  const echoField = awarenessEchoActive(now) ? getAwarenessEchoField() : null;
+  const echoPaths = echoField ? new Array(ECHO_ALPHA_STEPS + 1) : null;
   const pathFor = (map, color, alpha) => {
     const band = Math.max(
       1,
@@ -1437,6 +1450,24 @@ function _drawOverlay(frame) {
         halfH,
       );
       visibleCount++;
+      if (echoPaths) {
+        // Starts on the contact's bracket and spreads outward as it fades.
+        const echo = awarenessEchoBracket(
+          obj._layerId,
+          obj.position,
+          now,
+          bracketAlpha,
+          ECHO_ALPHA_STEPS,
+        );
+        if (echo)
+          appendCornerBracket(
+            (echoPaths[echo.band] ??= new Path2D()),
+            sx,
+            sy,
+            halfW + echo.spreadPx,
+            halfH + echo.spreadPx,
+          );
+      }
       if (obj.type === 'AIR')
         aircraftBracketSectors[detectionHorizontalSector(sx, width)]++;
       if (bracketAlpha >= 1) bracketOpacityCounts.full++;
@@ -1576,6 +1607,20 @@ function _drawOverlay(frame) {
       _ctx.stroke(entry.path);
     }
   }
+  if (echoPaths) {
+    _ctx.lineWidth = echoField.echo.lineWidth;
+    _ctx.strokeStyle = awarenessEchoColor(
+      _theme.line,
+      _theme === THEME_MAP._default,
+    );
+    for (let band = 1; band <= ECHO_ALPHA_STEPS; band++) {
+      if (!echoPaths[band]) continue;
+      _ctx.globalAlpha =
+        fade * (band / ECHO_ALPHA_STEPS) * bracketPresentationOpacity;
+      _ctx.stroke(echoPaths[band]);
+    }
+    _ctx.lineWidth = bracketWidth;
+  }
 
   const renderEntries = _labelArbiter.renderEntries(candidateMap, now);
   const fadingCount = countFadingRenderEntries(renderEntries);
diff --git a/src/data/detectionAwarenessEcho.test.mjs b/src/data/detectionAwarenessEcho.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..852ea7f2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/detectionAwarenessEcho.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// src/data/detectionAwarenessEcho.test.mjs — Global Context sonar echoes pulse
+// a contact's own detection bracket: a second bracket that starts on it and
+// spreads outward as it fades, in the detection style's own colour.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import {
+  awarenessEchoBracket,
+  awarenessEchoColor,
+  clearAwarenessEchoField,
+  setAwarenessEchoField,
+} from '../awarenessEcho.js';
+import { DETECTION_THEME_MAP } from '../overlays/worldOverlayTokens.js';
+
+const STEPS = 8;
+const pulse = { count: 3, periodMs: 9000, startFraction: 0.02 };
+const echo = {
+  fadeMs: 1400,
+  layerIds: ['flights', 'military', 'ais-live-vessels'],
+  spreadPx: 8,
+  color: 'rgb(98, 181, 255)',
+};
+const center = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3, 27, 0);
+const field = { center, radiusM: 250_000, pulse, echo };
+
+/** The moment pulse 0's front reaches the ground under `position`. */
+function arrivalAt(position) {
+  const ground = Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.scaleToGeodeticSurface(position);
+  const d = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(center, ground);
+  return (
+    ((d / 250_000 - pulse.startFraction) / (1 - pulse.startFraction)) *
+      pulse.periodMs +
+    pulse.periodMs * 3
+  );
+}
+
+test('the echo bracket pulses outward from the contact bracket and fades', (t) => {
+  t.after(clearAwarenessEchoField);
+  setAwarenessEchoField(field);
+  const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3.5, 27, 10_000);
+  const arrival = arrivalAt(position);
+  const at = (nowMs, bracketAlpha = 1) =>
+    awarenessEchoBracket('flights', position, nowMs, bracketAlpha, STEPS);
+
+  // The moment the front arrives: on the bracket, strongest band.
+  const fresh = at(arrival);
+  assert.ok(fresh);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(fresh.spreadPx) < 0.01, `${fresh.spreadPx}`);
+  assert.equal(fresh.band, STEPS);
+  // Half way through the fade: dimmer and spread outward, but not past
+  // the field's spread.
+  const half = at(arrival + echo.fadeMs / 2);
+  assert.ok(half.spreadPx > echo.spreadPx * 0.5);
+  assert.ok(half.spreadPx < echo.spreadPx);
+  assert.ok(half.band < STEPS && half.band >= 1);
+  // The bracket's own dimming (keyhole fade, Cyber sonar sweep) carries
+  // over, and the echo is never drawn brighter than its bracket: a bracket
+  // too dim for even one band draws no echo.
+  assert.equal(at(arrival, 0.25).band, 2);
+  assert.equal(at(arrival, 0.05), null);
+  for (let alpha = 0.05; alpha <= 1; alpha += 0.05) {
+    const echoed = at(arrival + echo.fadeMs / 3, alpha);
+    if (echoed)
+      assert.ok(
+        echoed.band / STEPS <= alpha + 0.5 / STEPS + 1e-9,
+        `band ${echoed.band} for a bracket at ${alpha}`,
+      );
+  }
+  // Faded out, or between fronts: no echo bracket.
+  assert.equal(at(arrival + echo.fadeMs + 5), null);
+});
+
+test('no echo field, or a layer that does not echo, draws nothing extra', (t) => {
+  t.after(clearAwarenessEchoField);
+  const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3.01, 27, 0);
+  clearAwarenessEchoField();
+  for (let now = 0; now < pulse.periodMs; now += 25)
+    assert.equal(
+      awarenessEchoBracket('flights', position, now, 1, STEPS),
+      null,
+    );
+  setAwarenessEchoField(field);
+  for (let now = 0; now < pulse.periodMs; now += 25)
+    for (const layerId of ['cctv', 'satellites', 'traffic'])
+      assert.equal(
+        awarenessEchoBracket(layerId, position, now, 1, STEPS),
+        null,
+      );
+});
+
+test('echoes take the detection style colour except on the default style', (t) => {
+  t.after(clearAwarenessEchoField);
+  assert.equal(
+    awarenessEchoColor(DETECTION_THEME_MAP._default.line, true),
+    null,
+  );
+  setAwarenessEchoField(field);
+  assert.equal(
+    awarenessEchoColor(DETECTION_THEME_MAP._default.line, true),
+    echo.color,
+  );
+  // CRT, NVG and FLIR keep their monochrome palettes.
+  for (const style of ['retro', 'surveillance', 'thermal']) {
+    const { line } = DETECTION_THEME_MAP[style];
+    assert.equal(awarenessEchoColor(line, false), line, style);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/data/detectionHost.test.mjs b/src/data/detectionHost.test.mjs
index 06bfe01af..f8858d602 100644
--- a/src/data/detectionHost.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/detectionHost.test.mjs
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ import {
   setOverlayEntries,
 } from '../overlays/worldOverlay.js';
 import { DETECTION_THEME_MAP } from '../overlays/worldOverlayTokens.js';
+import {
+  clearAwarenessEchoField,
+  setAwarenessEchoField,
+} from '../awarenessEcho.js';
 import { composeLabel, resolveTier } from './detectionDraw.js';
 
 test('detection diagnostics count rendered fading rows instead of absent selected identities', () => {
@@ -50,8 +54,9 @@ class MockEvent {
 }
 
 class MockPath2D {
-  moveTo() {}
-  lineTo() {}
+  constructor() { this.points = []; }
+  moveTo(x, y) { this.points.push([x, y]); }
+  lineTo(x, y) { this.points.push([x, y]); }
   roundRect() {}
   arcTo() {}
   closePath() {}
@@ -98,7 +103,7 @@ function mockContext(target, trace) {
     // set at some point during the frame. globalAlpha rides along for the same
     // reason: the backdrop feather is an alpha, not a colour.
     fill(path) { record('fill', path, this.fillStyle, this.globalAlpha); },
-    stroke(path) { record('stroke', path, this.strokeStyle, this.lineWidth); },
+    stroke(path) { record('stroke', path, this.strokeStyle, this.lineWidth, this.globalAlpha); },
     fillRect(...args) { record('fillRect', ...args); },
     fillText(...args) { record('fillText', ...args); },
     drawImage(...args) { record('drawImage', ...args); },
@@ -627,6 +632,231 @@ test('surveillance military tier reaches the dedicated render target as shipped
   }
 });
 
+test('Global Context echo brackets reach the canvas in the detection style colour', () => {
+  const env = installEnvironment();
+  // Fronts every millisecond with a long fade, so the contact is lit on
+  // whatever frame paints; a distinctive width picks the echo stroke out.
+  const echo = {
+    layerIds: ['military'],
+    fadeMs: 60_000,
+    color: 'rgb(1, 2, 3)',
+    spreadPx: 8,
+    lineWidth: 3.25,
+  };
+  const echoStrokes = () =>
+    env.detectionCtx.calls
+      .filter(([name, , , width]) => name === 'stroke' && width === echo.lineWidth)
+      .map(([, , style]) => style);
+  try {
+    setAwarenessEchoField({
+      center: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 89, 0),
+      radiusM: 250_000,
+      pulse: { count: 1000, periodMs: 1000, startFraction: 0 },
+      echo,
+    });
+    initWorldOverlay(env.viewer);
+    initDetection(env.viewer, [militaryLayer()], () => {});
+    setMode('DENSE');
+    setDetectionStyle('normal');
+    settleFrame(env);
+    assert.ok(echoStrokes().length > 0, 'the echo bracket is painted');
+    assert.ok(echoStrokes().every((style) => style === echo.color));
+
+    // CRT, NVG and FLIR keep their own palettes.
+    for (const style of ['retro', 'surveillance', 'thermal']) {
+      env.detectionCtx.calls.length = 0;
+      setDetectionStyle(style);
+      settleFrame(env);
+      const strokes = echoStrokes();
+      assert.ok(strokes.length > 0, style);
+      assert.ok(
+        strokes.every((stroke) => stroke === DETECTION_THEME_MAP[style].line),
+        `${style} echoes take the style line colour, got ${strokes}`,
+      );
+    }
+
+  } finally {
+    clearAwarenessEchoField();
+    env.cleanup();
+  }
+});
+
+test('a Global Context echo bracket is drawn outside its contact bracket and dimmer than it', () => {
+  const env = installEnvironment();
+  const echo = {
+    layerIds: ['military'],
+    fadeMs: 60_000,
+    color: 'rgb(1, 2, 3)',
+    spreadPx: 8,
+    lineWidth: 3.25,
+  };
+  // Fronts every millisecond keep the echo at full strength; a level of 0.5
+  // halves it, so it sits 4 px out and draws at half the bracket's alpha.
+  try {
+    setAwarenessEchoField({
+      center: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 89, 0),
+      radiusM: 250_000,
+      pulse: { count: 1000, periodMs: 1000, startFraction: 0 },
+      echo,
+      level: () => 0.5,
+    });
+    initWorldOverlay(env.viewer);
+    initDetection(env.viewer, [militaryLayer()], () => {});
+    setMode('DENSE');
+    setDetectionStyle('normal');
+    settleFrame(env);
+    env.detectionCtx.calls.length = 0;
+    settleFrame(env);
+    const strokes = env.detectionCtx.calls.filter(([name]) => name === 'stroke');
+    const echoStroke = strokes.find(([, , style, width]) => style === echo.color && width === echo.lineWidth);
+    assert.ok(echoStroke, 'the echo bracket is painted');
+    const bracketStroke = strokes.find(([, path, style, width]) =>
+      path instanceof MockPath2D && path.points.length && width !== echo.lineWidth && style !== echo.color);
+    assert.ok(bracketStroke, 'the contact bracket is painted');
+    const extent = (path) => {
+      const xs = path.points.map(([x]) => x);
+      const ys = path.points.map(([, y]) => y);
+      return { halfW: (Math.max(...xs) - Math.min(...xs)) / 2, halfH: (Math.max(...ys) - Math.min(...ys)) / 2 };
+    };
+    const echoBox = extent(echoStroke[1]);
+    const bracketBox = extent(bracketStroke[1]);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(echoBox.halfW - bracketBox.halfW - echo.spreadPx / 2) < 1e-3,
+      `echo ${echoBox.halfW} vs bracket ${bracketBox.halfW}`);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(echoBox.halfH - bracketBox.halfH - echo.spreadPx / 2) < 1e-3);
+    const echoAlpha = echoStroke[4];
+    const bracketAlpha = bracketStroke[4];
+    assert.ok(echoAlpha > 0 && echoAlpha < bracketAlpha, `${echoAlpha} vs ${bracketAlpha}`);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(echoAlpha - bracketAlpha / 2) < 1e-6, `${echoAlpha} vs ${bracketAlpha}`);
+  } finally {
+    clearAwarenessEchoField();
+    env.cleanup();
+  }
+});
+
+test('under the Cyber sonar sweep an echo is never brighter than its own bracket', () => {
+  const env = installEnvironment();
+  // The cyber theme with its HUD open turns the contact sonar on; its sweep
+  // dims brackets it is not passing over.
+  env.document.documentElement = {
+    // The lowest sweep floor, so dimmed brackets drop a whole alpha band.
+    dataset: { uiTheme: 'cyber', cyberSonarOpacity: '35' },
+    style: { setProperty() {}, removeProperty() {} },
+  };
+  const hud = env.document.createElement('div');
+  hud.id = 'intel-hud';
+  hud.classList = { contains: (name) => name === 'active' };
+  env.document.body.appendChild(hud);
+  const echo = {
+    layerIds: ['military'],
+    fadeMs: 60_000,
+    color: 'rgb(1, 2, 3)',
+    spreadPx: 8,
+    lineWidth: 3.25,
+  };
+  const contact = {
+    id: 'military',
+    getDetectableObjects: () => [{
+      position: new Cesium.Cartesian3(0.5, 0.3, 6_356_752),
+      sourceId: 'sonar-pin',
+      id: 'SONAR',
+      metric: 'FL300',
+      type: 'AIR',
+      tier: 'military',
+    }],
+  };
+  try {
+    setAwarenessEchoField({
+      center: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 89, 0),
+      radiusM: 250_000,
+      pulse: { count: 1000, periodMs: 1000, startFraction: 0 },
+      echo,
+      level: () => 1,
+    });
+    initWorldOverlay(env.viewer);
+    initDetection(env.viewer, [contact], () => {});
+    setMode('DENSE');
+    setDetectionStyle('normal');
+    settleFrame(env);
+    let dimmed = 0;
+    let compared = 0;
+    for (let frame = 0; frame < 40; frame++) {
+      env.detectionCtx.calls.length = 0;
+      settleFrame(env);
+      const strokes = env.detectionCtx.calls.filter(([name]) => name === 'stroke');
+      const echoStroke = strokes.find(([, , style, width]) => style === echo.color && width === echo.lineWidth);
+      const bracketStroke = strokes.find(([, path, style, width]) =>
+        path instanceof MockPath2D && path.points.length && width !== echo.lineWidth && style !== echo.color);
+      if (!bracketStroke) continue;
+      const bracketAlpha = bracketStroke[4];
+      if (bracketAlpha < 0.99) dimmed++;
+      if (!echoStroke) continue;
+      compared++;
+      assert.ok(
+        echoStroke[4] <= bracketAlpha + 1e-9,
+        `echo ${echoStroke[4]} over bracket ${bracketAlpha} on frame ${frame}`,
+      );
+    }
+    assert.ok(dimmed > 0, 'the sweep dimmed the bracket on some frame');
+    assert.ok(compared > 0, 'an echo was painted');
+  } finally {
+    clearAwarenessEchoField();
+    env.cleanup();
+  }
+});
+
+test('resting Global Context pulses skip echo work for the whole frame, not per contact', () => {
+  const env = installEnvironment();
+  // Six echo-eligible flights on screen; the identity camera maps x/y
+  // straight to device coordinates.
+  const flights = Array.from({ length: 6 }, (_, index) => ({
+    position: new Cesium.Cartesian3(-0.5 + index * 0.2, 0, 6_356_752),
+    sourceId: `flight-${index}`,
+    id: `ECHO${index}`,
+    metric: `FL${300 + index}`,
+    type: 'AIR',
+  }));
+  const layer = { id: 'flights', getDetectableObjects: () => flights };
+  let levelCalls = 0;
+  try {
+    setAwarenessEchoField({
+      center: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 89, 0),
+      radiusM: 250_000,
+      pulse: { count: 1000, periodMs: 1000, startFraction: 0 },
+      echo: {
+        layerIds: ['flights'],
+        fadeMs: 60_000,
+        color: 'rgb(1, 2, 3)',
+        spreadPx: 8,
+        lineWidth: 3.25,
+      },
+      level: () => {
+        levelCalls++;
+        return 0;
+      },
+    });
+    initWorldOverlay(env.viewer);
+    initDetection(env.viewer, [layer], () => {});
+    setMode('DENSE');
+    settleFrame(env);
+    levelCalls = 0;
+    settleFrame(env);
+    const painted = getDetectionDiagnostics().visibleCount;
+    assert.equal(painted, flights.length, 'every flight is on screen');
+    // One check per painted frame, however many contacts are on screen.
+    assert.ok(levelCalls >= 1, 'the frame asks whether echoes are live');
+    assert.ok(levelCalls < painted, `${levelCalls} level checks for ${painted} contacts`);
+    assert.ok(
+      !env.detectionCtx.calls.some(
+        ([name, , style]) => name === 'stroke' && style === 'rgb(1, 2, 3)',
+      ),
+      'no echoes while the pulses rest',
+    );
+  } finally {
+    clearAwarenessEchoField();
+    env.cleanup();
+  }
+});
+
 test('pathological detection paint holds alternate frames without freezing shared lanes', () => {
   // Opts into the telemetry banner: the held-frame assertions count banner paints.
   const env = installEnvironment({ search: '?detectDebug=1' });
diff --git a/src/data/droneAirspaceProxy.test.mjs b/src/data/droneAirspaceProxy.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..208b969f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/droneAirspaceProxy.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { droneAirspaceProxy } from '../../server/providers/droneAirspace.js';
+
+const feature = (id = 310, type = 'P') => ({
+  properties: {
+    NAME: `${type}-${id}`,
+    TYPE_CODE: type,
+    OBJECTID: id,
+    UPPER_DESC: 'TNI',
+  },
+  geometry: {
+    type: 'Polygon',
+    coordinates: [
+      [
+        [-77, 38],
+        [-76, 38],
+        [-76, 39],
+        [-77, 38],
+      ],
+    ],
+  },
+});
+
+function install(options = {}, hook = 'configureServer') {
+  let handler;
+  const plugin = droneAirspaceProxy(options);
+  assert.equal(typeof plugin.configureServer, 'function');
+  assert.equal(typeof plugin.configurePreviewServer, 'function');
+  plugin[hook]({
+    middlewares: {
+      use(path, callback) {
+        assert.equal(path, '/api/drone-airspace');
+        handler = callback;
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  return async (url = '/', method = 'GET', peer = 'local', headers = {}) => {
+    const res = {
+      headers: {},
+      writeHead(status, headers) {
+        this.status = status;
+        this.headers = headers;
+      },
+      setHeader(name, value) {
+        this.headers[name] = value;
+      },
+      end(body) {
+        this.status ??= this.statusCode;
+        this.body = JSON.parse(body);
+      },
+    };
+    await handler(
+      { url, method, headers, socket: { remoteAddress: peer } },
+      res,
+    );
+    return res;
+  };
+}
+
+for (const hook of ['configureServer', 'configurePreviewServer']) {
+  test(`${hook}: paging follows offsets and normalizes the combined snapshot`, async () => {
+    const calls = [];
+    const request = install(
+      {
+        now: () => 1234,
+        fetchImpl: async (url, options) => {
+          calls.push(new URL(url));
+          assert.ok(options.signal instanceof AbortSignal);
+          assert.equal(options.redirect, 'error');
+          return Response.json({
+            features: [feature(calls.length)],
+            exceededTransferLimit: calls.length < 3,
+          });
+        },
+      },
+      hook,
+    );
+    const res = await request('/?url=https://invalid.example&resultOffset=999');
+    assert.equal(res.status, 200);
+    assert.equal(res.body.fetchedAt, 1234);
+    assert.equal(res.body.rows.length, 3);
+    assert.equal(calls.length, 3);
+    assert.equal(calls[0].searchParams.get('where'), "TYPE_CODE IN ('P','R')");
+    assert.equal(calls[0].searchParams.get('f'), 'geojson');
+    assert.equal(calls[0].searchParams.has('resultOffset'), false);
+    assert.equal(calls[1].searchParams.get('resultOffset'), '1');
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Serve one good snapshot, then let the upstream answer `bad` after the TTL:
+ * the bad answer must not replace it, so the client gets the last good rows
+ * marked stale, and a cold proxy answers 502 rather than caching the bad one.
+ */
+async function assertRejectedSnapshot(bad) {
+  let now = 1000;
+  let broken = false;
+  let calls = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return broken ? bad(calls) : Response.json({ features: [feature(7)] });
+    },
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  assert.equal(first.status, 200);
+  broken = true;
+  now += 3_600_001;
+  const stale = await request();
+  assert.equal(stale.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(stale.headers['X-Data-Stale'], 'true');
+  assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.fetchedAt, first.body.fetchedAt);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    stale.body.rows.map((row) => row.stableId),
+    ['7'],
+  );
+  calls = 0;
+  const cold = install({ fetchImpl: async () => bad(++calls) });
+  const res = await cold();
+  assert.equal(res.status, 502);
+  assert.equal(res.body.error, 'drone_airspace_unavailable');
+}
+
+test('an empty upstream snapshot keeps the last good one', () =>
+  assertRejectedSnapshot(() => Response.json({ features: [] })));
+
+test('a page whose every feature is invalid keeps the last good one', () =>
+  assertRejectedSnapshot(() =>
+    Response.json({
+      features: [
+        {
+          ...feature(8),
+          properties: { ...feature(8).properties, TYPE_CODE: 'W' },
+        },
+        { ...feature(9), geometry: null },
+      ],
+    }),
+  ));
+
+test('paging that exhausts its page limit still flagged keeps the last good one', () =>
+  assertRejectedSnapshot((call) =>
+    Response.json({
+      features: [feature(100 + call)],
+      exceededTransferLimit: true,
+    }),
+  ));
+
+test('a flagged page that adds no features keeps the last good one', () =>
+  assertRejectedSnapshot((call) =>
+    Response.json(
+      call % 2
+        ? { features: [feature(100 + call)], exceededTransferLimit: true }
+        : { features: [], properties: { exceededTransferLimit: true } },
+    ),
+  ));
+
+test('a cached snapshot is reused until TTL, then refreshed', async () => {
+  let now = 1000;
+  let fetches = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      fetches += 1;
+      return Response.json({ features: [feature(fetches)] });
+    },
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  now += 3_599_000;
+  const cached = await request();
+  now += 2000;
+  const refreshed = await request();
+  assert.equal(first.body.rows[0].stableId, '1');
+  assert.equal(cached.body.rows[0].stableId, '1');
+  assert.equal(refreshed.body.rows[0].stableId, '2');
+  assert.equal(fetches, 2);
+});
+
+test('a failed refresh serves the last good snapshot as stale', async () => {
+  let now = 1000;
+  let fail = false;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      if (fail) return new Response('nope', { status: 503 });
+      return Response.json({ features: [feature(7)] });
+    },
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  fail = true;
+  now += 3_600_001;
+  const stale = await request();
+  assert.equal(first.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(stale.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(stale.headers['X-Data-Stale'], 'true');
+  assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.rows[0].stableId, '7');
+});
+
+test('method, unknown routes and rate limits are rejected', async () => {
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: async () => Response.json({ features: [feature()] }),
+  });
+  assert.equal((await request('/', 'POST')).status, 405);
+  assert.equal((await request('/nope')).status, 404);
+  const limited = install({
+    fetchImpl: async () => Response.json({ features: [feature()] }),
+  });
+  let last;
+  for (let i = 0; i < 61; i++) last = await limited('/', 'GET', '10.0.0.9');
+  assert.equal(last.status, 429);
+});
+
+test('a cold upstream failure is 502, not an empty snapshot', async () => {
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response('nope', { status: 503 }),
+  });
+  const res = await request();
+  assert.equal(res.status, 502);
+  assert.equal(res.body.error, 'drone_airspace_unavailable');
+});
+
+test('a stale snapshot is served for at most a day, then refused', async () => {
+  let now = 1_000_000_000;
+  let up = true;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      if (!up) throw new Error('FAA unreachable');
+      return Response.json({ features: [feature(7)] });
+    },
+  });
+  const fresh = await request();
+  assert.equal(fresh.status, 200);
+  up = false;
+  now += 23 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+  const stale = await request();
+  assert.equal(stale.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.fetchedAt, fresh.body.fetchedAt);
+  now += 2 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+  assert.equal((await request()).status, 502, 'a day-old snapshot is refused');
+});
+
+test('a cross-site page is refused before it spends quota or reaches FAA', async () => {
+  let fetches = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      fetches += 1;
+      return Response.json({ features: [feature()] });
+    },
+  });
+  const host = 'localhost:5173';
+  const refused = [
+    { host, 'sec-fetch-site': 'cross-site' },
+    { host, origin: 'https://evil.example' },
+    { host, origin: 'https://evil.example', 'sec-fetch-site': 'cross-site' },
+    { host, 'x-forwarded-for': '203.0.113.9', 'sec-fetch-site': 'cross-site' },
+  ];
+  // More refusals than the 60/min per-client quota, all from one peer.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
+    const headers = refused[i % refused.length];
+    const res = await request('/', 'GET', '10.0.0.5', headers);
+    assert.equal(res.status, 403, JSON.stringify(headers));
+  }
+  assert.equal(fetches, 0, 'refusals cost no upstream call');
+  const app = await request('/', 'GET', '10.0.0.5', {
+    host,
+    origin: `http://${host}`,
+    'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
+  });
+  assert.equal(app.status, 200, 'the app keeps its full quota');
+  assert.equal(fetches, 1);
+});
+
+test('the app served behind a reverse proxy still gets the zones', async () => {
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: async () => Response.json({ features: [feature()] }),
+  });
+  const host = 'gev.example.com';
+  const res = await request('/', 'GET', '127.0.0.1', {
+    host,
+    origin: `https://${host}`,
+    'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
+    'x-forwarded-for': '203.0.113.9',
+    'x-forwarded-proto': 'https',
+  });
+  assert.equal(res.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(res.body.rows.length, 1);
+});
diff --git a/src/data/flowMatch.js b/src/data/flowMatch.js
index c050f6917..cc4fe2280 100644
--- a/src/data/flowMatch.js
+++ b/src/data/flowMatch.js
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ export function createFlowSegmentIndex(flowSegments) {
           roadType,
           level,
           closure,
+          flow,
         };
         const key = cellKey(
           Math.floor((seg.ax + seg.bx) / 2 / CELL_SIZE_M),
@@ -158,7 +159,8 @@ export function createFlowSegmentIndex(flowSegments) {
   const radius2 = MATCH_RADIUS_M * MATCH_RADIUS_M;
   /**
    * Nearest direction-compatible segment within 35 m of a projected point.
-   * `radiusFor(segment)` may tighten the radius per segment (never widen it).
+   * `radiusFor(segment)` may tighten the radius per segment (never widen it);
+   * 0 leaves the segment out.
    */
   function nearest(px, py, bearing, radiusFor = null) {
     const cx = Math.floor(px / CELL_SIZE_M);
@@ -177,7 +179,7 @@ export function createFlowSegmentIndex(flowSegments) {
           candidate = true; // within radius, bearing not yet checked
           if (radiusFor) {
             const radius = Math.min(MATCH_RADIUS_M, radiusFor(seg));
-            if (d2 > radius * radius) continue;
+            if (!(radius > 0) || d2 > radius * radius) continue;
           }
           const diff = bearingDiffDeg(seg.bearing, bearing);
           if (
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.js b/src/data/layerState.js
index 5853cf53d..968c53520 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.js
+++ b/src/data/layerState.js
@@ -598,6 +598,11 @@ export const LAYER_STATE_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
     optionOwner: 'cctv',
   }),
   Object.freeze({ id: 'directions', token: 'n', disposition: 'enabled-only' }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    id: 'drone-airspace',
+    token: '8',
+    disposition: 'enabled-only',
+  }),
   Object.freeze({ id: 'earthquakes', token: 'e', disposition: 'enabled-only' }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'fire-perimeters',
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
index f91f90f3e..9d9bb29b5 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
@@ -202,8 +202,8 @@ function encode(state) {
 
 test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts', async () => {
   assert.equal(validateLayerStateRegistry(), true);
-  assert.equal(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS.length, 34);
-  assert.equal(new Set(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS).size, 34);
+  assert.equal(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS.length, 35);
+  assert.equal(new Set(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS).size, 35);
   assert.ok(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS.includes('transit'));
   assert.deepEqual(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS, [...REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS].sort());
   assert.deepEqual(LEGACY_LAYER_STATE_TOKENS, {
@@ -242,18 +242,18 @@ test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts'
   for (const [id, token] of Object.entries(LEGACY_LAYER_STATE_TOKENS)) {
     assert.equal(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS[id], token);
   }
-  assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(), '8');
+  assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(), '9');
   assert.equal(
     nextLayerStateToken({
       ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
-      alpha: '8',
-      bravo: '9',
+      alpha: '9',
+      bravo: '00',
     }),
-    '00',
+    '01',
   );
   const digitsExhausted = {
     ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
-    ...Object.fromEntries([...'89'].map((digit) => [`prior-${digit}`, digit])),
+    ...Object.fromEntries([...'9'].map((digit) => [`prior-${digit}`, digit])),
   };
   assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(digitsExhausted), '00');
   assert.equal(
@@ -305,8 +305,8 @@ test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts'
   assert.equal(
     validateLayerStateAllocations(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS, {
       ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
-      future: '8',
-      next: '9',
+      future: '9',
+      next: '00',
     }),
     true,
   );
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts'
         ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
         future: '00',
       }),
-    /next free token 8/,
+    /next free token 9/,
   );
   const beforeLastDigit = { ...digitsExhausted };
   delete beforeLastDigit['prior-9'];
@@ -339,10 +339,10 @@ test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts'
   assert.throws(
     () =>
       validateLayerStateAllocations(
-        { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS, merged: '8' },
-        { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS, merged: '8', competing: '8' },
+        { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS, merged: '9' },
+        { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS, merged: '9', competing: '9' },
       ),
-    /next free token 9/,
+    /next free token 00/,
   );
   assert.throws(
     () => validateLayerStateAllocations({ future: '00' }, { future: '01' }),
@@ -2694,6 +2694,22 @@ test('the recent-imagery split is share-link only: never stored locally, and a s
   );
 });
 
+test('drone restrictions uses digit 8 without colliding with fire perimeters', () => {
+  const decoded = decodeLayerStateParams(new URLSearchParams('v=2&l=8.2'));
+  assert.deepEqual(decoded.enabledLayerIds, [
+    'drone-airspace',
+    'fire-perimeters',
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(
+    LAYER_STATE_REGISTRY.find(({ id }) => id === 'drone-airspace').token,
+    '8',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    decodeLayerStateParams(new URLSearchParams(encode(decoded))),
+    decoded,
+  );
+});
+
 test('GNSS interference uses digit 3 without colliding with other digit tokens', () => {
   const decoded = decodeLayerStateParams(new URLSearchParams('v=2&l=3.2.1'));
   assert.deepEqual(decoded.enabledLayerIds, [
diff --git a/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs b/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs
index a95762364..d46782378 100644
--- a/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ test('reservation ledger is complete, pinned, and rejects duplicate or malformed
     { ...parseLayerStateTokenReservations(reservationRows) },
     { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS },
   );
-  assert.equal(Object.keys(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS).length, 34);
+  assert.equal(Object.keys(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS).length, 35);
   assert.deepEqual(
     { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS },
     {
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ test('reservation ledger is complete, pinned, and rejects duplicate or malformed
       's2-ghostmaps': '5',
       'sea-marks': '6',
       'ski-pistes': '7',
+      'drone-airspace': '8',
     },
   );
   assert.throws(
@@ -164,9 +165,9 @@ test('reservation ledger is complete, pinned, and rejects duplicate or malformed
     /Duplicate layer-state token reservation/,
   );
   assert.equal(
-    parseLayerStateTokenReservations([...reservationRows, ['future', '8']])
+    parseLayerStateTokenReservations([...reservationRows, ['future', '9']])
       .future,
-    '8',
+    '9',
   );
   assert.throws(
     () =>
@@ -184,14 +185,14 @@ test('reservation ledger is complete, pinned, and rejects duplicate or malformed
 
 test('published retired digits and competing PRs advance the merge-time allocation', () => {
   withPublishedBase(
-    { rows: [...reservationRows, ['retired-layer', '8']] },
+    { rows: [...reservationRows, ['retired-layer', '9']] },
     (cwd) => {
       const published = readPublishedLayerStateReservations('HEAD', cwd);
-      assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(published), '9');
+      assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(published), '00');
       assert.equal(
         validateLayerStateAllocations(published, {
           ...published,
-          newcomer: '9',
+          newcomer: '00',
         }),
         true,
       );
@@ -199,15 +200,15 @@ test('published retired digits and competing PRs advance the merge-time allocati
         () =>
           validateLayerStateAllocations(published, {
             ...published,
-            competing: '8',
+            competing: '9',
           }),
-        /next free token 9/,
+        /next free token 00/,
       );
       assert.throws(
         () =>
           validateLayerStateAllocations(published, {
             ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
-            newcomer: '8',
+            newcomer: '9',
           }),
         /changed or removed: retired-layer/,
       );
@@ -215,8 +216,8 @@ test('published retired digits and competing PRs advance the merge-time allocati
   );
 });
 
-test('PR B manually replaces provisional 8 with 9 after PR A publishes 8', () => {
-  withPublishedBase({ rows: [...reservationRows, ['pr-a', '8']] }, (cwd) => {
+test('PR B manually replaces provisional 9 with 00 after PR A publishes 9', () => {
+  withPublishedBase({ rows: [...reservationRows, ['pr-a', '9']] }, (cwd) => {
     mkdirSync(path.join(cwd, 'scripts'));
     const fixtureChecker = path.join(
       cwd,
@@ -237,8 +238,8 @@ test('PR B manually replaces provisional 8 with 9 after PR A publishes 8', () =>
 
     writeCodecFixture(
       cwd,
-      [...reservationRows, ['pr-b', '8']],
-      [{ id: 'pr-b', token: '8' }],
+      [...reservationRows, ['pr-b', '9']],
+      [{ id: 'pr-b', token: '9' }],
     );
     const beforeRebase = runCheck();
     assert.equal(beforeRebase.status, 1);
@@ -246,10 +247,10 @@ test('PR B manually replaces provisional 8 with 9 after PR A publishes 8', () =>
 
     writeCodecFixture(
       cwd,
-      [...reservationRows, ['pr-a', '8'], ['pr-b', '8']],
+      [...reservationRows, ['pr-a', '9'], ['pr-b', '9']],
       [
-        { id: 'pr-a', token: '8' },
-        { id: 'pr-b', token: '8' },
+        { id: 'pr-a', token: '9' },
+        { id: 'pr-b', token: '9' },
       ],
     );
     const staleRebase = runCheck();
@@ -257,16 +258,16 @@ test('PR B manually replaces provisional 8 with 9 after PR A publishes 8', () =>
     assert.match(staleRebase.stderr, /Duplicate layer-state token reservation/);
 
     const published = readPublishedLayerStateReservations('HEAD', cwd);
-    assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(published), '9');
-    const validBaselineRows = [...reservationRows, ['pr-a', '8']];
-    writeCodecFixture(cwd, validBaselineRows, [{ id: 'pr-a', token: '8' }]);
+    assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(published), '00');
+    const validBaselineRows = [...reservationRows, ['pr-a', '9']];
+    writeCodecFixture(cwd, validBaselineRows, [{ id: 'pr-a', token: '9' }]);
     const helper = spawnSync(
       process.execPath,
       [realpathSync(fixtureNext), 'pr-b'],
       { cwd, encoding: 'utf8' },
     );
     assert.equal(helper.status, 0, helper.stderr);
-    assert.match(helper.stdout, /pr-b: 9/);
+    assert.match(helper.stdout, /pr-b: 00/);
     assert.deepEqual(
       JSON.parse(readFileSync(path.join(cwd, LEDGER_PATH), 'utf8')),
       validBaselineRows,
@@ -274,20 +275,20 @@ test('PR B manually replaces provisional 8 with 9 after PR A publishes 8', () =>
     );
     writeCodecFixture(
       cwd,
-      [...reservationRows, ['pr-a', '8'], ['pr-b', '9']],
+      [...reservationRows, ['pr-a', '9'], ['pr-b', '00']],
       [
-        { id: 'pr-a', token: '8' },
-        { id: 'pr-b', token: '9' },
+        { id: 'pr-a', token: '9' },
+        { id: 'pr-b', token: '00' },
       ],
     );
     const corrected = runCheck();
     assert.equal(corrected.status, 0, corrected.stderr);
-    assert.match(corrected.stdout, /35 published, 1 new/);
+    assert.match(corrected.stdout, /36 published, 1 new/);
   });
 });
 
 test('allocation batches cross the last digit and base-36 pair boundaries in order', () => {
-  const digitRows = [...'89'].map((digit) => [`retired-${digit}`, digit]);
+  const digitRows = [...'9'].map((digit) => [`retired-${digit}`, digit]);
   const allDigits = parseLayerStateTokenReservations([
     ...reservationRows,
     ...digitRows,
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ test('allocation batches cross the last digit and base-36 pair boundaries in ord
 test('an isolated valid two-character fixture round-trips an l field beyond the old 64-character cap', async () => {
   const cwd = mkdtempSync(path.join(tmpdir(), 'gev-layer-token-width-'));
   try {
-    const priorDigits = [...'89'].map((digit) => [
+    const priorDigits = [...'9'].map((digit) => [
       `qa-prior-digit-${digit}`,
       digit,
     ]);
@@ -376,7 +377,7 @@ test('an isolated valid two-character fixture round-trips an l field beyond the
     const params = new URLSearchParams([['v', '2']]);
     codec.encodeLayerStateParams(params, state);
     assert.ok(params.get('l').length > 64, 'fixture must cross the old cap');
-    assert.equal(params.get('l').length, 79);
+    assert.equal(params.get('l').length, 81);
     const restored = codec.decodeLayerStateParams(params);
     assert.deepEqual(restored?.enabledLayerIds, expectedLayerIds);
     assert.deepEqual(restored?.options, state.options);
@@ -394,7 +395,7 @@ test('checker reads a complete future base ledger and rejects retired-token reus
     },
     (cwd) => {
       const published = readPublishedLayerStateReservations('HEAD', cwd);
-      assert.equal(Object.keys(published).length, 35);
+      assert.equal(Object.keys(published).length, 36);
       assert.equal(published['retired-layer'], '00');
       assert.throws(
         () =>
diff --git a/src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json b/src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json
index cfb7cea93..836112713 100644
--- a/src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json
+++ b/src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
   ["bikeshare", "b"],
   ["cctv", "c"],
   ["directions", "n"],
+  ["drone-airspace", "8"],
   ["earthquakes", "e"],
   ["fire-perimeters", "2"],
   ["flights", "f"],
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index ca04bf306..18cb05880 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3306,5 +3306,17 @@
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "عُدّ ضمن المستطيل المحيط ({area})، لا ضمن الحدود",
   "Search cancelled": "أُلغي البحث",
   "Sea Marks": "علامات بحرية",
-  "Ski Pistes": "مسارات التزلج"
+  "Ski Pistes": "مسارات التزلج",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} إلى {upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "حتى {upper}",
+  "From {lower}": "من {lower}",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "للعلم فقط · لا يصلح لتخطيط الرحلات",
+  "Unnamed zone": "منطقة بلا اسم",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "مصدر المجال الجوي المقيّد غير متاح",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "محظور (P)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "مقيّد (R)",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "المجال الجوي الخاص المحظور والمقيّد لدى FAA فقط، ولا يشمل UAS Facility Map أو قيود طيران UAS. للعلم فقط — ولا يغني عن الأدوات الرسمية لتخطيط رحلات UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "Prohibited": "محظور",
+  "Restricted": "مقيّد",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "المجال الجوي المحظور والمقيّد"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index f990eae81..13116c18a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -2907,6 +2907,18 @@
   "STALE · Roads: {source} · Flow: cached TomTom tiles": "VERALTET · Straßen: {source} · Verkehrsfluss: TomTom-Kacheln aus dem Cache",
   "routing busy — too many routes at once": "Routing-Dienst ausgelastet – zu viele Routen gleichzeitig",
   "route proxy error": "Fehler des Routen-Proxys",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} bis {upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "Bis {upper}",
+  "From {lower}": "Ab {lower}",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "Nur zur Information · nicht für die Flugplanung",
+  "Unnamed zone": "Unbenannte Zone",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Quelle für Sperrgebiete nicht verfügbar",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "Sperrgebiet (P)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "Flugbeschränkungsgebiet (R)",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Nur Sperr- und Flugbeschränkungsgebiete der FAA (Luftraum mit besonderer Nutzung), nicht die UAS Facility Map oder UAS-Flugbeschränkungen. Nur zur Information – kein Ersatz für offizielle UAS-Flugplanungstools (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "Prohibited": "Sperrgebiet",
+  "Restricted": "Flugbeschränkungsgebiet",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Sperr- und Flugbeschränkungsgebiete",
   "scene|PLAY": "START",
   "AUTHORING": "ERSTELLUNG",
   "Create and edit scenes": "Szenen erstellen und bearbeiten",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index fcdd09185..d88a693be 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -2983,6 +2983,18 @@
   "Voice replies appear here.": "Las respuestas de voz aparecen aquí.",
   "Preview is off.": "La vista previa está desactivada.",
   "Automatic stop is unavailable for this voice connection.": "La parada automática no está disponible para esta conexión de voz.",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} a {upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "Hasta {upper}",
+  "From {lower}": "Desde {lower}",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "Solo informativo · no apto para planificar vuelos",
+  "Unnamed zone": "Zona sin nombre",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Fuente de espacio aéreo restringido no disponible",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "Prohibido (P)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "Restringido (R)",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Solo espacio aéreo de uso especial prohibido y restringido de la FAA, sin el UAS Facility Map ni las restricciones de vuelo de UAS. Solo informativo: no sustituye a las herramientas oficiales de planificación de vuelos de UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "Prohibited": "Prohibido",
+  "Restricted": "Restringido",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Espacio aéreo prohibido y restringido",
   "routing busy — too many routes at once": "servicio de rutas ocupado: demasiadas rutas a la vez",
   "route proxy error": "error del proxy de rutas",
   "AUTHORING": "CREACIÓN",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index fd5728596..5d7b87327 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -2977,6 +2977,18 @@
   "Tip: the GEV MIC button in the dock lets you talk to the map.": "Astuce : le bouton GEV MIC du dock permet de parler à la carte.",
   "Malformed cyclone snapshot": "Instantané cyclonique mal formé",
   "Cyclone request timed out": "Délai dépassé pour la requête cyclonique",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} à {upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "Jusqu’à {upper}",
+  "From {lower}": "À partir de {lower}",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "À titre informatif uniquement · ne pas utiliser pour la planification de vol",
+  "Unnamed zone": "Zone sans nom",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Source de l’espace aérien réglementé indisponible",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "Zone interdite (P)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "Zone réglementée (R)",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Uniquement les zones interdites et réglementées de la FAA (espace aérien à usage spécial), sans la UAS Facility Map ni les restrictions de vol des drones. À titre informatif uniquement — ne remplace pas les outils officiels de planification de vol des drones (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "Prohibited": "Zone interdite",
+  "Restricted": "Zone réglementée",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Zones interdites et réglementées",
   "scene|PLAY": "LIRE",
   "AUTHORING": "CRÉATION",
   "Create and edit scenes": "Créer et modifier des scènes",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index cd0e85571..798e7a4cc 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -2977,6 +2977,18 @@
   "Tip: the GEV MIC button in the dock lets you talk to the map.": "Suggerimento: il pulsante GEV MIC nel dock ti permette di parlare con la mappa.",
   "Malformed cyclone snapshot": "Snapshot dei cicloni non valido",
   "Cyclone request timed out": "La richiesta dei cicloni è andata in timeout",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "da {lower} a {upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "Fino a {upper}",
+  "From {lower}": "Da {lower}",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "Solo a scopo informativo · non per la pianificazione del volo",
+  "Unnamed zone": "Zona senza nome",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Fonte dello spazio aereo regolamentato non disponibile",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "Zona proibita (P)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "Zona regolamentata (R)",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Solo zone proibite e regolamentate della FAA (spazio aereo a uso speciale), non la UAS Facility Map né le restrizioni di volo UAS. Solo a scopo informativo — non sostituisce gli strumenti ufficiali di pianificazione del volo UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "Prohibited": "Zona proibita",
+  "Restricted": "Zona regolamentata",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Zone proibite e regolamentate",
   "scene|PLAY": "AVVIA",
   "AUTHORING": "CREAZIONE",
   "Create and edit scenes": "Crea e modifica le scene",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 9a38c8549..8e65d6d4f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2837,6 +2837,18 @@
   "route proxy error": "ルート検索プロキシでエラーが発生しました",
   "Malformed cyclone snapshot": "サイクロンのスナップショットの形式が不正です",
   "Cyclone request timed out": "サイクロンのリクエストがタイムアウトしました",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower}～{upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "{upper}まで",
+  "From {lower}": "{lower}から",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "参考情報のみ · 飛行計画には使用しないでください",
+  "Unnamed zone": "名称なしのゾーン",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "制限空域のデータソースを利用できません",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "飛行禁止区域 (P)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "制限区域 (R)",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "FAAの飛行禁止区域と制限区域（特別使用空域）のみで、UAS Facility MapやUAS飛行制限は含みません。参考情報のみ — 公式のUAS飛行計画ツール（B4UFLY / LAANC）の代わりにはなりません。",
+  "Prohibited": "飛行禁止区域",
+  "Restricted": "制限区域",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "飛行禁止区域と制限区域",
   "scene|PLAY": "再生",
   "AUTHORING": "作成",
   "Create and edit scenes": "シーンを作成・編集",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 54225789d..68c6c9648 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -2977,6 +2977,18 @@
   "Don't show this again": "Não mostrar novamente",
   "ESC to dismiss": "ESC para fechar",
   "Tip: the GEV MIC button in the dock lets you talk to the map.": "Dica: o botão GEV MIC no dock permite falar com o mapa.",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} a {upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "Até {upper}",
+  "From {lower}": "A partir de {lower}",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "Apenas informativo · não usar para planejamento de voo",
+  "Unnamed zone": "Zona sem nome",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Fonte de espaço aéreo restrito indisponível",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "Área proibida (P)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "Área restrita (R)",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Apenas áreas proibidas e restritas da FAA (espaço aéreo de uso especial), sem o UAS Facility Map ou as restrições de voo de UAS. Apenas informativo — não substitui as ferramentas oficiais de planejamento de voo de UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "Prohibited": "Área proibida",
+  "Restricted": "Área restrita",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Áreas proibidas e restritas",
   "scene|PLAY": "INICIAR",
   "AUTHORING": "CRIAÇÃO",
   "Create and edit scenes": "Criar e editar cenas",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index eb4ca4dad..4809d8af1 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3053,6 +3053,18 @@
   "Voice replies appear here.": "Здесь появляются голосовые ответы.",
   "Preview is off.": "Предпросмотр отключён.",
   "Automatic stop is unavailable for this voice connection.": "Автоматическая остановка недоступна для этого голосового подключения.",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "от {lower} до {upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "До {upper}",
+  "From {lower}": "От {lower}",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "Только для информации · не для планирования полётов",
+  "Unnamed zone": "Зона без названия",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Источник данных об ограниченном воздушном пространстве недоступен",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "Запретная зона (P)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "Зона ограничения (R)",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Только запретные зоны и зоны ограничения полётов FAA (воздушное пространство особого использования), без UAS Facility Map и ограничений полётов БАС. Только для информации — не заменяет официальные инструменты планирования полётов БАС (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "Prohibited": "Запретная зона",
+  "Restricted": "Зона ограничения",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Запретные зоны и зоны ограничения",
   "routing busy — too many routes at once": "сервис маршрутов занят: слишком много маршрутов одновременно",
   "route proxy error": "ошибка прокси маршрутов",
   "AUTHORING": "РЕДАКТОР",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 903db6586..3ca0deec1 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3045,6 +3045,18 @@
   "Don't show this again": "Більше не показувати",
   "ESC to dismiss": "ESC — приховати",
   "Tip: the GEV MIC button in the dock lets you talk to the map.": "Порада: кнопка МІК у доку дає змогу говорити з картою.",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "від {lower} до {upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "До {upper}",
+  "From {lower}": "Від {lower}",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "Лише для довідки · не для планування польотів",
+  "Unnamed zone": "Зона без назви",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Джерело даних про обмежений повітряний простір недоступне",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "Заборонена зона (P)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "Зона обмеження (R)",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Лише заборонені зони та зони обмеження FAA (повітряний простір особливого використання), без UAS Facility Map і обмежень польотів БпЛА. Лише для довідки — не замінює офіційні інструменти планування польотів БпЛА (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "Prohibited": "Заборонена зона",
+  "Restricted": "Зона обмеження",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Заборонені зони та зони обмеження",
   "Malformed cyclone snapshot": "Некоректний знімок циклонів",
   "Cyclone request timed out": "Минув час очікування запиту циклонів",
   "scene|PLAY": "СТАРТ",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 78a62c593..8277f1c27 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2843,6 +2843,18 @@
     "other": "{count} 个地标"
   },
   "S2 Underground publishes these KMZ products to GitHub. New uploads are detected within seconds and replace the previous edition automatically. Click a marker for its report.": "S2 Underground 在 GitHub 发布这些 KMZ 产品。新上传的内容会在数秒内被检测到，并自动替换旧版本。点击标记查看报告。",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} 至 {upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "最高 {upper}",
+  "From {lower}": "自 {lower} 起",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "仅供参考 · 不可用于飞行规划",
+  "Unnamed zone": "未命名区域",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "受限空域数据源不可用",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "禁区 (P)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "限制区 (R)",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "仅包含 FAA 禁区和限制区特殊用途空域，不含 UAS Facility Map 和无人机飞行限制。仅供参考，不能替代官方无人机飞行规划工具（B4UFLY / LAANC）。",
+  "Prohibited": "禁区",
+  "Restricted": "限制区",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "禁区与限制区空域",
   "routing busy — too many routes at once": "路线服务繁忙：同时请求的路线过多",
   "route proxy error": "路线代理出错",
   "AUTHORING": "创作",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index e2a5b9cc4..2d11c4f3d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2845,6 +2845,18 @@
   "S2 Underground publishes these KMZ products to GitHub. New uploads are detected within seconds and replace the previous edition automatically. Click a marker for its report.": "S2 Underground 在 GitHub 發布這些 KMZ 產品。新上傳的內容會在數秒內被檢測到，並自動替換舊版本。點擊標記查看報告。",
   "routing busy — too many routes at once": "路線服務繁忙：同時請求的路線過多",
   "route proxy error": "路線代理出錯",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} 至 {upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "最高 {upper}",
+  "From {lower}": "自 {lower} 起",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "僅供參考 · 不可用於飛行規劃",
+  "Unnamed zone": "未命名區域",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "限制空域資料來源無法使用",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "禁航區 (P)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "限航區 (R)",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "僅包含 FAA 禁航區與限航區特殊用途空域，不含 UAS Facility Map 與無人機飛行限制。僅供參考，不能取代官方無人機飛行規劃工具（B4UFLY / LAANC）。",
+  "Prohibited": "禁航區",
+  "Restricted": "限航區",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "禁航區與限航區空域",
   "AUTHORING": "創作",
   "Create and edit scenes": "創建和編輯場景",
   "SCENE": "場景",
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/awareness/lifecycle.js
index 925a3a9ca..b2e7dfe30 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/lifecycle.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { cameraPoseSignature } from '../../data/iconOrientation.js';
+import { AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createLifecycle({
   state: layerState,
@@ -8,6 +9,86 @@ export function createLifecycle({
 }) {
   const { holdContinuousRender, releaseContinuousRender } = services.render;
 
+  /**
+   * Note the user handling the map's camera (pointer, wheel or touch on the
+   * Cesium canvas, where its camera controller listens), so a camera move the
+   * user made can wake the range pulses and one the app made (tracking,
+   * cockpit, orbit, a fly-to) does not. Keys are left out: Cesium's camera
+   * controller reads none, and typing elsewhere must not count. Nor does
+   * input while the camera controller's inputs are off: the cockpit (or a
+   * gizmo drag, or a drawing tool) owns the camera then, and the user's
+   * gesture moves nothing.
+   */
+  function noteCameraInput(event) {
+    if (event?.type === 'pointermove' && !event.buttons) return;
+    if (!cameraInputsEnabled()) return;
+    layerState.lastCameraInputMs = Date.now();
+    if (event?.type === 'pointerdown') activePointers.add(event.pointerId);
+    if (event?.type === 'pointerdown' || event?.type === 'touchstart')
+      followGesture(true);
+  }
+
+  // A drag can leave the canvas, and Cesium follows it at document level
+  // (in Firefox, and wherever there are no pointer events). So does this,
+  // from a gesture's start on the canvas to its end, so a long gesture keeps
+  // the input window open the whole way.
+  const GESTURE_MOVE_EVENTS = ['pointermove', 'touchmove'];
+  const GESTURE_END_EVENTS = [
+    'pointerup',
+    'pointercancel',
+    'touchend',
+    'touchcancel',
+  ];
+  let followingGesture = false;
+  const activePointers = new Set();
+
+  function followGesture(on) {
+    if (followingGesture === on) return;
+    followingGesture = on;
+    if (!on) activePointers.clear();
+    const listen = on ? 'addEventListener' : 'removeEventListener';
+    for (const type of GESTURE_MOVE_EVENTS)
+      globalThis.document?.[listen]?.(type, noteCameraInput, { passive: true });
+    for (const type of GESTURE_END_EVENTS)
+      globalThis.document?.[listen]?.(type, endGesture, { passive: true });
+    globalThis[listen]?.('blur', dropGesture);
+    globalThis.document?.[listen]?.('visibilitychange', dropGesture);
+  }
+
+  // A gesture ends with its last contact: lifting one finger of a pinch
+  // leaves Cesium a one-finger drag.
+  function endGesture(event) {
+    noteCameraInput(event);
+    activePointers.delete(event?.pointerId);
+    if (activePointers.size || event?.touches?.length) return;
+    followGesture(false);
+  }
+
+  // Losing the window or the page mid-gesture means its end may never
+  // arrive here, so stop following it and drop its pending input.
+  function dropGesture(event) {
+    if (
+      event?.type === 'visibilitychange' &&
+      document.visibilityState !== 'hidden'
+    )
+      return;
+    followGesture(false);
+    layerState.lastCameraInputMs = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+  }
+
+  function cameraInputsEnabled() {
+    const controller = layerState.viewer?.scene?.screenSpaceCameraController;
+    return controller?.enableInputs !== false;
+  }
+
+  const CAMERA_INPUT_EVENTS = [
+    'pointerdown',
+    'pointermove',
+    'pointerup',
+    'wheel',
+    'touchstart',
+  ];
+
   /**
    * Quantized camera-pose signature, or '' when the camera cannot report a full
    * pose yet. An unknown pose reads as PARKED, so a camera that is still coming
@@ -50,10 +131,18 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       'gev:awareness-subject-cleared',
       layerState.subjectClearListener,
     );
+    const input = layerState.viewer.canvas ?? layerState.viewer.scene?.canvas;
+    for (const type of CAMERA_INPUT_EVENTS)
+      input?.addEventListener?.(type, noteCameraInput, { passive: true });
+    layerState.cameraInputTarget = input ?? null;
     layerState.preRenderRemover =
       layerState.viewer.scene.preRender.addEventListener(() => {
         if (!layerState.enabled) return;
         const now = Date.now();
+        // Another owner took the camera: a gesture begun before it did must
+        // not wake the pulses on that owner's first move.
+        if (!cameraInputsEnabled())
+          layerState.lastCameraInputMs = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
         // "Did the camera move" uses the SAME quantized pose signature the fleet
         // rotation pass gates on (iconOrientation.cameraPoseSignature) rather than
         // camera.changed, whose granularity is globally degraded by other layers
@@ -62,6 +151,14 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         if (poseSig !== layerState.lastCameraPoseSig) {
           layerState.lastCameraPoseSig = poseSig;
           layerState.lastCameraPoseChangeMs = now;
+          // A camera move the user made runs the range pulses again; parked,
+          // or moved by the app (tracking, cockpit, orbit, a fly-to), they
+          // rest.
+          if (
+            now - layerState.lastCameraInputMs <
+            AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.inputWakeMs
+          )
+            parts.rendering.wakePulses();
         }
         const decision = parts.model.awarenessRefreshDecision({
           nowMs: now,
@@ -108,6 +205,13 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         'gev:awareness-subject-cleared',
         layerState.subjectClearListener,
       );
+      for (const type of CAMERA_INPUT_EVENTS)
+        layerState.cameraInputTarget?.removeEventListener?.(
+          type,
+          noteCameraInput,
+        );
+      layerState.cameraInputTarget = null;
+      followGesture(false);
     }
     layerState.preRenderRemover?.();
     layerState.preRenderRemover = null;
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/policy.js b/src/layers/awareness/policy.js
index 22cc8eb98..2e973a473 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/policy.js
@@ -44,6 +44,93 @@ export const AWARENESS_MAX_NAVIGATION_EXAMPLES = 10000;
 
 export const CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M = 2500;
 
+/** @constant The 250 km range ring around the Global Context subject.
+ *  The old 1 px ellipse outline vanished over desert, snow and under
+ *  the FLIR, NVG and CRT styles. A bright core inside a dark halo keeps
+ *  luminance contrast on light and dark ground alike, and luminance is what
+ *  the monochrome styles keep. The core is the Context panel's blue; the halo
+ *  is the map-card ink. Widths are screen pixels; `outlineWidth` is per side.
+ *  It is drawn as an unpickable primitive, so clicks on its edge reach the
+ *  contacts underneath.
+ *  While the sonar pulses run, the ring dims to `restOpacity` and flashes
+ *  to full as each pulse reaches it, fading over `flashMs`. `restOpacity`
+ *  keeps the 250 km edge readable between flashes, in screenshots and for
+ *  low-vision viewers. Once the pulses rest, and without pulses (reduced
+ *  motion, or a scene that cannot animate), it stays on screen at full. */
+export const AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE = Object.freeze({
+  color: 'rgba(98, 181, 255, 0.95)',
+  outlineColor: 'rgba(4, 12, 16, 0.8)',
+  width: 4,
+  outlineWidth: 1,
+  segments: 128,
+  flashMs: 1800,
+  restOpacity: 0.4,
+});
+
+/** @constant Sonar-style pulses that grow slowly from the subject to the
+ *  range ring and are almost gone when they reach it. `count` pulses share
+ *  one `periodMs`, evenly staggered, so a new one starts every
+ *  `periodMs / count`. Each starts at `startFraction` of the radius, fades in
+ *  over `fadeInFraction` of its travel, then fades as (1 - travel) to the
+ *  `fadeOutPower` down to `endOpacityFraction` of `peakOpacity`, so a pulse
+ *  is dim but still visible when it reaches the ring and the ring flashes.
+ *  Each line is `width` CSS pixels wide, its outer `outlineWidth` a dark
+ *  halo, in the ring's colours, as Cesium's polyline outline material draws.
+ *  Behind each line a radial gradient in the same blue fades inward over
+ *  `gradientDepthFraction` of the radius, at most
+ *  `gradientOpacity` strong. One unpickable disc draws the lines and the
+ *  gradient, so pulses never catch a click meant for a contact; its shader
+ *  takes at most four pulses. The disc follows the subject by a model-matrix
+ *  rotation, so it stays concentric with the ring, and is rebuilt only after
+ *  the subject moves `gradientRebuildM` from where it was built; while the
+ *  pulses rest the hidden disc is left alone and catches up when they wake. The
+ *  disc is hidden while the camera is below its height, where it would sweep
+ *  the sky.
+ *  The pulses run for `activeMs` (three ring flashes) after a selection or
+ *  a camera move, fading in and out over `settleMs`, then rest: the ring
+ *  stays on screen, static, and nothing asks for frames, so a parked view
+ *  goes quiet again. Only a camera move within `inputWakeMs` of the user
+ *  handling the map (pointer, wheel or touch on the canvas, which covers a
+ *  drag's inertia, while the camera controls take input) wakes them; a moving subject and the app's own camera moves
+ *  (tracking, cockpit, orbit, a fly-to) do not. Below the disc's height they
+ *  rest too. While they run they never hold
+ *  continuous rendering; each drawn frame arms one more request after the
+ *  Cyber sonar's 80 ms cadence, so the two never beat. When something else
+ *  already renders continuously they update every frame. Skipped under
+ *  prefers-reduced-motion. */
+export const AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE = Object.freeze({
+  count: 3,
+  periodMs: 9000,
+  startFraction: 0.02,
+  fadeInFraction: 0.08,
+  fadeOutPower: 1.5,
+  endOpacityFraction: 0.35,
+  peakOpacity: 0.6,
+  width: 3,
+  outlineWidth: 1,
+  gradientDepthFraction: 0.35,
+  gradientOpacity: 0.22,
+  gradientGranularityDeg: 0.25,
+  gradientRebuildM: 20000,
+  activeMs: 9000,
+  settleMs: 1200,
+  inputWakeMs: 1500,
+});
+
+/** @constant Sonar echoes on contact brackets. When a pulse front reaches a
+ *  flight, military aircraft or AIS vessel in the window, the detection
+ *  overlay draws a second bracket in `color` around that contact's own
+ *  bracket. It starts on the bracket and spreads outward by up to `spreadPx`
+ *  as it fades over `fadeMs`, so the frame pulses. Only `layerIds` echo;
+ *  mapped installations have no detection bracket. */
+export const AWARENESS_RANGE_ECHO = Object.freeze({
+  layerIds: ['flights', 'military', 'ais-live-vessels'],
+  fadeMs: 1400,
+  color: 'rgb(98, 181, 255)',
+  spreadPx: 8,
+  lineWidth: 1.75,
+});
+
 export const VESSEL_FOCUS_RADIUS_M = 3000;
 
 export const SOURCE_LABEL = {
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/rangeRing.test.mjs b/src/layers/awareness/rangeRing.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb26f8045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/rangeRing.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,1282 @@
+// src/layers/awareness/rangeRing.test.mjs — the 250 km Global Context range
+// ring is a haloed polyline that stays legible on light and dark ground,
+// sits where the old ellipse outline did, and follows the subject.
+// Dim sonar pulses grow slowly from the subject to the ring, each with an
+// inward-fading gradient behind it, drawn on one unpickable disc; the ring
+// dims and flashes as each one arrives and the overlay's echo field follows
+// the subject. The pulses run for a bounded time after a selection or camera
+// move, then rest with the ring steady. Under reduced motion the ring simply
+// stays on screen.
+import '../../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { AWARENESS_RADIUS_M } from '../../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
+import {
+  AWARENESS_RANGE_ECHO,
+  AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE,
+  AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE,
+  CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M,
+} from './policy.js';
+import { CYBER_SONAR_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS } from '../../cyberSonar.js';
+import {
+  AWARENESS_PULSE_GRADIENT_MAX,
+  awarenessPulseLevel,
+  awarenessPulseState,
+  awarenessRangeRingPositions,
+  awarenessRingFlash,
+  awarenessRingGeometryOptions,
+  createRendering,
+  wakeAwarenessPulses,
+} from './rendering.js';
+import { getAwarenessEchoField } from '../../awarenessEcho.js';
+import { createLifecycle } from './lifecycle.js';
+import { createState } from './state.js';
+
+/** WCAG relative luminance of a Cesium colour, ignoring alpha. */
+function luminance(color) {
+  const channel = (c) =>
+    c <= 0.03928 ? c / 12.92 : ((c + 0.055) / 1.055) ** 2.4;
+  return (
+    0.2126 * channel(color.red) +
+    0.7152 * channel(color.green) +
+    0.0722 * channel(color.blue)
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The rendering part over a bare entity collection, counting render asks and
+ * by reason. `reducedMotion` stubs the media query for the length of the
+ * test; `motion.set(on)` flips it later and tells its listeners, as the
+ * browser does.
+ */
+function ringRendering(t, { reducedMotion = false, legacyQuery = false } = {}) {
+  const previous = globalThis.matchMedia;
+  const listeners = new Set();
+  // `legacyQuery` is a MediaQueryList as Safari before 14 shipped it, with
+  // only addListener / removeListener.
+  const query = legacyQuery
+    ? {
+        get matches() {
+          return reducedMotion;
+        },
+        addListener: (listener) => listeners.add(listener),
+        removeListener: (listener) => listeners.delete(listener),
+      }
+    : {
+        get matches() {
+          return reducedMotion;
+        },
+        addEventListener(type, listener) {
+          if (type === 'change') listeners.add(listener);
+        },
+        removeEventListener(type, listener) {
+          if (type === 'change') listeners.delete(listener);
+        },
+      };
+  globalThis.matchMedia = (media) =>
+    media === '(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)'
+      ? query
+      : { matches: false, addEventListener() {}, removeEventListener() {} };
+  t.after(() => {
+    globalThis.matchMedia = previous;
+  });
+  const motion = {
+    set(on) {
+      reducedMotion = on;
+      for (const listener of [...listeners]) listener({ matches: on });
+    },
+    /** Change the preference without a change event, as old browsers do. */
+    setQuietly(on) {
+      reducedMotion = on;
+    },
+    listeners: () => listeners.size,
+  };
+  const state = createState({ services: {} });
+  const entities = new Cesium.EntityCollection();
+  const scene = {
+    primitives: new Cesium.PrimitiveCollection(),
+    preRender: new Cesium.Event(),
+    postRender: new Cesium.Event(),
+  };
+  state.viewer = { entities, scene };
+  const reasons = [];
+  const rendering = createRendering({
+    state,
+    services: {
+      geometry: {},
+      render: {
+        governorRequestRender(reason) {
+          reasons.push(reason);
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    parts: {},
+  });
+  // A shown ring keeps a pulse timer; never leave one running past a test.
+  t.after(() => rendering.clearVisual());
+  return {
+    state,
+    entities,
+    scene,
+    rendering,
+    motion,
+    reasons,
+    renders: () => reasons.filter((r) => r === 'awareness-visual').length,
+    pulseFrames: () => reasons.filter((r) => r === 'awareness-pulse').length,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * A request-render scene on a fake clock: `performance.now()` and the
+ * timers advance together, and any render ask is drawn (preRender, then
+ * postRender) on the next millisecond, as Cesium's request-render mode does.
+ * `draw()` draws a frame someone else asked for.
+ */
+function frameLoop(t, ring, { date = false } = {}) {
+  let clock = 1_000_000;
+  t.mock.method(performance, 'now', () => clock);
+  t.mock.timers.enable({
+    apis: date
+      ? ['setTimeout', 'setInterval', 'Date']
+      : ['setTimeout', 'setInterval'],
+    now: clock,
+  });
+  let drawn = 0;
+  const draw = () => {
+    drawn = ring.reasons.length;
+    ring.scene.preRender.raiseEvent(ring.scene);
+    ring.scene.postRender.raiseEvent(ring.scene);
+  };
+  return {
+    now: () => clock,
+    draw,
+    advance(ms) {
+      for (let step = 0; step < ms; step++) {
+        clock++;
+        t.mock.timers.tick(1);
+        if (ring.reasons.length > drawn) draw();
+      }
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/** The ring and the pulse disc among scene primitives. */
+function pulsePrimitives(scene) {
+  const all = Array.from({ length: scene.primitives.length }, (_, i) =>
+    scene.primitives.get(i),
+  );
+  const ring = all.find(
+    (p) => p.appearance instanceof Cesium.PolylineMaterialAppearance,
+  );
+  const discs = all.filter((p) => p instanceof Cesium.Primitive && p !== ring);
+  return { ring, disc: discs[0], count: discs.length };
+}
+
+/** Where a disc built around `built` sits after its model matrix. */
+function discCenter(disc, built) {
+  return Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(
+    disc.modelMatrix,
+    built,
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+}
+
+/** The ring's material uniforms as the next drawn frame sets them. */
+function ringColors(scene) {
+  scene.preRender.raiseEvent(scene);
+  return pulsePrimitives(scene).ring.appearance.material.uniforms;
+}
+
+const flight = (lon) => ({
+  layerId: 'flights',
+  id: 'abc123',
+  position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, 27, 9000),
+});
+
+/** Surface distance from `center` to each ring position. */
+function surfaceDistances(center, positions) {
+  const from = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(center);
+  return positions.map((position) => {
+    const to = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position);
+    return new Cesium.EllipsoidGeodesic(from, to).surfaceDistance;
+  });
+}
+
+for (const [place, lat, lon] of [
+  ['equator', 0, 0],
+  ['Sahara', 27, 3],
+  ['Greenland', 72, -40],
+  ['antimeridian', 10, 179.9],
+]) {
+  test(`ring positions stay 250 km from the subject at ${place}`, () => {
+    const center = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, 0);
+    const positions = awarenessRangeRingPositions(
+      center,
+      AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
+      CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M,
+    );
+    assert.equal(positions.length, AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.segments + 1);
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(positions[0], positions.at(-1), 0, 1e-6),
+      'the ring closes on itself',
+    );
+    // Within 100 m of 250 km on the WGS84 ellipsoid.
+    for (const distance of surfaceDistances(center, positions))
+      assert.ok(Math.abs(distance - AWARENESS_RADIUS_M) < 100, `${distance} m`);
+    for (const position of positions)
+      assert.ok(
+        Math.abs(
+          Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position).height -
+            CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M,
+        ) < 1e-3,
+      );
+  });
+}
+
+for (const [place, lat, lon] of [
+  ['the North Pole', 90, 0],
+  ['the South Pole', -90, 0],
+  ['1e-7° from the North Pole', 90 - 1e-7, 45],
+  ['1e-8° from the South Pole', -90 + 1e-8, -120],
+]) {
+  test(`the ring stays a full circle at ${place}`, () => {
+    const center = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, 0);
+    const segments = AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.segments;
+    const positions = awarenessRangeRingPositions(
+      center,
+      AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
+      CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M,
+    );
+    assert.equal(positions.length, segments + 1);
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(positions[0], positions.at(-1), 0, 1e-6),
+      'the ring closes on itself',
+    );
+    const distinct = new Set(
+      positions
+        .slice(0, segments)
+        .map(({ x, y, z }) => [x, y, z].map((v) => v.toFixed(1)).join()),
+    );
+    assert.equal(distinct.size, segments, 'every vertex is its own point');
+    // Ordinary chords are 2π × 250 km / 128 ≈ 12.3 km long.
+    for (let i = 0; i < segments; i++) {
+      const chord = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(positions[i], positions[i + 1]);
+      assert.ok(chord > 11_500 && chord < 13_000, `chord ${i}: ${chord} m`);
+    }
+    for (const distance of surfaceDistances(center, positions))
+      assert.ok(Math.abs(distance - AWARENESS_RADIUS_M) < 100, `${distance} m`);
+  });
+}
+
+test('the ring core and halo contrast on light and dark ground', () => {
+  const core = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(
+    AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.color,
+  );
+  const halo = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(
+    AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.outlineColor,
+  );
+  // Core against halo is the edge that survives bright desert and snow, and
+  // the monochrome styles that map everything to luminance.
+  const ratio = (luminance(core) + 0.05) / (luminance(halo) + 0.05);
+  assert.ok(ratio >= 4.5, `core:halo contrast ${ratio.toFixed(2)}`);
+  assert.ok(core.alpha >= 0.9 && halo.alpha >= 0.7);
+  // A visible halo on each side of a core at least 2 px wide.
+  const { width, outlineWidth } = AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE;
+  assert.ok(outlineWidth >= 1);
+  assert.ok(width - 2 * outlineWidth >= 2);
+});
+
+test('renderVisual draws one haloed polyline ring, not an ellipse outline', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { entities, scene, state, rendering } = ring;
+  frameLoop(t, ring); // freeze the clock: the pulses have not faded in yet
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  // A polyline primitive, never an entity or an ellipse outline.
+  assert.equal(entities.values.length, 0);
+  const ringPrimitive = pulsePrimitives(scene).ring;
+  assert.ok(ringPrimitive);
+  const geometry = ringPrimitive.geometryInstances.geometry;
+  assert.ok(geometry instanceof Cesium.PolylineGeometry);
+  // 4 px wide, straight chords between surface-following positions, as the
+  // entity ring was drawn.
+  const options = awarenessRingGeometryOptions(state.visual.ringPositions);
+  assert.equal(options.width, 4);
+  assert.equal(options.width, AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.width);
+  assert.equal(options.arcType, Cesium.ArcType.NONE);
+  assert.equal(options.positions, state.visual.ringPositions);
+  assert.equal(
+    options.vertexFormat,
+    Cesium.PolylineMaterialAppearance.VERTEX_FORMAT,
+  );
+  const { material } = ringPrimitive.appearance;
+  assert.equal(material.type, 'PolylineOutline');
+  // The ring's hue is fixed; its opacity flashes with arriving pulses, and
+  // at the moment it appears, before the pulses fade in, it is at full.
+  const core = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(
+    AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.color,
+  );
+  const { color, outlineWidth } = ringColors(scene);
+  assert.equal(color.red, core.red);
+  assert.equal(color.blue, core.blue);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(color.alpha - core.alpha) < 1e-9, `${color.alpha}`);
+  assert.equal(outlineWidth, AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.outlineWidth);
+  const ground = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3, 27, 0);
+  for (const distance of surfaceDistances(ground, state.visual.ringPositions))
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(distance - AWARENESS_RADIUS_M) < 100);
+});
+
+test('the ring and pulses follow the subject past 250 m and ignore smaller drift', (t) => {
+  const { scene, state, rendering, renders } = ringRendering(t);
+  const subject = flight;
+  rendering.renderVisual(subject(3));
+  const ringBefore = pulsePrimitives(scene).ring;
+  const first = state.visual.ringPositions;
+  const discBefore = pulsePrimitives(scene).disc;
+  const rendersAfterAdd = renders();
+
+  // ~100 m east: under the threshold, nothing is rebuilt or rendered.
+  rendering.renderVisual(subject(3.001));
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).ring, ringBefore);
+  assert.equal(state.visual.ringPositions, first);
+  assert.equal(renders(), rendersAfterAdd);
+
+  // ~1 km east: the ring is rebuilt around the new centre, keeping its
+  // material, so a flash carries on.
+  rendering.renderVisual(subject(3.01));
+  const ringAfter = pulsePrimitives(scene).ring;
+  assert.notEqual(ringAfter, ringBefore);
+  assert.ok(ringBefore.isDestroyed());
+  assert.equal(ringAfter.appearance.material, ringBefore.appearance.material);
+  assert.equal(ringAfter.allowPicking, false);
+  const moved = state.visual.ringPositions;
+  assert.notEqual(moved, first);
+  for (const distance of surfaceDistances(
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3.01, 27, 0),
+    moved,
+  ))
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(distance - AWARENESS_RADIUS_M) < 100);
+  assert.equal(renders(), rendersAfterAdd + 1);
+  // The pulses are drawn on a disc that follows to the NEW centre by its
+  // model matrix, so they stay concentric with the ring without a rebuild.
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).disc, discBefore);
+  assert.ok(
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(
+      discCenter(discBefore, Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3, 27, 0)),
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3.01, 27, 0),
+    ) < 1,
+  );
+
+  rendering.clearVisual();
+  assert.equal(scene.primitives.length, 0);
+});
+
+test('a pulse grows slowly from the subject and arrives dim at the ring', () => {
+  const {
+    periodMs,
+    count,
+    startFraction,
+    fadeInFraction,
+    peakOpacity,
+    endOpacityFraction,
+  } = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE;
+  const at = (phase) => awarenessPulseState(phase * periodMs, 0);
+  // Starts small and invisible, so nothing pops in at the centre.
+  assert.equal(at(0).radiusM, AWARENESS_RADIUS_M * startFraction);
+  assert.equal(at(0).alpha, 0);
+  // Dim: never brighter than `peakOpacity`, which sits well under the ring.
+  let brightest = 0;
+  for (let phase = 0; phase < 1; phase += 0.005) {
+    const { alpha } = at(phase);
+    assert.ok(alpha >= 0 && alpha <= peakOpacity, `alpha ${alpha} at ${phase}`);
+    brightest = Math.max(brightest, alpha);
+  }
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(brightest - at(fadeInFraction).alpha) < 0.01);
+  assert.ok(peakOpacity <= 0.6);
+  // Fading as it travels, but still visible when it reaches the ring, where
+  // the ring takes over with its flash.
+  assert.ok(at(0.5).alpha < at(0.25).alpha);
+  assert.ok(at(0.9).alpha < at(0.5).alpha);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(at(0.999).alpha - peakOpacity * endOpacityFraction) < 0.01,
+  );
+  assert.ok(at(0.999).alpha >= 0.15, 'the arriving pulse is still visible');
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(at(0.999).radiusM - AWARENESS_RADIUS_M) < 300);
+  // Constant speed: equal time steps add equal radius.
+  const step = at(0.4).radiusM - at(0.3).radiusM;
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(at(0.7).radiusM - at(0.6).radiusM - step) < 1e-6);
+  // Calm: a new pulse at most every 2.5 s, crossing 250 km in 8 s or more.
+  assert.ok(periodMs / count >= 2500);
+  assert.ok(periodMs >= 8000);
+  // Pulses are evenly staggered across one period, and the cycle repeats.
+  const near = (a, b) =>
+    Math.abs(a.radiusM - b.radiusM) < 1e-6 &&
+    Math.abs(a.alpha - b.alpha) < 1e-9;
+  for (let index = 1; index < count; index++)
+    assert.ok(
+      near(
+        awarenessPulseState(0, index),
+        awarenessPulseState((index / count) * periodMs, 0),
+      ),
+    );
+  assert.ok(
+    near(
+      awarenessPulseState(periodMs * 7 + 123, 1),
+      awarenessPulseState(123, 1),
+    ),
+  );
+});
+
+test('pulses ask for a frame 80 ms after each drawn frame instead of holding continuous rendering', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { rendering, pulseFrames } = ring;
+  const loop = frameLoop(t, ring);
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  // A Contacts view repaints at the Cyber sonar cadence, ~12.5 fps, while
+  // the pulses run, never every display frame.
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), 0);
+  loop.advance(1); // the frame the new ring asked for arms the first request
+  loop.advance(CYBER_SONAR_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS * 10);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(pulseFrames() - 10) <= 1, `${pulseFrames()} frames`);
+  const frames = pulseFrames();
+  rendering.clearVisual();
+  assert.equal(ring.scene.primitives.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(ring.scene.postRender.numberOfListeners, 0);
+  loop.advance(CYBER_SONAR_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS * 10);
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), frames, 'no frames once the ring is gone');
+});
+
+test('a parked view stops asking for frames once the pulses rest', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { scene, rendering, pulseFrames } = ring;
+  const loop = frameLoop(t, ring);
+  const { activeMs, count, periodMs } = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE;
+  // Long enough for three ring flashes, then quiet, and short: a burst is
+  // seconds, not minutes.
+  assert.ok(activeMs >= 3 * (periodMs / count));
+  assert.ok(activeMs <= 15_000, `${activeMs} ms burst`);
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  loop.advance(activeMs + 500);
+  const frames = pulseFrames();
+  assert.ok(frames >= activeMs / CYBER_SONAR_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS - 2);
+  assert.ok(
+    frames <= activeMs / CYBER_SONAR_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS + 2,
+    `${frames} frames in one burst`,
+  );
+  // Parked: a minute later not one more request.
+  loop.advance(60_000);
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), frames, 'render requests stop after the bound');
+  // At rest the ring stands on screen at full, as without pulses, and the
+  // pulses, gradient and echoes are hidden.
+  const core = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(
+    AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.color,
+  );
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(ringColors(scene).color.alpha - core.alpha) < 1e-9);
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).disc.show, false);
+  assert.equal(getAwarenessEchoField().level(loop.now()), 0);
+});
+
+test('a camera move wakes resting pulses for another bounded run', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { rendering, pulseFrames } = ring;
+  const loop = frameLoop(t, ring);
+  const { activeMs } = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE;
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  loop.advance(activeMs + 500);
+  const rested = pulseFrames();
+  // The camera moves: lifecycle wakes the pulses inside the frame it draws,
+  // and that frame arms the next request. Waking asks for none of its own.
+  rendering.wakePulses();
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), rested);
+  loop.draw();
+  loop.advance(activeMs + 500);
+  const woke = pulseFrames() - rested;
+  assert.ok(woke >= activeMs / CYBER_SONAR_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS - 2, `${woke}`);
+  loop.advance(60_000);
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), rested + woke, 'and rest again');
+  // The subject moving does not wake them: a flying subject moves on every
+  // refresh, which would bring the endless repaint back.
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3.01));
+  loop.advance(10_000);
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), rested + woke);
+});
+
+test('a camera move seen by the lifecycle wakes resting pulses; a parked camera does not', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { state, rendering, pulseFrames } = ring;
+  const loop = frameLoop(t, ring, { date: true });
+  const { activeMs, inputWakeMs } = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE;
+  state.enabled = true;
+  state.viewer.canvas = new EventTarget();
+  const touch = () =>
+    state.viewer.canvas.dispatchEvent(new Event('pointerdown'));
+  state.viewer.camera = {
+    positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3, 20, 800_000),
+    heading: 0,
+    pitch: -1,
+    roll: 0,
+  };
+  const lifecycle = createLifecycle({
+    state,
+    services: {
+      render: { holdContinuousRender() {}, releaseContinuousRender() {} },
+    },
+    parts: {
+      rendering,
+      model: {
+        awarenessRefreshDecision: () => ({ moving: false, refresh: false }),
+        awarenessNeedsContinuousRender: () => false,
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  lifecycle.attachRuntimeListeners();
+  t.after(() => lifecycle.detachRuntimeListeners());
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  loop.advance(activeMs + 500);
+  const rested = pulseFrames();
+  // Parked: frames other owners draw do not wake the pulses.
+  loop.draw();
+  loop.advance(activeMs);
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), rested);
+  // The user drags the camera 50 km: the next frame wakes them for another
+  // run.
+  touch();
+  state.viewer.camera.positionWC = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+    3.5,
+    20,
+    800_000,
+  );
+  loop.draw();
+  loop.advance(activeMs + 500);
+  assert.ok(
+    pulseFrames() - rested >= activeMs / CYBER_SONAR_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS - 2,
+  );
+  const woke = pulseFrames();
+  loop.advance(60_000);
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), woke, 'and rest again once it parks');
+  // The app moving the camera, with no hand on it, does not wake them: a
+  // tracking follow, the cockpit view, an orbit or a fly-to all move it on
+  // every frame.
+  const follow = (lon) => {
+    state.viewer.camera.positionWC = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+      lon,
+      20,
+      800_000,
+    );
+    loop.draw();
+    loop.advance(500);
+  };
+  for (let lon = 3.6; lon < 5.6; lon += 0.1) follow(lon);
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), woke, 'app camera moves do not wake them');
+  // Input long past (beyond `inputWakeMs`) does not count either; a hover
+  // without a button pressed is not handling the camera.
+  touch();
+  loop.advance(inputWakeMs + 100);
+  state.viewer.canvas.dispatchEvent(
+    Object.assign(new Event('pointermove'), { buttons: 0 }),
+  );
+  follow(5.7);
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), woke, 'stale input does not wake them');
+  // Each way of handling the map counts: a wheel, a touch, a drag; keys
+  // typed anywhere in the window do not.
+  const panWith = (handle, lon) => {
+    loop.advance(activeMs + 500);
+    const before = pulseFrames();
+    handle();
+    follow(lon);
+    loop.advance(activeMs);
+    return pulseFrames() > before;
+  };
+  const onCanvas = (event) => () => state.viewer.canvas.dispatchEvent(event);
+  assert.equal(panWith(onCanvas(new Event('wheel')), 5.8), true, 'wheel');
+  assert.equal(panWith(onCanvas(new Event('touchstart')), 5.9), true, 'touch');
+  assert.equal(
+    panWith(
+      onCanvas(Object.assign(new Event('pointermove'), { buttons: 1 })),
+      6.0,
+    ),
+    true,
+    'drag',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    panWith(() => window.dispatchEvent(new Event('keydown')), 6.1),
+    false,
+    'keys do not count',
+  );
+  // Detached, the canvas listeners are gone.
+  lifecycle.detachRuntimeListeners();
+  touch();
+  assert.equal(state.lastCameraInputMs < Date.now() - inputWakeMs, true);
+});
+
+/**
+ * The lifecycle's camera-input listeners over `ring`, with a camera the test
+ * moves by longitude (`pan`) and a camera controller whose inputs it can
+ * switch off, as the cockpit view does. Pulses start resting.
+ */
+function inputLifecycle(t, ring) {
+  const { state, rendering } = ring;
+  const loop = frameLoop(t, ring, { date: true });
+  state.enabled = true;
+  state.viewer.canvas = new EventTarget();
+  state.viewer.scene.screenSpaceCameraController = { enableInputs: true };
+  state.viewer.camera = {
+    positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3, 20, 800_000),
+    heading: 0,
+    pitch: -1,
+    roll: 0,
+  };
+  const lifecycle = createLifecycle({
+    state,
+    services: {
+      render: { holdContinuousRender() {}, releaseContinuousRender() {} },
+    },
+    parts: {
+      rendering,
+      model: {
+        awarenessRefreshDecision: () => ({ moving: false, refresh: false }),
+        awarenessNeedsContinuousRender: () => false,
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  lifecycle.attachRuntimeListeners();
+  t.after(() => lifecycle.detachRuntimeListeners());
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  loop.advance(AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.activeMs + 500);
+  let lon = 3;
+  return {
+    loop,
+    lifecycle,
+    controller: state.viewer.scene.screenSpaceCameraController,
+    dispatch: (type, init = {}) =>
+      state.viewer.canvas.dispatchEvent(Object.assign(new Event(type), init)),
+    pan(stepDeg = 0.1) {
+      lon += stepDeg;
+      state.viewer.camera.positionWC = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+        lon,
+        20,
+        800_000,
+      );
+      loop.draw();
+    },
+    /** Whether the pulses drew frames during the next `ms`. */
+    pulsing(ms = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.activeMs) {
+      const before = ring.pulseFrames();
+      loop.advance(ms);
+      return ring.pulseFrames() > before;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('input the camera controller ignores, as in the cockpit, does not wake the pulses', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { activeMs } = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE;
+  const { controller, dispatch, pan, pulsing, loop } = inputLifecycle(t, ring);
+  // The cockpit takes the camera: clicks, drags and wheels on the canvas
+  // move nothing, while the cockpit itself moves the camera every frame.
+  controller.enableInputs = false;
+  for (const [type, init] of [
+    ['pointerdown', {}],
+    ['pointermove', { buttons: 1 }],
+    ['wheel', {}],
+    ['touchstart', {}],
+  ]) {
+    dispatch(type, init);
+    pan();
+    assert.equal(pulsing(), false, `${type} in the cockpit`);
+  }
+  // A gesture that began just before the cockpit took the camera is
+  // dropped too, rather than waking the pulses on the cockpit's first move.
+  controller.enableInputs = true;
+  loop.advance(activeMs);
+  dispatch('pointerdown');
+  controller.enableInputs = false;
+  pan();
+  assert.equal(pulsing(), false, 'a gesture cut off by the cockpit');
+  controller.enableInputs = true;
+  pan();
+  assert.equal(pulsing(), false, 'and stays dropped once it hands back');
+  // Back in the user's hands, a drag wakes them again.
+  dispatch('pointerdown');
+  pan();
+  assert.equal(pulsing(), true, 'a drag after the cockpit');
+});
+
+test('a long drag or touch keeps the pulses awake after it leaves the canvas', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { inputWakeMs } = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE;
+  const { dispatch, pan, pulsing, loop, lifecycle } = inputLifecycle(t, ring);
+  const onDocument = (type, init = {}) =>
+    document.dispatchEvent(Object.assign(new Event(type), init));
+  // The gesture starts on the canvas and carries on past `inputWakeMs`
+  // outside it, where Cesium still follows it at document level.
+  const longGesture = (start, move, init) => {
+    dispatch(start, init);
+    for (let ms = 0; ms < inputWakeMs + 1000; ms += 250) {
+      loop.advance(250);
+      onDocument(move, init);
+    }
+  };
+  for (const [start, move, end, init] of [
+    ['pointerdown', 'pointermove', 'pointerup', { buttons: 1 }],
+    ['touchstart', 'touchmove', 'touchend', {}],
+    ['touchstart', 'touchmove', 'touchcancel', {}],
+  ]) {
+    longGesture(start, move, init);
+    pan();
+    assert.equal(pulsing(), true, `${move} outside the canvas`);
+    // Once it ends, moves elsewhere are not handling the map.
+    onDocument(end);
+    loop.advance(inputWakeMs + 100);
+    onDocument(move, init);
+    pan();
+    assert.equal(pulsing(), false, `${move} after ${end}`);
+  }
+  // Detaching mid-gesture drops the document listeners too.
+  dispatch('pointerdown');
+  lifecycle.detachRuntimeListeners();
+  loop.advance(inputWakeMs + 100);
+  const noted = ring.state.lastCameraInputMs;
+  onDocument('pointermove', { buttons: 1 });
+  assert.equal(ring.state.lastCameraInputMs, noted);
+});
+
+test('lifting one finger of a pinch leaves the other finger counting', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { inputWakeMs } = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE;
+  const { dispatch, pan, pulsing, loop } = inputLifecycle(t, ring);
+  const onDocument = (type, init = {}) =>
+    document.dispatchEvent(Object.assign(new Event(type), init));
+  // Cesium carries on with a one-finger drag after the other lifts.
+  const dragOn = (move, init) => {
+    for (let ms = 0; ms < inputWakeMs + 1000; ms += 250) {
+      loop.advance(250);
+      onDocument(move, init);
+    }
+    pan();
+    return pulsing();
+  };
+  // Without pointer events: the touch list says who is still down.
+  dispatch('touchstart');
+  onDocument('touchend', { touches: [{}] });
+  assert.equal(dragOn('touchmove', {}), true, 'touch: one finger left');
+  onDocument('touchend', { touches: [] });
+  assert.equal(dragOn('touchmove', {}), false, 'touch: all lifted');
+  // With pointer events: each contact has its own pointer id.
+  dispatch('pointerdown', { pointerId: 1 });
+  dispatch('pointerdown', { pointerId: 2 });
+  onDocument('pointerup', { pointerId: 1 });
+  const drag = { pointerId: 2, buttons: 1 };
+  assert.equal(dragOn('pointermove', drag), true, 'pointer: one left');
+  onDocument('pointercancel', { pointerId: 2 });
+  assert.equal(dragOn('pointermove', drag), false, 'pointer: all lifted');
+});
+
+test('a gesture lost to a window blur or a hidden page stops counting', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { inputWakeMs } = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE;
+  const { dispatch, pan, pulsing, loop } = inputLifecycle(t, ring);
+  const visibility = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(
+    document,
+    'visibilityState',
+  );
+  t.after(() => {
+    if (visibility)
+      Object.defineProperty(document, 'visibilityState', visibility);
+    else delete document.visibilityState;
+  });
+  const setVisibility = (value) =>
+    Object.defineProperty(document, 'visibilityState', {
+      configurable: true,
+      get: () => value,
+    });
+  for (const [name, lose] of [
+    ['blur', () => window.dispatchEvent(new Event('blur'))],
+    [
+      'hidden',
+      () => {
+        setVisibility('hidden');
+        document.dispatchEvent(new Event('visibilitychange'));
+        setVisibility('visible');
+      },
+    ],
+  ]) {
+    // The release happens outside the window, so no end ever arrives.
+    dispatch('pointerdown', { pointerId: 1 });
+    lose();
+    pan();
+    assert.equal(pulsing(), false, `${name}: pending input dropped`);
+    loop.advance(inputWakeMs + 100);
+    const noted = ring.state.lastCameraInputMs;
+    document.dispatchEvent(
+      Object.assign(new Event('pointermove'), { pointerId: 1, buttons: 1 }),
+    );
+    assert.equal(ring.state.lastCameraInputMs, noted, `${name}: no follow`);
+  }
+  // A page coming back into view is no reason to drop a gesture.
+  dispatch('pointerdown', { pointerId: 1 });
+  document.dispatchEvent(new Event('visibilitychange'));
+  loop.advance(inputWakeMs + 100);
+  document.dispatchEvent(
+    Object.assign(new Event('pointermove'), { pointerId: 1, buttons: 1 }),
+  );
+  pan();
+  assert.equal(pulsing(), true, 'visible: still following');
+});
+
+test('disabling the layer tears the pulses down completely', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { state, scene, rendering, motion, pulseFrames } = ring;
+  const loop = frameLoop(t, ring);
+  state.viewer.camera = {
+    positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3, 20, 800_000),
+    heading: 0,
+    pitch: -1,
+    roll: 0,
+  };
+  const lifecycle = createLifecycle({
+    state,
+    services: {
+      render: { holdContinuousRender() {}, releaseContinuousRender() {} },
+    },
+    parts: {
+      rendering,
+      model: {
+        awarenessRefreshDecision: () => ({ moving: false, refresh: false }),
+        awarenessNeedsContinuousRender: () => false,
+      },
+      panel: {
+        startAwarenessPageRotation() {},
+        stopAwarenessPageRotation() {},
+        ensurePanel() {},
+        hidePanel() {},
+      },
+      dependencies: {
+        activateOperationalContext: () => true,
+        releaseOwnedDependencies: () => true,
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  state.passive = true;
+  lifecycle.methods.enable();
+  state.subject = flight(3);
+  rendering.renderVisual(state.subject);
+  loop.advance(1000);
+  assert.ok(pulseFrames() > 0);
+  assert.equal(scene.primitives.length, 2);
+  lifecycle.methods.disable();
+  assert.equal(scene.primitives.length, 0, 'ring and disc removed');
+  assert.equal(scene.preRender.numberOfListeners, 0);
+  assert.equal(scene.postRender.numberOfListeners, 0);
+  assert.equal(motion.listeners(), 0, 'no media-query listener');
+  assert.equal(getAwarenessEchoField(), null);
+  assert.equal(state.visual, null);
+  const frames = pulseFrames();
+  loop.advance(60_000);
+  assert.equal(
+    pulseFrames(),
+    frames,
+    'no awareness-pulse requests after disable',
+  );
+});
+
+test('pulse requests wait 80 ms after any frame, so they cannot beat the Cyber sonar', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { rendering, pulseFrames } = ring;
+  const loop = frameLoop(t, ring);
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  loop.advance(1);
+  const frames = pulseFrames();
+  // Another owner (the Cyber sonar, a data update) draws 67 ms after ours.
+  loop.advance(67);
+  loop.draw();
+  loop.advance(CYBER_SONAR_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS - 1);
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), frames, 'no request 13 ms after that frame');
+  loop.advance(1);
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), frames + 1, 'one request 80 ms after it');
+});
+
+test('the pulse level fades in, holds, fades out and keeps its level when woken', () => {
+  const { activeMs, settleMs } = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE;
+  const wake = wakeAwarenessPulses(
+    { startMs: -Infinity, untilMs: -Infinity },
+    0,
+  );
+  assert.equal(awarenessPulseLevel(0, wake), 0);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(awarenessPulseLevel(settleMs / 2, wake) - 0.5) < 1e-9);
+  assert.equal(awarenessPulseLevel(activeMs / 2, wake), 1);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(awarenessPulseLevel(activeMs - settleMs / 4, wake) - 0.25) < 1e-9,
+  );
+  assert.equal(awarenessPulseLevel(activeMs, wake), 0);
+  assert.equal(awarenessPulseLevel(activeMs * 10, wake), 0);
+  // Woken mid-fade-out: no jump back to full, then a fresh run.
+  const at = activeMs - settleMs / 4;
+  wakeAwarenessPulses(wake, at);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(awarenessPulseLevel(at, wake) - 0.25) < 1e-9);
+  assert.equal(awarenessPulseLevel(at + settleMs, wake), 1);
+  assert.equal(awarenessPulseLevel(at + activeMs, wake), 0);
+});
+
+test('a scene without primitives or preRender gets the static ring only', (t) => {
+  const { state, entities, rendering, pulseFrames } = ringRendering(t);
+  for (const scene of [
+    {},
+    { primitives: { add() {} } },
+    { primitives: { add() {} }, preRender: new Cesium.Event() },
+    undefined,
+  ]) {
+    state.viewer = { entities, scene };
+    rendering.clearVisual();
+    rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+    // No usable primitive collection: the ring falls back to an entity.
+    assert.equal(entities.values.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(entities.values[0].polyline.positions.isConstant, true);
+    assert.equal(entities.values[0].polyline.material.color.isConstant, true);
+  }
+  rendering.clearVisual();
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), 0);
+});
+
+test('a gradient disc behind the pulses fades inward and follows the subject', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { scene, rendering } = ring;
+  const loop = frameLoop(t, ring);
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  assert.ok(AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.count <= AWARENESS_PULSE_GRADIENT_MAX);
+  assert.equal(scene.primitives.length, 2, 'the ring and the pulse disc');
+  const { disc, count } = pulsePrimitives(scene);
+  assert.equal(count, 1, 'the gradient disc');
+  assert.ok(disc);
+  // Never a click or tap target, and see-through.
+  assert.equal(disc.allowPicking, false);
+  assert.equal(disc.appearance.translucent, true);
+  const { material } = disc.appearance;
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      material.uniforms.depth - AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.gradientDepthFraction,
+    ) < 1e-9,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      material.uniforms.color.alpha - AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.gradientOpacity,
+    ) < 1e-6,
+  );
+  // The pulse lines are drawn in the ring's colours and widths.
+  const core = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(
+    AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.color,
+  );
+  const halo = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(
+    AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.outlineColor,
+  );
+  assert.ok(material.uniforms.lineColor.equalsEpsilon(core, 1e-6));
+  assert.ok(material.uniforms.haloColor.equalsEpsilon(halo, 1e-6));
+  assert.equal(material.uniforms.lineWidth, AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.width);
+  assert.equal(material.uniforms.haloWidth, AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.outlineWidth);
+  // Each frame writes the pulses' radius (as a fraction of the range) and
+  // opacity into the shader, from the same curve the lines use, once the
+  // pulses have faded in.
+  assert.equal(scene.preRender.numberOfListeners, 1);
+  loop.advance(AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.settleMs + 500);
+  scene.preRender.raiseEvent(scene);
+  assert.equal(disc.show, true);
+  const { radii, alphas } = material.uniforms;
+  for (let index = 0; index < AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.count; index++) {
+    const radius = Cesium.Cartesian4.pack(radii, [])[index];
+    const alpha = Cesium.Cartesian4.pack(alphas, [])[index];
+    const expected = awarenessPulseState(loop.now(), index);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(radius - expected.radiusM / AWARENESS_RADIUS_M) < 1e-6);
+    assert.ok(alpha >= 0 && alpha <= AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.peakOpacity);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(alpha - expected.alpha) < 1e-6);
+  }
+  // Unused shader slots stay empty.
+  assert.equal(
+    Cesium.Cartesian4.pack(alphas, [])[AWARENESS_PULSE_GRADIENT_MAX - 1],
+    0,
+  );
+
+  // The disc follows by its model matrix and is rebuilt only past
+  // `gradientRebuildM` (20 km), keeping its material.
+  const built = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3, 27, 0);
+  for (const lon of [3.001, 3.01, 3.1, 3.19]) {
+    rendering.renderVisual(flight(lon));
+    assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).disc, disc, `${lon}`);
+    assert.ok(!disc.isDestroyed());
+    // Concentric with the ring wherever the subject went, within a metre
+    // across the ground; the ellipsoid curves away from the rotation's
+    // sphere by tens of metres in height at most.
+    const at = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(discCenter(disc, built));
+    const want = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(ring.state.visual.center);
+    const across = new Cesium.EllipsoidGeodesic(at, want).surfaceDistance;
+    assert.ok(across < 1, `${across} m off at ${lon}`);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(at.height) < 50, `${at.height} m off the ground`);
+  }
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3.25)); // ~25 km from where it was built
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).count, 1);
+  const moved = pulsePrimitives(scene).disc;
+  assert.notEqual(moved, disc);
+  assert.ok(disc.isDestroyed());
+  assert.equal(moved.appearance.material, material);
+  assert.equal(moved.allowPicking, false);
+
+  rendering.clearVisual();
+  assert.equal(scene.primitives.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(scene.preRender.numberOfListeners, 0);
+});
+
+test("switching subjects keeps one pulse material in Cesium's global cache", (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { scene, rendering } = ring;
+  frameLoop(t, ring);
+  // Cesium keeps every new material type for the page's lifetime, so an
+  // unnamed fabric (a fresh GUID type each time) would grow it per subject.
+  const cached = () =>
+    Object.keys(Cesium.Material._materialCache._materials).length;
+  rendering.renderVisual({ ...flight(3), id: 'subject-0' });
+  const first = pulsePrimitives(scene).disc.appearance.material;
+  const size = cached();
+  let last = first;
+  for (let index = 1; index <= 6; index++) {
+    rendering.renderVisual({ ...flight(3 + index), id: `subject-${index}` });
+    last = pulsePrimitives(scene).disc.appearance.material;
+  }
+  assert.equal(cached(), size, 'subject switches add no cache entries');
+  rendering.clearVisual();
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  assert.equal(cached(), size, 'nor does a reselect');
+  // A material built from the cached template still owns its uniform values.
+  const again = pulsePrimitives(scene).disc.appearance.material;
+  assert.notEqual(again, last);
+  assert.notEqual(again.uniforms.radii, last.uniforms.radii);
+  assert.notEqual(again.uniforms.alphas, first.uniforms.alphas);
+  assert.ok(again.uniforms.radii instanceof Cesium.Cartesian4);
+  assert.ok(again.uniforms.lineColor instanceof Cesium.Color);
+  assert.equal(again.uniforms.lineWidth, AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.width);
+});
+
+test('a resting pulse disc is not rebuilt as the subject moves, and catches up on wake', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { scene, rendering } = ring;
+  const loop = frameLoop(t, ring);
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  loop.advance(AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.activeMs + 500);
+  const resting = pulsePrimitives(scene).disc;
+  const restingMatrix = Cesium.Matrix4.clone(resting.modelMatrix);
+  // A flying subject keeps moving while the pulses rest: the hidden disc is
+  // neither moved nor rebuilt, even well past the rebuild distance.
+  for (let lon = 3.01; lon < 3.4; lon += 0.01)
+    rendering.renderVisual(flight(lon));
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).disc, resting);
+  assert.ok(!resting.isDestroyed());
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Matrix4.equals(resting.modelMatrix, restingMatrix));
+  // Woken, the disc catches up at once: rebuilt around the subject.
+  rendering.wakePulses();
+  const woken = pulsePrimitives(scene).disc;
+  assert.notEqual(woken, resting);
+  assert.ok(resting.isDestroyed());
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).count, 1);
+  // Woken again without moving: the disc stays.
+  rendering.wakePulses();
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).disc, woken);
+});
+
+test('the ring and pulses never catch a click: no entities, every primitive unpickable', (t) => {
+  for (const reducedMotion of [false, true]) {
+    const { entities, scene, rendering } = ringRendering(t, { reducedMotion });
+    rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+    // Cesium always picks entities, so the awareness visual adds none.
+    assert.equal(entities.values.length, 0);
+    assert.ok(scene.primitives.length >= 1);
+    for (let i = 0; i < scene.primitives.length; i++)
+      assert.equal(scene.primitives.get(i).allowPicking, false);
+    rendering.clearVisual();
+  }
+});
+
+test('a camera below the rim height hides the pulse disc instead of sweeping the sky', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { scene, rendering } = ring;
+  const loop = frameLoop(t, ring);
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  loop.advance(AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.settleMs + 500);
+  const cameraAt = (height) => {
+    scene.camera = {
+      positionCartographic: new Cesium.Cartographic(0, 0, height),
+    };
+    scene.preRender.raiseEvent(scene);
+    return pulsePrimitives(scene).disc.show;
+  };
+  assert.equal(cameraAt(CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M + 500), true);
+  assert.equal(cameraAt(CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M - 500), false, 'cockpit view');
+  // Below the disc the pulses rest with it: the ring is steady at full, no
+  // echo lights and no frame is asked for.
+  const core = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(
+    AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.color,
+  );
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(ringColors(scene).color.alpha - core.alpha) < 1e-9);
+  assert.equal(getAwarenessEchoField().level(loop.now()), 0);
+  const frames = ring.pulseFrames();
+  loop.draw();
+  loop.advance(2000);
+  assert.equal(ring.pulseFrames(), frames, 'no requests below the rim');
+  assert.equal(cameraAt(800_000), true);
+});
+
+test('reduced motion keeps the static ring and drops the pulses', (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout', 'setInterval'] });
+  const { scene, rendering, pulseFrames } = ringRendering(t, {
+    reducedMotion: true,
+  });
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  assert.ok(pulsePrimitives(scene).ring);
+  t.mock.timers.tick(1000);
+  assert.equal(pulseFrames(), 0);
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).count, 0, 'no pulse disc');
+  assert.equal(scene.preRender.numberOfListeners, 0);
+  assert.equal(scene.postRender.numberOfListeners, 0);
+});
+
+test('turning reduced motion on mid-session stops the pulses, and off restarts them', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { scene, rendering, motion, state } = ring;
+  const loop = frameLoop(t, ring);
+  state.subject = flight(3);
+  rendering.renderVisual(state.subject);
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).count, 1);
+  loop.advance(1000);
+  // The OS setting changes while the same aircraft stays tracked.
+  motion.set(true);
+  assert.ok(pulsePrimitives(scene).ring);
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).count, 0);
+  assert.equal(scene.preRender.numberOfListeners, 0);
+  assert.equal(scene.postRender.numberOfListeners, 0);
+  assert.equal(getAwarenessEchoField(), null);
+  const frames = ring.pulseFrames();
+  loop.advance(5000);
+  assert.equal(ring.pulseFrames(), frames);
+  motion.set(false);
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).count, 1);
+  assert.ok(getAwarenessEchoField());
+  // One media-query listener per visual; none once the ring is gone.
+  assert.equal(motion.listeners(), 1);
+  rendering.clearVisual();
+  assert.equal(motion.listeners(), 0);
+});
+
+test('a reduced-motion change reaches older Safari through addListener', (t) => {
+  const { scene, rendering, motion, state } = ringRendering(t, {
+    legacyQuery: true,
+  });
+  state.subject = flight(3);
+  rendering.renderVisual(state.subject);
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).count, 1);
+  assert.equal(motion.listeners(), 1);
+  motion.set(true);
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).count, 0);
+  assert.equal(scene.preRender.numberOfListeners, 0);
+  rendering.clearVisual();
+  assert.equal(motion.listeners(), 0);
+});
+
+test('a refresh after reduced motion changed rebuilds the visual too', (t) => {
+  const { scene, rendering, motion } = ringRendering(t);
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).count, 1);
+  // No change event: the next same-subject refresh notices on its own.
+  motion.setQuietly(true);
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  assert.ok(pulsePrimitives(scene).ring);
+  assert.equal(pulsePrimitives(scene).count, 0);
+  assert.equal(scene.preRender.numberOfListeners, 0);
+});
+
+test('while pulses run the ring flashes as each one arrives, then rests', (t) => {
+  const ring = ringRendering(t);
+  const { scene, rendering } = ring;
+  const loop = frameLoop(t, ring);
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  const core = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(
+    AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.color,
+  );
+  const halo = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(
+    AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.outlineColor,
+  );
+  const { periodMs, count } = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE;
+  const { flashMs, restOpacity } = AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE;
+  // Full the moment a front reaches 250 km, gone `flashMs` later.
+  const arrival = periodMs * 6; // pulse 0 wraps here
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(awarenessRingFlash(arrival) - 1) < 1e-6);
+  assert.ok(awarenessRingFlash(arrival + flashMs / 2) > 0.2);
+  assert.equal(awarenessRingFlash(arrival + flashMs + 1), 0);
+  // Between flashes the 250 km edge stays readable, dimmed, not gone.
+  assert.ok(restOpacity >= 0.35 && restOpacity <= 0.5, `${restOpacity}`);
+  // Once per arriving pulse: `count` flashes in any one-period window that
+  // starts after a flash has faded.
+  let flashes = 0;
+  let wasLit = false;
+  const from = arrival + flashMs + 1;
+  for (let ms = 0; ms < periodMs; ms += 10) {
+    const lit = awarenessRingFlash(from + ms) > 0.5;
+    if (lit && !wasLit) flashes++;
+    wasLit = lit;
+  }
+  assert.equal(flashes, count);
+  // Once the pulses have faded in, the live colour tracks the flash, and
+  // never drops below `restOpacity`.
+  loop.advance(AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.settleMs);
+  for (let step = 0; step < 40; step++) {
+    loop.advance(100);
+    const { color, outlineColor } = ringColors(scene);
+    const flash = Math.max(restOpacity, awarenessRingFlash(loop.now()));
+    const expected = core.alpha * flash;
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(color.alpha - expected) < 1e-9,
+      `${color.alpha} vs ${expected}`,
+    );
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(outlineColor.alpha - halo.alpha * flash) < 1e-9);
+  }
+});
+
+test('without pulses the ring stays on screen at full strength', (t) => {
+  const { scene, rendering } = ringRendering(t, { reducedMotion: true });
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  assert.equal(scene.preRender.numberOfListeners, 0);
+  assert.equal(
+    ringColors(scene).color.toCssColorString(),
+    Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(
+      AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.color,
+    ).toCssColorString(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(getAwarenessEchoField(), null);
+});
+
+test('the echo field follows the subject while pulses run and clears with the ring', (t) => {
+  const { rendering } = ringRendering(t);
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3));
+  const field = getAwarenessEchoField();
+  assert.ok(field);
+  assert.equal(field.radiusM, AWARENESS_RADIUS_M);
+  assert.equal(field.pulse, AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE);
+  assert.equal(field.echo, AWARENESS_RANGE_ECHO);
+  assert.ok(
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+      field.center,
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3, 27, 0),
+      0,
+      1e-3,
+    ),
+  );
+  // ~1 km later the same field has moved with the subject.
+  rendering.renderVisual(flight(3.01));
+  assert.equal(getAwarenessEchoField(), field);
+  assert.ok(
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+      field.center,
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(3.01, 27, 0),
+      0,
+      1e-3,
+    ),
+  );
+  rendering.clearVisual();
+  assert.equal(getAwarenessEchoField(), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/rendering.js b/src/layers/awareness/rendering.js
index f65def213..6f4d380b8 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/rendering.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
+  CYBER_SONAR_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS,
   createCyberSonarSampler,
   isCyberContactSonarActive as isCyberSonarActive,
 } from '../../cyberSonar.js';
@@ -10,8 +11,339 @@ import {
   AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
 } from '../../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
 import { bearingBetweenCoordinates } from '../../cockpitMath.js';
-import { AWARENESS_PAGE_SIZE, CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M } from './policy.js';
+import {
+  AWARENESS_PAGE_SIZE,
+  AWARENESS_RANGE_ECHO,
+  AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE,
+  AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE,
+  CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M,
+} from './policy.js';
 import { formatAwarenessDirection } from './presentation.js';
+import {
+  awarenessEchoStrength,
+  clearAwarenessEchoField,
+  setAwarenessEchoField,
+} from '../../awarenessEcho.js';
+
+/**
+ * A closed ring of positions `radiusM` along the surface from `groundCenter`,
+ * raised to `heightM`. Each bearing steps over a sphere with the ellipsoid's
+ * radius of curvature in that direction (Euler's formula), which keeps the
+ * ring within ~50 m of the true geodesic radius at 250 km.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} groundCenter Ring centre on the ellipsoid.
+ * @param {number} radiusM Surface radius in metres.
+ * @param {number} heightM Height of the ring above the ellipsoid.
+ * @param {number} [segments] Chords around the ring.
+ * @returns {Cesium.Cartesian3[]} `segments + 1` positions; the last repeats the first.
+ */
+export function awarenessRangeRingPositions(
+  groundCenter,
+  radiusM,
+  heightM,
+  segments = AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.segments,
+) {
+  const { latitude, longitude } =
+    Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(groundCenter);
+  const { x: a, z: b } = Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.radii;
+  const e2 = 1 - (b * b) / (a * a);
+  const sinLat = Math.sin(latitude);
+  const cosLat = Math.cos(latitude);
+  const sinLon = Math.sin(longitude);
+  const cosLon = Math.cos(longitude);
+  const w = 1 - e2 * sinLat * sinLat;
+  const meridional = (a * (1 - e2)) / (w * Math.sqrt(w));
+  const primeVertical = a / Math.sqrt(w);
+  // Step along the great circle in 3D from the centre's up, north and east
+  // unit vectors. Unlike the latitude/longitude destination formula, this
+  // stays well conditioned at and next to the poles.
+  const up = [cosLat * cosLon, cosLat * sinLon, sinLat];
+  const north = [-sinLat * cosLon, -sinLat * sinLon, cosLat];
+  const east = [-sinLon, cosLon, 0];
+  const positions = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i <= segments; i++) {
+    const bearing = ((i % segments) / segments) * Cesium.Math.TWO_PI;
+    const cosB = Math.cos(bearing);
+    const sinB = Math.sin(bearing);
+    const angular =
+      radiusM * ((cosB * cosB) / meridional + (sinB * sinB) / primeVertical);
+    const cosA = Math.cos(angular);
+    const sinA = Math.sin(angular);
+    const [x, y, z] = up.map(
+      (u, k) => u * cosA + (north[k] * cosB + east[k] * sinB) * sinA,
+    );
+    const lat = Math.atan2(z, Math.hypot(x, y));
+    const lon = Math.atan2(y, x);
+    positions.push(Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(lon, lat, heightM));
+  }
+  return positions;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Where pulse `index` is at `nowMs`: its radius and opacity. Pulses travel at
+ * constant speed from `startFraction` of the range to the full range, fade in
+ * over `fadeInFraction` of the way, then fade as (1 - travel) to the
+ * `fadeOutPower` down to `endOpacityFraction` of the peak, so each is dim
+ * but still visible when it reaches the range ring. The opacity already
+ * includes `peakOpacity`.
+ * @param {number} nowMs Monotonic clock in milliseconds.
+ * @param {number} index Pulse number, 0 to `count - 1`.
+ * @param {number} [radiusM] Range the pulses grow to.
+ * @param {object} [pulse] Timing and shape, see `AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE`.
+ * @returns {{radiusM: number, alpha: number}}
+ */
+export function awarenessPulseState(
+  nowMs,
+  index,
+  radiusM = AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
+  pulse = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE,
+) {
+  const cycle = nowMs / pulse.periodMs + index / pulse.count;
+  const phase = cycle - Math.floor(cycle);
+  return {
+    radiusM:
+      radiusM * (pulse.startFraction + (1 - pulse.startFraction) * phase),
+    alpha:
+      pulse.peakOpacity *
+      Math.min(1, phase / pulse.fadeInFraction) *
+      (pulse.endOpacityFraction +
+        (1 - pulse.endOpacityFraction) * (1 - phase) ** pulse.fadeOutPower),
+  };
+}
+
+const REDUCED_MOTION_QUERY = '(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)';
+
+/** Whether the viewer asked the system for less motion. */
+function prefersReducedMotion() {
+  return globalThis.matchMedia?.(REDUCED_MOTION_QUERY)?.matches ?? false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * How far the pulses are switched on at `nowMs`: 0 at rest, rising to 1 over
+ * `settleMs` from `wake.startMs` and falling back to 0 over `settleMs` up to
+ * `wake.untilMs`.
+ * @param {number} nowMs Monotonic clock in milliseconds.
+ * @param {{startMs: number, untilMs: number}} wake Window from `wakeAwarenessPulses`.
+ * @param {object} [pulse] Timing, see `AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE`.
+ * @returns {number} 0 to 1.
+ */
+export function awarenessPulseLevel(
+  nowMs,
+  wake,
+  pulse = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE,
+) {
+  const level = Math.min(
+    (nowMs - wake.startMs) / pulse.settleMs,
+    (wake.untilMs - nowMs) / pulse.settleMs,
+  );
+  return Math.max(0, Math.min(1, level));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Run the pulses for `activeMs` from `nowMs`. A wake while they already run
+ * keeps their current level, so they never jump back to full mid-fade.
+ * @param {{startMs: number, untilMs: number}} wake Updated in place.
+ * @param {number} nowMs Monotonic clock in milliseconds.
+ * @param {object} [pulse] Timing, see `AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE`.
+ * @returns {{startMs: number, untilMs: number}} `wake`.
+ */
+export function wakeAwarenessPulses(
+  wake,
+  nowMs,
+  pulse = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE,
+) {
+  wake.startMs =
+    nowMs - awarenessPulseLevel(nowMs, wake, pulse) * pulse.settleMs;
+  wake.untilMs = nowMs + pulse.activeMs;
+  return wake;
+}
+
+/**
+ * How strongly the 250 km ring shows at `nowMs` while pulses run: 1 as a
+ * pulse front reaches it, fading over `flashMs`, so the ring appears once
+ * per arriving pulse instead of standing on screen.
+ * @param {number} nowMs Monotonic clock in milliseconds.
+ * @returns {number} 0 to 1.
+ */
+export function awarenessRingFlash(nowMs) {
+  return awarenessEchoStrength(
+    nowMs,
+    AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
+    AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
+    AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE,
+    { fadeMs: AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.flashMs },
+  );
+}
+
+/** Most pulses the pulse shader draws; its uniforms are vec4s. */
+export const AWARENESS_PULSE_GRADIENT_MAX = 4;
+
+/** The pulse disc's Cesium material type, one cached template per page. */
+const AWARENESS_PULSE_MATERIAL_TYPE = 'GevAwarenessPulseGradient';
+
+// Ellipse texture coordinates put the centre at (0.5, 0.5) and the rim at
+// distance 0.5, so `r` is the fraction of the range. Each pulse is a line
+// `lineWidth` CSS pixels wide whose outer `haloWidth` is a dark halo, half
+// on each side, as Cesium's polyline outline material draws it, with a band
+// behind it that is strongest at the line and fades to nothing `depth`
+// inward. Widths come from the screen-space gradient of `r`, as Cesium's
+// contour material measures its lines; without derivatives the lines are
+// left out and only the band shows.
+const PULSE_GRADIENT_SOURCE = `
+uniform vec4 color;
+uniform vec4 lineColor;
+uniform vec4 haloColor;
+uniform vec4 radii;
+uniform vec4 alphas;
+uniform float depth;
+uniform float lineWidth;
+uniform float haloWidth;
+vec4 over(vec4 top, vec4 under) {
+  float a = top.a + under.a * (1.0 - top.a);
+  if (a <= 0.0) return vec4(0.0);
+  return vec4((top.rgb * top.a + under.rgb * under.a * (1.0 - top.a)) / a, a);
+}
+czm_material czm_getMaterial(czm_materialInput materialInput) {
+  czm_material material = czm_getDefaultMaterial(materialInput);
+  float r = length(materialInput.st - vec2(0.5)) * 2.0;
+  float band = 0.0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    float inside = radii[i] - r;
+    if (inside >= 0.0 && inside <= depth) {
+      float t = 1.0 - inside / depth;
+      band += alphas[i] * t * t;
+    }
+  }
+  vec4 result = vec4(color.rgb, clamp(band * color.a, 0.0, 1.0));
+#if (__VERSION__ == 300 || defined(GL_OES_standard_derivatives))
+  // Change in r per CSS pixel: the gradient's length per device pixel,
+  // times the device pixels in one CSS pixel.
+  float cssPx = max(length(vec2(dFdx(r), dFdy(r))), 1e-7) * czm_pixelRatio;
+  float outerHalf = lineWidth * 0.5;
+  float coreHalf = max(lineWidth - haloWidth, 0.0) * 0.5;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    float d = abs(radii[i] - r) / cssPx;
+    float cover = clamp(outerHalf + 0.5 - d, 0.0, 1.0);
+    if (cover <= 0.0) continue;
+    float core = clamp(coreHalf + 0.5 - d, 0.0, 1.0);
+    vec4 pulse = mix(haloColor, lineColor, core);
+    result = over(vec4(pulse.rgb, pulse.a * cover * alphas[i]), result);
+  }
+#endif
+  material.diffuse = result.rgb;
+  material.alpha = result.a;
+  return material;
+}
+`;
+
+/**
+ * The pulses: one flat, translucent, unpickable disc the size of the range
+ * ring whose shader draws each pulse line and the band behind it. Drawing
+ * them here rather than as entities keeps them out of picking, so clicks and
+ * taps near a pulse still reach the contact underneath. Moving pulses only
+ * change its uniforms; the disc is rebuilt only when the subject moves.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} groundCenter Disc centre on the ellipsoid.
+ * @param {Cesium.Material} material Shared pulse-gradient material.
+ * @returns {Cesium.Primitive}
+ */
+function createPulseGradient(groundCenter, material) {
+  return new Cesium.Primitive({
+    geometryInstances: new Cesium.GeometryInstance({
+      geometry: new Cesium.EllipseGeometry({
+        center: groundCenter,
+        semiMajorAxis: AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
+        semiMinorAxis: AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
+        height: CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M,
+        granularity: Cesium.Math.toRadians(
+          AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.gradientGranularityDeg,
+        ),
+        vertexFormat:
+          Cesium.MaterialAppearance.MaterialSupport.TEXTURED.vertexFormat,
+      }),
+    }),
+    appearance: new Cesium.MaterialAppearance({
+      material,
+      flat: true,
+      translucent: true,
+      faceForward: true,
+    }),
+    asynchronous: false,
+    allowPicking: false,
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * The ring's polyline geometry: `AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.width` screen
+ * pixels, straight chords between the given positions (they already follow
+ * the surface), in the material appearance's vertex format.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3[]} positions Ring positions.
+ * @returns {object} PolylineGeometry options.
+ */
+export function awarenessRingGeometryOptions(positions) {
+  return {
+    positions,
+    width: AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE.width,
+    arcType: Cesium.ArcType.NONE,
+    vertexFormat: Cesium.PolylineMaterialAppearance.VERTEX_FORMAT,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The 250 km ring as an unpickable polyline primitive in the ring's outline
+ * material, so a click or tap on its edge reaches the contact underneath.
+ * Its positions are geometry, so a moved subject rebuilds it; the material
+ * is shared between builds so a flash keeps going.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3[]} positions Ring positions.
+ * @param {Cesium.Material} material Shared PolylineOutline material.
+ * @returns {Cesium.Primitive}
+ */
+function createRingPrimitive(positions, material) {
+  return new Cesium.Primitive({
+    geometryInstances: new Cesium.GeometryInstance({
+      geometry: new Cesium.PolylineGeometry(
+        awarenessRingGeometryOptions(positions),
+      ),
+    }),
+    appearance: new Cesium.PolylineMaterialAppearance({
+      material,
+      translucent: true,
+    }),
+    asynchronous: false,
+    allowPicking: false,
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * The rotation about the Earth's centre that carries `from` onto `to`, as a
+ * model matrix, so a disc built around `from` sits around `to`.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} from Where the disc was built.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} to Where it should be.
+ * @param {Cesium.Matrix4} [result]
+ * @returns {Cesium.Matrix4}
+ */
+export function discFollowMatrix(from, to, result = new Cesium.Matrix4()) {
+  const a = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(from, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  const b = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(to, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  const axis = Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(a, b, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  const sin = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(axis);
+  if (sin < 1e-12) return Cesium.Matrix4.clone(Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY, result);
+  const angle = Math.atan2(sin, Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(a, b));
+  const rotation = Cesium.Matrix3.fromQuaternion(
+    Cesium.Quaternion.fromAxisAngle(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.divideByScalar(axis, sin, axis),
+      angle,
+    ),
+  );
+  return Cesium.Matrix4.fromRotationTranslation(
+    rotation,
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO,
+    result,
+  );
+}
+
+/** Camera height above the ellipsoid, or NaN when the scene cannot say. */
+function cameraHeightM(scene) {
+  return scene.camera?.positionCartographic?.height ?? Number.NaN;
+}
 
 export function createRendering({
   state: layerState,
@@ -271,7 +603,62 @@ export function createRendering({
     presentDirection({ hidden: false, ring, heading, labels, markers });
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Run the range pulses again for `activeMs`, after a camera move. Call it
+   * during a frame (lifecycle's preRender): that frame's postRender arms the
+   * next request, so waking asks for no extra frame of its own.
+   */
+  function wakePulses() {
+    const wake = layerState.visual?.wake;
+    if (!wake) return;
+    wakeAwarenessPulses(wake, performance.now());
+    followPulseDisc();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Keep the pulse disc centred on the subject. Within `gradientRebuildM` of
+   * where it was built, the disc is rotated about the Earth's centre onto
+   * the subject by its model matrix, which keeps it concentric with the ring
+   * at no build cost; the ellipsoid curves a little differently from that
+   * sphere, a few tens of metres in height at 20 km. Further away it is
+   * rebuilt, which costs a few milliseconds.
+   */
+  function followPulseDisc() {
+    const { gradient, gradientCenter, center } = layerState.visual;
+    if (!gradient) return;
+    if (
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(gradientCenter, center) <
+      AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE.gradientRebuildM
+    ) {
+      gradient.modelMatrix = discFollowMatrix(
+        gradientCenter,
+        center,
+        gradient.modelMatrix,
+      );
+      return;
+    }
+    const primitives = layerState.viewer.scene.primitives;
+    layerState.visual.gradient = primitives.add(
+      createPulseGradient(center, gradient.appearance.material),
+    );
+    // Primitive.destroy leaves the material alone, so the new disc keeps
+    // sharing it.
+    primitives.remove(gradient);
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(center, gradientCenter);
+  }
+
   function clearVisual() {
+    layerState.visual?.stopPulses?.();
+    layerState.visual?.removeMotionListener?.();
+    if (layerState.visual?.gradient && layerState.viewer)
+      layerState.viewer.scene.primitives.remove(layerState.visual.gradient);
+    if (layerState.visual?.ringPrimitive && layerState.viewer) {
+      layerState.viewer.scene.primitives.remove?.(
+        layerState.visual.ringPrimitive,
+      );
+      governorRequestRender('awareness-visual');
+    }
+    clearAwarenessEchoField();
     if (layerState.visual?.entities && layerState.viewer) {
       for (const entity of layerState.visual.entities)
         layerState.viewer.entities.remove(entity);
@@ -291,17 +678,39 @@ export function createRendering({
       0,
     );
     const key = `${subject.layerId}:${subject.id}`;
-    if (layerState.visual?.key === key) {
-      // Large ellipse geometry is more reliable as a ConstantPositionProperty.
-      // Move it only after a meaningful displacement so live tracking does not
-      // churn ten large geometries for sub-pixel motion every 750 ms.
+    const reducedMotion = prefersReducedMotion();
+    // A reduced-motion change rebuilds the visual, with or without pulses.
+    if (
+      layerState.visual?.key === key &&
+      layerState.visual.reducedMotion === reducedMotion
+    ) {
+      // Move the ring only after a meaningful displacement so live tracking
+      // does not rebuild its geometry for sub-pixel motion every 750 ms.
       if (
         Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(layerState.visual.center, groundCenter) >=
         250
       ) {
-        for (const entity of layerState.visual.entities)
-          entity.position.setValue(groundCenter);
+        const positions = awarenessRangeRingPositions(
+          groundCenter,
+          AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
+          CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M,
+        );
+        // The echo field reads `visual.center` in place and follows on its
+        // own. The pulse disc follows by its model matrix and is rebuilt only
+        // every `gradientRebuildM`: a build costs a few milliseconds.
+        layerState.visual.ringPositions = positions;
+        const { ringPrimitive } = layerState.visual;
+        if (ringPrimitive) {
+          const primitives = layerState.viewer.scene.primitives;
+          layerState.visual.ringPrimitive = primitives.add(
+            createRingPrimitive(positions, ringPrimitive.appearance.material),
+          );
+          primitives.remove(ringPrimitive);
+        } else layerState.visual.ring.polyline.positions.setValue(positions);
         Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(groundCenter, layerState.visual.center);
+        // A resting disc is hidden, so it catches up when the pulses wake.
+        if (performance.now() < layerState.visual.wake?.untilMs)
+          followPulseDisc();
         // Content actually changed — buy exactly one frame instead of holding.
         governorRequestRender('awareness-visual');
       }
@@ -310,26 +719,188 @@ export function createRendering({
     clearVisual();
 
     const entities = [];
-
-    entities.push(
-      layerState.viewer.entities.add({
-        position: groundCenter,
-        ellipse: {
-          semiMajorAxis: AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
-          semiMinorAxis: AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
-          fill: false,
-          outline: true,
-          outlineColor:
-            Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString('#62b5ff').withAlpha(0.72),
-          height: CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M,
-        },
-      }),
+    const scene = layerState.viewer.scene;
+    // A viewer without a primitive collection or a preRender hook (headless
+    // tools, partial stubs) gets the static ring only, as the Cyber sonar
+    // scene does. So does a viewer who prefers reduced motion.
+    const animate = Boolean(
+      !reducedMotion &&
+      scene?.primitives?.add &&
+      scene?.preRender?.addEventListener &&
+      scene?.postRender?.addEventListener,
     );
+    // Pulses run from now until `wake.untilMs`, then rest.
+    const wake = animate
+      ? wakeAwarenessPulses(
+          { startMs: -Infinity, untilMs: -Infinity },
+          performance.now(),
+        )
+      : null;
+    // From a camera below the rim height the disc would sweep across the sky,
+    // so it is hidden there, and the pulses rest with it: no flash, no
+    // echoes, no frames.
+    const belowRim = () => cameraHeightM(scene) < CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M;
+    const levelAt = (nowMs) =>
+      wake && !belowRim() ? awarenessPulseLevel(nowMs, wake) : 0;
+
+    // A polyline, not an ellipse outline: WebGL draws ellipse outlines at
+    // 1 px whatever `outlineWidth` says, and the ring needs a halo.
+    const ring = AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE;
+    const core = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(ring.color);
+    const halo = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(ring.outlineColor);
+    const ringPositions = awarenessRangeRingPositions(
+      groundCenter,
+      AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
+      CONTEXT_RIM_HEIGHT_M,
+    );
+    // While pulses run, the ring flashes as each one arrives and otherwise
+    // dims to `restOpacity`; as they settle it returns to full and stays.
+    const ringAlpha = (nowMs) => {
+      const pulsed = Math.max(ring.restOpacity, awarenessRingFlash(nowMs));
+      return 1 - levelAt(nowMs) * (1 - pulsed);
+    };
+    let ringEntity = null;
+    let ringMaterial = null;
+    let ringPrimitive = null;
+    if (scene?.primitives?.add) {
+      ringMaterial = Cesium.Material.fromType('PolylineOutline', {
+        color: core.clone(),
+        outlineColor: halo.clone(),
+        outlineWidth: ring.outlineWidth,
+      });
+      ringPrimitive =
+        scene.primitives.add(
+          createRingPrimitive(ringPositions, ringMaterial),
+        ) ?? null;
+    }
+    if (!ringPrimitive) {
+      // Headless tools and partial stubs have no primitive collection; they
+      // get the static ring as an entity.
+      ringEntity = layerState.viewer.entities.add({
+        polyline: {
+          positions: new Cesium.ConstantProperty(ringPositions),
+          width: ring.width,
+          arcType: Cesium.ArcType.NONE,
+          material: new Cesium.PolylineOutlineMaterialProperty({
+            color: core,
+            outlineColor: halo,
+            outlineWidth: ring.outlineWidth,
+          }),
+        },
+      });
+      entities.push(ringEntity);
+    }
+
+    const center = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(groundCenter);
+    let gradient = null;
+    let stopPulses = null;
+    if (animate) {
+      const pulse = AWARENESS_RANGE_PULSE;
+      const count = Math.min(pulse.count, AWARENESS_PULSE_GRADIENT_MAX);
+      const uniforms = {
+        color: core.clone(),
+        lineColor: core.clone(),
+        haloColor: halo.clone(),
+        radii: new Cesium.Cartesian4(),
+        alphas: new Cesium.Cartesian4(),
+        depth: pulse.gradientDepthFraction,
+        lineWidth: pulse.width,
+        haloWidth: pulse.outlineWidth,
+      };
+      uniforms.color.alpha = pulse.gradientOpacity;
+      // A named type: Cesium caches every material type for the page's
+      // lifetime, so an unnamed fabric (a fresh GUID each time) would leave
+      // one entry per new visual. Built from the cached template, the
+      // uniforms come back as plain copies; restore this visual's own.
+      const material = new Cesium.Material({
+        fabric: {
+          type: AWARENESS_PULSE_MATERIAL_TYPE,
+          uniforms,
+          source: PULSE_GRADIENT_SOURCE,
+        },
+        translucent: true,
+      });
+      Object.assign(material.uniforms, uniforms);
+      gradient = scene.primitives.add(
+        createPulseGradient(groundCenter, material),
+      );
+      const radii = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+      const alphas = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+      const removePreRender = scene.preRender.addEventListener(() => {
+        const nowMs = performance.now();
+        const level = levelAt(nowMs);
+        const alpha = ringAlpha(nowMs);
+        ringMaterial.uniforms.color.alpha = core.alpha * alpha;
+        ringMaterial.uniforms.outlineColor.alpha = halo.alpha * alpha;
+        // The disc is looked up each frame: a subject move swaps it.
+        const disc = layerState.visual?.gradient;
+        if (disc) disc.show = level > 0;
+        for (let index = 0; index < count; index++) {
+          const state = awarenessPulseState(nowMs, index);
+          radii[index] = state.radiusM / AWARENESS_RADIUS_M;
+          alphas[index] = state.alpha * level;
+        }
+        Cesium.Cartesian4.fromArray(radii, 0, material.uniforms.radii);
+        Cesium.Cartesian4.fromArray(alphas, 0, material.uniforms.alphas);
+      });
+      // Each drawn frame, whoever asked for it, arms one request a Cyber
+      // sonar interval later, as the Cyber sonar scene does. Requests never
+      // land within 80 ms of a frame, so they cannot beat the detection
+      // lane's 80 ms gate, and they stop once the pulses rest.
+      let timer = null;
+      const removePostRender = scene.postRender.addEventListener(() => {
+        globalThis.clearTimeout(timer);
+        timer = null;
+        if (performance.now() < wake.untilMs && !belowRim())
+          timer = globalThis.setTimeout(() => {
+            timer = null;
+            governorRequestRender('awareness-pulse');
+          }, CYBER_SONAR_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS);
+      });
+      stopPulses = () => {
+        removePreRender();
+        removePostRender();
+        globalThis.clearTimeout(timer);
+        timer = null;
+      };
+      // The detection overlay pulses the brackets of flights and vessels a
+      // front crosses; it reads the centre in place, so it follows too.
+      setAwarenessEchoField({
+        center,
+        radiusM: AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
+        pulse,
+        echo: AWARENESS_RANGE_ECHO,
+        level: levelAt,
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Turning reduced motion on or off mid-session rebuilds the visual.
+    const motionQuery = globalThis.matchMedia?.(REDUCED_MOTION_QUERY);
+    const onMotionChange = () => {
+      if (layerState.subject) renderVisual(layerState.subject);
+    };
+    // Safari before 14 has only the older addListener / removeListener.
+    if (motionQuery?.addEventListener)
+      motionQuery.addEventListener('change', onMotionChange);
+    else motionQuery?.addListener?.(onMotionChange);
 
     layerState.visual = {
       key,
       entities,
-      center: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(groundCenter),
+      ring: ringEntity,
+      ringPrimitive,
+      ringPositions,
+      center,
+      gradient,
+      gradientCenter: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(groundCenter),
+      reducedMotion,
+      wake,
+      stopPulses,
+      removeMotionListener: () => {
+        if (motionQuery?.removeEventListener)
+          motionQuery.removeEventListener('change', onMotionChange);
+        else motionQuery?.removeListener?.(onMotionChange);
+      },
     };
     governorRequestRender('awareness-visual');
   }
@@ -343,5 +914,6 @@ export function createRendering({
     updateDirectionOverlay,
     clearVisual,
     renderVisual,
+    wakePulses,
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/state.js b/src/layers/awareness/state.js
index 5fd8bb912..4d7d0d6e7 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/state.js
@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
     lastCameraPoseSig: '',
     /** When the pose signature last changed bins (hysteresis anchor). */
     lastCameraPoseChangeMs: 0,
+    /** When the viewer last handled the camera (pointer, wheel, touch, key). */
+    lastCameraInputMs: Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
+    /** Element the camera-input listeners are attached to. */
+    cameraInputTarget: null,
     /** Whether the view currently counts as moving (hysteretic, not per-frame). */
     cameraMoving: false,
     lastEvaluatedPosition: null,
diff --git a/src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.js b/src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f258d3170
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.js
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/** Card model for one selected special-use airspace zone. Pure — no Cesium types. */
+
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
+export const DRONE_AIRSPACE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID = 'drone-airspace';
+
+/** Fill/line CSS color for a zone by TYPE_CODE. */
+export function droneAirspaceAccent(typeCode) {
+  return typeCode === 'P' ? '#ff3b30' : '#ff7a00';
+}
+
+/** Shoelace area (degree², sign dropped) — relative sizes only. */
+function ringArea(ring) {
+  let sum = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < ring.length - 1; i++) {
+    const [x1, y1] = ring[i];
+    const [x2, y2] = ring[i + 1];
+    sum += x1 * y2 - x2 * y1;
+  }
+  return Math.abs(sum / 2);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Anchor point for the zone card: the centroid of the largest polygon's
+ * outer ring. Degrees, so callers own the Cartesian conversion.
+ * @param {Array<Array<Array<[number, number]>>>} polygons
+ * @returns {{lon: number, lat: number}}
+ */
+export function droneAirspaceAnchorDegrees(polygons) {
+  let best = null;
+  let bestArea = -1;
+  for (const rings of polygons) {
+    const outer = rings[0];
+    const area = ringArea(outer);
+    if (area > bestArea) {
+      bestArea = area;
+      best = outer;
+    }
+  }
+  let lon = 0;
+  let lat = 0;
+  const count = best.length - 1;
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    lon += best[i][0];
+    lat += best[i][1];
+  }
+  return { lon: lon / count, lat: lat / count };
+}
+
+function altitudeLine(row) {
+  const lower = row.lowerAltitude;
+  const upper = row.upperAltitude;
+  if (lower && upper) return t('{lower} to {upper}', { lower, upper });
+  if (upper) return t('Up to {upper}', { upper });
+  if (lower) return t('From {lower}', { lower });
+  return null;
+}
+
+function placeLine(row) {
+  if (row.city && row.state) return `${row.city}, ${row.state}`;
+  return row.city || row.state || null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build the overlay-host entry for one selected zone. The caller supplies
+ * `position` (Cartesian) separately — this model stays JSON-safe for tests.
+ * @param {Object} row - Normalized zone row (see records.js).
+ * @returns {Object} World-overlay entry without `position`.
+ */
+export function buildDroneAirspaceCard(row) {
+  const facts = [row.type ? t(row.type) : row.typeCode].filter(Boolean);
+  const altitude = altitudeLine(row);
+  if (altitude) facts.push(altitude);
+  if (row.timesOfUse) facts.push(row.timesOfUse);
+
+  const details = [facts.join(' · ')];
+  const place = placeLine(row);
+  if (place) details.push(place);
+  if (row.agency) details.push(row.agency);
+  details.push(t('Informational only · not for flight planning'));
+
+  const type = row.type ? t(row.type) : 'SUA';
+  const title = `${type.toUpperCase()} · ${row.name || t('Unnamed zone')}`;
+  return {
+    id: `drone-airspace-card:${row.stableId}`,
+    selected: true,
+    interactive: false,
+    title,
+    details,
+    accent: droneAirspaceAccent(row.typeCode),
+    priority: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
+    gapPx: 15,
+    verticalOnly: true,
+    placement: 'above',
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.test.mjs b/src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8699da65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/droneAirspace/cards.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  droneAirspaceAnchorDegrees,
+  droneAirspaceAccent,
+  buildDroneAirspaceCard,
+} from './cards.js';
+
+const square = [
+  [-77.2, 38.8],
+  [-77.0, 38.8],
+  [-77.0, 39.0],
+  [-77.2, 39.0],
+  [-77.2, 38.8],
+];
+const tiny = [
+  [-76.01, 38.0],
+  [-76.0, 38.0],
+  [-76.0, 38.01],
+  [-76.01, 38.0],
+];
+
+test('the card anchors at the centroid of the largest polygon', () => {
+  const anchor = droneAirspaceAnchorDegrees([[tiny], [square]]);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(anchor.lon - -77.1) < 1e-9);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(anchor.lat - 38.9) < 1e-9);
+});
+
+test('a prohibited zone card names the type, altitudes and the disclaimer', () => {
+  const card = buildDroneAirspaceCard({
+    stableId: '310',
+    name: 'P-56',
+    typeCode: 'P',
+    type: 'Prohibited',
+    lowerAltitude: 'SFC',
+    upperAltitude: '18,000 ft MSL',
+    timesOfUse: 'CONTINUOUS',
+    agency: 'WASHINGTON CENTER',
+    city: 'WASHINGTON',
+    state: 'DC',
+  });
+  assert.equal(card.id, 'drone-airspace-card:310');
+  assert.equal(card.title, 'PROHIBITED · P-56');
+  assert.deepEqual(card.details, [
+    'Prohibited · SFC to 18,000 ft MSL · CONTINUOUS',
+    'WASHINGTON, DC',
+    'WASHINGTON CENTER',
+    'Informational only · not for flight planning',
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(card.accent, droneAirspaceAccent('P'));
+  assert.equal(card.interactive, false);
+  assert.equal(card.selected, true);
+});
+
+test('missing attributes degrade to available facts instead of placeholders', () => {
+  const card = buildDroneAirspaceCard({
+    stableId: 'x',
+    name: null,
+    typeCode: 'R',
+    type: 'Restricted',
+    lowerAltitude: null,
+    upperAltitude: null,
+    timesOfUse: null,
+    agency: null,
+    city: null,
+    state: null,
+  });
+  assert.equal(card.title, 'RESTRICTED · Unnamed zone');
+  assert.deepEqual(card.details, [
+    'Restricted',
+    'Informational only · not for flight planning',
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(card.accent, droneAirspaceAccent('R'));
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/droneAirspace/docs.test.mjs b/src/layers/droneAirspace/docs.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed9ea3be2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/droneAirspace/docs.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { VOICE_OFF_LAYERS } from '../../voice/layerManifest.js';
+import { ANALYST_LAYERS } from '../../data/analystEngine.js';
+
+const read = (path) =>
+  readFileSync(new URL(`../../../${path}`, import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+const currentState = read('docs/CURRENT-STATE.md');
+const section = currentState.slice(
+  currentState.indexOf('## Prohibited & Restricted Airspace'),
+  currentState.indexOf('\n## ', currentState.indexOf('## Prohibited')) + 1,
+);
+const tokens = JSON.parse(read('src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json'));
+
+test('CURRENT-STATE names the reserved share-link token', () => {
+  const token = JSON.stringify(tokens).match(
+    /\["drone-airspace","([^"]+)"\]/,
+  )?.[1];
+  assert.ok(token, 'drone-airspace has a reserved token');
+  assert.match(section, new RegExp(`share-link token \`${token}\``));
+});
+
+test('CURRENT-STATE matches the layer being outside voice and the analyst', () => {
+  assert.ok(Object.hasOwn(VOICE_OFF_LAYERS, 'drone-airspace'));
+  assert.ok(!Object.hasOwn(ANALYST_LAYERS, 'drone-airspace'));
+  assert.doesNotMatch(section, /Voice can toggle/);
+  assert.match(section, /Voice is off for this layer for now/);
+  const analyst = currentState.match(/Analyst records come on demand[^\n]*/)[0];
+  assert.doesNotMatch(analyst, /drone/i);
+});
+
+test('CURRENT-STATE states what the layer does not cover', () => {
+  assert.match(section, /UAS Facility Map/);
+  assert.match(section, /LAANC/);
+  assert.match(section, /TFRs/);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/droneAirspace/index.js b/src/layers/droneAirspace/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0eb5e60a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/droneAirspace/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { msg, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  DRONE_AIRSPACE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+  droneAirspaceAnchorDegrees,
+  buildDroneAirspaceCard,
+  droneAirspaceAccent,
+} from './cards.js';
+export { normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot } from './records.js';
+export { createDroneAirspaceSource } from './source.js';
+export * from './cards.js';
+
+/** Fill/line color for a zone by TYPE_CODE. */
+export function droneAirspaceColor(typeCode) {
+  return Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(droneAirspaceAccent(typeCode));
+}
+
+const ringPositions = (ring) =>
+  ring.map(([lon, lat]) => Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat));
+
+/**
+ * FNV-1a over a zone's rings: a short, deterministic fingerprint so a
+ * boundary change with unchanged attributes still alters the refresh signature.
+ */
+function geometryHash(polygons) {
+  const text = JSON.stringify(polygons);
+  let hash = 0x811c9dc5;
+  for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
+    hash ^= text.charCodeAt(i);
+    hash = Math.imul(hash, 0x01000193);
+  }
+  return (hash >>> 0).toString(36);
+}
+
+const PICK_PREFIX = 'drone-airspace:';
+const CARD_HOST_OPTIONS = Object.freeze({
+  cohortLimit: 1,
+  collisionCapacity: 1,
+  moving: false,
+});
+
+/** Own one drone-restriction display, its refresh lifecycle, and click selection. */
+export function createDroneAirspaceLayer({
+  source,
+  overlayHost = null,
+  screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory = null,
+  picking = null,
+  pointer = null,
+} = {}) {
+  if (typeof source?.getSnapshot !== 'function')
+    throw new TypeError('Drone airspace requires a snapshot source');
+  let _viewer = null;
+  let _request = null;
+  let _snapshotSignature = null;
+  let _dataSource = null;
+  let _count = 0;
+  let _lastUpdate = null;
+  let _lastError = null;
+  let _stale = false;
+  let _enabled = false;
+  let _clickHandler = null;
+  let _selectedId = null;
+  let _selectedCardId = null;
+  /** @type {Map<string, {stableId: string, anchor: {lon: number, lat: number}}>} */
+  const _rowById = new Map();
+
+  const canSelect = () =>
+    overlayHost && screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory && picking;
+
+  function publishSelectedCard() {
+    if (!canSelect()) return;
+    const row = _selectedId ? _rowById.get(_selectedId) : null;
+    if (!row) {
+      _selectedId = null;
+      _selectedCardId = null;
+      overlayHost.setEntries(
+        DRONE_AIRSPACE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+        [],
+        CARD_HOST_OPTIONS,
+      );
+      return;
+    }
+    const card = {
+      ...buildDroneAirspaceCard(row),
+      position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(row.anchor.lon, row.anchor.lat),
+    };
+    _selectedCardId = card.id;
+    overlayHost.setEntries(
+      DRONE_AIRSPACE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+      [card],
+      CARD_HOST_OPTIONS,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Resolve a scene pick to one of this layer's zone ids, or null. */
+  function pickedZoneId(picked) {
+    const pickId = picking.resolvePickId(picked);
+    if (typeof pickId !== 'string' || !pickId.startsWith(PICK_PREFIX))
+      return null;
+    const zoneId = pickId.slice(PICK_PREFIX.length).split(':')[0];
+    return _rowById.has(zoneId) ? zoneId : null;
+  }
+
+  function installClickHandler() {
+    if (!canSelect() || _clickHandler || !_viewer) return;
+    // Deliberately NOT registered in the pick-ownership registry: sibling
+    // layers yield to owned picks before their own overlay-card hit-tests,
+    // so claiming these large ground polygons would make FIRMS/vessel/CCTV
+    // cards inert anywhere over a zone. Unowned, our picks read as
+    // "empty space" to siblings — the same contract as fire perimeters.
+    _clickHandler = screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory(_viewer);
+    _clickHandler.setInputAction((click) => {
+      if (pointer && !pointer.isPointerFree()) return;
+      const cardHit = overlayHost.hitTest?.(
+        click.position?.x,
+        click.position?.y,
+        { sourceId: DRONE_AIRSPACE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID },
+      );
+      if (cardHit && cardHit.entryId === _selectedCardId) return;
+      const picked = _viewer.scene.pick(click.position);
+      const zoneId = picked ? pickedZoneId(picked) : null;
+      if (zoneId) {
+        _selectedId = zoneId;
+        publishSelectedCard();
+        return;
+      }
+      if (picked) {
+        const pickId = picking.resolvePickId(picked);
+        if (pickId && picking.isOwnedByOtherLayer(layer.id, pickId)) return;
+      }
+      if (_selectedId) {
+        _selectedId = null;
+        publishSelectedCard();
+      }
+    }, Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK);
+  }
+
+  function removeClickHandler() {
+    if (_clickHandler) {
+      _clickHandler.destroy();
+      _clickHandler = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function clearSelection() {
+    _selectedId = null;
+    _selectedCardId = null;
+    if (overlayHost) {
+      overlayHost.clearSource(DRONE_AIRSPACE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID);
+      overlayHost.setVisible?.(DRONE_AIRSPACE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const layer = {
+    id: 'drone-airspace',
+    name: 'Prohibited & Restricted Airspace',
+    icon: '🚫',
+    source: 'FAA SUA',
+    updateInterval: 3600000,
+
+    init(viewer) {
+      if (_viewer)
+        throw new Error('Drone airspace layer is already initialized');
+      _viewer = viewer;
+      _dataSource = new Cesium.CustomDataSource('drone-airspace');
+      _dataSource.show = false;
+      viewer.dataSources.add(_dataSource);
+      _count = 0;
+      _lastUpdate = null;
+      _lastError = null;
+      _stale = false;
+      _enabled = false;
+      console.log('[Data:DroneAirspace] Initialized');
+    },
+
+    enable() {
+      _enabled = true;
+      if (_dataSource) _dataSource.show = true;
+      overlayHost?.setVisible?.(DRONE_AIRSPACE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, true);
+      installClickHandler();
+    },
+
+    disable() {
+      _request?.abort();
+      _request = null;
+      _enabled = false;
+      if (_dataSource) _dataSource.show = false;
+      removeClickHandler();
+      clearSelection();
+    },
+
+    async update() {
+      if (!_enabled || !_dataSource) return false;
+      _request?.abort();
+      const request = new AbortController();
+      _request = request;
+      try {
+        // The source contract is getSnapshot; a source that can also say how
+        // fresh its rows are (the FAA proxy) offers getSnapshotDetail.
+        const snapshot =
+          typeof source.getSnapshotDetail === 'function'
+            ? await source.getSnapshotDetail({ signal: request.signal })
+            : { rows: await source.getSnapshot({ signal: request.signal }) };
+        if (request.signal.aborted || _request !== request || !_enabled)
+          return false;
+        const { rows } = snapshot;
+        _stale = snapshot.stale === true;
+        // A stale snapshot is as old as its fetch, not this poll.
+        const updatedAt =
+          _stale && Number.isFinite(snapshot.fetchedAt)
+            ? snapshot.fetchedAt
+            : Date.now();
+
+        // FAA amends boundaries in its 8-week cycle without any attribute
+        // changing, so the geometry is part of the signature.
+        const signature = JSON.stringify(
+          rows
+            .map(({ polygons, ...facts }) => ({
+              ...facts,
+              geometry: geometryHash(polygons),
+            }))
+            .sort((a, b) => a.stableId.localeCompare(b.stableId)),
+        );
+        if (signature === _snapshotSignature) {
+          if (_selectedId) publishSelectedCard();
+          _lastUpdate = updatedAt;
+          _lastError = null;
+          return true;
+        }
+        const nextEntities = [];
+        _rowById.clear();
+        for (const row of rows) {
+          const color = droneAirspaceColor(row.typeCode);
+          for (const [index, rings] of row.polygons.entries()) {
+            const [outer, ...holes] = rings;
+            const outerPositions = ringPositions(outer);
+            nextEntities.push(
+              new Cesium.Entity({
+                id: `drone-airspace:${row.stableId}:${index}`,
+                polygon: {
+                  hierarchy: new Cesium.PolygonHierarchy(
+                    outerPositions,
+                    holes.map(
+                      (hole) =>
+                        new Cesium.PolygonHierarchy(ringPositions(hole)),
+                    ),
+                  ),
+                  material: new Cesium.ColorMaterialProperty(
+                    color.withAlpha(0.25),
+                  ),
+                },
+                polyline: {
+                  positions: outerPositions,
+                  clampToGround: true,
+                  width: 2,
+                  material: new Cesium.ColorMaterialProperty(
+                    color.withAlpha(0.9),
+                  ),
+                },
+              }),
+            );
+          }
+          const { polygons, ...facts } = row;
+          _rowById.set(row.stableId, {
+            ...facts,
+            anchor: droneAirspaceAnchorDegrees(polygons),
+          });
+        }
+
+        _dataSource.entities.removeAll();
+        for (const entity of nextEntities) _dataSource.entities.add(entity);
+        _snapshotSignature = signature;
+        if (_selectedId) publishSelectedCard();
+        _count = rows.length;
+        _lastUpdate = updatedAt;
+        _lastError = null;
+        console.log(
+          `[Data:DroneAirspace] Updated: ${_count} zones, ${nextEntities.length} polygons`,
+        );
+        return true;
+      } catch (e) {
+        if (request.signal.aborted || _request !== request || !_enabled)
+          return false;
+        console.warn('[Data:DroneAirspace] Fetch error:', e);
+        _lastError =
+          e?.message || msg('Restricted airspace source unavailable');
+        // A failure now outranks the stale snapshot still drawn.
+        _stale = false;
+        return false;
+      } finally {
+        if (_request === request) _request = null;
+      }
+    },
+
+    destroy(viewer = _viewer) {
+      _request?.abort();
+      _request = null;
+      removeClickHandler();
+      clearSelection();
+      _rowById.clear();
+      _snapshotSignature = null;
+      _viewer = null;
+      _enabled = false;
+      if (_dataSource) {
+        viewer.dataSources.remove(_dataSource, true);
+        _dataSource = null;
+      }
+      _count = 0;
+      _lastUpdate = null;
+      _lastError = null;
+      _stale = false;
+    },
+
+    getAnalystRecords(maxCount = 2000) {
+      if (!_dataSource || !_dataSource.show) return [];
+      const limit = Number.isFinite(maxCount)
+        ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(maxCount))
+        : 2000;
+      const result = [];
+      for (const row of _rowById.values()) {
+        if (result.length >= limit) break;
+        const { anchor, stableId, ...facts } = row;
+        result.push({
+          id: stableId,
+          ...facts,
+          lat: anchor.lat,
+          lon: anchor.lon,
+        });
+      }
+      return result;
+    },
+
+    getRowControls() {
+      const bands = [
+        { label: t('Prohibited (P)'), color: droneAirspaceAccent('P') },
+        { label: t('Restricted (R)'), color: droneAirspaceAccent('R') },
+      ];
+      return {
+        chips: [],
+        legend: bands.map((band, index) => ({
+          ...band,
+          count: [..._rowById.values()].filter(
+            (row) => droneAirspaceAccent(row.typeCode) === band.color,
+          ).length,
+          ...(index === 0
+            ? {
+                blurb: t(
+                  'FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).',
+                ),
+              }
+            : {}),
+        })),
+      };
+    },
+
+    getStats() {
+      return {
+        count: _count,
+        lastUpdate: _lastUpdate,
+        error: _lastError,
+        stale: _stale,
+      };
+    },
+  };
+  return layer;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/droneAirspace/ownership.test.mjs b/src/layers/droneAirspace/ownership.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e058834ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/droneAirspace/ownership.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { createDroneAirspaceLayer } from './index.js';
+import { layerFeedState } from '../../data/feedState.js';
+
+function harness(source, { pick = () => null, cardHit = () => null } = {}) {
+  const sources = [];
+  const overlay = { entries: new Map(), visible: null };
+  const clicks = { handler: null, destroyed: 0 };
+  const owners = new Map();
+  const viewer = {
+    scene: { pick },
+    dataSources: {
+      add(value) {
+        sources.push(value);
+      },
+      remove(value) {
+        sources.splice(sources.indexOf(value), 1);
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  const layer = createDroneAirspaceLayer({
+    source,
+    overlayHost: {
+      setEntries(sourceId, entries) {
+        overlay.entries.set(sourceId, entries);
+      },
+      setVisible(sourceId, visible) {
+        overlay.visible = visible;
+      },
+      clearSource(sourceId) {
+        overlay.entries.delete(sourceId);
+      },
+      hitTest: (x, y, options) => cardHit(x, y, options),
+    },
+    screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory: () => ({
+      setInputAction(callback) {
+        clicks.handler = callback;
+      },
+      destroy() {
+        clicks.destroyed += 1;
+        clicks.handler = null;
+      },
+    }),
+    picking: {
+      resolvePickId: (picked) => picked?.id ?? null,
+      isOwnedByOtherLayer: (layerId, pickedId) =>
+        String(pickedId).startsWith('other-layer:'),
+      registerPickOwner: (layerId, predicate) => owners.set(layerId, predicate),
+      unregisterPickOwner: (layerId) => owners.delete(layerId),
+    },
+    pointer: { isPointerFree: () => true },
+  });
+  layer.init(viewer);
+  layer.enable(viewer);
+  return { layer, viewer, sources, overlay, clicks, owners };
+}
+
+const ring = [
+  [-77.04, 38.89],
+  [-77.03, 38.89],
+  [-77.03, 38.9],
+  [-77.04, 38.89],
+];
+const row = {
+  stableId: '310',
+  name: 'P-56',
+  typeCode: 'P',
+  type: 'Prohibited',
+  lowerAltitude: 'SFC',
+  upperAltitude: '18,000 ft MSL',
+  timesOfUse: 'CONTINUOUS',
+  agency: null,
+  city: 'WASHINGTON',
+  state: 'DC',
+  polygons: [[ring]],
+};
+
+test('each zone polygon renders as one filled entity with its outline', async () => {
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [
+      row,
+      { ...row, stableId: '400', typeCode: 'R', polygons: [[ring], [ring]] },
+    ],
+  });
+  assert.equal(await h.layer.update(h.viewer), true);
+  const entities = h.sources[0].entities.values;
+  assert.equal(entities.length, 3);
+  assert.equal(entities[0].id, 'drone-airspace:310:0');
+  assert.ok(entities[0].polygon, 'zone fill missing');
+  assert.ok(entities[0].polyline, 'zone outline missing');
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 2);
+});
+
+test('clicking a zone publishes its card; empty space clears it', async () => {
+  let pickResult = null;
+  const h = harness(
+    { getSnapshot: async () => [row] },
+    { pick: () => pickResult },
+  );
+  await h.layer.update(h.viewer);
+  assert.equal(typeof h.clicks.handler, 'function', 'click handler missing');
+  assert.equal(h.owners.size, 0);
+
+  pickResult = { id: 'drone-airspace:310:0' };
+  h.clicks.handler({ position: { x: 10, y: 10 } });
+  const entries = h.overlay.entries.get('drone-airspace');
+  assert.equal(entries.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(entries[0].id, 'drone-airspace-card:310');
+  assert.equal(entries[0].title, 'PROHIBITED · P-56');
+  assert.ok(entries[0].position, 'card must carry a world anchor');
+
+  pickResult = { id: 'other-layer:aircraft-1' };
+  h.clicks.handler({ position: { x: 10, y: 10 } });
+  assert.equal(
+    h.overlay.entries.get('drone-airspace')?.length,
+    1,
+    'sibling-layer picks must not clear the selection',
+  );
+
+  pickResult = null;
+  h.clicks.handler({ position: { x: 10, y: 10 } });
+  assert.equal(h.overlay.entries.get('drone-airspace')?.length ?? 0, 0);
+});
+
+test('late refresh cannot publish after disable or destroy', async () => {
+  for (const action of ['disable', 'destroy']) {
+    let resolve, signal;
+    const h = harness({
+      getSnapshot(options) {
+        signal = options.signal;
+        return new Promise((done) => {
+          resolve = done;
+        });
+      },
+    });
+    const pending = h.layer.update(h.viewer);
+    h.layer[action](h.viewer);
+    assert.equal(signal.aborted, true);
+    if (action === 'disable') h.layer.enable(h.viewer);
+    resolve([row]);
+    assert.equal(await pending, false);
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 0);
+    h.layer.destroy(h.viewer);
+  }
+});
+
+test('the row legend names prohibited and restricted with the disclaimer', async () => {
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [
+      row,
+      { ...row, stableId: '400', typeCode: 'R', type: 'Restricted' },
+    ],
+  });
+  await h.layer.update(h.viewer);
+  const legend = h.layer.getRowControls().legend;
+  assert.equal(legend[0].label, 'Prohibited (P)');
+  assert.equal(legend[1].label, 'Restricted (R)');
+  assert.equal(legend[0].count, 1);
+  assert.equal(legend[1].count, 1);
+  assert.match(legend[0].blurb, /not a substitute/);
+});
+
+test('a stale snapshot reads STALE, dated by its own fetch, and a fresh one clears it', async () => {
+  const fetchedAt = Date.now() - 3 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+  let snapshot = { rows: [row], stale: true, fetchedAt };
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => snapshot.rows,
+    getSnapshotDetail: async () => snapshot,
+  });
+  await h.layer.update(h.viewer);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().stale, true);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().lastUpdate, fetchedAt);
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'stale');
+  snapshot = { rows: [row], stale: false, fetchedAt: Date.now() };
+  await h.layer.update(h.viewer);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().stale, false);
+  assert.ok(h.layer.getStats().lastUpdate > fetchedAt);
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'nominal');
+});
+
+test('a failed refresh after a stale snapshot reads as the failure, not stale', async () => {
+  let fail = false;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [row],
+    getSnapshotDetail: async () => {
+      if (fail) throw new Error('FAA SUA HTTP 502');
+      return { rows: [row], stale: true, fetchedAt: Date.now() - 60_000 };
+    },
+  });
+  await h.layer.update(h.viewer);
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'stale');
+  fail = true;
+  await h.layer.update(h.viewer);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().stale, false);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().error, 'FAA SUA HTTP 502');
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'degraded');
+});
+
+test('a boundary change alone redraws the zone; identical geometry does not', async () => {
+  const moved = ring.map(([lon, lat]) => [lon + 0.5, lat]);
+  let rows = [row];
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => rows });
+  await h.layer.update(h.viewer);
+  const [first] = h.sources[0].entities.values;
+  rows = [{ ...row, polygons: [[ring.map((point) => [...point])]] }];
+  await h.layer.update(h.viewer);
+  assert.equal(h.sources[0].entities.values[0], first, 'same geometry kept');
+  rows = [{ ...row, polygons: [[moved]] }];
+  await h.layer.update(h.viewer);
+  const [redrawn] = h.sources[0].entities.values;
+  assert.notEqual(redrawn, first, 'moved boundary must redraw');
+  assert.notDeepEqual(
+    redrawn.polyline.positions.getValue(),
+    first.polyline.positions.getValue(),
+  );
+  assert.ok(h.layer.getAnalystRecords()[0].lon > -76.6);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js b/src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d43b3c23b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/**
+ * Normalize an FAA Special Use Airspace feed, skipping individually invalid
+ * features. Only a payload that is not a feature collection at all rejects
+ * the whole snapshot: a single degenerate polygon must never blank the layer.
+ */
+
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/marker.js';
+
+const TYPE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  P: msg('Prohibited'),
+  R: msg('Restricted'),
+});
+
+const finiteOrNull = (value) => (Number.isFinite(value) ? value : null);
+const textOrNull = (value) => {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') return null;
+  const text = value.trim();
+  return text ? text : null;
+};
+
+/** FAA marks line breaks in TIMESOFUSE with `%`; read them as `; ` separators. */
+const timesOfUseOrNull = (value) =>
+  textOrNull(
+    typeof value === 'string'
+      ? value.replace(/\s*;?\s*%\s*/g, '; ').replace(/^[;\s]+|[;\s]+$/g, '')
+      : value,
+  );
+
+function validRing(ring) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(ring) || ring.length < 4) return false;
+  for (const position of ring) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(position) || position.length < 2) return false;
+    const [lon, lat] = position;
+    if (!Number.isFinite(lon) || Math.abs(lon) > 180) return false;
+    if (!Number.isFinite(lat) || Math.abs(lat) > 90) return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+/** Normalize Polygon/MultiPolygon geometry to an array of polygons (each an
+ * array of rings). Returns null on malformed geometry, [] when empty. */
+function normalizePolygons(geometry) {
+  if (!geometry || typeof geometry !== 'object') return null;
+  let polygons;
+  if (geometry.type === 'Polygon') polygons = [geometry.coordinates];
+  else if (geometry.type === 'MultiPolygon') polygons = geometry.coordinates;
+  else return null;
+  if (!Array.isArray(polygons)) return null;
+  const result = [];
+  for (const rings of polygons) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(rings)) return null;
+    if (!rings.length) continue;
+    if (!rings.every(validRing)) return null;
+    result.push(rings);
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * One SUA altitude limit from its VAL/UOM/CODE triple, in aviation notation:
+ * `SFC`, `500 ft AGL`, `5,000 ft MSL`, `FL180` or `Unlimited`. The *_DESC
+ * fields are inclusion qualifiers (TI/TNI/ANI), not altitudes. Returns null
+ * when the triple does not describe a limit.
+ */
+export function droneAirspaceAltitude(value, uom, code) {
+  const unit = textOrNull(uom)?.toUpperCase() ?? null;
+  const reference = textOrNull(code)?.toUpperCase() ?? null;
+  if (reference === 'UNLTD') return 'Unlimited';
+  const number = Number(value);
+  if (value == null || value === '' || !Number.isFinite(number) || number < 0)
+    return null;
+  if (unit === 'FL' || reference === 'STD') return `FL${Math.round(number)}`;
+  const feet = `${Math.round(number).toLocaleString('en-US')} ft`;
+  if (reference === 'SFC') return number === 0 ? 'SFC' : `${feet} AGL`;
+  if (reference === 'MSL') return `${feet} MSL`;
+  return unit === 'FT' || unit == null ? feet : null;
+}
+
+/** Human label for a TYPE_CODE, or null when the code is not in the pack. */
+export function droneAirspaceTypeLabel(typeCode) {
+  return TYPE_LABELS[typeCode] || null;
+}
+
+export function normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot(geojson) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(geojson?.features)) return null;
+  const rows = [];
+  const ids = new Set();
+  for (const feature of geojson.features) {
+    const properties = feature?.properties;
+    if (
+      !properties ||
+      typeof properties !== 'object' ||
+      Array.isArray(properties)
+    )
+      continue;
+    const typeCode = textOrNull(properties.TYPE_CODE);
+    const type = droneAirspaceTypeLabel(typeCode);
+    if (!type) continue;
+    const polygons = normalizePolygons(feature.geometry);
+    if (polygons === null || !polygons.length) continue;
+    const objectId = finiteOrNull(Number(properties.OBJECTID));
+    const featureId =
+      feature.id == null || feature.id === '' ? null : String(feature.id);
+    const stableId =
+      objectId != null
+        ? String(objectId)
+        : featureId && !ids.has(featureId)
+          ? featureId
+          : null;
+    if (stableId == null || ids.has(stableId)) continue;
+    ids.add(stableId);
+    rows.push({
+      stableId,
+      name: textOrNull(properties.NAME),
+      typeCode,
+      type,
+      lowerAltitude: droneAirspaceAltitude(
+        properties.LOWER_VAL,
+        properties.LOWER_UOM,
+        properties.LOWER_CODE,
+      ),
+      upperAltitude: droneAirspaceAltitude(
+        properties.UPPER_VAL,
+        properties.UPPER_UOM,
+        properties.UPPER_CODE,
+      ),
+      timesOfUse: timesOfUseOrNull(properties.TIMESOFUSE),
+      agency: textOrNull(properties.CONT_AGENT),
+      city: textOrNull(properties.CITY),
+      state: textOrNull(properties.STATE),
+      polygons,
+    });
+  }
+  return rows;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/droneAirspace/records.test.mjs b/src/layers/droneAirspace/records.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be108c5ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/droneAirspace/records.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  droneAirspaceAltitude,
+  droneAirspaceTypeLabel,
+  normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot,
+} from './records.js';
+
+const ring = [
+  [-77.04, 38.89],
+  [-77.03, 38.89],
+  [-77.03, 38.9],
+  [-77.04, 38.89],
+];
+
+function feature(overrides = {}) {
+  return {
+    id: 310,
+    geometry: { type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [ring] },
+    properties: {
+      NAME: 'P-56',
+      TYPE_CODE: 'P',
+      UPPER_DESC: 'TNI',
+      UPPER_VAL: '18000',
+      UPPER_UOM: 'FT',
+      UPPER_CODE: 'MSL',
+      LOWER_DESC: null,
+      LOWER_VAL: '0',
+      LOWER_UOM: 'FT',
+      LOWER_CODE: 'SFC',
+      TIMESOFUSE: 'CONTINUOUS',
+      CONT_AGENT: 'WASHINGTON CENTER',
+      CITY: 'WASHINGTON',
+      STATE: 'DC',
+      OBJECTID: 310,
+      ...overrides.properties,
+    },
+    ...overrides,
+  };
+}
+
+test('a valid snapshot yields one row per prohibited or restricted zone', () => {
+  const rows = normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot({
+    features: [
+      feature(),
+      feature({
+        id: 400,
+        properties: {
+          NAME: 'R-2508',
+          TYPE_CODE: 'R',
+          OBJECTID: 400,
+        },
+      }),
+    ],
+  });
+  assert.equal(rows.length, 2);
+  assert.deepEqual(rows[0], {
+    stableId: '310',
+    name: 'P-56',
+    typeCode: 'P',
+    type: 'Prohibited',
+    lowerAltitude: 'SFC',
+    upperAltitude: '18,000 ft MSL',
+    timesOfUse: 'CONTINUOUS',
+    agency: 'WASHINGTON CENTER',
+    city: 'WASHINGTON',
+    state: 'DC',
+    polygons: [[ring]],
+  });
+  assert.equal(rows[1].type, 'Restricted');
+  assert.equal(rows[1].typeCode, 'R');
+});
+
+test('altitudes come from VAL/UOM/CODE, not the TI/TNI/ANI qualifiers', () => {
+  // P-40 and R-2508 as the FAA service publishes them.
+  assert.equal(droneAirspaceAltitude('0', 'FT', 'SFC'), 'SFC');
+  assert.equal(droneAirspaceAltitude('5000', 'FT', 'MSL'), '5,000 ft MSL');
+  assert.equal(droneAirspaceAltitude('20000', 'FT', 'MSL'), '20,000 ft MSL');
+  assert.equal(droneAirspaceAltitude('-9998', null, 'UNLTD'), 'Unlimited');
+  assert.equal(droneAirspaceAltitude('1500', 'FT', 'SFC'), '1,500 ft AGL');
+  assert.equal(droneAirspaceAltitude('180', 'FL', 'STD'), 'FL180');
+  assert.equal(droneAirspaceAltitude('10000', 'FT', null), '10,000 ft');
+  assert.equal(droneAirspaceAltitude(null, null, null), null);
+  assert.equal(droneAirspaceAltitude('-9998', 'FT', 'MSL'), null);
+  const [row] = normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot({
+    features: [
+      feature({
+        properties: {
+          NAME: 'R-2508',
+          TYPE_CODE: 'R',
+          OBJECTID: 400,
+          UPPER_DESC: null,
+          UPPER_VAL: '-9998',
+          UPPER_UOM: null,
+          UPPER_CODE: 'UNLTD',
+          LOWER_VAL: '20000',
+          LOWER_UOM: 'FT',
+          LOWER_CODE: 'MSL',
+        },
+      }),
+    ],
+  });
+  assert.equal(row.lowerAltitude, '20,000 ft MSL');
+  assert.equal(row.upperAltitude, 'Unlimited');
+});
+
+test('MOA, warning and advisory codes are dropped, as are bad geometries', () => {
+  const rows = normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot({
+    features: [
+      feature({ properties: { TYPE_CODE: 'MOA', OBJECTID: 1 } }),
+      feature({ properties: { TYPE_CODE: 'W', OBJECTID: 2 } }),
+      feature({ properties: { TYPE_CODE: 'A', OBJECTID: 3 } }),
+      feature({ geometry: null, properties: { OBJECTID: 4 } }),
+      feature({
+        geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [-77, 38] },
+        properties: { OBJECTID: 5 },
+      }),
+      feature(),
+    ],
+  });
+  assert.equal(rows.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(rows[0].name, 'P-56');
+});
+
+test('duplicate ids and a missing collection reject or skip as documented', () => {
+  const dup = normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot({
+    features: [feature(), feature({ id: 311 })],
+  });
+  assert.equal(dup.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot({}), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot(null), null);
+  assert.equal(droneAirspaceTypeLabel('P'), 'Prohibited');
+  assert.equal(droneAirspaceTypeLabel('R'), 'Restricted');
+  assert.equal(droneAirspaceTypeLabel('MOA'), null);
+});
+
+test("FAA's % line-break markers in times of use read as separators", () => {
+  const timesOfUse = (TIMESOFUSE) =>
+    normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot({
+      features: [
+        feature({
+          properties: {
+            NAME: 'R-2508',
+            TYPE_CODE: 'R',
+            OBJECTID: 400,
+            TIMESOFUSE,
+          },
+        }),
+      ],
+    })[0].timesOfUse;
+  // The shape 56 live records carry: a marker after the semicolon.
+  assert.equal(
+    timesOfUse(
+      '0700 - 2200 MON - FRI; 0800 - 1600 SAT - SUN; %OTHER TIMES BY NOTAM',
+    ),
+    '0700 - 2200 MON - FRI; 0800 - 1600 SAT - SUN; OTHER TIMES BY NOTAM',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    timesOfUse('SR - SS DAILY %OTHER TIMES BY NOTAM'),
+    'SR - SS DAILY; OTHER TIMES BY NOTAM',
+  );
+  assert.equal(timesOfUse('%CONTINUOUS%'), 'CONTINUOUS');
+  assert.equal(timesOfUse(' % '), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js b/src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd5c4d40e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { readResponseJsonCapped } from '../../sources/httpBody.js';
+
+/** Request a normalized snapshot through the bounded, same-origin FAA proxy. */
+export function createDroneAirspaceSource({
+  fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
+} = {}) {
+  /**
+   * The rows with how fresh they are: the proxy answers from its last
+   * snapshot, marked stale, while the FAA service is unreachable.
+   * @returns {Promise<{rows: object[], stale: boolean, fetchedAt: number|null}>}
+   */
+  async function getSnapshotDetail({ signal } = {}) {
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    const response = await fetchImpl('/api/drone-airspace', { signal });
+    if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`FAA SUA HTTP ${response.status}`);
+    const payload = await readResponseJsonCapped(
+      response,
+      80 * 1024 * 1024,
+      signal,
+    );
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    if (!Array.isArray(payload?.rows))
+      throw new Error('Malformed drone airspace snapshot');
+    return {
+      rows: payload.rows,
+      stale: payload.stale === true,
+      fetchedAt: Number.isFinite(payload.fetchedAt) ? payload.fetchedAt : null,
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    /** The zone rows (see getSnapshotDetail for staleness). */
+    async getSnapshot(options = {}) {
+      return (await getSnapshotDetail(options)).rows;
+    },
+    getSnapshotDetail,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/droneAirspace/source.test.mjs b/src/layers/droneAirspace/source.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93644db1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/droneAirspace/source.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createDroneAirspaceSource } from './source.js';
+import { normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot } from './records.js';
+import { droneAirspaceProxy } from '../../../server/providers/droneAirspace.js';
+
+const ring = [
+  [-77.04, 38.89],
+  [-77.03, 38.89],
+  [-77.03, 38.9],
+  [-77.04, 38.89],
+];
+const validPayload = {
+  features: [
+    {
+      id: 310,
+      geometry: { type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [ring] },
+      properties: {
+        NAME: 'P-56',
+        TYPE_CODE: 'P',
+        OBJECTID: 310,
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+};
+
+test('a successful response yields normalized zone rows', async () => {
+  let requested;
+  const source = createDroneAirspaceSource({
+    fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+      requested = String(url);
+      return Response.json({
+        rows: normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot(validPayload),
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  const rows = await source.getSnapshot();
+  assert.equal(rows.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(rows[0].stableId, '310');
+  assert.equal(requested, '/api/drone-airspace');
+});
+
+test('a truncated response pages until the feed is complete', async () => {
+  const pageRing = (id) => ({
+    id,
+    geometry: { type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [ring] },
+    properties: { NAME: `P-${id}`, TYPE_CODE: 'P', OBJECTID: id },
+  });
+  const requests = [];
+  let handler;
+  const plugin = droneAirspaceProxy({
+    fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+      requests.push(new URL(String(url)).searchParams.get('resultOffset'));
+      const page = requests.length;
+      return Response.json({
+        features: [pageRing(page)],
+        properties: { exceededTransferLimit: page < 3 },
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  plugin.configureServer({
+    middlewares: {
+      use: (_path, callback) => {
+        handler = callback;
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  let payload;
+  await handler(
+    { url: '/', method: 'GET' },
+    {
+      writeHead(status) {
+        assert.equal(status, 200);
+      },
+      end(body) {
+        payload = JSON.parse(body);
+      },
+    },
+  );
+  const rows = payload.rows;
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    rows.map((row) => row.stableId),
+    ['1', '2', '3'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(requests, [null, '1', '2']);
+});
+
+test('an upstream failure surfaces its HTTP status', async () => {
+  const source = createDroneAirspaceSource({
+    fetchImpl: async () => ({ ok: false, status: 503 }),
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(source.getSnapshot(), /FAA SUA HTTP 503/);
+});
+
+test('a malformed successful response is never accepted as an empty snapshot', async () => {
+  for (const payload of [{}, { rows: null }, { rows: {} }]) {
+    const source = createDroneAirspaceSource({
+      fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(payload),
+    });
+    await assert.rejects(
+      source.getSnapshot(),
+      /Malformed drone airspace snapshot/,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('the snapshot detail carries the proxy staleness and fetch time', async () => {
+  const fetchedAt = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12);
+  const rows = normalizeDroneAirspaceSnapshot(validPayload);
+  const source = createDroneAirspaceSource({
+    fetchImpl: async () => Response.json({ rows, stale: true, fetchedAt }),
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(await source.getSnapshotDetail(), {
+    rows,
+    stale: true,
+    fetchedAt,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(await source.getSnapshot(), rows);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/flowSource.js b/src/layers/traffic/flowSource.js
index f517c99bc..12e746e43 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/flowSource.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/flowSource.js
@@ -20,6 +20,19 @@ function tileFreshness(response) {
   };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Clip a flow line to a box. Every piece keeps its uncut line as `line`, so
+ * pieces of one line that doubles back are never paired with each other.
+ */
+function clipFlowSegment(segment, bbox) {
+  const line = segment.line || segment;
+  return clipTileLine(segment.coords, bbox).map((coords) => ({
+    ...segment,
+    coords,
+    line,
+  }));
+}
+
 /** Own one bounded decoded flow cache; every request still passes the server tile budget. */
 export function createFlowTileSource({
   fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
@@ -41,12 +54,7 @@ export function createFlowTileSource({
       entry?.release();
       const segments = decodeFlowTile(bytes, z, x, y, { strict: true })
         .filter(isDrivableFlowSegment)
-        .flatMap((segment) =>
-          clipTileLine(segment.coords, tileToBBox(z, x, y)).map((coords) => ({
-            ...segment,
-            coords,
-          })),
-        );
+        .flatMap((segment) => clipFlowSegment(segment, tileToBBox(z, x, y)));
       if (mark) freshness.set(segments, mark);
       return segments;
     },
@@ -87,12 +95,9 @@ export function createFlowTileSource({
     partial = result.partial;
     const segments = bounds.coverage
       ? result.tiles.flat()
-      : result.tiles.flat().flatMap((segment) =>
-          clipTileLine(segment.coords, bounds).map((coords) => ({
-            ...segment,
-            coords,
-          })),
-        );
+      : result.tiles
+          .flat()
+          .flatMap((segment) => clipFlowSegment(segment, bounds));
     const marks = result.tiles.map((tile) => freshness.get(tile) || {});
     const times = marks
       .map((mark) => mark.fetchedAt)
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/roadModes.js b/src/layers/traffic/roadModes.js
index 05b7ba4f7..ce62f5e1f 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/roadModes.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/roadModes.js
@@ -35,6 +35,14 @@ const MIN_FILL_M = 40;
  * Same-class overlap keeps the full 35 m matcher radius.
  */
 const CLASS_MISMATCH_RADIUS_M = 15;
+/**
+ * Opposite-direction TomTom lines this close share one street: TomTom draws
+ * both directions of a two-way street a metre or two apart, and a divided
+ * carriageway's sides further apart.
+ */
+const PAIRED_SIDE_RADIUS_M = 5;
+/** Arc-length positions sampled along a `one_side` line for its partner. */
+const PAIRED_SIDE_SAMPLES = [0.25, 0.5, 0.75];
 const CONTROLLED_ACCESS_FLOW = new Set(['Motorway', 'International road']);
 const CONTROLLED_ACCESS_OSM = new Set(['motorway', 'trunk']);
 
@@ -85,20 +93,69 @@ export function isDrivableFlowSegment(segment) {
   );
 }
 
+/**
+ * Share of a `one_side` line's sample points (PAIRED_SIDE_SAMPLES) with an
+ * opposite-direction TomTom line beside them: TomTom draws a two-way street
+ * whose directions differ as two `one_side` lines on one centreline, while a
+ * divided carriageway's other side is further away than PAIRED_SIDE_RADIUS_M.
+ * @returns {number} Paired share in [0, 1].
+ */
+function pairedSampleShare(segment, index) {
+  const xs = [];
+  const ys = [];
+  const cum = [0];
+  for (const [lon, lat] of segment.coords) {
+    const [x, y] = index.project(lon, lat);
+    const i = xs.push(x) - 1;
+    ys.push(y);
+    if (i) cum.push(cum[i - 1] + Math.hypot(x - xs[i - 1], y - ys[i - 1]));
+  }
+  const length = cum[cum.length - 1];
+  if (!(length > 0)) return 0;
+  const line = segment.line || segment;
+  let paired = 0;
+  let i = 1;
+  for (const share of PAIRED_SIDE_SAMPLES) {
+    const target = share * length;
+    while (i < cum.length - 1 && cum[i] < target) i++;
+    const dx = xs[i] - xs[i - 1];
+    const dy = ys[i] - ys[i - 1];
+    const t = (target - cum[i - 1]) / (cum[i] - cum[i - 1] || 1);
+    const reverse = (Math.atan2(-dx, -dy) * 180) / Math.PI;
+    if (
+      index.nearest(
+        xs[i - 1] + dx * t,
+        ys[i - 1] + dy * t,
+        reverse,
+        // A line that doubles back beside itself, even clipped into pieces,
+        // is not its own pair.
+        (piece) =>
+          (piece.flow.line || piece.flow) === line ? 0 : PAIRED_SIDE_RADIUS_M,
+      ).best
+    )
+      paired++;
+  }
+  return paired / PAIRED_SIDE_SAMPLES.length;
+}
+
 /**
  * Convert decoded TomTom flow lines into road records that carry their own
  * flow. A line with `coverage: 'full'` describes both travel directions;
- * `one_side` lines describe the direction they are drawn in.
+ * `one_side` lines describe the direction they are drawn in. A `one_side`
+ * line paired with the opposite direction on the same street gets that
+ * direction's half share of dots, as a two-way road's direction does.
  * @param {Array<{coords:number[][], trafficLevel:number, roadType:string, closure:boolean, coverage?:string}>} segments
  * @returns {Array<object>} Road records (`directFlow: true`).
  */
 export function flowSegmentsToRoads(segments) {
-  return (segments || [])
-    .filter(
-      (segment) =>
-        segment?.coords?.length >= 2 && isDrivableFlowSegment(segment),
-    )
-    .map((segment) => ({
+  const drivable = (segments || []).filter(
+    (segment) => segment?.coords?.length >= 2 && isDrivableFlowSegment(segment),
+  );
+  const sides = createFlowSegmentIndex(
+    drivable.filter((segment) => segment.coverage !== 'full'),
+  );
+  return drivable.map((segment) => {
+    const road = {
       coordinates: segment.coords,
       type: FLOW_ROAD_TYPES[segment.roadType],
       drivable: true,
@@ -110,7 +167,15 @@ export function flowSegmentsToRoads(segments) {
       oneway: segment.coverage === 'full' ? 0 : 1,
       flow: { level: segment.trafficLevel, closure: segment.closure === true },
       directFlow: true,
-    }));
+    };
+    if (
+      segment.coverage !== 'full' &&
+      sides &&
+      pairedSampleShare(segment, sides) >= 0.5
+    )
+      road.densityWeight = 0.5;
+    return road;
+  });
 }
 
 /** Cut a projected polyline to the arc-length interval [from, to]. */
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/roadModes.test.mjs b/src/layers/traffic/roadModes.test.mjs
index 1d1cd4986..228a9609c 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/roadModes.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/roadModes.test.mjs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { PbfWriter } from 'pbf';
 import {
   flowSegmentsToRoads,
   resolveRoadMode,
   selectTrafficRoads,
 } from './roadModes.js';
+import { createFlowTileSource } from './flowSource.js';
 import { createTrafficSource } from './source.js';
 import { createTrafficLayer } from './index.js';
 import {
@@ -14,6 +16,7 @@ import {
   serializeStoredLayerState,
   parseStoredLayerState,
 } from '../../data/layerState.js';
+import { tileToBBox } from '../../data/tomtomTiles.js';
 
 const coordinates = [
   [-97.744, 30.267],
@@ -116,6 +119,133 @@ test('a full-coverage TomTom line is two-way and covers both OSM directions', ()
   assert.equal(roads.length, 1);
   assert.equal(roads[0].directFlow, true);
 });
+test("opposite TomTom sides of one street share a two-way street's dots", () => {
+  // About 1 m and 20 m north of `coordinates`, drawn westbound.
+  const back = (dLat) => ({
+    ...flow,
+    coords: coordinates.map(([lon, lat]) => [lon, lat + dLat]).reverse(),
+  });
+  const weights = (segments) =>
+    flowSegmentsToRoads(segments).map((road) => road.densityWeight ?? 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(weights([flow, back(0.00001)]), [0.5, 0.5]);
+  assert.deepEqual(weights([flow]), [1], 'a lone side keeps the one-way share');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    weights([flow, back(0.00018)]),
+    [1, 1],
+    'a divided carriageway keeps one-way shares',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    weights([
+      flow,
+      {
+        ...flow,
+        coords: coordinates.map(([lon, lat]) => [lon, lat + 0.00001]),
+      },
+    ]),
+    [1, 1],
+    'same-direction lines are not a pair',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    weights([{ ...flow, coverage: 'full' }, back(0.00001)]),
+    [1, 1],
+    'a full-coverage line is not a side, and pairs with nothing',
+  );
+});
+test('a TomTom side paired along only part of its length keeps its share', () => {
+  // Westbound partners about 1 m north, from the start of `flow` to 30% and
+  // to 60% of its length: one or two of its three sample points.
+  const partner = (toLon) => ({
+    ...flow,
+    coords: [
+      [toLon, 30.26701],
+      [-97.744, 30.26701],
+    ],
+  });
+  const weightOfFlow = (other) =>
+    flowSegmentsToRoads([flow, other])[0].densityWeight ?? 1;
+  assert.equal(weightOfFlow(partner(-97.7434)), 1);
+  assert.equal(weightOfFlow(partner(-97.7428)), 0.5);
+});
+test('a TomTom side that doubles back beside itself is not its own pair', () => {
+  // East along `coordinates`, then back west about 1 m north.
+  const hairpin = {
+    ...flow,
+    coords: [...coordinates, [-97.742, 30.26701], [-97.744, 30.26701]],
+  };
+  assert.equal(flowSegmentsToRoads([hairpin])[0].densityWeight ?? 1, 1);
+});
+/** A flow tile of one-way Major roads; each line is [x, y, x, y, ...]. */
+function flowTile(lines) {
+  const writer = new PbfWriter();
+  writer.writeMessage(3, writeFlowLayer, lines);
+  return writer.finish();
+}
+function writeFlowLayer(lines, layer) {
+  layer.writeVarintField(15, 2);
+  layer.writeStringField(1, 'Traffic flow');
+  layer.writeVarintField(5, 4096);
+  layer.writeStringField(3, 'traffic_level');
+  layer.writeMessage(4, (_, value) => value.writeDoubleField(3, 0.6), null);
+  layer.writeStringField(3, 'road_type');
+  layer.writeMessage(
+    4,
+    (_, value) => value.writeStringField(1, 'Major road'),
+    null,
+  );
+  layer.writeStringField(3, 'traffic_road_coverage');
+  layer.writeMessage(
+    4,
+    (_, value) => value.writeStringField(1, 'one_side'),
+    null,
+  );
+  for (const xy of lines) {
+    // MoveTo one point, LineTo the rest, as zigzag deltas.
+    const geometry = [9];
+    for (let i = 0; i < xy.length; i++) {
+      if (i === 2) geometry.push(2 | ((xy.length / 2 - 1) << 3));
+      const delta = xy[i] - (i < 2 ? 0 : xy[i - 2]);
+      geometry.push((delta << 1) ^ (delta >> 31));
+    }
+    layer.writeMessage(
+      2,
+      (_, feature) => {
+        feature.writeVarintField(3, 2);
+        feature.writePackedVarint(2, [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]);
+        feature.writePackedVarint(4, geometry);
+      },
+      null,
+    );
+  }
+}
+test('TomTom sides clipped by their tile and the view pair only with other lines', async () => {
+  // A one-way hairpin turning in the tile buffer, its arms one tile unit
+  // (about 2 m) apart, and a separate opposite pair. The tile clip cuts the
+  // hairpin into two arms; the view clip then cuts every line again.
+  const lines = [
+    [500, 1000, 4300, 1000, 4300, 1001, 500, 1001],
+    [-200, 3000, 4300, 3000],
+    [4300, 3001, -200, 3001],
+  ];
+  const source = createFlowTileSource({
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response(flowTile(lines)),
+  });
+  const tile = tileToBBox(12, 935, 1686);
+  const west = tile.west + (tile.east - tile.west) * 0.2;
+  const { segments } = await source.fetchFlowDetail({
+    ...tile,
+    west,
+    east: tile.east - 1e-9,
+    south: tile.south + 1e-9,
+  });
+  assert.equal(segments.length, 4);
+  assert.ok(
+    segments.every((s) => s.coords.every(([lon]) => lon >= west - 1e-10)),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    flowSegmentsToRoads(segments).map((road) => road.densityWeight ?? 1),
+    [1, 1, 0.5, 0.5],
+  );
+});
 test('bearing and distance reject nearby crossing and separate OSM roads', () => {
   const parallel = {
     ...main,
diff --git a/src/sources/reference.js b/src/sources/reference.js
index 35c0087b7..95ad89d8a 100644
--- a/src/sources/reference.js
+++ b/src/sources/reference.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { createUsgsEarthquakeSource } from '../layers/earthquakes/source.js';
 import { createEcccAirQualitySource } from '../layers/airQuality/source.js';
 import { createWfigsPerimeterSource } from '../layers/perimeters/source.js';
+import { createDroneAirspaceSource } from '../layers/droneAirspace/source.js';
 import { createBundledCableSource } from '../layers/submarineCables/bundledSource.js';
 import { createAdsbGnssSource } from '../layers/gnss/source.js';
 
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ export function createReferenceSources() {
     earthquakes: createUsgsEarthquakeSource(),
     'air-quality': createEcccAirQualitySource(),
     'fire-perimeters': createWfigsPerimeterSource(),
+    'drone-airspace': createDroneAirspaceSource(),
     cables: createBundledCableSource(),
     'gnss-integrity': createAdsbGnssSource(),
   };
diff --git a/src/sources/reference.test.mjs b/src/sources/reference.test.mjs
index d4f56033e..da129f539 100644
--- a/src/sources/reference.test.mjs
+++ b/src/sources/reference.test.mjs
@@ -16,17 +16,20 @@ test('reference factories retain compatibility without starting acquisition or s
     'earthquakes',
     'air-quality',
     'fire-perimeters',
+    'drone-airspace',
     'cables',
     'gnss-integrity',
   ]);
   assert.notEqual(first.earthquakes, second.earthquakes);
   assert.notEqual(first['air-quality'], second['air-quality']);
   assert.notEqual(first['fire-perimeters'], second['fire-perimeters']);
+  assert.notEqual(first['drone-airspace'], second['drone-airspace']);
   assert.notEqual(first.cables, second.cables);
   assert.notEqual(first['gnss-integrity'], second['gnss-integrity']);
   assert.equal(typeof first.earthquakes.getSnapshot, 'function');
   assert.equal(typeof first['air-quality'].getSnapshot, 'function');
   assert.equal(typeof first['fire-perimeters'].getSnapshot, 'function');
+  assert.equal(typeof first['drone-airspace'].getSnapshot, 'function');
   assert.equal(typeof first.cables.fetch, 'function');
   assert.equal(typeof first['gnss-integrity'].getSnapshot, 'function');
   assert.equal(requests, 0);
diff --git a/src/tooling/previewServing.test.mjs b/src/tooling/previewServing.test.mjs
index 1a58c1950..1b9232566 100644
--- a/src/tooling/previewServing.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/previewServing.test.mjs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ test('data providers have both hooks; credential editing stays development-only'
   assert.ok(plugins.some(({ name }) => name === 'fire-perimeters'));
   assert.ok(plugins.some(({ name }) => name === 'gnss-integrity'));
   assert.ok(plugins.some(({ name }) => name === 'ghostmaps'));
+  assert.ok(plugins.some(({ name }) => name === 'drone-airspace'));
   for (const plugin of plugins) {
     if (plugin.name === 'gev-key-setup') {
       assert.equal(plugin.configurePreviewServer, undefined);
diff --git a/src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs b/src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs
index 7ab6a8fa3..a879eac5c 100644
--- a/src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ test('public transit documentation uses courtesy attribution and the approved gr
   );
   assert.ok(
     readme.includes(
-      'Twenty layers and map sources. **Eighteen have a keyless path.**',
+      'Twenty-one layers and map sources. **Nineteen have a keyless path.**',
     ),
   );
   assert.ok(
diff --git a/src/ui/layerNames.js b/src/ui/layerNames.js
index 583fb7437..21f681b11 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerNames.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerNames.js
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ export const LAYER_NAME_KEYS = Object.freeze({
   'recent-imagery': msg('Recent Imagery'),
   'fire-perimeters': msg('Fire Perimeters'),
   'gnss-integrity': msg('GNSS Integrity'),
+  'drone-airspace': msg('Prohibited & Restricted Airspace'),
   's2-ghostmaps': msg('S2 GhostMaps'),
   wind: msg('Wind'),
   'weather-radar': msg('Rain radar'),
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel.js b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
index d18f557b2..a7010d197 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ const PANEL_GROUPS = [
     ids: [
       'alpr-cameras',
       'military-installations',
+      'drone-airspace',
       'local-datacenters',
       'telegeography-submarine-cables',
       'local-dams',
diff --git a/src/voice/layerManifest.js b/src/voice/layerManifest.js
index 478547ffb..1234fb61e 100644
--- a/src/voice/layerManifest.js
+++ b/src/voice/layerManifest.js
@@ -453,6 +453,10 @@ const layers = [
 export const VOICE_OFF_LAYERS = Object.freeze({
   'bhote-koshi-2026': 'scene-driven event layer (control_scene)',
   'bhote-koshi-locator': 'scene-driven event layer (control_scene)',
+  // The Realtime prompt is at its 52,000-character budget; voice toggle and
+  // query for this layer wait until there is room.
+  'drone-airspace':
+    'informational airspace layer; no room in the prompt budget',
 });
 
 const TYPE_NAMES = Object.freeze({